WATERNET

Flow in Pipe Network Software

VERSION 3
USER MANUAL

DRAFT By:
Radianta Triatmadja

Published by:
Nafiri Offset, Yogyakarta, 2019

Cite this book as:

Triatmadja.R., (2019), User Manual of WaterNet, Flow in Pipe Network Software, Version 3,
Nafiri Yogyakarta

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DISCLAIMER

I have done a reasonable effort to make the WaterNet software as accurate as possible for
engineering, research as well as educational purposes. However, the WaterNet program may
still contain errors here and there. Therefore I, Radianta Triatmadja, the author of the software is
not responsible and assume no reliability whatsoever for any loss, damages or litigation resulted
from the use of the WaterNet software for any purpose, directly or indirectly.

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Preface
WaterNet is a software dedicated for designing and evaluating flow in pipe network. The software
was created initially to provide a tool for the students of master degree program in Water Resources
in Civil Engineering Department of Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2001 to learn more about water
distribution engineering and management. Through the years of development, the software was
finally ready for the students to use for simulating pipe network. In 2004, the software was
commercialized but the students were free to use the Students Version for solving the problem of
water distribution system. The software slowly gained recognition by practitioners and engineers in
Indonesia. By the year of 2012 about one thousand licenses were sold. Since 2017, I started to
update the software to Version 3 which was finally ready at the end of the year 2019. I believe that
the software will be more useful if the Free Version is less limited. For that reason, I increase the
capacity of the Free Version to 100 pipes fully working software. With such capacity, actually one
can start designing a small to medium water distribution network without any difficulty. Hence, I
expect that more engineers can enjoy the simple and easy designing of pipe water distribution
network using WaterNet.

As a software that is originally dedicated to education, WaterNet is unique. It contains a number of

visualizations about hydraulics of pipe flows including Reynolds apparatus model, head loss in pipes
apparatus model, potential and kinematics energy apparatus model, pumps and tanks models.
These visualizations are useful for the lecturers to teach and train the students about the head loss
in pipes, pumps characteristics and many others related to hydraulics in pipe before commencing to
provide skills of using WaterNet to design pipe distribution network. The software is also equipped
with tools to report a self-evaluation regarding the simulated pipe network. The self-evaluation is
provided mainly to give information about the designed network characteristics and its performance
to the users (designers). Such information is also useful for the users to check whether there is
something that need to be revised or improved as recommended by the report.

WaterNet provides hydraulics computation of flow in pipe networks of tree type as well as loop type
networks. Addition of pumps, tanks, valves and other accessories in the network is made as easy as
possible. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) helps the user to design the network just like drawing
the network in a piece of paper. To observe the performance of the network, only a few clicks are
required to run the program. The output of the simulations such as relative pressure, absolute
pressure, velocity, discharge, head loss, gradient of head loss, tank and pump performances, valve
performance, link-importance, water quality either in a static or in extended type flow can be
presented in a number of ways. This is to provide the best information that suited the user
requirement to check, recheck and justify that the network performance is satisfactory.

For calibration and verification, I have compared the computations using WaterNet and other
commercial software and physical model researches to make sure that I found no computational
errors in the WaterNet. The users may verify the comparisons in the manual. Even so, as always,
and similar to other software, as the writer of the software I do not claim that the software is error
free. I always strive to eliminate the bugs and errors in the software and to improve the software for

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better and easier use. However, it seems that such task is so huge for a sizable company with many
engineers involved in the software design and certainly more obvious for a one man show without
input and comments by the users. The allowance of 100 pipes for free use in the Free Version is
also aimed to get just that information. The risk of any losses due to the use of the software for any
kind of works should be bear by the users. The writer of the software bears no responsibility what so
ever for any kind of loss due to the software either directly or indirectly. Therefore, check, recheck
and expert judgment are important in order to justify the result of the software.

Finally, I would like to thanks many people especially my students and engineers who have used the
software for their learning process and designs. Their comments and suggestions are invaluable. I
cannot thank enough my family who let me work day and night whenever available to write the
program instead of spending the priceless times with them. I hope that the times I have spent and
what I have done will be useful for others more than for myself.

Please give me your comments and suggestions. I can be reached through radianta@ugm.ac.id and
radiantatoo@yahoo.com. Thank you.

Enjoy the software

Radianta Triatmadja
Yogyakarta, December, 2019

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DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................................... 2

Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 3

I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................11
1. About Waternet ......................................................................................................................................... 11

2. Capability of WaterNet ............................................................................................................................... 11

3. Using WaterNet Step by Step...................................................................................................................... 12

4. More about WaterNet and the manual ...................................................................................................... 13

II. QUICK GUIDE and TUTORIAL ................................................................................................14

1. Installation ................................................................................................................................................. 14

2. Quick Example and Tutorial ........................................................................................................................ 14

1. Objects names used in WaterNet ........................................................................................................... 14
2. Drawing the network .............................................................................................................................. 15

3. Editing the Network.................................................................................................................................... 19

1. Editing the Nodes and pipes. .................................................................................................................. 19
2. Edit the reservoir .................................................................................................................................... 21
3. Edit the tank. .......................................................................................................................................... 21
4. Edit the pump......................................................................................................................................... 21

4. Running a Constant Demand (Static demand) Scenario .............................................................................. 23

1. Gauging (Quick check of flow and pressure head) .................................................................................. 24
2. Showing the flow discharge and pressures at all pipes and nodes .......................................................... 25

5. Running an Extended Period (Variable Demand) Scenario .......................................................................... 27

1. Pressure Head at all nodes ..................................................................................................................... 30
2. Pipe flow during 48 hours of Simulation ................................................................................................. 31
3. Water Fluctuation inside the Tank .......................................................................................................... 32
4. Performance of the pumps ..................................................................................................................... 33
5. Check valve performance ....................................................................................................................... 37

6. Water Quality Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 37

1. Age of Water .......................................................................................................................................... 37
2. Water Resources Contribution (Tracer Model) ....................................................................................... 40
3. Chlorine Residual.................................................................................................................................... 42

7. Where to ask and to send comments about WaterNet ............................................................................... 42

III. MODELING OF PIPE NETWORKS WITH WATERNET ........................................................43

1. Water Distribution through Pipe Network .................................................................................................. 43

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 2. Reservoir .................................................................................................................................................... 44

3. Pipe ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
1. Identity................................................................................................................................................... 45
2. Length. ................................................................................................................................................... 45
3. Diameter ................................................................................................................................................ 46
4. Roughness .............................................................................................................................................. 46
5. Status ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
6. Color and Thickness................................................................................................................................ 46
7. Calibration.............................................................................................................................................. 46
8. Frictional coefficient (f) .......................................................................................................................... 46
9. Secondary Lost Coefficient ..................................................................................................................... 47
10. Labels ................................................................................................................................................. 48
11. Vertices .............................................................................................................................................. 49
12. Discharge and Velocity ....................................................................................................................... 50
13. Frictional head loss............................................................................................................................. 50
14. Link Importance ................................................................................................................................. 53
15. Coefficient of Wall reaction (Kw) ........................................................................................................ 53
16. Changing pipe direction...................................................................................................................... 53

4. Nodes ......................................................................................................................................................... 54
1. Elevation ................................................................................................................................................ 54
2. Pipe Connections .................................................................................................................................... 55
3. Absolute Energy and Absolute Pressure ................................................................................................. 56
4. Relative Energy and Relative Pressure .................................................................................................... 56
5. Demand ................................................................................................................................................. 57
6. Node’s Labels ......................................................................................................................................... 64
7. Picture.................................................................................................................................................... 66

5. Pump .......................................................................................................................................................... 66
1. Pump Performance ................................................................................................................................ 68
2. Pump Power and Efficiency .................................................................................................................... 71
3. Modeling of pumps in WaterNet ............................................................................................................ 73
6. Tank ........................................................................................................................................................... 87
1. Sizing of a tank ....................................................................................................................................... 89

7. Model of Water Quality .............................................................................................................................. 95

1. Model of Chlorine decay ........................................................................................................................ 95
2. Mixing model in Nodes and Tanks. ......................................................................................................... 96
3. Chemical Reaction .................................................................................................................................. 97
4. Wall Reaction ......................................................................................................................................... 97
5. Diffusion coefficient ............................................................................................................................... 98
6. Lagrangian Algorithm for Chlorine reduction in pipe network. ............................................................... 98
7. Dwelling Time Simulation ..................................................................................................................... 101
8. Tracer Model ........................................................................................................................................ 101

IV. HOW TO.............................................................................................................................102

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1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 102

2. Drawing or Placing Elements .................................................................................................................... 102

1. Drawing a pipe ..................................................................................................................................... 102
2. Drawing a Pump ................................................................................................................................... 103
3. Drawing a Pressure Release Tank (PRT) ................................................................................................ 103
4. Drawing a Reservoir ............................................................................................................................. 104
5. Drawing a tank ..................................................................................................................................... 104
6. Drawing a valve .................................................................................................................................... 104

3. Drawing Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 104

1. Drawing a circle .................................................................................................................................... 105
2. Drawing a Line ...................................................................................................................................... 105
3. Drawing a Line Arrow ........................................................................................................................... 105
4. Drawing a Polygon................................................................................................................................ 105
5. Drawing a square ................................................................................................................................. 106
6. Drawing a Text ..................................................................................................................................... 106

4. Editing Elements or Links .......................................................................................................................... 106

1. Editing Default...................................................................................................................................... 107
2. Editing Node......................................................................................................................................... 108
a. Editing Node demand ....................................................................................................................... 109
b. Editing Node Picture or Photo .......................................................................................................... 111
c. Editing Node in group ....................................................................................................................... 112
d. Editing or Creating Pattern Demands ............................................................................................... 115
e. Creating Demand Pattern Library ..................................................................................................... 116
3. Editing Pipe .......................................................................................................................................... 116
a. Editing Inside diameter of a pipe ...................................................................................................... 118
b. Edit Pipe Length ............................................................................................................................... 118
c. Edit Status of Pipe ............................................................................................................................ 118
d. Edit Color and Thickness of the line representing pipes .................................................................... 118
e. Edit Pipe friction diameter................................................................................................................ 119
f. Edit Pipe friction diameter and calibration ....................................................................................... 119
g. Edit Secondary Loss Coefficient ........................................................................................................ 120
h. Editing Pipe Labels Properties .......................................................................................................... 120
i. Edit Pipe’s vertex’s elevation ............................................................................................................ 122
j. Edit Pipe, Adding Vertex to a pipe .................................................................................................... 123
k. Edit Pipe, Installing a check valve ..................................................................................................... 124
l. Editing Groups of Pipes .................................................................................................................... 125
m. Moving pipe ends ......................................................................................................................... 126
4. Editing Pressure Release Tank (PRT) ..................................................................................................... 126
5. Editing Pump ........................................................................................................................................ 128
a. Editing Single Point pump................................................................................................................. 128
b. Pump’s Status .................................................................................................................................. 131
c. Editing Three Point Pump Curve ....................................................................................................... 133
d. Editing Multi Point Curve.................................................................................................................. 134
e. Editing the pump or pumps status related to a Tank ........................................................................ 143
6. Editing Reservoir .................................................................................................................................. 145

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 7. Editing Tank.......................................................................................................................................... 146
a.
Filling and Editing data ..................................................................................................................... 146
b.
Swapping the inlet (upstream pipe) and outlet (downstream pipe) .................................................. 147
c.
Editing A Non-Uniform Cross Section Tank ....................................................................................... 148
8. Editing Valves ....................................................................................................................................... 149
a. Editing Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) ............................................................................................. 150
b. Editing a Flow Control Valve (FCV) .................................................................................................... 152
c. Editing a Throttling Control Valve (TCV)............................................................................................ 152
d. Editing Pressure Breaker Valve (PBV) ............................................................................................... 153

5. Delete Links and Elements ........................................................................................................................ 154

1. Deleting pipe ........................................................................................................................................ 154
2. Deleting a Group of Pipes ..................................................................................................................... 154
3. Deleting a Node.................................................................................................................................... 156
4. Deleting a Group of Nodes ................................................................................................................... 156
5. Deleting a Pump ................................................................................................................................... 157
6. Deleting a Tank..................................................................................................................................... 157
7. Deleting a Valve ................................................................................................................................... 157
8. Deleting a Pressure Release Tank (PRT) ................................................................................................ 157

6. Create ...................................................................................................................................................... 158

1. Creating Demand Pattern ..................................................................................................................... 158
2. Creating Pump’s Speed Pattern ............................................................................................................ 158
3. Creating Paths ...................................................................................................................................... 158

V. RUNNING THE PROGRAM AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS .....................................161

1. Running the program ............................................................................................................................... 161
1. Running in Single Period or Constant Demand Mode ........................................................................... 162
a. Selecting the specific time demand .................................................................................................. 162
b. Running with average demand multiplied by a demand multiplier ................................................... 163
2. Running in Extended Period Mode ....................................................................................................... 165
a. Assigning the time steps of simulation ............................................................................................. 165
b. Assigning Demand multiplier ............................................................................................................ 166
c. Setting the initial condition .............................................................................................................. 167
d. Computation time during Extended Period ...................................................................................... 168

2. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................................................ 168

1. Running Report .................................................................................................................................... 168
a. Successful run .................................................................................................................................. 168
b. Relative Pressure Negative ............................................................................................................... 169
c. Pipe(s) not connected Report ........................................................................................................... 170
d. Laminar Flow Report ........................................................................................................................ 172
e. Computational error (unresolved) .................................................................................................... 173
2. Evaluation results at the Nodes ............................................................................................................ 173
a. Using Gauging .................................................................................................................................. 174

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................176

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CHAPTER I
I. INTRODUCTION
1. About Waternet
First of all I would like to thanks all the users of WaterNet. It is really a pleasure to be able to
share a bit of my works with you. Based on my experience teaching the undergraduates and
post graduate students of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Gadjah Mada
University, I assure you that, you would be able to master and work with WaterNet in no time.
Now, what is WaterNet?
From my forewords, you will see at a glance that WaterNet is a software that is basically used for
simulating flow in pipe network. Actually, it is more than just a design or an evaluation tool but it
is also aimed at providing lecturers and students learning resources. WaterNet provides
simulations of laboratory equipments normally used to teach about flow in pipe. These include
Osborn Reynolds apparatus and other apparatus model including head loss due to friction and
secondary loss due to valve, pipe connections, pump characteristics and tank.
WaterNet run under windows (98, XP,7,8, 10). WaterNet is available in two editions namely Free
Edition and Professional Edition. The Free Edition fully works with limited number of pipes. The
professional Edition comes with a maximum of 500 pipes. The Free Edition is normally enough
for designing a relatively small to medium pipe distribution network, while the Professional
Edition is aimed at designing medium to large size of pipe network.

