Wastewater Treatment in China

By Innovation Center Denmark, Shanghai 100 Qin Zhou Road 200235 Shanghai www.innovationcenterdenmark.cn info@innovationcenterdenmark.cn
Version: 2009-08-13

INNOVATION THROUGH COLLABORATION Innovation Center Denmark facilitates collaboration between Danish and Chinese knowledge based businesses and organizations that drives research-, development- and innovation results. We innovate business models and market strategies and delivers inspiration that drives innovation. Innovation Center Denmark is a joint effort between The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and a new type of commercial mission located in technological hot spots around the world. Innovation Center Denmark is currently present in Silicon Valley, Munich and Shanghai.
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Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 3 1. Background........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Water Pollution .................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Wastewater Treatment..................................................................................................... 4 2. Market Status and Developments ..................................................................................... 7 2.1. Market Potential ................................................................................................................ 7 2.2. Players in Chinas Wastewater Treatment Industry .................................................... 8 2.3. The Challenges............................................................................................................... 12 3. Investment Demand .......................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Water Treatment ............................................................................................................. 16 3.2. Improvement and Retrofit of Wastewater Treatment Plant...................................... 16 3.3. Sludge Treatment ........................................................................................................... 17 3.4. Wastewater Reclamation............................................................................................... 17 4. Chinas Technical Status................................................................................................... 18 4.1. Wastewater Treatment Technology ............................................................................. 18 4.2. Wastewater Treatment Equipment .............................................................................. 20 4.3. Wastewater Treatment Reagent and Material ........................................................... 21 4.4. Operation Monitoring Device and Apparatus ............................................................. 21 5. Potential Demand for Technology and Equipment ....................................................... 22 5.1. Wastewater Treatment Technology and Equipments ............................................... 22 5.2. Wastewater Piping Network Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring Technology 23 5.3. Wastewater Reclamation............................................................................................... 24 6. Government Priorities ....................................................................................................... 24 6.1. Constructing Associated Piping Network .................................................................... 24 6.2. Accelerating Constructions of Wastewater Treatment Facilities ............................. 24 6.3. Attaching Importance to the Safe Treatment of Sludge ........................................... 25 6.4. Promoting Actively the Wastewater Reclamation...................................................... 25 7. Business Practices and Options to Access Chinese Market ...................................... 25 7.1. Wastewater Treatment Market ..................................................................................... 25 7.2. Wastewater Treatment Technology and Equipment Sales ...................................... 26 Source ........................................................................................................................................... 27

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Executive Summary
China is encountering severe water shortages, resulting from both a large population and water pollution, which has been one of the major challenges. 320 million people lack access to clean drinking water; over 70 percent of lakes and rivers are polluted; and major pollution incidents take place on a near daily basis. Over the past couple of years, there has been a noticeable shift in behavior by the Chinese government as it pertains to environmental issues, particularly water pollution. 1459 wastewater treatment plants have been built by October of 2008 and the market scale is forecasted to be 1073.8 million RMB by 2010. However, China is facing major challenges such as low wastewater treatment efficiency, treatment of rapidly increased sludge, old and out-of-date piping network, water reclamation and energy conservation of wastewater treatment plant. Chinese domestic enterprises dealing with water treatment compare weakly with global giants in technical level and smaller in size due to a low profit margin. There are more than 10000 domestic enterprises currently dealing with water treatment. However, most of them can deal with only small projects (less than 2million RMB) without need for high technology. The global industrial giants overwhelm those large and complicated projects asking for high technical elements e.g. biological agents, separation of pharmaceutical intermediate. The key equipments and core technology are owned by those foreign companies, while the small and medium sized domestic enterprises can involve themselves in these large projects only by doing part of the system maintenance. Since the 1990s, Chinas wastewater treatment industry developed various technologies and equipment through its increased investment in water pollution treatment systems. Notwithstanding the fact that Chinas efforts in developing the technologies are paid off, still there is a big demand for out-of-the-art technologies and equipments operating efficiently and stably. The governmental 4 trillion stimulus package has since its issue been a grand investment banquet attracting wide attention. Stimulated by the governmental investment, more social investment will also be focused environmental protection and ecological projects inclusive of wastewater treatment. Chinese government has, after the accession to World Wide Trade Organization (WTO), generally opened the wastewater treatment market to international competition and international investment. The last section of this report specifies the possible options Danish companies can choose to enter Chinas wastewater treatment market.

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1. Background
1.1. Water Pollution
At present, China is encountering severe water shortages, resulting from both a large population and water pollution caused by rapid economic development with minimal regard for environmental impacts. 320 million people lack access to clean drinking water; over 70 percent of lakes and rivers are polluted; and major pollution incidents take place on a near daily basis. Water pollution not only strains the environment, but also severely impacts public health. Today, China has a growing cancer rate, with hundreds of cancer villages near polluted water sources. The World Health Organization recently estimated that nearly 100,000 people die annually from water pollution-related illnesses in China, and 75 percent of disease comes from water quality issues. The main sources of water pollution are: industrial (chemical, organic, and thermal wastes), municipal (largely sewage consisting of human wastes, other organic wastes, and detergents), and agricultural (animal wastes, pesticides, and fertilizers) (Brower et.al, 1990). For the past several years, China has been affected with the water pollution crisis. Over the past several years, there has been a noticeable shift in behavior by the Chinese government as it pertains to environmental issues, particularly water pollution. China significantly improved its water and wastewater infrastructure, with annual water supply at 581.87 billion cubic meters in 2007, however there is still annual water shortage of 40 billion cubic meters. Accelerated urbanization and high-speed economic growth in China continue to aggravate the water shortage problem.

1.2. Wastewater Treatment

Over viewing the vast amount of potential negative impacts made by the lack of wastewater treatment facilities, strategies have already oriented build wastewater treatment facilities. Wastewater treatment facilities include wastewater collection systems, sewer systems, wastewater treatment plants, sludge disposal systems, and any other auxiliary systems. The total amount of wastewater discharged in 2007 was 55.68 billion cubic meters. Industrial wastewater made up 44.3 percent, and household and service made up 55.7 percent. The capacity of wastewater treated per day in 2007 was 220.759 million cubic meters. In countries, towns, and extensive rural areas, wastewater treatment rates ware significantly lower. A large amount of wastewater is now discharged directly into surface water bodies without treatment. The official municipal wastewater treatment rate is 59% at the end of 2008, which is far from adequate given Chinas serious water pollution.

