History notes

Measuring
Decade: a group of 10 years
● Century
time: periods of history
● Millennium: a group of 1000 years

● : a group of 100 years

● Eras: a larger division of time

● Prehistory: the time before develop writing (~5,000 years ago)
● Ancient history: first period with writing (ends ~ A.D. 500)
● Middle: also known as the medieval period (between ~A.D. 500 to ~A.D. 1400)
● Modern history: beings ~A.D. 1400 to the present day?

Measuring time calendars:

● A calender is a system for arranging days in order
● Different cultures in the world have developed about 40 different calenders
● Julian calender: developed by julius caesar. A day was 365 ¼ days long. Still not pricicie
and lost a day every 128 years.
● Gregorian calender: named after pope gregory Xlll. by 1582 the julian calender had lost
about ten days. Began counting from the birth of jesus, ordered that days between oct
4th – 15th be removed, an no century year will be a leap year unless divisive by 400 (ex.
1600 or 2000)

● Not all countries accepted gregorian calender right away it took more than three
centuries to be recognized around the world
● Jewish calenders begins about 3,750 years before the gregorian calender.
● Muslim date their calendar from the time that muhammad left the city of mecca to go to
mediana ( A.D. 622 in the gregorian calender)

● B.C. = before christ

● A.D. = anno domini
● There is no “year 0”
 ● B.C.E. = before common era
● C.E. = common era
A historical era is a specific time frame historians have classified due to commonalities
within that time frame. Common eras include the Great Depression, the 'Roaring
Twenties,' the Progressive Era, the Cold War Era, and numerous others. 2. The
difference: A fossil is simply a remnant of an organism whether it would be an animal or
a plant. An artifact, on the other hand, is a precious archeological item that was dug from
the ground or elsewhere. Artifacts have significant cultural value. Fossils have important
scientific and historical value. Alike: Fossils are the remains of living things (plants,
animals, people), not of things that were made. Artifacts are the remains of things that
were made, not the remains of living things 3. Example: i hit my toe because i was lookin
at my phone instead of watching where im going. Now that i know that looking at my and
walking at the same time is not good. Moral: learn from your mistakes / learn from your
past 4.their are millisecond, microsecond, decasecond, fortnight, quarter, decade,
olympiad
, jubilee, megaannum, jiffy, and Planck time. 5. By Letters, diaries, speeches, and
photographs are examples of primary sources. Artifacts such as tools are also primary
sources. Other tools that historians use are secondary sources. They are written after a
historical event by people who did not see the event.

● Scholarly concerned with academic learning or research

It came frome a cave / abandoned mine or the sea / sharks or probably a

abandoned house its interesting because their are many things that happened to
it in history

reliable sources
● Historians interpret the document and the reasons it was
created. Then they form an opinion about whether the source is
trustworthy and reliable in its facts. This step

Research
● Historians gather artifacts and data about a subject and then write what they
have learned from the study.

The search for new trade routes

 ● During the 1400s, euro pean countries competed to fined a sea route to
the indies islands located southeast of aisa.

Better ships, better sailors

● New technology helped make columnus’s voyage possible. Advance in
shipbuilding and navigation meant his ships could sail across the open ocean,
well beyond sight of land.

Technology

In addition to having better ships and maps, the europeans had several new tools.
The compass was invented in the 1100s.

Columbus
Columbus beleved he had arrived in the east indies

after columbus other voyagers explored the americas. In 1502 amerigo vespucci sailed
along south america’s coast.

REVIEW QUESTION

1. USE THE TERMS strats and circumnavigate to write a

sentence about overseas exploration.

Explorers during the Age of Exploration would often sail straight from
Europe to the New World and then circumnavigate certain areas before
deciding to settle
 2. Write a sentence explaining what the words technology
and compass have in common

Whether it is the compass with a needle and a floating piece of wood or the
enormous technology. They both follow the knowledge of science.

3. Why did spain fiance columbus’s voyage

they believed that if a whole new sea route was to be discovered that landed in
the Indies it would help Spain have the upper hand in the competition against
Portugal.

4. How did the new types of sailing ships affect overseas

exploration

How did the new types of sailing ships affect overseas exploration? Ships were
stronger and faster so they could survive better in the open ocean.

5. What were the results of columbus’s voyages across the

atlantic.

The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean
from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He was determined to find a direct
water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he stumbled
upon the Americas.
 Vocabulary
● Conquistador: a spanish explorer
● Immunity: resistance
● Pueblo: a town center of trade in spanish america
● Mission; a spanish community for religious conversion
● Presidio: a fort in spanish america
● Plantation: a large farm

Hernan corteze defeated king

montzuma.

Twelve years later francisco pizarro led

an army.
Not long after columbus made his first voyage across the atlantic,
however religious conflict shook europe. New rival based on religious
belief emerged in 1517 a german priest named martin lurther.

Religious rivals in
europe
● Not long after columbus made his first voyage across atlantic,
however religious conflict shook europe. New rivales based on
religious beliefs emerged.

Religious rivals in the

americas
With the defeat of the spanish armada now the way was clear for the
english and other european countries to start colonies in north
america.

Catholics from spain and france worked to spread their faith among
the native americans. The spanish settled in the south western and
southeastern regions of north america, and the french settled in the
northeast.
French and dutch settlements
At first the french were most interested in natural resources, including
fish and fur. French trappers went far into the interior of north america
and traded with native americans. France built forts to protect

Roanoke and jamestown

In 1584 sir walter raleigh was given permission by queen elizabeth to
claim land in north america. He landed in roanoke island

Vocabulary
● Petron: landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th
century Dutch colony of New Netherland on the east coast of North America.
● Pacifist: the principled opposition to war and violence as a means of settling
disputes.
● Undeterred servants: a form of labor where an individual is under contract to
work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan
● Constitution: the fundamental law of the U.S. federal system of government
● Debtors: a person who owes a debt
● Cash crop: a crop that can be sold easily in market
● Diversity: variety, such as of ethnic or national groups
 ● Triangular trade: trade route between britain, west africa, and west indies
● Slave code:rules focusing on the behavior and punishment of enslave
people.

New netherland was the the area between english colonies controlled by the
dutch new amsterdam, on manhattan island, was a great seaport with access to
the hudson river.