2. Capability of WaterNet
WaterNet is capable of simulating pipe network in term of hydraulics and water quality.
The hydraulics capability includes the computation of:
a. Head loss through the pipe network based on Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
Equations.
b. The secondary loss through pipe fitting such as pipe bends, T-connections and many more
c. The flow through the network and the loss of energy based on the pressure determined by
the user at nodes
d. Various types of pumps (power constant, one point, multi points) and their performance
integrated with the network. The operation of the pumps can be set based on either the time
or the water level at tank(s) or mixed of time and water level controls.
e. Pump energy and cost
f. Various types of valves (Pressure regulating valves, check valves, flow control valves and a
special box structure that is normally built to release the pressure (pressure release box).
g. Performance of user defined tanks (user can define the area of the tank at a number of
elevation). The tank can also be specified in two different types namely free inlet of
submerge inlet.

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h. Multiple demand types at nodes. Each of the demand type has its own demand pattern of
time variation.
i. Static (constant demand) and Extended flow types (for 48 hours or more). The time step of
computation can be determined by the user.
j. Specific time, for example during peaks or low discharges.
k. Link-importance or Hydraulics Index of each or all pipes in the network
l. Best pipes size selection based on maximum flow velocity or maximum head loss gradient.
m. Reporting and commenting network performance to remind the user if there are conditions
such as pipe diameter, pipe roughness, demand, tank pumps etc. that need to be revised for
better network performance.

The water quality capability includes

a. Contribution of each water source on each node

b. Age of water at each node
c. Residual chlorine at each node

In addition to the above capabilities, WaterNet is also equipped with tools to show and report the
data and the results of the simulation. These include:

a. Showing the data and results of hydrodynamic and water quality by pointing the mouse to
the relevant pipe or node. By hovering the mouse over the pipes or nodes in the network, the
user may be able to perceive a better understanding about the network performance quickly
and decide whenever revisions need to be made.
b. Showing the result in graphics for better understanding the relation between nodes, pipes,
pumps, tanks or valves to justify the network performance.
c. Showing the results in report that can be read using Microsoft Word© or Microsoft Excel © or
other text readers. The data and results that has been retrieved using Microsoft Excel for
example can be used to create even better graphic using the software.
d. Showing animated results based on time for extended type flow. The results are presented
from time 1 to 48 where the pressures or flow discharges and velocities are presented in the
network on color scale.
e. The user can select the units either in International Unit or other units.

3. Using WaterNet Step by Step

Normally the user will go through the following steps
1. Filling and choosing default data for the entire network. These default data are changeable
later on by editing them as necessary. Different value of parameter or data may also be
assigned on the spot when editing the related objects such as pipe, node or pump.
2. Drawing the Network, but if you have any bitmap photos or drawings related to the network,
you better insert it (them) on the “paper” so that the drawing may become easier. You may
also set the scale before drawing the network for time efficiency.
3. Edit the properties of the objects such as nodes, pipes, pumps etc to suit the design
condition.
4. Select a set of analysis. When unselected, WaterNet will run using the default that is static
flow type.

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5. View the results of the analysis, to quickly review the network and update it when necessary.
6. View report to look for undetected and unfit data and results.
7. When update is required return to #3 or else finish or go to #4 to simulate different types of
simulations such as link important, best pipe diameter selection or water quality simulation.

4. More about WaterNet and the manual

This manual is provided for free. It guides the user to create, simulate and justify that a pipe
network will work as expected.
WaterNet is revised and updated from time to time based on user comments and the need for
more advance simulations. The updates are also related to resolving problem and bugs in the
WaterNet. Similarly, the manual is revised whenever necessary. Please visit our website to
download the newest version of the software and its manual for free.

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 CHAPTER 2
II. QUICK GUIDE and TUTORIAL
1. Installation

The installation of WaterNet is very simple. Just copy the entire file of the WaterNet into a new
specific folder for example D:\WaterNet. If the file you downloaded in .rar or zip file, you have to
extract them.

After the extraction, you will have these 4 files (directories) in your new folder (Error! Reference
source not found.Error! Reference source not found.)

Figure II.1 Folder and Files in the WaterNet Package

Click Setup executable file (second from the left) and follow the instruction until WaterNet is
properly installedFigure II.2.

If you have previously installed WaterNet, the installation program will ask you whether you want
to keep some of the older files or to replace with the new ones. Select to replace with the new
one.

2. Quick Example and Tutorial

1. Objects names used in WaterNet

Here are object names used in WaterNet for reference. The names are important as it
may be different in local names where the network will be designed, constructed or
evaluated. The names of the objects are depicted in Figure II.2. The size of the object
symbols can be adjusted by the user to make the network drawing clear.

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 Pump
Tank
Node
Node number

Reservoir Valve
Pipe
Pipe number
Shape (poligone, Check Valve
circle, square, line)
7
Background map Pressure Release
(bitmap)
Paper boundary
Box (PRB 89 10
Inlet node Outlet node

Figure II.2. Names of objects in WaterNet

2. Drawing the network

Open the WaterNet software. Refer to Figure II.2 for the rest of this sub section.
You will be directed to Default Window. You need to fill in the common properties that will
be used in the network. All the default can be changed later on through editing via object
windows. The default properties may also be modified at any time. However, all that has
been determined based on the previous default properties will not be affected.

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 Figure II.3 Default and Setting

At the top of Default and Setting Window, you can input the name of the project and the
designer. These identifications will be printed together with the output of the WaterNet.
In the Default and Setting Window (Figure II.3), the unit (elevation and length or distance,
discharge and demand, Dwelling time, pipe inside diameter, pressure head, Velocity,
Power, Friction diameter, Pressure drop, and volume can be selected.
Select menu File>> New file and you will be given a blank paper picture (Figure II.4). The
paper is the area for you to draw the pipe network. Use Zoom in - out menu to zoom in
or zoom out to suit the need of the user during drawing the network as well as during
editing. The maximum zoom size is approximately 100,000 times the original paper size
(when initially opened or when F2 is pressed). This assures that the user can draw easily
and accurately.
Insert a map of bitmap type (*.jpg) in to the paper using menu Insert. If you have the scale
of the bitmap as for example shown if Figure II.5 (see the axis), you can scale the paper
to follow the scale of the map. This will be explained in more detail later.
A quick introduction is given below about menu and tools of the WaterNet.

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 tools Menu Quick menu button

From left to right: zoom (in-out), move (move object), editing

From left to right: search (object), Scaling, Gauges

From left to right: splitting pipe, Pipe with vertices, Straight pipe

From left to right: Valve, Tank and Reservoir

From left to right: discharge type(pattern), Contour, Pump

Pressure Release Box (PRB)

From left to right: Accuracy, Flow type, Link important

Path Paper limit

Figure II.4. Quick guide to menu and tools

In Figure II.5, we can see the bitmap has been inserted. It has scales both horizontal and
vertical directions. The scales have to be inputted in the database of the WaterNet. Select
the scaling tool and follow the instruction. For more explanation see the explanation on
creating scale.

17
 Figure II.5. A map with scale has been inserted on the paper

Draw the pipe network according to the design (for example the pipe routes follow the
road). To draw a pipe, you have to select Pipe tool (either straight pipe or pipe with
vertices). The tools are located on the left side bar (Figure II.4Figure II.5). The pipe
should start from a node or a source of water (reservoir) and end at another node (a
location that represents the demand of the area). Draw a pipe by clicking the mouse left
button and drag it to the location where you want to have the next node or the end of the
pipe. To draw a multi vertices pipe, you have to select the appropriate tool (Pipe with
Vertices tool) , click the left button of the mouse, release the button and then click again
the left button of the mouse at the location of the vertex and continue doing so until the
end of the pipe. To end the pipe drawing using pipe with vertices, you have to click the
right button of the mouse. The end of the pipe should be far enough (at drawing scale)
from the last vertex.
If you draw a wrong pipe and you want to delete it, select the object tool relevant to the
object you want to delete. Place the cursor at the top of the pipe, and click the right button
of the mouse. For pipe with vertices, locate the mouse at approximately the location
passed by the direct line connecting the start and the end of the pipe. Click the right
button of the mouse. A help line connecting the start and the end of the pipe can be
shown in the pipe network lay out by selecting menu View>> Manager>> check the
Straight-line guide checkbox in the View Manager Window.

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 Figure II.6. Pipe network is completed (less pumps, reservoir and tank)

When the pipe network is almost completed (Figure II.6), add reservoir, tank and pumps
at nodes. To add objects, you have to change the mouse cursor with the relevant object
tool. For example, select Tank tool when you want to add tank, and locate the Tank
cursor at the location of the relevant node. Click the left button of the mouse at the node
and the tank will be placed at that node. Tanks, reservoirs and valves can only be
installed at nodes which are connected by two pipes that are not directly linked to other
pump, valve or tank. There should be a node in between tanks or pumps or valves or in
between them.

3. Editing the Network

Editing the network at this level is to fill in all the properties of nodes, pipes, reservoirs, tanks,
pumps etc. that are required by WaterNet.

1. Editing the Nodes and pipes.

All the data for nodes and pipes are given in Table 1 (for ground elevation) and Table 2
(pipe length, diameter, friction). To edit and complete the properties of the object, you
have to open each of the object Window. This is conducted by clicking the right mouse
button when the cursor is on the relevant object. Remember that the cursor should be an
editing tool. Right button mouse clicking of an object using the object cursor will delete the
object. The node and windows consist of two pages. Click the Next page button to see
interchangeably page 1 and page 2 of the windows. Fill all the necessary properties. Note
that all the default data has been used for the nodes and pipe properties. You can revise
them whenever necessary. The data for nodes and pipes are given in Table 1 and Table
2 respectively.

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 Table 1. Node data
Node Ground Elv Demand
(m) ( Gpm )

1 100.00 0.00
2 100.00 0.00
3 90.00 30.00
4 80.00 30.00
5 75.00 10.00
6 80.00 30.00
7 95.00 30.00
8 75.00 30.00
9 70.00 10.00
10 80.00 10.00
11 90.00 10.00
12 80.00 30.00
13 60.00 10.00
14 80.00 5.00
15 100.00 30.00
16 90.00 10.00
17 100.00 30.00
18 100.00 30.00
19 97.00 0.00
20 110.00 30.00
21 100.00 0.00
22 98.00 10.00
23 105.00 30.00
24 112.00 0.00

Table 2. Pipe data

From To
Pipe Node Node Length Diameter eps
( m ) ( inch ) (mm)
1 1 20 123.64 4.0000 0.0015
2 17 3 131.75 4.0000 0.0015
3 3 4 157.74 4.0000 0.0015
4 4 5 122.19 4.0000 0.0015
5 4 6 325.50 4.0000 0.0015
6 6 7 145.07 4.0000 0.0015
7 6 8 146.15 4.0000 0.0015
8 8 9 112.53 4.0000 0.0015
9 15 16 272.00 4.0000 0.0015
10 16 11 170.62 4.0000 0.0015
11 11 12 106.94 4.0000 0.0015
12 12 13 267.73 4.0000 0.0015
13 23 14 373.00 4.0000 0.0015
14 11 3 256.00 4.0000 0.0015
15 18 22 82.05 4.0000 0.0015

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 16 15 17 353.65 4.0000 0.0015
17 16 10 304.00 4.0000 0.0015
18 17 18 619.00 4.0000 0.0015
19 18 2 46.86 4.0000 0.0015
20 19 1 17.96 4.0000 0.0015
21 20 24 22.09 4.0000 0.0015
22 21 2 13.78 4.0000 0.0015
23 22 7 114.91 4.0000 0.0015
24 23 15 287.11 4.0000 0.0015
25 24 23 134.14 4.0000 0.0015

2. Edit the reservoir

Edit the reservoir by clicking the reservoir symbol using the mouse right button. At the
reservoir window, update the elevation as necessary. Reservoir elevation should be updated
through Reservoir Window (not the Node Window). Following, in Table 3, is the reservoir
data.

Table 3. Reservoir data

Reservoir 1, elevation 100 m
Reservoir 2, elevation 100 m

3. Edit the tank.

Similar to editing the reservoir, the tank window will appear when you click the right button
at the tank symbol. Basically, this is the method to show up the object windows. For now,
select the submerge inlet and uniform cross section tank. Complete the form by filling in
the maximum elevation, minimum elevation, initial elevation of water in the tank, bottom
elevation of the tank and the area (cross section area of the tank). The tank data is given
in Table 4.
Table 4. Tank Data

Tank # 1
Tank shape Prismatic
Area 64 ( m 2)
Maximum Elevation 120 ( m )
Minimum Elevation 117 ( m )
Elevation during simulation 119 ( m )

4. Edit the pump.

Select one-point pump at this moment. One-point pump is a pump that the performance
can be represented by a quadratic equation. The optimum head and discharge is located
in the curve so that the maximum discharge is 4/3 times of the optimum discharge and
the maximum discharge is twice as much the optimum discharge. Other than that, the
maximum pressure head happen when discharge is zero, while the maximum discharge

21
happens when the pressure head is zero. In this tutorial I have used the following data as
in Table 5.

Table 5. Pumps data

Pump # 1
Pump status ON (Conditional)
Design Discharge 300 (Gpm)
Design Head 2 (bar)
Maximum Head (shut off head) 2,667 (bar)
Assumed Optimum Efficiency 65 %

Pump # 2
Pump status ON
Design Discharge 300 (Gpm)
Design Head 2 (bar)
Maximum Head (shut off head) 2,667 (bar)
Assumed Optimum Efficiency 65 %

Finally, the network is completed and is shown in Figure II.6. Since the program has been
run, the figure also shows the flow direction along the pipes. Information about the name
of the objects in the network are also given for convenience.

pipe
node
Backgroud map
tank
or bitmap

vertex

pump

Flow
direction reservoir

Figure II.7. Pipe Network in WaterNet after being run.

22
 Some time, the background map makes the network difficult to observe. The lines of
roads, buildings, rivers or railways obscure the networks. In that case, the background
map can be hidden and shown as required. The network without the background map is
given in Figure II.8.

Figure II.8. Pipe Network in WaterNet with hidden bitmap.