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Table 1 Wastewater Discharge and Treatment (2001-2007)

Item 2000 2001 Waste Water Discharge (100 415.2 432.9 million tons) Industrial Discharge 194.2 202.6 Direct Discharge into Sea 8.2 8.6 Household and Service Discharge 220.9 230.2 COD Discharge (10000 tons) 1445.0 1404.8 Industrial Discharge 704.5 607.5 Household and Service Discharge 740.5 797.3 Ammonia Nitrogen Discharge 125.2 (10000 tons) Industrial Discharge 41.3 Household and Service Discharge 83.9 Proportion of Industrial Wastewater 76.9 85.2 Meeting Discharge Standards (%) COD Removed from Industrial 819.8 1045.8 Wastewater (10000 tons) Ammonia Nitrogen Removed from 34.1 Industrial Wastewater (10000 tons) Facilities of Wastewater Treatment 64453 61226 (set) Annual Expenditure for Operation 132.5 195.8 (100 million RMB) Source: Ministry of Environmental Protection 2004 482.4 221.1 14.1 261.3 1339.2 509.7 829.5 133.0 42.2 90.8 90.7 1043.9 46.6 66252 244.6 2005 524.5 243.1 15.2 281.4 1414.2 554.7 859.4 149.8 52.5 97.3 91.2 1088.3 48.3 69231 276.7 2006 536.8 240.2 13.2 296.6 1428.2 541.5 886.7 141.4 42.5 98.9 90.7 1099.3 55.3 75830 388.5 2007 556.8 246.6 15.7 310.2 1381.8 511.1 870.8 132.3 34.1 98.3 91.7 1265.4 51.8 78210 428.0

Region National Total Beijing Tianjin Hebei Shanxi Inner Mongolia Liaoning Jilin Heilongjiang Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang Anhui

Table 2 Regional Wastewater Discharge and Treatment (2007) Unit: (10000 tons) Industrial Number of Annual Total Volume Treatment Waste Water Wastewater Expenditure Direct of Waste Capacity Discharge Meeting Treatment For Water (10000 into Sea Discharge Facilities Operation Discharged tons/day) Standards (set) (10000 RMB)
2466493 9134 21444 123537 41140 25021 95197 39666 38388 47570 268762 201211 73556 33134 157007 531 1314 2260719 8898 21382 113999 36297 18437 87969 34740 32780 46492 261745 173220 69711
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78210 549 1816 4798 2700 815 2097 731 1167 2718 5990 6821 1687

22075.9 321.0 214.2 2878.3 645.9 300.2 853.4 228.9 496.9 619.1 1542.5 1129.9 972.3

4280385 46783 64189 283455 205359 56329 251792 43222 263509 205127 377977 317335 118244
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14739 891 12683

Industry Analysis, Wastewater Treatment

Fujian Jiangxi Shandong Henan Hubei Hunan Guangdong Guangxi Hainan Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan Tibet Shaanxi Gansu Qinghai Ningxia Xinjiang Source: Ministry

136408 63517 134052 71410 67044 166574 8940 163365 134344 13 126324 91001 85215 100113 89934 246331 16180 211959 183981 1628 170757 5960 3349 5640 69003 63533 114687 86 104780 12101 8703 35352 31997 856 250 48523 46652 15856 3 12838 7318 3677 21089 14698 20960 13629 of Environmental Protection

4205 1682 4615 3393 2102 3125 9314 2536 259 1482 5205 2038 2026 12 2362 818 152 304 691

936.7 459.0 1633.9 1084.1 878.8 1060.7 1236.1 1530.5 31.9 174.6 968.3 447.9 643.6 0.8 317.2 148.8 74.7 80.1 165.5

87565 55609 384897 145228 94014 89895 424373 95426 25649 45922 203079 51028 67483 220 89632 43637 4887 18372 120147

By building or reconstructing effective wastewater treatment facilities, we can help reduce the amount of polluted effluent that is being discharged into near by water ecosystems. Meanwhile, more effective measures should be taken regarding the associated issues with wastewater treatment including sludge treatment, piping network, wastewater reclamation. With the decrease in polluted wastewater, the environment can be preserved and sustained. Also, by treating the wastewater being discharged into the lands used for agriculture, this can help reduce the amount of vital cropland being destroyed. With an increase in low polluted cropland, agricultural rates being harvested can increase which in turn can increase the productivity of the economy of the society. Since 1998, China has been endeavored to build more wastewater treatment plants. Figure 1 gives the picture how the wastewater treatment plants arise rapidly from 1995 to 2005.

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Figure 1 Growth of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants 1995-2005

Source: The 11th Five-Year Plan of Construction of Urban Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Recycle Facilities

2. Market Status and Developments

2.1. Market Potential
With the strong government ambition to treat more urban wastewater and industrial wastewater, and with the successful attempt and promotion of BOT and ERP as new commercial model, the industry of wastewater treatment will remain a fast growth rate of 15%. The market will increase from 44.29 billion RMB of 2005 to 107.38 billion RMB of 2010. The annual average compound growth rate from 2006 to 2010 is 19.5%. The total investment on the wastewater treatment is 332 billion RMB during the 11th five-year plan. The Figure 2 below well illustrates this:

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Figure 2 Market Scale and Growth Rate Forecast of Water Treatment in China (2006-2010)

Source: http://www.ciw.com.cn/News/topic/2006-05-23/5007.shtml

As of December of 2008, there have been totally 1521 urban wastewater treatment facilities put into operation with a total design capacity of 90.92millon tons/day and average daily capacity of 66.93million tons. 332 billion RMB is a tempting cake for anyone who is dealing with wastewater treatment to share a bite. Four Winds announced in 2008 to invest approx. 3 billion Euros in water industry in the developing countries like China. Quite a proportion of the 3 billion will be target at wastewater treatment. Some of the industrial global giants including Veolia, GE, DOW, Paques and Siemens have already been established in China and are speeding up the market share.