4. Running a Constant Demand (Static demand) Scenario

When the network is ready, you can start running the program. Click the GO button and
WaterNet will show you a summary of the data. You may look again whether there is
something need to be corrected or revised. If not, you can run the model by clicking the Go
button in the reminder window and WaterNet start running. Normally, the running time for a
hundred pipes is only a couple of seconds. However, with complicated layout containing
pumps and valves WaterNet may take several seconds or even a minute on a 2 GHz lap top
computer. Running with extended flow type, may take even more time (several minutes). Yes,
I need to work more to find a better way to cut the computation time.

For our tutorial example however, it took about less than one second to complete running in
static flow type in a laptop computer with Windows 7, 4.7 Windows Experience index, i5-
2450M, CPU @ 2.50 GHz, 4 GB memory.

When the running is completed, a window report is shown. Figure II.9 below is the Report
window where the pump performance has been clicked to show quickly the performance of
the pumps. The green round shape indicate that the computation is successful and there is no
problem in term of hydraulics or the relative pressure at all nodes are more than zero. Figure
9b is the same figure with Figure II.9a, but the dropdown of Pump performance has been
clicked to show all the pump performance.

23
 Figure II.9. Report Windows

1. Gauging (Quick check of flow and pressure head)

Quick checking of the results is some time very important. Using the gauging tool, user
can find out quickly the pipe flow, pressure head and other results of the simulation.
Figure 10a indicate the quick checking at node 10 for Relative Pressure while Figure
II.10b indicates the quick checking of flow of pipe number 2.

Figure II.10. Example of gauging for Nodes and Pipes

24
2. Showing the flow discharge and pressures at all pipes and nodes
The flow at all pipes can be shown near the pipes for easy observation and comparison
among the pipes. The step by step to show the flow of the pipe and pressures of the
nodes is described in Figure II.11. If nothing is shown, click concise pipe report button
or manage the view using the menu View>> Manager>> select the relevant textbox.

For better view, the position of the pipe properties labels can be adjusted manually using
Move >> Label Parameter tool.

Step 1. Selecting any pipe

Step 2. Selecting properties

to show

Step 5. Select label Step 3. Click the Format

colours button for formatting labels

Step 4. Format the labels

Figure II.11. Steps to show the results of computation of pipes

Figure II.12. Network, showing pipes properties and results

25
Similarly, the properties of the nodes can be shown as in Figure II.13.

Figure II.13. Network, showing Nodes properties and results

All nodes and pipes properties can also be shown simultaneously as in Figure II.14.

Figure II.14. Network, showing Nodes and Pipes properties and results

26
 With the properties of pipes and/or nodes are shown near the related pipe objects and/or
node object, the user can compare and draw initial conclusions about the performance of the
network. When further detail is needed, more about the results can be shown using graphics.
Click button for graphics windows, select relevant property to be shown in the graphic.

Figure II.15a, shows the nodes relative pressure head, while Figure II.15b shows the
discharge of each pipe.

(a)

(b)

Figure II.15.(a) Relative pressure heads and (b) Discharge at each pipe of the network.

5. Running an Extended Period (Variable Demand) Scenario

Extended Period flow type is aimed at providing:
a. Flow conditions at every different time (different demand) throughout the day (24 hours)
b. Observe tank(s) performance
c. Observe pump(s) performance

27
To make the simulation more realistic, we need to have demand patterns at all Nodes.
Demand pattern indicate the coefficient of demand at each time during one day duration (24
hours). The demand pattern can be made using Demand Type tool. A form will be shown,
and the user has to fill in all the demand coefficients. Figure 16 shows the demand pattern
after all the Demand Coefficients have been filled out. After filling all the demand coefficients,
the user has to click the Mean =1 button to make sure that the average of the demand
pattern is 1.0. After which the pattern can be saved. In this tutorial, the first (#1) demand type
with demand pattern as shown in Figure 16 is called Public. Users can identify the demand
type any name as they wish.

Figure II.16. The demand pattern (fluctuation of the demand coefficient every hour)

The demand pattern in Figure II.16 indicates a low demand at mid night and at early
morning. The demand reaches its peak at 8 am and 6 pm. This Public demand type is very
common in Indonesia where people start working in the morning and arrive at home and start
the house activities in the evening. In larger cities where the business activities and working
times are more varied the fluctuation may be slightly less. During mid night, some people
may still on their work which relate to the requirement for water.
User can save the demand types for later use or save them in a library so that whenever
they need such demand in different project, they can recall the demand type from the library.
Therefore, the copy from library and copy from file button are made available. There are
10 demand types available for users to specify, each with its different or specific pattern.
When the demand type is completed, it is not automatically used by the network. The user
has to update the nodes demand by selecting which demand types is going to be used by

28
the nodes (Figure II.17). A node can be specified to use up to 6 types of demand each of
them may has different value of demand.

Figure II.17.Demand at node #17. Using only one demand type at 30 Gpm

In Figure II.17, node #17 has been designated with 30 Gpm of Public type demand. Should
the user have more demands for example Industrial, Offices, Schools, Parks and Hospitals
at different demand values, all of these demand types and values can be included in the
Demand of the Node. The result is a mixed demand pattern specific for the area of the node.
However, if the types of demand is more than 6, the user can have another node that is
placed next to (very near to) the node and designate the node with the rest of the demand
type and value. Hence, in one area (may be represented by two nodes next to each other)
can accommodate 10 different Demand Types. In this quick tutorial, only one demand value
is used i.e. Public.
Since the demand is fluctuating, running in extended scenario means that the fluctuation has
to be represented as accurate as possible. Since the time step in the demand pattern is one
hour, a one-hour time step in the simulation of extended scenario is sufficient. However, one-
hour time step may be too large to simulate the fluctuation of water inside a water tank when
the water elevation in the tank control the status of a pump (ON or OFF). Therefore, when
simulating a tank that is supplied by a pump and that the pump status is controlled by the
water level inside the tank, a smaller time step is probably required. The smallest time step is
5 minutes, while the largest time step is 60 minutes (1 hour). The number of simulations
increases with reducing time step. Using one-hour time step means, 48 simulations

29
(computation) are needed to complete 48 hours duration. With 5 minutes time step, the
number of simulations is 12 for each hour of flow duration. When our tutorial network was run
in extended flow type with time step of 5 minutes and flow duration of 48 hours, it took
slightly less than 5 seconds. Not too bad, considering the number of simulations is 60/5 x 48
= 576 times, or 9 milliseconds in average for each simulation.

1. Pressure Head at all nodes

The pressure head at all nodes during 48 hours of simulation can be presented in a
graphics. As in the Constant Demand Scenario, click the Graphics button at the tool bar
and select nodes in Graphic Option window (Figure II.18). The relative pressure head or
Absolute pressure head can be selected in the Graphic of properties at Nodes
Windows. The axis and grids can be adjusted using Graphics Axis and Grids Option by
clicking the Property button in Graphic of properties at Nodes

Figure II.18. Selection for objects to be presented in graphics

Figure II.19. Relative Pressure heads at all nodes during 48 hours duration of simulation.

30
 In Figure II.19, the pressure heads unit is bar. The user can change the unit by changing
the default unit without running the WaterNet again.

2. Pipe flow during 48 hours of Simulation

Figure II.20 shows the pipe flow (Gpm) of pipe #25 which is the out let of the Tank. It
shows clearly the fluctuation of discharge through the pipe. Although all the nodes have
the same demand pattern, it is clear that the flow pattern of pipe #25 is not exactly the
same as the demand pattern. This is certainly due to the fact that the nodes are supplied
by two reservoirs. The supply may not exactly the same due to different pipe operation.
Pipe #24 which is next and downstream of pipe #25 was controlled by a check valve.
When pressure is high (during low demand), the pressure head at Node #23 (one end of
pipe #24) is higher than the elevation of water in the Tank. Pipe 24 will supply the Tank
instead of discharging water out of it and hence the check valve closed the pipe.
Therefore, during the low demand, the supply from the Tank, and hence the flow of pipe
#25 will be reduced to only supply node #14 and #23 (Figure II.21).

Figure II.20. Fluctuation of discharge through pipe #25.

31
 Figure II.21. Check valve on pipe #24 is closed (no flow in pipe #24) at time 23.00.

3. Water Fluctuation inside the Tank

Water level in the Tank is fluctuated due to the operational scenario of the Pump as
provided in Figure II.22.

Figure II.22. Pump operational scenario related to Tank #1

32
 As can be seen in Figure II.22, the pump will be shut off when the water elevation inside
the Tank is higher than 199 m and will set to On when the water level is lower than 118
m. Basically the Tank supplies the network and emptying the water during the shut off of
the pump. The result of the water level fluctuation inside the Tank is given in Figure II.23.

Elevation

+120 m

+119 m

+118 m

+117 m

+116 m

Figure II.23. Water depth inside the Tank

Figure II.23 shows the water level fluctuation where the time step is 10 minutes. The
elevation is added manually on the right of Figure II.23. As can be seen, the maximum
water level is approximately 119 m. At this level, the pump is shut off. The minimum water
level however is slightly below 118 m at which level the pump was set on. But the out flow
depended on the demand, and could be more than the inflow from the pump. Hence even
when the pump was set on, the water level inside the Tank was still dropped slightly
before the demand become lower than the pump capacity and the water level inside the
Tank increased significantly over time.

4. Performance of the pumps

The pump performance can be shown in Graphics as in Figure II.24 to Figure II.28. Figure
II.24 shows the pressure head of the pumps.

33
 Figure II.24. Simulated pumps heads during 48 hours Extended Period

As can be seen in Figure II.24, the pressure head of Pump #2 was fluctuated related to
demand pattern. When the demand was low (during midnight) the pressure head was very
high reaching almost the maximum pressure head of 2.667 bar (see Table 5). During high
demand, for example at 8 am, the pressure head of Pump #2 was lower than the design
head (2.0 bar). In both cases, the efficiency was less than the optimum. Unlike Pump #2,
Pump 1 was off at 1 am to 8 am and 5 am to 9 am the next day (28 hours to 33 hours from
the start of simulation) since the volume of water inside the Tank was sufficient (above or
equal the control level when pumping is unnecessary). Pump 1 pressure head was higher
than the design head (2.0 bar). This means that actually Pump 1 can be optimized by
replacing it with a pump with lower pump head.

The efficiencies of the pumps are related to the pressure head they produce. Figure II.25
indicates the fluctuation of the pump’s efficiencies. The efficiency of Pump #2 was low
during low demand during midnight to very early in the morning. At high demand it
performance increased almost reaching the optimum efficiency (65%). Pump #2 was less
efficient when turn on. The efficiency was nearly constant at approximately 60%.

34
 Figure II.25. Simulated pumps efficiency during 48 hours Extended Period

The cost of pumping per unit volume is shown in Figure II.26. This standard cost of
electricity energy for pumping has to be given by the user when editing the pump. In this
tutorial, the cost of electricity is IDR 1500 per kWh. Pump #2 cost was higher than Pump 1
at certain times when the demand is low and lower when the demand is high. Pump 1 cost
per m3 of water is almost constant at IDR 1600. A better comparison can be conducted
using the cumulative operational cost between the two pumps.

Figure II.26. Operational cost per unit volume (m3) of the pumps

35
The cumulative operational costs of both pumps are given in Figure II.27. It is clearly seen
that Pump #2 required higher cost compared to Pump #1. This was partly because Pump
#1 was Off at time 1 to 9 and 29 to 34. This also means that although Pump #2 required
more operational cost but it may produce more volume of water. The cumulative
productions of both of the pumps are given in Figure II.28. The figure clearly suggests that
Pump 2 produced more water compare to Pump #1. The contribution of Pump #1 is
approximately 55% of Pump #2.

Figure II.27. Cumulative production costs of the pumps

Figure II.28. Cumulative Production of the pumps.

36
 5. Check valve performance
The check valve performance can be observed by observing the pipe discharge. When
the valve was activated and closed, the pipe flow will be zero. Figure II.29 shows the flow
discharge of Pipe 24 in which the check valve was installed.

Figure II.29. Flow discharge of Pipe 24 with check valve

It can be seen in Figure II.29 that the check valve was activated at time 1,2,23,24,25,26
and 27. During this time, the demand was low and hence the pressure head of Pump #1
was higher that the water level at the Tank at the location of the Tank outlet. Since
supplying the Tank from Pump #1 is not allowed (check valve was set to active when the
flow was reversed or into the tank) the pipes was closed. Consequently, there was no
flow through the pipe.

6. Water Quality Analysis

There are three types of analysis for water quality model namely water age (dwelling time),
water sources, and residual chlorine.

1. Age of Water
The age of water has to be simulated with long time duration. Select menu Option>>
Analysis. You will be shown Analysis window as in Figure II.30.

37
 Figure II.30. Analysis Window

With extended flow scenario, select the time step of simulation for example 5 minutes or
larger depending on the length of the pipes and velocity in the simulation. The longer is
the pipes and the slower is the velocity, the longer is the time to complete the travel of
water from the start to the end. Therefore, larger time steps may give accurate result.
With shorter duration of time to travel a full length of a pipe (due to high velocity or short
pipe) a smaller time step is required for good accuracy of the simulation. Note that the
End of Time Analysis has been set to 240 hours or 10 days to accommodate if the
dwelling time of the water is quite long time.
The running time (the execution time) was slightly longer with the additional water quality
simulation.
To show the result of the simulation, click menu Query>> Node. A Query Window will be
shown as in Figure II.31.

38
 Figure II.31. Query window

In Query window, Solid Circle has been selected for the indicators, Dwelling time was
selected, and the size of the symbol is 3 while the number of color scale is 5.
The result of the simulation is provided in Figure II.32.

Figure II.32. Dwelling time indicators in the Network.

39
 From Figure II.32, it is clear that the maximum is approximately 100 indicated by the red
dot. Most of the water age however is less then 21 hours (less than one day old).

2. Water Resources Contribution (Tracer Model)

The source water can be simulated based on extended scenario and sufficient total time
of analysis. In this tutorial the total time of analysis was set to 240 hours. Open the
Analysis window and select Tracer for Water quality model. Input the necessary data and
click Apply and Close button. The results of the simulation can be shown using the steps
similar to the Age of Water. At time t=1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36
hours, 48 hours are presented in Figure II.33.

6 hours 12 hours

18 hours 24 hours

36 hours 102 hours

Figure II.33. Source contribution to water discharge at nodes after certain time duration.

40
The source of water can not be judge all the water inside the pipe at the initial stage is
discharged at nodes. In fact, n = only after approximately 102 hours we can see the
contribution of the sources of water (Reservoir #1 and Reservoir #2) to all the nodes. The
percentage contribution of the sources to the nodes changed with time depending on the
demand and the status of the check valve. Figure II.34 shows the comparison between
the sources contribution at time 122 hours (when the check valve was closed) and at 128
(when the check valvel has been opened for 6 hours.

122 hours 128 hours

Figure II.34. Comparison of source of contributions to discharged water at nodes after t =

122 hours (check valve still closed) and t = 128 hours (check valve has been opened for 6
hours).

Clearly, Figure II.34 suggests that the impact of check valve on the contribution of water
at nodes is very significant.
For a better observation on the contribution of source, users can also use gauging tools.
Select the appropriate gauging tool and bring the mouse to the node in questioned o shw
the exact perscent of contribution. An example is given in Figure II.35.

Figure II.35. Gauged of source contribution to nodes.

41
 3. Chlorine Residual
Chlorine residue is an indicator of water quality. Too much cholrine or too little chlorine in
the water is not a good sign of water health. The chlorine residual simulation can be
conducted filling the data required in the Analysis window and selecting the Chlorine
residual model.

Figure II.36. Chlorine residual simulation after 102 hours

Figure II.36 indicates that the farther is the nodes from the reservoir and tank, the lower is
the chlorine residue. During low demands where the water velocities are low, much of the
chlorine was loss due to bulk reaction and the reaction with the wall. Therefore, during the
low demands, the chlorine residual was lower.

7. Where to ask and to send comments about WaterNet

We value your suggestions and comment about WaterNet. Please send your suggestion and
comment to i_waternet@yahoo,com.
While it is impossible to respond all of your valuable comments, I will try to respond some of
the selected suggestions whenever possible and of course to use your comment to revise
and upgrade the WaterNet.

42
 Chapter 3
III. MODELING OF PIPE NETWORKS
WITH WATERNET

1. Water Distribution through Pipe Network

Distribution of domestic water through pipe network is very efficient. There is almost no
limitation in area, space, and time. Not like delivering water using vehicles, we can deliver
water to a very densely populated area without any problem as long as a pipe network can
be built underneath or over the ground in the area. Distribution can be conducted day and
night without time limitation. Even the distribution area can jump from a very high elevation to
very low ground surface elevation or vice versa with no difficulty and not much loss of
energy. The relatively low energy cost of flow through pipes also meant relatively low cost of
distribution.
A model can be either physical or nonphysical (numerical or mathematical) or the mixture of
both physical and nonphysical. WaterNet is a software that can be used to numerically model
the pipe networks. This means that the mathematical data, calculation, and control may
represent the real condition or performance of the physical pipe network. To ease the user of
the software, the data and physical condition such as pipes, pipe connection, reservoirs,
tanks, pumps and valves can be shown in a schematic way in the numerical network. In this
way the user of the software (WaterNet) can easily understand the position and the
performance of the network. A model that represents either existing or non-existing pipe
networks can be changed or modify to simulate the future development or for other different
reasons.
Pipes network consists of many elements which can be modeled and simulated. The users
of WaterNet should understand how elements of pipe networks are modeled and should be
able to observe their performance based on the results. The properties of the elements
represent the real elements physically and non-physically. These properties are very
important for the users to observe, verify or justify the performance of the simulated Network
and the next step that need to be done with the network. This chapter is meant to explain
how to model a pipe network, to interpret the input data and the results. In general pipe
network consist of Reservoir, Pipes, Nodes, Tank, Pump, Valves, PRB (Pressure Release
Box, special structure to release pressure),

43
 2. Reservoir
A reservoir is a source of water that is used to supply the Network. It can be a lake, a river, a
well, or a real reservoir of a small or large dams. The reservoir is modeled as a water source
with constant water elevation.
In order to place or model a reservoir on the network. At least there should be one pipe
available in the network. Select the Reservoir tool and the cursor will be looked like the
following : . Follow the steps given in Figure III.1

1.Place the
2.Select
cursor at
Reservoir
available
tool
Node,
click right
mouse

Figure III.1. Reservoir tool, Reservoir cursor and Reservoir in the Network.

The Reservoir has a number of properties as shown in the Reservoir Window in Figure III.2.
The Reservoir identity is number. In this case since the network has only one reservoir, the
ID number is #1. The second row of the identity is the location of the Node. Here, the
location is the same at Node #1. The elevation of the water is given in row 3 which is 0.0 m.
Row 4 is indicating the concentration of a substance to be model and simulated. WaterNet 3
simulate Chlorine decay along the pipe and during inside a tank. Inside the reservoir, the
concentration is regarded as constant, hence the reservoir is always regarded as boundary
condition.

In reality, a reservoir some time has a limited capacity. The water that can be drawn is limited.
Therefore, it is important to be able to record the water discharged from the reservoir. In
WaterNet, the reservoir outflow during simulation can be recorded. At the end of the simulation
the balance of water is reported. If the discharge from the reservoir is more than the limited, the
user will be notified. The user should than be aware and update the network as necessary.

When placed in a node, a Reservoir will have its own elevation. The default elevation of a Reservoir
is 0.0 m. Therefore, before running the program, the reservoir should be edited, especially regarding
the elevation of the water level.

3. Pipe
Pipes are the main element of the pipe network. A pipe is a link between two objects namely
Figure III.2.
Node, Reservoir
Tank, Pump, Reservoir, Valve and Pressure Release Box. A pipe has a number of
Window
properties that govern its performance during the simulation.

44
The properties of the pipe can be edited through Pipe Window as given in Figure III.3.

1. Identity
Pipe identity is represented by its sequence number when it was created or drawn. This
number is automatically determined by WaterNet and is unchangeable. When a pipe is
deleted the pipe number will be changed by WaterNet based on their sequences. If pipe
#5 was deleted out of 10 pipes available, then pipe #6 becomes #5, pipe #7 becomes #6
and so on until pipe #10 becomes #9.

2. Length.
The length of a pipe can be determined based on default, manually determined, or
automatically determined based on the map scale. The map is a bitmap that can be
inserted in and be scaled. When no action is taken, the length of the pipe will be assigned
equals the default value. The pipe length can be changed manually through editing via
Pipe Window as provided in Figure III.3. In Figure III.3, the pipe length was shown to be
1098,0 m (in Indonesian format or 1098.0 in US format).

(a) (b)

Figure III.3. Pipe Windows (a) Page 1, (b) Page 2

The number is in grey, indicating that the pipe length has been determined based on the
scale of the map. In this case, manual editing on the pipe length is disabled. When the
scale of the map or bitmap on which the pipes are drawn in WaterNet, the pipe length will

45
 be defined automatically based on the value of the scale in scale mode. The length of the
pipe in scale mode is determined based on Pythagorean such as

where X,Y and Z are the distances in X direction, Y direction and Z (vertical) direction
respectively.
Therefore, even if the drawing shows the same length, the real length of Pipes may differ
due to the difference in elevation.
A pipe has two nodes at each end and can be straight or with vertices. The nodes and the
vertices have their own elevations. The nodes’ and the vertices affect the length of the
pipe. For example, a pipe that links two nodes having elevations of +150 m and +250 m
with horizontal length of 1000 m will have a length of = 1004.99 m. The
same pipe but with vertex at the middle of the pipe with elevation 0.0 m will be regarded
as 1081.032m. Such difference indicates the
importance of assigning correct elevation on nodes and vertices. The elevation at vertices
can be modified manually or automatically by using contour. This is one of the features
that is helpful when the pipe link two nodes via a hill or a higher ground than the nodes.
The relative pressure on the vertices will be given when the network is run. This enables
the user to check whether there is an unacceptable low pressure along the pipe.

3. Diameter
Pipe diameter is represented by inside diameter. The pipe diameter unit can be in inch,
meter, cm or mm. It is important the the user used pipe inside diameters that are available
in the market.

4. Roughness
Pipe roughness depends on its material and pipe production. User can select the
common pipe materials used for pipe network by clicking the dropdown box.

5. Status
Pipe status can be Open or Close. Select the option available in the Pipe Window. When
Close, there will be no flow through the pipe and hence there should be no demand at
Nodes at the other end of the pipe.

6. Color and Thickness

Pipe color and thickness can be determined through the command button related to them.
When required, all the color and thickness of the pipe with the same diameter can be
assigned.

7. Calibration
Calibration is a coefficient to be multiplied to the pipe roughness. It can be changed
manually

8. Frictional coefficient (f)

This is a coefficient of the Darcy Weisbach equation. The coefficient is actually a function
of f(/D, Re) and can be calculated using Colebrook and White Equation. Since the flow is
unknown beforehand, an iterative computation is needed to finally find the f coefficient

46
 that fit with the flow. However, in University, professor normally provide a coefficient f
which is constant just to let the students to demonstrate their ability to calculate pipe
network manually in relatively short time. Otherwise the computation will take much
longer time. WaterNet provide the option to define f manually so that the students’ work
can be compared with the result from WaterNet. In this way WaterNet provide comparison
of students’ work and give them self-confidence whether they have been able to perform
the computation correctly.

9. Secondary Lost Coefficient

Secondary lost coefficient is due to pipe fittings such as straight connection, T connection,
enlargement, valves. The coefficient can be assigned to the pipe by clicking Secondary
Loss Coefficient button. A Secondary Loss Coefficient Window will open as can be seen
in Figure III.4

Figure III.4. Additional Secondary Loss Window

In Figure III.4, The button “Sularso and Tahara” has been clicked. The coefficients
therefore show the recommended secondary loss coefficient by Sularso and Tahara ().
Other option such as default can also be used. At the bottom, there is an additional
coefficient value of fitting. The value can be selected from the drop-down box as can be
seen in Figure III.5.

47
 Figure III.5. Additional fitting.

The value can be selected from the available options. However, user can manually
override and assign any value as required.

10. Labels
Selected properties of pipes can be shown in the model. These are Discharge, Inside
Diameter, Friction Diameter and Length. The labels of these properties that will be shown
can be assigned through the Pipe Window by selecting the relevant Text Box. The format
of the labels can also be changed by clicking the Format button after which the Format
Label window will open (Figure III.6)

Figure III.6. Format label Windows and Color selection for the Pipe labels

In Figure III.6 the sequence of the labels is determined where the length will be printed at
the top, followed by Discharge, Diameter and Pipe Diameter. The Color Windows on the
right appears after the Select Color for Labels is clicked. User may then select the color of
the labels by clicking the suitable color. The font size of the labels and the spaces
between the Labels can also be adjusted using the available Drop-Down box. User can
easily assign the format to be applied to all the pipes by clicking the Apply to All Pipes
button.

48
 Figure Figure II.12, Figure II.13, and Figure II.14 are examples of labels’ format.
Remember that the relevant check boxes in Figure III.7 have to be checked to show the
labels in the model. The Apply to All Pipes button in the Pipe Window should be clicked
if the same selected labels of all other pipes need to be shown in the model.

Figure III.7. Selection of Labels

11. Vertices
Below the Format button for pipe labels is Vertices properties. The properties of a vertex
are number and elevation. The elevation of the vertex is very important as this can tell
the relative pressure at the location of the vertex. Supposed a pipe go through a
topography with the cross section as in Figure III.8. It is important that the relative
pressure along the cross section is positive. Negative pressure may cause water outside
the pipe to get into the pipe and polluted the drinking water when there is a leakage.
Furthermore, if the negative pressure is below 9 m (< -9 m), water may not be able to
flow.

Hydraulic grade line 2

Node
vertex
Relative pressures

Relative pressure
Hydraulic grade line 1
3 5
4 6
2 7
8 10
23 9
11
12 13
24

Figure III.8. Cross Section of Pipe Layout along a hill and its possible relative pressure

In Figure III.8 a pipe connects Node #23 and Node #24. There are 14 vertices. Node #23
is considered as vertex #1 while Node #24 is considered as vertex #14. If the user has
used a straight pipe, there will be no vertex available and no information about the relative
pressure along the pipe. When pipe with vertices is used, the user can add many vertices
to indicate the pressure along the pipe. As can be seen in Figure III.8 that the relative
pressure of vertices #5 and 6 are negative when the pressure is following hydraulic grade
line 1. These negative pressures should be avoided for example by increasing the
pressure at Node #23 for example hydraulic grade line 2.

49
 The elevation of the vertices can be modified manually or automatically based on
Contour. The automatic modification of elevations at vertices can be done by clicking
Update Elevation at Vertices Automatically. Always click Save when updates have
been conducted to any of the pipe properties. The contour should be prepared
beforehand.
A check valve can be installed on the pipe. Only one check valve is available for each
pipe. The check valve is always open and will be automatically activated when the flow is
in the opposite direction. The direction of the pipe is the same as the drawing direction
from a start Node (Node where the pipe start) to end Node (the Node where the pipe
end). For example, in Figure III.3, the pipe starts from Node #25 to (end) Node #26. If the
flow is in the direction from start Node to end Node, the check valve is open. When the
direction of the flow is from end Node to start Node, the check valve will automatically
close the pipe, and no flow is allowed.

12. Discharge and Velocity

Pipe flow discharge and fluid velocity are shown in page 2 of the Pipe Window. Click the
Next Page button to toggle between page 1 and page 2 of Pipe Window.

13. Frictional head loss

Computed energy loss through the pipe (frictional head loss) is presented in page 2. The
network model has to be run prior to showing the head loss.
The frictional head loss (energy loss) due to the flow through a pipe can be calculated
based on Darcy Weisbach Equation or Hazen Williams Equation. Darcy Weibach
Equation is given in Equation 3.1 and 3.2

L Q2
hf = 8 f (3.1)
D5  2 g
or

L V2
hf = f (3.2)
D 2g

where hf : Head loss due to friction

Q : Discharge
f : Friction Coefficient (Darcy Weisbach)
L : Pipe length (m)
D : Inside diameter of the pipe
g : Gravitational acceleration

The value of f depends on V through the following functions (Equation 3.3)

  VD   
f = F ,  = F  , Re  (3.3)
D   D 
where
 : roughness diameter of the pipe
D : inside diameter of the pipe

50
 
V

The parameter

VD
: Fluid velocity

f
 /D
: Kinematic viscosity

51
Critical
laminar
Turbulent
may also be written as Re or Reynolds number.

Re (VD/ )

Figure III.9. Moody diagram showing the relation between relative roughness (e/D),
Reynold number (Re) and friction coefficient (f)
The value of f depends on the flow condition either laminair, critical or turbulent. The
laminair flow occurs when Re ≤ 2000 whilst the turbulent flow occurs at Re ≥ 4000. The
critical flow is when 2000< Re < 4000. For laminair flow the f follows Equation 3.4.