2.2. Players in Chinas Wastewater Treatment Industry

2.2.1. Domestic Companies
Chinese domestic enterprises dealing with water treatment compare weakly with global giants in respect of technical level and smaller in size due to a low profit margin. China started water treatment 25 years ago and came into fast development in 1990s. Early in 1980s, Reverse Osmosis was introduced to China and was widely used by Chinese enterprises in the 1990s. As of today, the technology for basic water treatment project is mature in China. In respect of technology for hi-tech intensive project, China has done some R&D work and some of them are even leading the world or approaching to the world level. Easy access to basic technology and a huge market potential makes
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the wastewater treatment enterprises set up at a rapid speed. There are more than 10000 enterprises currently dealing with water treatment. Due to the lack of capital and human resource, which is the crucial element for technology research and innovation, most of the Chinese enterprises have the similar technologies, thus low price is the only way to over perform the other competitors. Vicious competition has led to a low profit margin of less than 10%, however it normally should be 30% for the industry of wastewater treatment. The intense competition does not mean that the market is saturated notwithstanding there are more than 10000 domestic players. In fact, most of the domestic enterprises can deal with only small projects (less than 2million RMB) without need for high technology. The industrial giants like Veolia, GE and DOW overwhelm those large and complicated projects asking for high technical support, such as biological agents, separation of pharmaceutical intermediate. The key equipments and core technology are owned by those foreign companies, while the small and medium sized domestic enterprises can only involve themselves in these large projects by doing part of the system maintenance. Supplying equipments for water treatments is another hotspot where the profit margin is bigger than water treatment engineering, which is demonstrated to be the validation point for the foreign giants who own sophisticated patented equipments. Take DOW for instance, the profit growth rate for equipments business in 2008 is 120%.
Table 3 2008 Ten Influential Enterprises in Water Industry
Rank Name Total Assets 12.9 Billion RMB 10.7 Billion RMB 47.2 Billion HKD 7 Billion RMB 7 Billion RMB Net Assets (Billion) 4.7 7.8 Number of Wastewater Treatment Projects 27 15 24 Capacity per Day (10 thousand tons) 1000 161 353.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Beijing Capital Co., Ltd. SHENZHEN WATER (GROUP) CO., LTD Beijing Enterprises Water Group Limited China Water Industry Investment Co, Ltd. Sound Group Veolia Environment Tianjin Capital Environmental Protection General Water of China Golden State Environment Group Corporation (GSEGC) Sino French Water

14 149

5.2 Billion RMB

145.8

33.75
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Source: www.h2o-china.com

2.2.2. Foreign Companies

Most foreign companies operating in China keep very quiet about their actual performance. For most companies, revenues remain risibly small, and profits nonexistent. The only figures which tend to be reported are year-on-year sales growth figures. These are typically in excess of 40%, and mean little more than the fact that the company is expanding from a low base. This makes it very difficult to judge who is in fact making a success of China. Four companies appear to have strong direction in the market, and there is something to learn from their example. Suez Environment, the French group dates its involvement in China back to the early 1970s, when its contracting division Degrmont won its first contract in the country. Since 1985 it has pursued concessions in China through its joint venture, Sino-French Holdings (its partner in this is the New World Group from Hong Kong). Degrmont has established itself as the technology leader in both water and wastewater treatment plants in China, to the extent that its plants are copied more extensively than anyone elses. This means that in order to maintain its order-book in China, Degrmont has to stay ahead of the curve technologically. It is a trade-off which seems to pay dividends for Suez. On the Sino-French side of the business, the strategy has been to focus on quality rather than quantity. Most of its contracts have been in high-income residential areas (e.g. Sanye in Hainan Island) and industrial markets (e.g. SCIP in Shanghai). Veolia Water, is the undisputed leader of the Chinese private water market. It has a highly focussed strategy, which it has executed with the utmost determination. This strategy involves selecting the markets which offer the greatest prospects for long-term growth, then bidding what it takes to take the most significant contract in those markets. The company calculates that the best profits are to be made from dynamically growing cities where services can be rapidly extended without inflating overheads. Establishing a presence at the epicentre of a growing region opens the possibility of developing satellite operations at a lower cost as contracts in neighbouring areas become available. Energy Recovery Inc., ERI is a small privately owned provider of isobaric energy recovery devices for desalination. It has established a dominant position in the Chinese market, primarily as a result of building a relationship with the leading design institute involved in membrane desalination, the Development Centre of Water Treatment Technology. ERIs systems are now incorporated into the Institutes model, which municipalities looking to develop desalination are expected to emulate. This approach has given ERI a remarkable position in the market, but given the official strategy of import substitution, there is a long-term risk in working so closely with the design institutes. Dow Water Solutions, of all the western water technology companies involved in the Chinese market, Dow has perhaps been the boldest. It has looked to China
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not to expand its existing markets or reduce its existing costs, but as a means of entering a new global market with a low cost base. Through the acquisition of Omex in 2006, it entered the UF membrane market with a strong local product which had potential in the global market. The Dow name will undoubtedly strengthen Omex in China, while Omexs technology and references broaden Dows proposition in international markets, with a cost base other companies will find difficult to match.
Source: Water Market China, www.globalwaterintel.com

2.2.3. Chinese Research Organization and universities

Most of the Chinese research organizations are operating in the form of company. They are doing research and development of technology and products, and sell them as well. There are Chinese universities owning schools and departments involved in research and develop of the wastewater technology. Some universities have their own R&D centers or key laboratory, some cooperate with other companies and research organizations to set up a company to deal with R&D. Table 4 Chinese Research Organization
Name Development Center of Water Treatment Technology Location Hangzhou, Zhejiang Classification City level Homepage http://www.china watertech.com/e nglish.shtml Brief Introduction The Development Center of National Liquid Membrane Separation Engineering & Technology Research; China production base of liquid separation membranes and modules. The backing unit of Chinese Seawater Desalination and Water Reuse Society and Zhejiang Province Membrane Society; State Equipping Center of Purifying Water Technology and Equipment; State base for research & development, fruit transfer and production of separation membrane, and academic exchange center both at home and abroad. A professional company that specialized in researching and developing various kinds of water treatment technologies. It was founded at 1984, it had supplied about 1000 enterprises nationwide with various kinds of water treatment technical services. Product covers Ion Exchange Resin, Water Treatment Equipment, Water Treatment Medicament, Padding and Fittings of Water Treatment Equipment Established with the approval of the Ministry of Science and Technology, dealing with technology research of water treatment, chemical agent production with a capacity of 20000tons/year Approved by the Ministry of Education, focuses on the technical innovation of wastewater treatment, water restoration and water efficiency.