64
f =
Re (3.4)
Barr (1976) provided an explisit equation (Equation 3.5) for f in turbulen flow area which
replaced Moody diagram.

1   5.1286 
= −2 log10  + 0.89 
f  3.7 D Re  (3.5)
Similarly Swamee dan Jane (in Featherstone,1983) proposed Equation 3.6 for turbulent
flow condition.
0.25
f = 2
   5.74 
log10  + 0.9 
  3.7 D Re  (3.6)

When V or Q is known f can be determined directly using a function of the fluid velocity
which has been derived by Moody as a graphic in Figure III.9. In this figure, the value of f
in the critical zone has been determined based on Dunlop (1991) as in Equation 3.7.
WaterNet uses Equation 3.4 for laminair flow, Dunlop Equation for critical flow and
Equation 3.4 and 3.6 for turbulent flow.

f = ( X 1 + R( X 2 + R( X 3 + X 4 ))) (3.7)

Re
R=
2000
X1 = 7FA − FB
X 2 = 0.128 −17FA + 2.5FB
X 3 = −0.128 +13FA − 2FB
X 4 = R(0.032 − 3FA + 0.5FB)

FA = Y3−2

 0.00514215 
FB = FA 2 − 
 (Y2 )(Y3 ) 
 5.74
Y2 = +
3.7 D Re 0.9

52
   5.74 
Y3 = −0.86859 Ln  + 0.9 
 3.7 d 4000 
When Q and V are unknown and hf is known. Q or V has to be computed iteratively. First,
the Q or V is assumed, based on which the f can be determined and hf can be calculated.
The calculated hf is compared with the real hf. If the difference is significant, a new Q or V
has to be assumed. The computations and assumptions continue until the difference
between the calculated hf and the know hf is insignificant.

14. Link Importance

Link importance or hydraulics index of the pipe is a measure of how important is a pipe in
the network. A pipe with 100 % link importance means that such pipe is very important to
the point that if the pipe is closed or removed, the network lost 100% of the service.
Similarly, a 50% ink importance indicates that the closure of such pipe reduces the
service by 50%.
In WaterNet service can be defined by two methods. First based on the exact value of
pressure, and second based on the relative value of pressure.
Supposed a Network provides 100% service. A pipe is closed and the network is run once
again. The level of service may have been change due to the pipe closure. The exact
value means that a Node with relative pressure less than the designated value is
considered no service. The total value of service (all Nodes) is summed up. The ratio
between the total value of service and the total demand is defined as the link importance
of the pipe that was closed.
Relative value means that a Node with relative pressure 40% of the designated value is
considered to have a service of 40%.
Basically, one has to run the network by closing one of the pipes in turn to find the link
importance of each pipe. WaterNet provides an easy way to do such work by the Link
Importance option. WaterNet will conduct the computation of all pipes when the option is
selected. The results can be shown in the Pipe Window.
See more about Link Importance in Modeling Link Importance.

15. Coefficient of Wall reaction (Kw)

Chemical reaction between chlorine that is dissolved in the water and the pipe wall may
happen during the transport. Such reaction reduces the chlorine in the water which
means reduce protection of the water from pollution.

16. Changing pipe direction

Pipe direction denoted by the starting Node and the end Node of the pipe. Changing pipe
direction is reversing the direction of the pipe. There are two occasion that need changing
pipe direction. First, to fit the direction of the flow so that the flow will be shown as
positive. Second, when check pump is installed and the allowed flow direction is not the
same as the pipe direction.
To change the direction of the pipe, just click the change pipe direction button.

53
4. Nodes
At the ends of a pipe there are two Nodes, one at each end of the Pipe. The Nodes,
represents a link between pipe or represent an area with water demand. When representing
a link, the Nodes can have a Pump, a reservoir, a Tank, or other elements. The properties of
a Node are as follows referring to Figure III.10.

1. Elevation
The Node elevation determined the ground elevation the area that will be served by a
Node. A node should be located at a location that represent highest head loss and also
highest elevation. Suppose the elevation of the area represented by a node ranges from
100 m to 105 m. The Node’s elevation should be assigned at 105 m to provide safety for
the highest elevation.

Figure III.10. Node Window showing Node’s properties

54
 104m 105m
103 m Node 14 Service area

102 m Node
alternative 1
101 m
alternative 3

100 m alternative 2

To the
source of
water

Figure III.11. Locating a Node

Figure III.11 indicates the location of the Node in an area of varying elevations. The
location of the Node is preferred to be at the highest ground and furthest distance from
the source of water to provide safest computational result regarding the relative pressure
(alternative 1). Applying Node at alternative 2 in Figure III.11 is a mistake. First, it is closer
to the water resource and at the lowest elevation in the area. At a closer distance to the
resource, the head loss is smaller hence, the relative pressure head at the Node would be
high due to less head loss and the fact that it is at a lower ground. Even if the Node
relative pressure higher that the specified pressure for the network, the real relative
pressure at higher ground (elevation 105 m) may be less than required. Placing the Node
at alternative 3 may still have a similar to but lower risk than the alternative 2 position.

2. Pipe Connections
Number of pipes connected to the Node is displayed in the Node Window. A Node that is
connected to only one Pipe will be white filled. Those that connect more than one pipes
will be black filled. Sometime user may draw pipe that go through a node that connect two
pipes. This seems like the Node connect 4 pipes instead of 2 as in Figure III.12. In Figure
III.12. Pipe #17 seems to be connected with Node #12. When Pipe #17 is shifted slightly
to the right, it becomes clear that actually Pipe 17 actually does not connect to Node 12.
A pipe cannot be shifted to the right as that in Figure III.12 if it is connected to Node #12.
The number of pipe connections in a Node therefore is important to observe whether a
pipe is actually connected to a Node or not.

55
 11 12
12

18

12
11
12 17

19
18

12
11
12 17

19

Figure III.12. (a) Node #12 connects pipe #13 and Pipe #14. (b) Node #12 connects pipe #13 and
Pipe #14 but as if it also connects Pipe #17. (c) Pipe #17 is shifted to the right.

3. Absolute Energy and Absolute Pressure

Absolute energy is the total energy of the flow measured above a certain datum. The
datum is for example Mean Sea Level (MSL). The total energy is the sum of potential
energy and kinetic energy as in Equation 3.8.

(3.8)

where Z is the elevation of the pipe, P is the pressure or (Relative Pressure head).
Absolute Pressure is the pressure head measure from or above the datum as in Equation
3.9

(3.9)

4. Relative Energy and Relative Pressure

Absolute energy is the total energy of the flow measured above a certain datum. The
datum is for example Mean Sea Level (MSL). The total energy is the sum of potential
energy and kinetic energy as in Equation 3.10.

(3.10)

Relative Pressure is the pressure head measured from or above the pipe as in Equation 3.11

(3.11)

56
 Displaying the Energy and the Pressure close to each other is important as the user can
compare the two. If the difference between the two is significantly large, it means that the
kinetic energy is large and hence the velocity of the fluid is large as well. A large velocity
of fluid in the pipe is not preferable since it may trigger high water hammer when the pipe
is suddenly closed bay a valve or other reasons. Such high-water hammer may call for
pipe destruction (pipe burst) due to very high pressure.
The Energy and Pressure of a Node can be displayed at Node, Upstream of the Node,
and downstream of a Node. The upstream and downstream of the Node are only
available when the Node is a Pump or a Valve. This is because just before entering the
pump or valve, the pressure can be very different to the pressure just after leaving the
pump or the valve. In fact, the difference between the upstream and downstream
pressure of a pump indicates the pressure head of the pump. Similarly, the difference of
the pressure before and after a valve can be used to indicate the performance of the
valve (active or open)
The pressure and energy head at nodes are functions of time. The value can be changed
depending on the time by clicking the scroll bar as for example in
Figure II.8.

5. Demand
The requirement at a Node represents the requirement of the people to be served by the
Node. A Node is just a representation of a location where water is drawn or a connection
between pipes. In reality, after the Node, a smaller network exists. This network supplies
the requirement of the area. For example, see Figure III.13.

104m 105m
103 m Service area
Node 14
E
Node

101 m F D
Street

100 m A Pipe
B

To the
source of
water

Figure III.13. A node representing requirement of watern in an area.

In Figure III.13, Sub Nodes A to F are not provided in detail of the Network and only Node
14 is shown as in Figure III.11. Therefore Node 14 represents sub Nodes A to F and the
head loss in the sub network.

57
There are two ways of assigning a demand to a Node. First, the user can just modify
directly the value on the yellow text box provided next to the text Demand. When the
demand consists of more than one demand types, the demand can be assigned through
Demand Type Window. This is explained under subchapter Demand Types and Demand
Patterns.
The demand of a Node is normally fluctuated depending on time. During the night, the
demand is normally less than the day. Usually there are two peaks of demand, these are
in the morning when people prepare for work and school and during the evening when
people arive at home, do the house work and prepare for the evening. The fluctuation
affects the flow along the pipes. During high demand, the flow is high and ultimately the
head loss. Therefore, it is of importance to simulate the flow during high demand as this is
the critical time. If during the critical time the network can fulfill the specification of the
demand and the pressure, the networks is effective. However, such Network may not be
efficient, because the pump and transmission pipes may have been too large as they
have to accommodate the peak hour demand. Therefore, a tank might be needed to
improve the efficiency of the system. This matter is discussed in sub chapter regarding
pump and tank.
The fluctuation patterns of demand are so many depending on the size of the area
represented by a Node and people behaviors related to water use. The large is the area,
the more variations of patterns. People behaviors also depend on the job types, working
hours, temperature, industries. Actually, there is an interaction between the people and
the water service. If the water service is unlimited 24-hour per day and 7 days a week,
people will take water or demand water at any time they want and hence the fluctuation
can be higher. If however, the water service does not allow for high discharge (the
maximum flow is limited but the average discharge is sufficient to fulfill the requirement)
the people will try to adapt with the situation. For example, since there is a limited water
during the peak discharge, the people will store water during low discharge and use the
stored water during the high demand. In this way, to the Network, the fluctuation pattern
changes where the peak is lower and the trough is higher.

Demand Types and Demand Patterns

A Demand Type is a name of a certain demand pattern. The Demand Type is important to
indicate certain demand for example Public, Industries, Campus or School, Hospital,
Government offices etc. In one Node, it is possible to have more than one Demand
Types. For example, a Node may serve an area within which a large campus is exist,
housings as well as a hospital. In this case there are three Demand Types required to be
assigned to the Node. WaterNet accommodate such assignment and hence the Node will
have three Demand Types of different demand value. The result is a mixed Demand
Types with different and new Demand Pattern. Due to different Demand Types that could
be assigned to a Node, the Demand Pattern of mixed Demand Types varies.
To assign a Demand Type click the Demand Type tool as seen in Figure II.14, and a
Demand Type Window appears as in Figure III.15.

58
 Figure III.14. Demand Type tool

Figure III.15. Demand Type Windows

The demand coefficient is the coefficient is explained in Equation 3.12

𝑄�𝑡� = 𝐶�𝑡� 𝑄�𝐴𝑣�

(3.12)

59
 where Qt is the demand at time t, QAv is the average demand and Ct is the demand
coefficient at time t. Based on Equation 3.12, the average of Ct should equal unity.
The user should fill in all the coefficient at time =1 to 24 (Demand coefficient at time 0 is
equal to time 24). To jump from one coefficient to then next, user can use Tab for
convenience. To help the user to get the correct average of the demand coefficient, a
command button Mean = 1 is provided. Click the button only when all the demand
coefficient has been filled in. The coefficient will be rearranged so that the mean will be
equal to 1. Before the button Mean = 1 is click, the Save button is disabled. Once the
Mean = 1 button is click, the Save button is enabled. Before saving, a name should be
given to the Demand Type, for example Public which represents the demand type of a
public.
The user may also save the demand type as library by clicking the Save as Library which
is enabled after the Mean = 1 button is clicked. This means that such demand type can
be reused for other projects by calling it through Copy from Library button.
An example of the demand coefficients that have been filled in is given in Figure III.15.
The demand coefficient is also shown as demand pattern, a graphic that shows the
fluctuation of the demand during 24 hours. The graphic helps the user to justify whether
the demand coefficient that have been filled in are correct.

(a) (b)

Figure III.16. (a) A Demand Type where Demand coefficients have been filled up. (b) After Mean =1
button has been clicked.

Figure III.15 shows a table of coefficient demands against time on the left, and a graphic
of demand coefficients against time.

60
 In Figure III.15(a) since the average of demand coefficients is not equals 1.0 the average
line is slightly away from horizontal line that indicate average = 1. In Figure III.15, the
Mean =1 button has been clicked and the value of the demand coefficients have been
modified so that slightly so that the value of the demand coefficients = 1. The red line
indicating demand average = 1 while the Save and Save as library button have been
enabled.
At the top of Demand Type window there is a text indicating the number (#) of Demand
type and the name of the Demand type. On the right is a + button while on the left is –
button. Click either one of these buttons to scroll between 1 to 10 of Demand Types
available for design. The default demand type is constant with the demand coefficients is
1.0 for 24 hours.
Suppose there are two demand types namely Public and Campus. The two demand types
are given in Figure III.17.

Figure III.17. Assumed (a) Public Demand Types and (b) Campus Demand Types

Suppose a Node has to serve an area where there is a campus and public housing with
average demands of 2 l/s and 3 l/s. The total demand at the Node is 5 l/s. Figure III.18
shows how to arrange the demand for the Node. First click the > button at the right end of
the demand text box (yellow background) after which the Demand window will open. The
demand value can be input at the average demand text box starting from Demand 1. The
Demand Type related to Demand 1 can be chosen from the drop ox list to the right of the
Average Demand. In this case the Demand Type for the Demand 1 is Campus and the
value is 3 l/s, while the Demand type for the Demand 2 (which is 2 l/s) is Public. When
completed, the Node window shows the demand as 5 l/s (the total demand) and the
Demand type is Mixed. The Demand pattern is a mixed between the Public and the
Campus. To show the new demand pattern (Mixed demand type), click the View Graph
button. Figure III.19 shows the new Mixed Demand Type pattern. In Figure III.20, the
mixed demand type of 5 l/s in total is compared with the 5 l/s of Public Demand Type.
Another demand pattern of 5 l/s in total demand where the demand consists of 4.5 l/s and

61
0.5 l/s of Public and Campus demand types is given. As can be seen, the Demand
pattern is different especially during the day. At higher portion of campus Demand Type,
the demand pattern of the Mixed Demand Type becomes more significantly different
compare to the Public Demand Type. Although the total demand is the same, the peak
demand is different. The highest peak demand occurs at time 9 to 15 for mixed demand
with 4.5 l/s Campus demand and 0.5 l/s Public demand. This is because most of the
demand is Campus demand type and as indicated in Figure III.17, the Campus Demand
Type has a higher peak coefficient (2.0) than the Public Demand Type (1.6).

Figure III.18. Inputting demand requirement in a Node.

62
 Figure III.19. Demand Pattern at Node 15. Total demand 5 l/s (2 l/s Campus and 3 l/s Public)

a
b

c d

Figure III.20. (a) Demand pattern of four different Mixed Demand Types with total demand 5 l/s. (b)
Public Demand Type. (c) Mixed with Public Demand type 4.5 l/s and Campus Demand Type 0.5 l/s.
(d) Mixed with Public Demand type 3 l/s and Campus Demand Type 2 l/s and

63
 The user can use up to 6 Demand Types in one Node although, there are 10 Demand
Types that could be defined and be used in the Network. In a situation where a Node has
to be assigned with more than 6 Demand Types, a new Node close to (a few meters
from) the respective Node can be added with additional Demand types.
The peak demand coefficient determines the design of the pipes and pumps (if required).
The higher is the peak demand coefficient, the larger is the pipe and the pump required. A
tank can reduce the transmission pipe and the pump size as they it can store water. The
transmission pipes or the pumps need to deliver at least the average demand to be stored
in the tank. During high demand the water in the tank will be drawn faster but, during low
flow the water from the transmission pipes or the pumps will be stored in the tank for later
use during the peak demand.

6. Node’s Labels
Selected properties of Nodes can be shown in the model. These are Elevation, Demand,
Demand type, Absolute energy head, Relative energy head, water quality (chlorine
residue), Absolute upstream head and Absolute downstream head whenever available.
The labels of these properties that will be shown can be assigned through the Node
Window by selecting the relevant Text Box. The format of the labels can also be changed
by clicking the Format button after which the Format Label window will open (Figure
III.21)

Figure III.21. Format label Windows and Color selection for the Node labels

In Figure III.21 the sequence of the labels is determined where the Elevation will be
printed at the top, followed by Demand, Relative Energy, Absolute Energy, and Demand
Type. The Color Windows on the right appears after the Select Color for Node Labels is
clicked. User may then select the color of the labels by clicking the suitable color. The font
size of the labels and the spaces between the Labels can also be adjusted using the

64
 available Drop-Down box. User can easily assign the format to be applied to all the Nodes
by clicking the Apply to all Nodes button.
Figure III.22 is an example of labels’ format Node. Remember that the relevant check
boxes in Figure III.22 have to be checked to show the labels in the model. The Apply to
All Nodes button in the Node Window should be clicked if the same selected labels of all
other Nodes need to be shown in the model.

Figure III.22. Node’s labels checked to show the selected properties on the network.

The Aplly to all Node button in the Node window (Figure III.21) is used to apply the selected
properties to all nodes.

a. Vertices
The vertices are not Nodes but they have elevation and pressure properties. See Pipes.
When the elevation of a Node is updated, it is possible that the vertices along the pipe that
connect the Node may also be automatically updated. At Node Window, the option whether
the vertices should be updated automatically or manually when a Node elevation is updated
can be selected. If manually updated is selected, the elevations at the vertices along the pipe
connected to the respective Node will not be updated. If automatically updated the elevation
at the vertices are modified based on the new elevation of the updated Node.

b. Node Notations and labels

A node can be annotated with a name to be recognized more easily. The name for example
is related to the location for example “Babarsari” which is a name of an area (housing
complex, village, or part of a district). Node notations can also be a number. The labels font
size and the Node number font size can be defined through the Node Window (Figure III.23).

Figure III.23. Node Notation

65
 7. Picture
Pictures or photos can be inserted using Node Window using Edit Picture button. When
the button is clicked, a Node Notation Window will open. Through this window users can
insert a New Photo or Figure to the Node. This facility is aimed at providing location,
condition of pipe or other component in the Network near or at location of the Node.
Figure III.24 is an example of such picture.

Figure III.24. Notation (Photo or Picture) of the location of the Node.

The picture in Figure III.24 is picture #1 from total 1 picture. Additional pictures (photo)
can be inserted by clicking New Picture button. The picture may also be deleted from the
list (the original picture is not deleted) by clicking Delete button. Some idea of pictures
that worth to insert are for example: Service area of the Node, detail of pipe network
within the Node, some problem related to network in the service area of the Node.

5. Pump
A pump is a device that add fluid energy. The energy can be potential, kinetic and both
potential and kinetic energy. A pump is required to flow water from lower energy (lower

66
elevation) to higher energy (higher elevation) in a pipe network. There are a number of
pumps available for various requirement. In water distribution network, centrifugal pump is
very common. The pump can be purchased as a unit set or as separated parts namely the
pump and the motor. The user should therefore understand the characteristic of the pump
including its performance and the required power. Smaller centrifugal pumps such as those
normally used in house hold, can be purchased as a unit set ready to install.
Single stage pumps are normally available for high flow capacity with low to medium head
capacity. Higher head capacity usually available in a multistage pump where the pump head
can be as high as 200 m.
An example of a centrifugal is given in Figure III.25. In this figure, water enters in to inlet D
and will undergo a very high speed spin by the impeller (B). Water pick up kinetic energy as
it spin in the pump chamber and leaves the pump through the pump outlet (E). For a low
downstream pressure, the kinetic energy is transformed into partly to potential energy but
mostly still in the form of kinetic energy. Therefore the speed is relatively fast and hence the
discharge is high. On the otherhand, if the downstream head is high, the kinetic energy is
transformed mostly to potential energy and hence smaller kinetic energy resulting in lower
discharge.

Narrow Flow Flow

Narrow
Space direction direction
Space

B D
A
Incoming
flow direction Motor
shaft
C

a) Cross section perpendicular to the b) Cross section inline with the

incoming flow (you are facing to the incoming flow
incoming flow direction)
Figure III.25. Centrifugal pump (single stage) motor not shown.

A. impeller shaft which is powered by the motor, B. Impeller, C. Pump casing, D. Inlet, E.
Outlet.

67
It may be observed that the space between the impeller and the pump casing is not uniform.
At the area of narrow space, the water cannot go through easily but id directed to go through
the pump inlet.
Pump industries produce many different pump specifications to meet the market demand i.e
various discharges and heads of pumps and either variable speed or fixed speed pumps.
Other than that, the impeller of each of the pump may also be varied to fit the almost exact
requirement of a user. By either increasing or reducing the impeller (in certain allowable
range) the energy that is required for pump operation can be optimized. These different
specification of pumps and size of impeller make up a family curve of pumps. Figure III.26 is
a family curve of centrifugal pumps providing vast area of discharge and head requirements.

Figure III.26. Family curve of centrifugal pumps (Torishima Pumps)

1. Pump Performance
In modeling the pump, the users need to understand the characteristic of the pump in
term of head versus discharge. The higher is the head, the smaller is the flow that can be
delivered by the pump and vice versa. Hence, the users need to input this character into
the model. A typical head versus discharge curve or Pump (Performance) Curve is given
in Figure III.27.
In Figure III.27, the pump performance is given in red line. The X axis represents the
discharge while the Y axis on the left represents the pump head. It is indicated by the
green line that when the pump discharge is 12 l/s, the delivery head is 9.4 m. When the

68
discharge is reduced to 8 l/s (blue line), the head increase to 13.2 l/s. In fact, there is a
point where the discharge is zero or no discharge at all when the pump reaches its
maximum head capacity (at approximately 16 m of head). In that case, the pressure on
the pump casing is the same as the pressure that can be exerted by the pump to raise the
potential head of the water. In such condition, even when the impeller of the pump (in
centrifugal pump) is turning very fast, it is not delivering any water.
Many references mentioned that a variabel speed pump can be controlled and the flow
discharge and the head follow the following rules.

Power
Head 16 (kW)
(m)
14
13.2
12

10
9.4
8 4.0

6 3.0

4 2.0

2 1.0

0.0
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 14 16 18
Q (l/s)

Figure III.27. A sample of a pump curve

(3.13)

(3.14)

(3.15)

69
 (3.16)

Where n is the speed of the impeller and P is the power and  is efficiency. For a variable
speed pump the performance curve is look like Figure III.28 (the figure is not to scale).

Head 16 Speed 100%

Network
(m) n1
(system) line
14
13.5 n2
12
10.5 n3
10
n4
8
n5
6

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 14 16 18
Q (l/s)

Figure III.28. Performance curve of a variable speed pump (not to scale)

Based on Equation 3.15 it can be said that to deliver a lower flow discharge by reducing
the speed of the impeller means reducing the power requirement and hence gaining more
efficiency than with a fixed speed pump. Equation 3.16 indicates that the efficiency is
constant along the resulted pair of Q-H values when the pump speed is modified. When
the pump is installed at maximum efficiency at normal speed, it will approximate its best
efficiency by adjusting the speed of the pump’s propeller depending on the discharge
required. Pump efficiency is further discussed in the next subchapter.
Based on Figure III.28 along the Network system line, it can be seen that when the flow
reduces, the required head reduces or vice versa, where the pump should be adjusted to
certain speed to fit.

70
2. Pump Power and Efficiency
The power that is required by the pump in Figure III.27 is shown on the Y axis on the
right side. At 8 l/s where the head is 13.2 m, the pump requires 0.22 kW. Theoretically the
power that is required by the pump to deliver 8 l/s at 13.2 m head is (equation 3.17)
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 (3.17)
where Q and H are flow discharge and head respectively. At 8 l/s, the power required is
1.036 kW. Therefore, the efficiency of the pump is 1.036/2.2 = 47%. Similarly, the
efficiency of the pump at 12 l/s can be calculated which yield 42.5%. The efficiency of the
pump at other flow discharges can be calculated similarly.
The pump performance curve varies depending on the design and manufacture. The
pump industries provide the pump performance curves for each of their pump products so
that the customers can select the best pump types and size to suit their plant.
Figure III.29 shows a real pump performance curve. The figure was based on Grundfos
pump of type S1.40. A80.980.4.66H.S.358.G.EX.D.611 – 97708869 (Sewage pump)
performance curve and was redrawn with additional notation clarity. When using this
pump for design, please refer to and use the original drawing.
Grundfos is one of the leading pump industries that provides online tool to select a
suitable pump for a project. Figure III.29 is an example of a sewage pump performance
curve together with its efficiency (upper chart) and the power requirement (lower chart).
The required head for the system is represented by the red line, whilst the pump
performance is represented by the black line running down from left to right. The system
requires Q = 106 l/s at 38.15 m. However, the pump performs at Q= 109 l/s at head =
40.14 m. The pump efficiency is at 60%. Please note that the pump efficiency is the ratio
between the power that is gained (increase of water energy) and the power of the motor
that is required to turn the shaft of the motor and hence the impeller. From the lower
chart, it can be seen that the required power is increasing and becomes steadier at higher
discharge. Based on the pump performance curve at Q= 109 l/s, H = 40.14 m the power
required is 72.49 kW. Based on Equation 3.1, theoretically, the power required to deliver
water at the above specified discharge and head is
𝑃 = 1.000 ∙ 9.81 ∙ 0.109 ∙ 40.14 = 42.92 𝑘𝑊
It appears that the required power is higher than the theory. The ratio between the
theoretical power requirement and the real input power gives the pump efficiency of
59.2% which is shown by the efficiency curve at the upper chart. By comparing the
theoretical power requirement and the real input power of the pump it is possible to draw
the pump efficiency curve as shown at the upper chart.
Looking at the pump performance curve of Figure III.29, there is a question as what is the
real flow discharge in the system when the pump performance curve and the system
curve indicate different head for the same flow discharge? Since there is a difference of
head produced by the pump and that required by the system, there will be an additional
head at the system (for example a need for additional secondary loss) which is actually
not required. In the case shown in Figure III.29, the additional secondary loss is 40.14 m
– 38.15 m = 1.99 m. If this secondary loss is not provided, the discharge and the pump
head will be 109 l/s and 40.14 m respectively.

71
 80 Pump Flow-Head curve
System Flow-Head curve
70 Efficiency motor+pump curve

60
Head (m)

50 100
targeted (flow, head)
90
40 80

Efficiency (%)
70
30 60
50
20 40
30
10 20
10
Eff pump+motor = 59.1%
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

100 Pump power curve NPSH curve 25

NPSH (m)
Power (kW)

80 20

60 15

40 10
20 5
P1=72.49kW NPSH =5.15 m
0 0
109

Figure III.29. Pump performance curve based of Grundfos pump of type

S1.40.A80.980.4.66H.S.358.G.EX.D.611–97708869. (Redrawn for clarity. When using this pump for
design, please refer to and use the original drawing)

The efficiency of the motor is another issue that is not dealt with in this book. However,
one should remember that:
a. The power of the motor to turn the impeller increases as the flow discharge increases.
Hence the motor should be determined based on the maximum power requirement at
maximum discharge and not at the average flow discharge.
b. The real input power to the motor should be larger than the power of the motor as there
are additional loss of power through the electrical elements.