XuZhou Research Institute of Water Treatment China Industrial Water Treatment Research Center Water Treatment and Water Environment Restoration Research Center of the Ministry of Education Chengdu Jini Water Treatment Equipment Research Institute Nanjing Water Treatment Engineering Technology Center Research Center of

Xuzhou, Jiangsu

City level

http://www.xzwa ter.com/en/abou t.htm

Tianjin

State leve

http://www.ciwt.c n (no English version) http://hjxy.nju.ed u.cn/files/organi zation/xfzx.htm (No English Version)

Nanjing, Jiangsu

Provincial level

Chengdu, Sichuan

http://www.china genii.com (No English Version)

Belongs to Sichuan Yuyang Environment Engineering Co., Ltd., focuses on research and development of wastewater treatment engineering and equipment. Supplying reverse osmosis membrane water treatment equipment, buried sewage treatment equipment, water reclamation equipment and integrated service Research fields: chlorine dioxide for sanitary water and wastewater treatment; corrosion and scale inhibitors and bactericidal algicide deal for recycle water; cationic polyquaternium for sanitary water, wastewater and sludge dewatering; dealing with waste water difficult to degrade, slightly polluted water Directly under the Ministry of Education, focuses on research and development of membrane, separation, membrane material and new membrane-biological

Nanjing, Jiangsu

City level

http://www.njust. edu.cn/site/huay uan/zhongxing5. htm

Hangzhou, Zhejiang

Provincial level

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Membrane and Water Treatment Guangdong Research and Development Center of Water Engineering Technology

reactor. Foshan, Guangdon g Provincial level Under Guangdong Water Group, focuses on research and development and promotion of the technology of water treatment, piping network and water quality monitoring

Table 5 Universities Involved in Wastewater Treatment

Name Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University Location Beijing Homepage http://env.tsinghua.edu.c n/Eng/Research Brief Introduction Wastewater treatment and reclamation High efficient bioreactors and their principles Membrane bioreactor and fouling control Energy-saving N and P removal processes Novel processes based on molecular biological theory Eco-technologies and enhanced principles Its Institute of Water Environment Rehabilitation s now focusing on the following research fields: the mathematical and physical modeling of surface water environment and ecological water treatment process; the ecological treatment engineering technologies of agricultural production and rural domestic pollution; regional environment planning, environmental standards and policies. High-concentrated and Hard-degraded Toxic and Organic Waste Water Treatment Clean Production Technology Waste Water Treatment Project Stratagem on Water Pollution Control Please refer to Nanjing Water Treatment Engineering Technology Center in Table 4, which is affiliated to NJUST Owns 1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering science and 4 provincial key laboratory The school owns the Key Lab of Ministry of Education (Laboratory of Remediation of Polluted Environment and Ecological Health), and the Research Center of Environmental Technology. Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment is affiliated to Zhejiang University, please refer to Table 4

Shanghai

http://sese.tongji.edu.cn/ College/english

School of the Environment, Nanjing University

Nanjing, Jiangsu

http://hjxy.nju.edu.cn/en _wbe/eng

Nanjing University of Science and Technology Wuhan University College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University

Nanjing, Jiangsu Wuhan Hubei Hangzhou, Zhejiang

www.njust.edu.cn http://sdsy.whu.edu.cn/s dxy http://www.cers.zju.edu. cn/

2.3. The Challenges

Notwithstanding China has moved fast in wastewater treatment and some of the strongholds are even leading the world, the challenges are still ahead not only pertaining to the wastewater treatment plant it self, such as low treatment efficiency and depending on too much the imported equipments, but also extending to the derived sectors like sludge treatment, energy conservation and the use of reclaimed water.

2.3.1 Low Treatment Efficiency

The water treatment efficiency is less than 60% in China, however it is more than 80% in the developed countries, even 90% in USA and Holland. It is specified in the 11th fiveyear plan that the treatment efficiency is requested to meet 70% by 2010. In order to
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achieve this target, China has to invest huge amount of money in building and improving more water networking, building more water treatment plants and retrofitting the old ones, and sourcing new equipments.

2.3.2 Out-of-date Piping Network

The construction of piping network lags behind the urbanization, has been the big challenge of the infrastructure construction. Out-of-date piping network do not work well, the rainwater goes with the sewage due to lack of separate system, the difficulty of sewage collection, poor system of sewage interception which degrade the water environment. In addition, due to the shortage of hydraulic calculation sort, quite a few piping network is designed based on experience, which make it difficult to optimize the system function.

2.3.3 Wastewater Reclamation

The earliest wastewater reclamation in China occurred in the 1950s, when wastewater was used for irrigation. Large-scale wastewater reclamation development began 20 years ago, mostly in commercial buildings, and spread gradually into the municipal and industrial sectors. Today, most buildings, residential areas, municipal wastewater treatment plants, and industrial enterprises have installed wastewater reclamation facilities. Compared with wastewater reclamation in buildings and residential areas, the wastewater reclamation in municipal wastewater treatment plants has been highly emphasized because of the large volume of wastewater. Table 6 shows several wastewater reclamation projects for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Wastewater reclamation is especially important in Northern China, where severe water shortages are emerging. Municipal wastewater reclamation is in its infancy in China: the volume of reused water and the number of end users are still low. The recycle rate (Recycle Rate = Water Recycled/Water Discharged) in developed countries is 70%-80%, and even has exceeded 95% in some specific industrial fields, while in China it was 2.7% in 2007 equal to 1billion cubic meters per year. The target of 2010 is 10% (10%-15% in northern area and 5%-10% in south area) with new-increased recycled water of 6.8 million cubic meters per day, and the total recycled water will be accordingly 5 billion cubic meters per year. In 2015 this target is increased to 20% (20%-25% in northern area and 10%-15% in south area), meaning 10 million cubic meters water must be recycled. According to the experts of south-to-north water diversion project, if the recycle rate could reach 30%, there shall be 4 billion cubic meters water reclaimed. The annual water shortage in China is 6 billion cubic meters, 4 billion cubic meters reclaimed water is right equivalent to 67%, which can compensate more than 50% of the shortage and can relieve the stress of south-to-north water diversion project.