Pump efficiency may include the motor. Such efficiency may be provided by the industry
of the pump for the costumer to select the most suitable options for their applications.
How important is pump efficiency? Following is some reason why pump efficiency should
be considered as suggested by a renown pump industry.
For pump discharge is 200 m3/h (or approximately 55 l/s). If the head is 100 meter the
operation for 10 years can save 80000 US$ if the pump is 10% more efficient. The
calculation is based on electricity price of 0.1 US$ per KWh.
The above statement suggests that it is of importance to make sure that an efficient pump
is selected for the water distribution project. The saving (80000 US$) can easily buy new

72
 pumps for replacement and further development. Other than that, pump performance
needs evaluating periodically to maintain pump performance at its best efficiency.
The best way to install a pump is when both the static head of the required pumping and
the discharge are constant. This happens when pumping from a reservoir to another
reservoir or a tank. In many cases, pumping of water is conducted to provide energy in
the pipe network water distribution system so that the water can be delivered to the very
end of the water distribution system to fulfill client requirement. However, the water
requirement of the client varies with time and hence the flow dishcarge of the pump.
Since the pump efficiency depends on the disharge, in such condition, the pump
efficiency can not be fixed at the best position. It varies depending on the pipe network
water distribution system discharge requirement. At a very low and a very high discharge,
the pump is less efficient as sugested by Figure III.29 for example. There are two
possibilities to increase the efficiency of the pump when the discharge varies. First, the
use of variable speed pump. In a variable speed pump, the speed of the impeller can be
controlled to meet the required discharge and pressure head requirement while
maintaining pump efficiency.

3. Modeling of pumps in WaterNet

In order to model a pump in the network one should provide the pump performance curve
as the basic information. WaterNet provides three ways to describe the pump
performance curve (PPC) for application, these are Single-point curve, Three-point curve
and Multi-point curve. Basically they are intended to help the user to imitate the comercial
pump performace curve to be modeled.
The Single-point curve is the simplest PPC which is modeled as follows

(3.18)

(3.19)

Where Hd and Qd are the design head and the design discharge, the point at the best
efficiency of the pump, while Qmax is the maximum flow discharge.
When Q =0, H reaches the maximum and equal to 4/3 H. The maximum value of Q is

achieved when H = 0 and hence . Therefore

(3.20)

Subtituting Equation 3.20 into Equation 3.18 yields

(3.21)

Based on Equation 3.21, once Hd and Qd have been determined, the head can be
calculated depending on the value of Q. Figure III.30shows examples of the curves for
various Qd and Hd.

73
Figure III.30. Examples of pump performance curves generated by Equation 3.21

The Three-point curve is determined by determining three points along the PPC. These
are at the minimum or almost the minimum flow discharge (Q minimum, H maximum), at
the approximated best efficiency (Q design, H design) and almost the maximum
discharge (Qmaximum, H minimum). Actually the Single-point curve is similar to the
Three-point curve. In the Single-point curve, although only one point is determined by the
user, actually the software determines two other points namely the maximum flow
discharge when the head is zero and the minimum flow discharge when the head is
maximum equals 4/3 design head. The difference between the Three-point curve and the
Single-point curve is that in Three-point curve the user can define the other two points
freely as long as the curve is parabolic with the maximum at the top. To make it more
clear, Three-point curve PPC and Single-point curve PPC are given in the same figure in
Figure III.31. As can bee seen in Figure III.31, the Three-point curve can be adjusted
more flexibly to fit the comercial pump performance curve as both end of the point (Q,H)
can be adjusted (not fixed as in the Single-point curve). It is notichable that the black dash
line curve is nearly linear instead of parabolic as indicated by the black solid line. The
blue dash line on the other hand is more curved compare to the blue solid line of Single-
point curve. The red dash line curve is in between the extreme (almost linear) and
parabolic curve as indicated by the solid red line. With such flexibility and the fact that
most comercial pump curve are parabolic, the Three point-curve can easily fit the
comercial pump curve. Comparison between the Three-point pump curve with an
example of a comercial pump curve given in Figure III.29 justifies that the it is easy to fit
the real comercial pump curve to some extend with a Three-point curve.

74
 Figure III.31. Comparison between Single-point curves (solid lines) and Three-point curves

The Multi-point curve is provided to imitate pump curves that can not be imitated
accurately using either Single-point curve or Three-point curve. Instead of employing
parabolic equation, the Multi-point curve is defined using multiple straight lines between
defined points. Each point defines the pair of Q,H along the curve.
An example of such curve is given in Figure III.32.

Figure III.32. Multi-point curve. (left) Given curve for simulation. (Right) WaterNet presentation of the
curve and pump performance after the simulation. Other lines with no data are at different speed of
the pump.

75
Finally there is one more pump curve that assumes constant power of water produce by
the pump. In constant power curve, the power (P) is assumed constant and hence

(3.22)
C is constant and hence, the pump curve of H-Q is a hyperbolic. Figure III.33 is an
example of performance curve of Constant Power curve in WaterNet.

Figure III.33. Pump Performance curve of a Constant Power pump.

As indicated by Figure III.33, the curve is hyperbolic. WaterNet reminds the users that
such pump should not be used for a real application.

Fixed and Variable Pump Speed

In WaterNet both fixed speed and variable speed pumps are available. The variable
speed pump is modeled based on the normal speed. The Q-H performance curve of the
pump is used to indicate the performance curve of the pump at different speed value as
suggested by Equation 3.13 to 3.16. Figure III.34 shows the window control in WaterNet
to define the selected pump.

76
Figure III.34. Window control for pump (right) and pump performance curve (left).

As indicated in Figure III.34. Window control for pump (right) and pump performance
curve (left)., the type of the pump shown in the figure is One point or Single Point pump. A
single point pump is a pump where the pump performance curve (Q-H) is defined by one
point at the designed condition or at the best efficiency Hd and Qd. Actually there are two
other points that are not mentioned but are also defined. These are the conditions of
maximum head which is achieved when the H = 4/3 Hd whilst q =0,and the condition of
maximum flow which is achieved when the H =0 whilst Q = 2 Qd. There are a number of
pump performance curves drawn in Figure III.34. Window control for pump (right) and
pump performance curve (left).for different values of n. At n =1 the performance curve is
printed in black. The values of n may vary depending on the fluctuation of the operation
during a day. In Figure III.34. Window control for pump (right) and pump performance
curve (left)., the speed of the pump fluctuates at n =0.6, n = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2,
and 1.3. The figure shows the condition at time 1 where time = 1 and the speed of the
pump is 0.6 of that at normal condition. At this time, the flow discharge and the head is
shown by the red lines. At the other times, the positions of the flow discharge and head
change depending on the fluctuation of the pump speed as indicated by Figure III.35
shows the flow discharge and head at time 4, 5, 6 and 7.

77
 Figure III.35. Pump performance at time 4,5,6 and 7.

The idea of having a variable speed pump is efficiency. As can be seen in Figure III.36, at
low discharge, the pump head is lower this is relevant to the system curve. Figure III.36
shows again a network system curve a pump curve as in Figure III.28 with additional
information.

78
3.6

3.0
Speed 100% n1
2.4 n2

n3
1.8
n4

1.2 n5

0.6

0.0
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

Figure III.36. Positions of the most efficient Flow- head of a pump.

At flow equal to 6.8 l/s the suitable head is 6.3 m as indicated by black line circle in Figure
III.36. At this position the pump speed is n5. This is because with low flow, the head loss
of the system reduces and hence a lower speed pump is suitable. By reducing the speed
of the pump, while maintaining the efficiency approximately constant, the power required
reduces drastically as indicated by Equation 3.15. However, as the flow increases due to
the rise of water demand, the head loss of the system increases and hence higher speed
of the pump is required. For example, the water demand is 8.3 l/s. The head required by
the system is 8 m, which was met by the pump curve at increasing speed n4. When the
water demand further increase reaching 11 l/s, the pump speed may need to be
increased at n1 which is higher than the normal speed. At this stage, the frictional head
loss through the system has to be balanced by higher head produced by the pump.
Supposed instead of a variable speed pump, a fixed speed pump is used at normal speed
n2. During low flow at 6.8 l/s for instance, the pump can easily provide the flow and the
required. In fact, the pump head is much higher than required. The required head is 6.3 m
but the pump head is 14.1 m. Hence there is a waste of 7.8 m of head which is a waste of
money. Even if in term of pump and motor efficiency is high, the wasted energy is
certainly unwanted. WaterNet computes the efficiency based on the targeted head of the
pump and the flow not the head performed and the flow provided by the pump. For
example, when using fixed pump speed as described above at flow discharge of 6.8 l/s,
the pump head used for efficiency calculation is the targeted head i.e. 6.3 m and not 14.1
m. This assumed that the extra head produced (7.8 m) is assumed to be wasted.

79
Modeling Pump Efficiency

In order to simulate pump efficiency a number of variables should be known namely Head
(H), Flow Discharge (Q), Pump motor power (P) and the targeted Head (Ht). The pump
motor power is actually the output power of the motor which may be slightly less than the
input power (electricity). Therefore, the real efficiency of the pump may be slightly less
due to the efficiency of wiring and the motor mechanical. The H is the real head produced
by the pump. This head can be higher than the targeted head. If the pump head is higher
than the targeted head, the head difference is wasted. Hence, the efficiency of the pump
should be calculated based on the targeted head. In Figure III.37, the targeted head is 20
m. However, the pump head is 25 m and 5 m of head is wasted.

Energy grade line

wasted head (5m)
Targeted energy grade line
pump head (35 m)
targeted head (30 m)

Pump

Figure III.37. Example of pumping condition with wasted head

The wasted energy depicted in Figure III.37 may not be harmful for the pipe system.
However, in some cases excessive energy head can endanger the pipe system if the pipe
is not strong enough to resist high pressure. In that case the excessive head may be
eliminated using valves.
In the above example, the efficiency is calculated as follows

(3.23)

WaterNet display the efficiency of a pump or a number of pumps in a graphic. An

example of a Multi-point curve of variable speed pump is simulated using WaterNet. The
characteristics of the pump together with its setting is given in Figure III.38.

80
 (b)

(a)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure III.38. A Multi-point curve as simulated in WaterNet. (a) Layout of the network system, (b)
Demand fluctuation pattern, (c) Pump performance curve, (d) Pump Characteristics including Power,
(e) Maximum efficiency and targeted head

81
In Figure III.38a, the network system indicates that the pump is directly connected to the
reservoir. There is no tank in the downstream of the pump and hence, the pump should
pump the amount of water at the targeted head. The problem in this case is that the demand
is not constant but fluctuated as provided in Figure III.38b. As discuss previously, it is
desirable that the pump is a variable speed pump. During low demand, the pump should be
run at lower speed to reduce the pump power and hence increasing the efficiency. However,
the reduction of the pump speed also means that the pump head capacity is also reduced as
depicted in Figure III.38c. In this figure, it is indicated that at discharge of 3.08 at 46% normal
speed resulted in pump head of 1.2 bar. In this case, the pump speed was set at certain
percentage of normal speed as provided in Figure III.38d. There are a number of limitations
in setting of the pump speed.

a. The pump speed should be set as low as possible for each demand requirement to
maximize the efficiency.
b. The head produced by the pump should meet at least the targeted pump head,
therefore setting the pump at too low speed may not be able to produce the required
head although it can supply the water demand
c. The result of pump efficiency should be lower than the maximum efficiency as
described by the pump industry. The user should increase the motor power installed
(refer to Figure III.38e).

When the speed is set too low and the pump produces less head than the targeted (refer
to Figure III.38e), WaterNet will provide information that the head of the pump is
insufficient. When the motor power is insufficient a similar information will be provided. If
the speed is set too low and the pump capacity is less than the required demand, there
will be an error sign. In such a case, the user should increase the speed of the pump.
Actually, the setting of pump speed as given in Figure III.38d has been trialed a number
of times to finally meet all the requirement.
The results of the simulation are given in Figure III.39 to Figure III.44. Figure III.39 shows
the head produced by the pump in 48 hours duration while Figure III.40 shows the relative
head at the node #6 and the pump flow.

82
 Figure III.39. Pump head in 48 hours simulation

(a)

(b)

Figure III.40. (a) Relative pressure at node #6 and (b) Pump flow discharge.

83
Figure III.40 indicates clearly that the pump head is significantly higher than the targeted
head (1 bar) at node #6. The maximum flow discharge is 54.67 l/s.
During high demand, the head required is higher as indicated by comparing Figure III.40a
with Figure III.40b at times 13 to 16. The efficiency of the pump fluctuated as shown in
Figure III.41.

Figure III.41. Efficiency of the pump during 48 hours simulation

As can be seen in Figure III.41, although the demand is fluctuated extremely as indicated
in Figure III.40b, a relatively good efficiency can be achieved by controlling the pump
speed. During high flow demand, the pump efficiency reaches approximately 80%. This
efficiency Is almost the same as the best efficiency of 80% given by the pump as
limitation. At lower demand, the efficiency is significantly lower at about 12%. In this case
the speed of the motor has been set to 54% of the normal speed (Figure III.38d). To
increase such efficiency, the speed of the motor should be reduced. However,
unfortunately, the further reduction of the speed made the pump head insufficient to fulfill
the requirement of head at node #6. Therefore, the efficiency of the pump during very low
flow is limited.
It is interesting to compare the efficiency of the variable speed pump with the fixed pump.
The network is run once more time by using the same pump capacity. With fixed speed at
n =1, the pump cannot fulfill the job at time 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours. During this time the
relative head at node #6 dropped below zero. As can be seen in Figure III.42, the relative
pressure at Node#6 was below zero (red circle) since the slope of energy grade line
(slope of energy loss) is very steep at high flow discharge. This did not happen during the
extended period simulation when the pump can be controlled to run at n = 1.2 during
those times. With n = 1.2, the pump head capacity increase to 1.44 times of the normal. In
order to run with a fixed pump speed, the capacity of the pump was increase to fulfill the
head requirement. This is by increasing the pump curve by n =1.2 which means
multiplying Q with 1.2 and Head with 1.22. The results of the simulation are provided in
Figure III.43. The pattern of the efficiency is almost the same as the previous pattern

84
when using variable speed pump. However, the efficiency during the low flow is
significantly lower. This is because at low flow, the pump energy and pump head were
kept high. As can be seen in Figure III.44, the pressure at node #6 is very high during the
low flow. The excessive pump head during the low flow is wasted.
The average efficiency with the fixed pump was 18.52% which is significantly smaller
compare to the variable speed pump which was 46.55%. The difference is approximately
26% which might not be interesting at a glance. However, in the long run, such difference
makes so much financial difference in term of operation. This can be seen by comparing
the operational cost of the two pumps over 48 hours. Since the increase of the efficiency
is more than 50%, it is expected that the operational cost will be reduced by more than
50%.

Figure III.42. Single period simulation

Figure III.43. Efficiency of the pump using a fixed speed pump

85
 Figure III.44. Relative head at node #6.

Net Pressure Suction Head

The last curve that has to be discussed is the Net Pressure Suction Head (NPSH) curve
at the bottom of lower the chart in Figure III.29. The figure is reprinted for convenience in
Figure III.45.