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Table 6 Status of the Use of Reclaimed Water in Several Cities

Water Amount ten thousand 3 m /day 8 7 12 ( Grade I ) 40 ( Grade II ) 10 ( Phase I ) 5 ( Phase II ) 10 10 0.2 0.2 30

City Name

Water Treatment Plants

Purpose Industrial park service Municipal service and industrial cooling water Municipal service Municipal service No. 1 Automobile Factory Municipal service Municipal service Municipal service Municipal service and cooling water

Chun Liu He Wastewater Treatment Plant Developing Zone Wastewater Dalian Treatment Plant Ma Lan He Wastewater Treatment Plant Bei Jiao Wastewater Treatment Plant Changchun Xi Jiao Wastewater Treatment Plant Handan Wastewater Handan Treatment Plant Yang Jia Bao Wastewater Taiyuan Treatment Plant Ji Zhuang Zi Wastewater Tianjin Treatment Plant Gao Bei Dian Wastewater Beijing Treatment Plant Source: www.chinaep.net

2.3.4 Sludge Treatment

China begins to realize the importance of sludge treatment when faced with a sever situation less than wastewater treatment plants are equipped with stable operating sludge treatment facilities and less than 1/10 have relatively well working facilities. The current way to deal with sludge is condensing, dewatering and transporting. With more and more water treatment plants are built, and with the improvement of water treatment efficiency, the annual output of sludge can expect to reach 20 million tons in 2010. Such huge amount of sludge, if not properly dealt with, could be a heavy burden for the wastewater treatment plants, in addition, it will be a second pollution to the environment. Sludge treatment is one of the major challenges with high importance faced China. The issue of Technical Policies for Sludge Treatment and Disposal and Pollution Prevention in Town Sludge Treatment Plants (on trial) on 18 February of 2009 shows the government began to highlight the importance of value sludge as resource. It is the first government policy targeting to promote and to give a guideline to sludge treatment sectors.

2.3.5 Energy Conservation in Water Treatment

The main energy consumed by water treatment plant includes electricity, fuel and medicament, wherein the consumption of the electricity is 0.15~0.28kWh/m3,
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accounting for 60%-90%. Assuming 0.01kWh can be saved for one cubic meter of water, the total electricity saved every year could be 100 million RMB. Take a typical wastewater treatment in a second tier city as an example, most of the energy is consumed by lifting wastewater and sludge, aeration blowing and sludge treatment, accounting for more than 60% of the total energy consumed. Figure 3 Electricity Consumption Share

Source: Research data of Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General Institute The consumption of electricity varies with the different process and management level. Four water treatment plants are chosen in Table 7 to illustrate the difference.
Table 7 Electricity Consumption in Four Wastewater Treatment Plants
Name
Shanghai Xiqu Wastewater Treatment Plant Shanghai Caoyang Wastewater Treatment Plant Shanghai Dongqu Wastewater Treatment Plant Taiyuan Beijiao Wastewater Treatment Plant

Scale (104m3/d)
1.2 2.0 4.5~5.0 1.4

Treatment Grade
2 2 2 2

Electricity Consumption (kWh/m3)

0.218 0.232 0.335 0.255

Remarks

Without digesting

With digesting

Wastewater treatment plants are those consume large amount of electricity, which is not in compliance with the 11th five-year plan where it is requested to save energy by 20%. There is great potential of energy saving for water treatment plants, in particular the lift
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pump and aeration blowing system, which respectively accounts for 10%-20% and 40%50% of the total electricity consumption.

2.3.6 Shortage of Research and Innovation Capacity

Around 100 research institutes and universities in China are involved in research and innovation of waste water treatment at a professional level, in contrast, only part of the domestic enterprises have their own research and innovation center, most of the small and medium sized enterprises even have no R&I departments due to short of money and human resource.

3. Investment Demand
The governmental 4 trillion stimulus package has since its issue been a grand investment banquet attracting wide attention. The State Development and Reform Commission announced the investment fields and distribution of the 4 trillion from the 4th quarter of 2008 to 2010 wherein 210 billion will be invested in energy saving and emission reduction projects, and ecological projects. Stimulated by governmental investment, more social investment will also be focused on environmental protection fields including water treatment.

3.1. Water Treatment

It is forecasted there will be 3000 wastewater treatment plants by the end of 2010 when approx. 30 billion cubic meters waters shall be treated. Direct investment from China central budget in wastewater treatment industry is 90 billion RMB. According to the 11th five-year plan, the demand of new-increased investment for new built water treatment plans is 54 billion RMB from 2006 to 2010.

3.2. Improvement and Retrofit of Wastewater Treatment Plant

On one hand, the improvement and retrofit of the water treatment plant is facing big challenge, on the other hand, the demand for investment has never stopped increasing. It is specified by 11th five-year plan the investment demand for improvement and retrofit of the facilities in wastewater treatment plants is 12 billion RMB, and will be expanded to 210 billion RMB for 2010 and 100 billion RMB for 2015. In large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing, the infrastructure of wastewater treatment has been developed for many years, but it needs to be expanded to meet growing demand. The best opportunities lie in the reconstruction of aging wastewater treatment facilities, including water network and equipment replacement. The investment demand for piping systems is much higher than that for building wastewater treatment plants. The total investment demand for water network of the
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wastewater treatment plants including the ones existing, under construction or to be built is over 208.5 billion RMB during the 11th five-year plan.

3.3. Sludge Treatment

The investment demand for sludge treatment is 32.3 billion RMB according to the 11th five-year plan. In the following 2-3 years the government will allot 50 billion RMB to support sludge treatment and to build demonstration projects of sludge treatment in the major cities. The market scale of sludge treatment is anticipated to be 3-9 trillion RMB.

3.4. Wastewater Reclamation

The 11th Five-Year Plan specified the reclamation in northern cities encountering water shortage will be 5 million cubic meters per day. The reclamation rate is to be 20% by 2010. The costal cities are encouraged to build water reclamation facilities in proper size based on the local practice and being able to operate stably. For the coastal cities in the south of china, it is requested to reach a reclamation capacity of 1.8 million cubic meters per day. The new increased daily capacity during the 11th Five-Year will be 6.8 million cubic meters. The total investment demand for the wastewater reclamation is 10 200 million according to the 11th Five-Year Plan.
Table 8 The 11th Five-yare Plan of Scale and Investment of Urban Wastewater Treatment
Item 1 Construction of Wastewater Treatment Plants Description Carry-over projects of th 10 five-year plan Improvement and Reconstruction of the old wastewater treatment plants th New projects of 11 five-year plan Sub-total Retrofit of the existing piping network Increment of piping network under construction New increased of 11 five-year plan Sub-total
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th

Scale 37.03 million 3 m /day 20 million 3 m /day 58 million 3 m /day 30000 km 78874 km

Investment (100 million RMB) 150 120

Remarks

540 810 400 853

15 million 3 m /day during th 11 five-year

Associated Piping Network

31.1 billion RMB was finished at the end of 2005

53850 km 162724 km

832 2085
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Sludge Treatment

Digesting and stabilizing Landfill and incineration

33720 tons/day (wet sludge) 33720 tons/day (wet sludge) 6.8 million 3 m /day

132 191 323 102 3320

Water Reclamation

Sub-total New increased

Total

Source: The 11th Five-Year Plan of Construction of Urban Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Recycle Facilities

Competition for wastewater treatment projects in China is fierce. Chinas domestic technology, equipment, and serviced sectors do not compare favorably to imported products; however, they do complete favorably with low prices, easy access to domestic markets, and continuous improvements in quality. Foreign enterprises from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom gained a comparatively strong market share in Chinas water market. The long investment history of successful foreign enterprises in China helped these enterprises build solid relationships with the Chinese government and sound reputation for providing technology and services. The foreign enterprises also gained a good understanding of Chinas market status and its associated business risks. Chinas water sector policy reforms unleashed a wave of optimism in Chinas water market and created significant market opportunities. Investors know certain factors could influence these policy changes and affect the long-term development of the market. Rewards in the Chinese water market will come from long-term strategic investment and business performance, so the risk is clearly manageable. Investors with strong management knowledge and skills will be better able to avoid potential risks and achieve success in China. In addition, risk will likely be lower for technology and equipment import companies where DK products already enjoy distinct market advantages.

4. Chinas Technical Status

4.1. Wastewater Treatment Technology
Since the 1990s, Chinas wastewater treatment industry developed various technologies and equipment through its increased investment in water pollution treatment systems. 4.1.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technology The conventional activated sludge (CAS), anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process (A/O), and anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic activated sludge process (A/A/O) are widely used in municipal wastewater treatment plants. From 1995, the commonly used technologies included the following:
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Oxidation ditch process, including almost all the derivative technologies developed by other countries. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated sludge process, including almost all the derivative technologies developed by other countries, such as intermittent cyclic extended aeration system (ICEAS), cyclic activated sludge system (CASS), cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST), and demand aeration tankintermittent aeration tank (DAT-IAT). Other processes, such as absorption biodegrading (AB) process, biological aeration filter (BAF) process, and biological membrane process. From 1995 to2000, 70 percent of more than 100 newly built wastewater treatment plans employed oxidation ditch, and from 1998 to 2000, at least 20 plants applied SBR process. In addition, the BAF, biological membrane, and hydrolysis-acidification and aerobic process have also been applied in small municipal wastewater treatment plants.

In the future, various SBR processes are expected to be widely used. Biological membrane, physical-chemical treatment, and biological treatment processes with good nitrogen and phosphate removal attributed are also expected to develop in China. 4.1.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Physical-chemical and biological processes are widely used to treat industrial wastewater, including coagulation-sedimentation, coagulation-flotation, high-efficiency filtration, catalytic oxidation, anaerobic and aerobic activated sludge, and biological membrane contact oxidation process. High-efficiency anaerobic or aerobic reactors are used throughout different industrial sectors and include the use of aerobic inner circulation fluidized beds, pressure biological reactors, membrane bioreactors, upflow anaerobic sludge beds, inner circulation anaerobic reactors, and complex anaerobic biological filters. High-efficiency and low-cost wastewater treatment technologies, automatic control systems, and wastewater treatment agents will be extensively developed in China in the near future. 4.1.3 Other Wastewater Treatment Technology In water purification treatment, industrial water treatment, and wastewater reclamation, various physical-chemical separation technologies are widely used, including filtration, coagulation sedimentation, adsorption, and membrane separation technology. Oxidized disinfection technologies are also developing quickly in China. With the exception of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), disinfection technologies using ozone, ultraviolet, and combined ultraviolet-ozone have also been applied in organic pollutant degradation and sterilization.

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4.2. Wastewater Treatment Equipment

The manufacturing of wastewater treatment equipment began in later 1970s in China, and achieved the improvement of both production capacity and manufacturing level in 1990s. Most of the wastewater treatment equipments and the associated equipments can be manufactured in China. Unfortunately, the general level of product quality and manufacturing is equal to that of 1980s in foreign countries. Among the domestic products, 1/5 are those belonging to the restricted or rejected category, and 2/5 needs o be improved. Data indicates that 92% of the membrane market, 99% of the desalination equipment market, and 88% of the wastewater treatment equipment market is occupied by foreign companies. 4.2.1 Physical Treatment Equipment Chinas physical treatment equipment includes devices for sedimentation, clarification, flotation, centrifugal separation, magnetic separation, screen separation, filtration, and micropore filtration. The minority of the domestic manufacturers make quality products; however, microtechnology and related equipment product quality is low. Centrifugal separation machines, micromesh microstrainers, fine rack separation units, magnetic separation machines, and high-precision micropore filtration materials are of inadequate quality. China in particular lags behind in making sludge dewatering machines, primarily plate, frame, and belt filter presses. 4.2.2 Chemical Treatment Equipment Chinas chemical treatment equipment includes neutralization, chemical sedimentation, oxidation and reduction, and sterilization and disinfection equipment. Most of them are made based on outdated technology which leads to poor quality, mechanical failure, and unstable performance. Sterilization and disinfection devices are developing rapidly. Almost every type of disinfection device can be produced in China, including small scale ozone and ultraviolet technologies. 4.2.3 Physical-Chemical Treatment Equipment Chinas physical-chemical treatment equipment includes extraction, adsorption, ion exchange, and common membrane separation devices. With regard to general technology and materials, there are no obvious differences between domestic and imported equipments; however, compatibility, autocontrols, and life expectancy of domestically produced equipment compares poorly with equipment from developed countries. China has invested greatly in developing new membrane technologies and even achieved breakthrough to some extent. The challenge ahead is how to improve the manufacturing process of membrane materials. 4.2.4 Biological Treatment Equipment
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Biological treatment equipment is widely used in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Domestic biological treatment equipment in China includes devices in aerobic treatment, anaerobic treatment, sludge digesting, comprehensive biogas utilization, and anaerobic-aerobic treatment. The basic technical principle of these devices is the same as it is in developed countries. Low prices offset the low quality of these products. Aeration devices have developed rapidly in the past five years in China. China now produces almost every kind of aeration device available, including microfine bubbles and middle porous diffusers; screw, jet, vertical and horizontal surface, submerged, and floating aerators; and aerators used in oxidation ditches. The quality of these devices is always problematical. The products produced by joint venture companies are of much better quality but usually cost more. The variety and amount of decanters increased considerably because of SBR technology applications. For sludge digesting processes, the key domestic products include heat exchange and stirring devices. Currently, no domestic comprehensive biogas device is used in China. 4.2.5 General Wastewater Treatment Device Domestic wastewater treatment devices include blowers, pumps, valves, and autocontrol devices. Some of these products are produced based on imported technology. The centrifugal water pump and submersible sewage pump, which used the imported technology from Germany. The clip-on disc valve and flange disc valve imported technology from U.S.A and Japan. The roots fan used Japanese technology. Belt type dewatering machine used technology from France and Austria. Microporous aeration used Finnish technology. Some domestic manufacturers can produce valves according to international standards, such as the DIN German standard and American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard, and some firms obtain international certificates. Many products achieve and internationally advanced quality level and are exported to other countries with competitive pricing. However, for most domestic manufacturers, it is still a long way to go before they can handle the mechanical failure, high material consumption, unstable performance and fabrication precision issues.

4.3. Wastewater Treatment Reagent and Material

The key wastewater treatment agents made in China are inorganic coagulants, germicides, and algaecides. Wastewater treatment materials include fillings, filtration materials, and resins. Domestic production of wastewater treatment reagents and materials meets domestic demand, but there is a crucial gap in product quality, performance, and variety between the domestic and imported products. Chinas ability to produce high-technology wastewater treatment agents lags behind developed countries.

4.4. Operation Monitoring Device and Apparatus

China produces continuous monitoring, portable monitoring, and large laboratory facilities, but monitoring devices and equipment are not well developed in China. China
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imports high-quality analytical devices, special monitoring devices, and auto-monitoring systems. Although the variety of domestic monitoring devices is quite limited, they still command a very high market share in China because of their low prices.

5. Potential Demand for Technology and Equipment

Notwithstanding China has moved fast in developing the technology and equipments for wastewater treatment, it is encountering the bottleneck to achieve breakthrough, therefore the advanced technology and equipment especially those suits Chinese situation are most welcome.

5.1. Wastewater Treatment Technology and Equipments

High-efficiency treatment and energy saving technologies are needed in wastewater treatment sectors where the pollution of surface water and groundwater creates demand for deep treatment technologies. In the municipal wastewater treatment sector, nitrogen and phosphate removal technologies are need. In the industrial wastewater treatment sector, technologies that can efficiently remove non-biodegradable organics are needed in various sectors, including the pulp and paper, textile, chemical, and petrochemical industries. The following specific technologies and equipment represent the best market potential in China: 5.1.1 Municipal wastewater treatment Biological denitrification and phosphorus removal technologies Anaerobic biological technology including equipments such as aeration biological fluidized tank, upward-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactors, anaerobic filters, anaerobic attached-film expanded beds ozone advanced oxidation in order to remove COD and other pollutants Immobilized microbe technology Membrane manufacturing technology Low-speed and variable-speed multi-pole centrifugal blower Sludge treatment and disposal equipment Packaged thickening and dewater belt presses Horizontal screw centrifugal dewatering Methane electric generators Automatic control equipment for water treatment

5.1.2 Industry Wastewater Treatment

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High-concentration organic wastewater treatment technology and equipment Membrane separation technologies, such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and ion exchange Wastewater deep treatment and reuse technology and equipment in industry sectors, such as surface treatment, coal and mining, pulp and paper, metallurgy, petroleum exploitation, electronics, machining, and chemical sectors High-efficiency ozone generators and chlorine dioxide generators High-efficiency ultraviolet disinfection devices, microwave or electromagnetic wave

5.1.3 Monitoring Instruments Pollution source on-line monitoring instrumentation Portable monitoring instruments Intelligent auto-sampling, data collection, treatment, and remote control systems with high reliability and precision City water monitoring networks

5.1.4 Water treatment agents Water treatment biological and enzyme agents High-efficiency flocculation and coagulation agent Pollution-free bactericide

5.1.5 Service Integrated engineering project services, including financing, design, equipment supply, construction, installation, and operation Operation and maintenance of professional water treatment facilities

5.2. Wastewater Piping Network Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring Technology

The technologies helps to improve the operation stability, to reduce the maintenance cost and to deliver the accurate monitoring information are welcome to Chinese market. China has developed some technologies in relation with this regard, however at a low level.

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5.3. Wastewater Reclamation

Wastewater reclamation is in its infancy in China. Wastewater reclamation requires advanced treatment technologies and equipment, such as membrane separation devices. Municipal wastewater reclamation demands large-scale treatment technologies, while buildings and residential areas need small- to medium scale treatment technologies and equipment. In general, technology and equipment with high efficiency, low cost, and convenient operation and maintenance have the greatest sales potential in China.

6. Government Priorities
Chinas 11th Five-Year Plan prioritized the sectors in developing wastewater treatment industry, wherein constructing piping network is given the most priority.

6.1. Constructing Associated Piping Network

During the 11th Five-Year Plan, more efforts should be put in constructions of piping network which lags behind. It is specified to give priority to piping network in constructions of sewage treatment facilities; to define the urban sewage system and treatment capacity reasonably, and pay more attention to planning and construction of piping network; to promote reconstructions of separate rain water system and sewage system integrating with reconstructions of urban roads and old city town, constructions of residential communities; to accelerate the construction speed. The primary goal of pipe network construction is to build 162724 km of sewage lines during the 11th Five-Year Plan. 30000 km of them are supporting pipe network for existing sewage treatment plants, 78874 km of them are for plants that under constructions, and 53850 km of them are for newly building plants. There will be 247734 km of sewage lines totally by the end of 2010. The collection rate of sewage will be improved and the load rate of urban sewage plants will reach 70%.

6.2. Accelerating Constructions of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Reconstruct existing wastewater treatment facilities with capacities of 20 million cubic meters per day Finish all projects started in the tenth Five-Year. Reach the capacity of 37 million cubic meters per day. New constructions of wastewater treatment facilities with capacities of 58 million cubic meters per day.
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6.3. Attaching Importance to the Safe Treatment of Sludge

At present, wastewater treatment plants in China output totally 7778 tons of dewatered sludge everyday, equal to 38990 tons of wet sludge with 80% of water. But only some big treatment plants in some big cities stabilize sludge by anaerobic digestion. Most of sludge is just dewatered and put into landfill. It is estimated that output of dewatered sludge will become 20083 tons/day by 2010. The prime goal of sludge treatment is decontamination. The method is to stabilize sludge before putting it into landfill. According to the pollution discharge standard for urban sewage treatment plants, all sludge should be stabilized. By the end of the 11th FiveYear Plan, the dewatered sludge treatment capacity should reach 20083 tons/day. Pollution transportation must be avoided.

6.4. Promoting Actively the Wastewater Reclamation

In water-shortage cities in north or coastal area such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shaanxi ,Shanxi, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, recycle of wastewater should be developed. It is asked to establish and improve the policy of wastewater reclamation. Research on technology should be initiated. Promote the development of the end users. Develop recycle solution to meet needs of different users for water quality. Enhance the development of new technology and raise the rate of reclamation according to local water consumption status. Wastewater recycle facilities with capacities of 5 million cubic meters per day will be constructed in water-shortage cities in north area during the 11th Five-Year Plan. By 2010, recycle rate will reach more than 20% of the treatment capacity. South coastal provinces and cities will have a wastewater recycle capacity of 1.8 million cubic meters per day. In 5 years, wastewater recycle capacity will increase 6.8 million cubic meters per day.

7. Business Practices and Options to Access Chinese Market

Following Chinas WTO accession and some government policy changes, there is notable change in the environmental investment and financial market in the country. Foreign participation in the investment, construction and operation of the wastewater treatment market is every active. Danish companies can choose to enter Chinas wastewater treatment market in several ways.

7.1. Wastewater Treatment Market

7.1.1 Build-operate-transfer
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The major of new water treatment plants are now being built always take the buildoperate-transfer model (BOT), while the transfer-operate-transfer model (TOT) is always applicable for the upgrade and expansion of existing plants. 7.1.2 Joint Venture Joint ventures are very common since local companies are normally good partners since they usually have good relationships with local administrative authorities, such as the environmental protection bureau, and they are familiar with the Chinese market. Cooperation with local companies will increase the ability of foreign companies to compete in the Chinese market.

7.2. Wastewater Treatment Technology and Equipment Sales

7.2.1 Procurement trends The procurement process of wastewater project in China normally consists of three phases: Feasibility studies and government approval; Plant design (water quality, capacity, technology, process etc.), which is typically done by the local design institute; Selection of a construction company, equipment suppliers and engineering supervisors through tender or appointment.

Historically, bids have been based on price alone, but bitter experience has led to a more sophisticated approach to tenders, to ensure that bidders are able to deliver on their commitments. EPC contracts are becoming more popular amongst Chinese clients, especially to try and reduce costs and to benefit from the bundling of design and construction in terms of efficiency. The fact remains, however, that Chinese contractors are ill-placed to do EPC work in terms of expertise, cash-flow and experience. Procurement regulation is also illadapted to turnkey contracts, and it can be difficult to allocate responsibility. 7.2.2 Ways for Sales To sale technology and equipment, the DK companies can choose various ways, such as: Export directly export technology and equipment, low risk but have to act proactively since the market is getting fierce with the improvement of the domestic technology and equipment

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Representative Offices, which is the easiest way for foreign firms to set up its office in China; however, they can perform only limited tasks, such as liaison activities, according to Chinese law. Trading Companies and Local Agents, which is the link between the DK companies and the Chinese market, handling import and export. Most of the agents have no authorization for import and export and have to buy imported produces from those who are authorized. Chinese Subsidiaries, this could be in the form of joint venture or WFOE (wholly foreign owned enterprise). Bu cooperating with local investors and localizing the technology especially the equipment manufacturing, the DK companies can obtain preferential policy support, such as subsidy, tax reduction from the local authority. Technology License, Danish companies can transfer by granting the Chinese licensee the right to use their patent, to produce and sell their products given it is difficult for Danish companies to promote their technologies in the Chinese market due to lack of good clients relationship and distribution channel. The model of license could be exclusive or non-exclusive depends on the market and territory issue. The normal way of license fee is lump sum (initial cost) plus royalty with a rate of 3%-5% of the contract price or sales price, which is subject to the negotiation and practice. Danish companies have to highlight the necessity and importance of protection of Intellectual Property Right when sign the license contract.

Source
1. China Statistical Yearbook, 2007, China National Bureau of Statistics, www.stats.gov.cn 2. China Data Bulletin of Environment, 2007, www.stats.gov.cn 3. Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Market in China, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Washington D.C. 4. Data of Ministry of Environmental Protection 5. The 11th Five-Year Plan of Construction of Urban Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Recycle Facilities 6. 2008 Research Report of China Water Industry Market 7. Research data of Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General Institute 8. www.chinaep.net, China Environmental Protection
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9. www.h2o-china.com, China Water 10. http://www.cnmembrane.cn, China Membrane 11. www.ccw.com.cn, Computer World 12.http://www.mwr.gov.cn/, The Ministry of Water Resource of the P.R.C 13.Water Market China 2009, www.globalwaterintel.com

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