Figure III.45. Net Pressure Suction Head of a pump

This curve indicates the NPSH required by the pump. This net pressure assures that the
pump will be able to withdraw water by suction effectively. It also assures that there will
be no problem related to cavitation of the pump. The NPSH line shows the required
NPSH (NPSHR) or the NPSH that has to be available for the pump to operate without the
problem of cavitation. The availability of NPSH or NPSHA can be calculated based on
the hydrostatic pressure at the pump inlet and the head loss along the inlet pipe. For
example, and for simplicity a pump is connected to a pipe line to withdraw water. The
pump inlet is 6 m under water. During pumping action, there is 1.2 m of head loss along

86
 the inlet pipe and fittings. Therefore, the NPSHA = 6-1.2 = 4.8 m. In the case of a pump
with NPSHR = 5 m, the pump is at risk of cavitation and the operation of the pump is not
at its full capacity. In order to improve its performance, the pump should be lowered down
to increase hydrostatic pressure or the pipe line is shortened or enlarged to reduce head
loss.
WaterNet has the feature of calculating head loss along the upstream pipe and calculate
the NPSHA. If the NPSHR is given by the user, WaterNet will be able to inform whether
there is a risk of cavitation.

6. Tank
A tank is a container used to store water temporarily. By using a tank, a regular resource
input can be stored and managed to supply water requirement that is fluctuation over the
times. The storage enables the system to reduce or eliminate the fluctuation of flow in the
input pipe system between the pump and the tank. It also means that the performance of the
pump can be maintained at the best efficiency point. Using an over capacity of pump means
that the pump can be shut down when the tank is full and operate when the water in the tank
is almost empty. A capacity of pump that is twice of the average flow requirement can be put
off a half day since its production for the other half day is sufficient to fulfill the requirement.
A tank is normally located at high elevation either on the ground or elevated. The volume of
the tank should be able to store water that is required for the distribution during peak hours.
In the domestic water industries, tanks are also called as reservoir. The difference between
tank and reservoir terminologies used in WaterNet is while the reservoir water surface
elevation is constant, the water elevation in the tank fluctuates depending on the volume
difference between the incoming water and the water flow from the tank.
The model of a tank comprises of uniform area tank and non-uniform (varies with depth) tank
area. The area of a tank is the cross section of the tank at certain height or the bottom of the
tank for uniform tank. In case of non-uniform tank, the volume of the tank is the summation of
the volume of each section. An example of non-uniform tank is given in Figure III.46. There
are 5 points (cross sections) each with its position (distance from bottom) and area of cross
section.
The inlet to the tank can be submerge (from the bottom) or free (at the top of the tank) as
described in Figure III.47. When the tank is modeled as free inlet, the pressure of the inlet is
constant. Otherwise, the pressure of the inlet of the tank is the same as the head of the
water level inside the tank.
The property of the tank includes:
Tank number,
Maximum elevation: Elevation above which the water is spill
Minimum elevation: Elevation below which the water is considered as empty
Initial elevation: The elevation used by WaterNet to run at initial condition (during
extended period) or during constant
Bottom elevation: Elevation of the bottom of the tank
Node elevation : Elevation of the ground surface
Inlet elevation : The elevation of the inlet at the upstream

87
Cross section area or area (for uniform tank)
Shape of the tank : either uniform or non uniform
Elevation of each crossection
Bottom area : Bottom area of the tank
Tank height : The distance between the bottom elevation above the ground

A5
Top =Y5
A4 No Distance Cross
Y4 Point from section
bottom area
(Y)
1 0 A1
A3 2 1.25 A2
Y3
3 1.0 A3
A2 4 2.5 A4
Y2
5 1.0 A5
A1 Bottom = Y1

Figure III.46. A non-uniform tank with five cross sections

Outlet pipe

Outlet pipe
Inlet pipe

Inlet pipe

Figure III.47. Free inlet tank (left) and Submerge inlet tank (right)

88
1. Sizing of a tank
WaterNet can be used to size a tank correctly. A tank has to be designed and correctly
sized or there will be a problem of operation. Too small tank resulted in the tank being
quickly dried up during high demand. For example, if the tank size is 10 m3 and during
peak demand the water demand is 20 l/s. The tank will be emptied after approximately
8.33 minutes. This means that the pump that supplies the tank is basically turning on and
off very frequently. To reduce the frequency of On-Off pump conditions can be conducted
by either reducing the pump capacity of enlarging the tank size. With a pump capacity
equal to the average demand, the size of the tank normally is about 15 to 20 percent of
the total demand in one day depending on the severity of the demand fluctuation. With no
fluctuation (constant demand) the tank size is zero or no tank is required. With a peak
demand of 1.5 approximately 15% of total demand in one day is required. Following is an
example of a tank performance that is supplied by a pump. Figure III.48 shows a lay out
of a simple water distribution with one reservoir, one pump and one tank. The demand is
located at node number 4 and number 5 only. Water is drawn from the reservoir by the
pump and directly store to the tank. From the tank, water is delivered to node #4 and
node #5. The tank is a Free Inlet Type. This means that the inlet to the tank is hang over
the maximum water surface in the tank. Therefore, the head of the tank does not affect
the head of the pump. The static head of the pump is always equaling to the distance
between the reservoir surface and the inlet of the tank. The outlet of the tank is at the
minimum level of the tank (not the bottom of the tank but slightly higher). Using a
simulation, one can find the minimum size of the tank. This is conducted by providing
input into the tank the amount of flow equal to the average demand. The capacity of the
pump (the design flow discharge) is changed so that the flow from the pump equals 10 l/s.
After that the bottom area of the tank is reduced so that the water surface fluctuation
become large enough to determine the difference of maximum and minimum water depth
in the tank. The minimum size (volume) of the tank is then found by multiplying the area
of the bottom of the tank with the difference between the maximum water level and
minimum water level in the tank. An example of the simulation is given later on in this
chapter.
Other than such simulation, actually one can calculate the size of the tank easily for
example using excel program. As can be seen in Figure III.49. the minimum size of the
tank can be calculated. Column 1 is the time that increase from 1 to 24. The second
column shows the coefficient of demand fluctuation or demand pattern. As can be seen,
the maximum coefficient is 1.6, and the average coefficient is 1.0 as required. With
average demand equal to 10 l/s, we can calculate the demand requirement or the
discharge outflow from the tank as given in column 3. The volume of water outflow is
calculated by multiplying column 3 by 3600 seconds for each hour and divided it by 1000
to get the volume in m3. Column 4 is the sum of outflow time wise starting from time equal
1. At time 10 hours, the value at column 4 is the sum of outflow from time = 1 hour to time
= 10 hour. At the same time there is inflow from the pump which is constant and equal to
10 l/s which can also be presented as mass inflow volume in m3 in column 5. Column 4
and column 5 represent the mass curve of the outflow and inflow respectively. The
difference between the mass inflow and the mass outflow can be given in column 6 by
subtracting column 4 to column 5. The difference between column 5 and column 4 is the
required storage of the tank as indicated by mass balance equation (Equation 3.25).

89
 Figure III.48. A simple network system with pump and tank

Table 3.1 Data of the network

(a) Nodes and pipes

Elevation
Node Demand (l/s) (m) Pipa Length (m) Diameter (m)
1 0 100 1 10 0.1
2 0 100 2 10 0.1
3 0 100 3 10 0.1
4 0 100 4 500 0.1
5 1 100 5 500 0.1
6 10 80

(b) tank

Elevation (m)
Inlet 120
Maximum water surface 120
Minimum water surface 116
Bottom 115
Control:
Pump of if Water surface higher than 119.5
Pump on if Water surface lower than 117
Bottom area A
Volume of Tank 2.5 A

(c) Pump

Pump curve One point

Maximum head 26.67 m
Design head 20 m
Maximum flow head (minimum head) 0 m
Maximum Flow discharge 20 l/s
Flow at Maximum head 0 l/s
Flow at minimum head 40 l/s
Speed fixed

90
 Table 3.2 Minimum tank volume calculation

Mass Curve of Tank #1

Average
demand 10 l/s

Demand Output Input

Demand Storage
Pattern Volume Volume
(l/s) (m3)
Hour Coefficient (m3) (m3)


1 0.3 3 10.8 36 25.2
2 0.4 4 25.2 72 46.8
3 0.5 5 43.2 108 64.8
4 0.8 8 72 144 72 maximum
5 1.1 11 111.6 180 68.4
6 1.2 12 154.8 216 61.2
7 1.3 13 201.6 252 50.4
8 1.2 12 244.8 288 43.2
9 1.1 11 284.4 324 39.6
10 1.1 11 324 360 36
11 1.1 11 363.6 396 32.4
12 1.2 12 406.8 432 25.2
13 1.3 13 453.6 468 14.4
14 1.1 11 493.2 504 10.8
15 1.2 12 536.4 540 3.6
16 1.3 13 583.2 576 -7.2
17 1.5 15 637.2 612 -25.2
18 1.6 16 694.8 648 -46.8
19 1.3 13 741.6 684 -57.6
20 1.2 12 784.8 720 -64.8 minimum
21 0.8 8 813.6 756 -57.6
22 0.7 7 838.8 792 -46.8
23 0.4 4 853.2 828 -25.2
24 0.3 3 864 864 0
Average 1 Required volume = 136.8 m3

Volume of water required / day = 864 m3

Minimal tank volume = 137 m3
Percentage of tank = 15.9 %

91
 (3.24)
or

(3.25)

(3.26)

(3.27)
Where S is storage, i is inflow, and o is outflow.
Table 3.2 may also be represented as two mass curves and are given in Figure III.49.
The red line represents the mass volume of inflow, while the blue line represents the
mass volume of outflow. At the start, as can be seen in the figure that the storage is filled
in as indicated by the inflow mass curve that is higher than the outflow mass curve. But
even so, at time 16 hour, the storage is emptied indicating that the outflow mass is larger
than the inflow. After that, the outflow crosses the inflow mass curve and becomes higher.
This should not happen since there is no more water to withdraw. This means that there
is a need to store additional water prior to the start (time = 0 hour) so that mass of water
is sufficient in the tank and the blue line never cross the red line. The amount of water
required at the start can be determine by drawing a line (dash green line) parallel to the
inflow mass curve and tangent to the outflow mass curve. The vertical distance between
the green dash line to the inflow mass curve (red line) is the additional storage required at
the start (time = 0). Similarly, the storage required to store water before the outflow mass
curve crosses the inflow mass curve can be determined. The total required storage is the
sum of the storage which is equal to the distance between the pair of parallel green dash
lines as indicated in Figure III.49.

92
 Figure III.49. Inflow and outflow mass curve at the tank

From Figure III.49 it can be observed that the required storage is 140 m3 approximately
which is close to the calculation result conducted within Table 3.2. The difference
between the two results is because the graphical method depends on how accurate we
have drawn the parallel lines that tangent to the inflow mass curve (higher or lower). In
this case, the Excel table is therefore more accurate.
Another alternative to calculate the tank size is by simulation. The tank in Figure III.48 is
described in Table 3.1b. The shape of the tank is uniform from the bottom to the top.
Therefore, the volume of the tank is simple that is equal to the bottom area multiplied by
the effective height. In this case, the effective height is measured by the maximum water
surface minus the minimum water surface during the simulation.
After a number of trials of simulations, it was found that a bottom area of 40 m2 produces
a fluctuation as is depicted in Figure III.50. The straight blue line is a check line to make
sure that within 24 hours (duration of fluctuation) the water level in the tank return to its
original position. This means that the inflow volume is the same as the outflow volume of
water. Only the curve from time 24 to 48 is used for the calculation. In the figure we can
observe that the maximum depth is 5m whilst the minimum depth of the tank is
approximately 1.60 m. The minimum volume of the tank therefore is the volume that can
accommodate the volume of water in between the minimum depth and the maximum
depth occurred during the simulation, which is 40 x (5-1.6) = 136 m3 which is quite close
to the previous calculation (using Excel program :136.8 m3, using graphic mass curve :
140 m3).

93
 Figure III.50. Water depth fluctuation inside the tank

So far, the time steps used for the calculation (Excel and simulation using WaterNet is
one hour). A smaller time step could produce slightly different volume of the tank.
However, one-hour time step is normally sufficiently accurate since at the end, additional
volume needs to be added for a safety factor of the Tank size.
Of course, the real size or volume of the Tank should be larger than that found above.
Volume above the maximum water level is required to make sure that the water never
spill above the top of the tank but through a spill way pipe inlet at the maximum allowable
level of the tank. Additional volume below the minimum is also required to provide space
for the small material or sediment to settle assuring a clean water above it to be
distributed.

94
7. Model of Water Quality
The water quality indicators are chlorine, trihalomethanes, dwelling time, and the source of
water. When available, all of these properties are shown in page 2 of Node Window Figure
III.51. Click the Next page button to see the next page of the window.

Figure III.51. Text box showing the water quality indicators when available.

Water distribution should follow the law or decree regarding public health to ensure that the
water is healthy when delivered to the costumer. In most developed countries, tap water is
drinking water. In developing countries such as Indonesia however, the tap water is not
always ready to drink. Only a few areas of the networks may serve drinking water. In order to
be able to serve drinking water, the network should ensure the quality of the water
resources, quality of water treatment, quality of pipe networks, quality of water during
distribution. In such cases, modeling of water quality is very important to design the network
as well as during the operation of water distribution. The simulation can approximate the
water quality through the indicators.
The theory of the modeling of water quality can be found in a number of references such as
Rossman (2000). For convenience the theory is presented here based on the available
literatures.

1. Model of Chlorine decay

The chlorine residue indicates that water is safe from macrobacteria
In gas, Chlorine reaction with water can be written as in Equation 3.28
Cl2+ H2O HOCl+ H++ Cl- (3.28)
HOCl is very effective in killing the bacteria (Lentech, 2006). When chlorine is diluted in
the water, it reacts with all substances including organic substances. Such chlorine, after
the reaction will not be able to act as disinfectant. Chlorine residual which is still active are

95
 HOCl and OCl as chemical substances that protect the water from contaminant such as
bacteria in the network. However, along the way through the pipes, HOCl and OCl react
with all substances along the pipe and the pipe wall and consequently it reduces.
Mathematically the change of chemical content can be written as in Equation 3.29.

dCi Qi dCi
= + R(Ci )
dt Ai dxi (3.29)
Where C is concentration, U is velocity, t is time and x is the distance along the pipe and
R(Ci) is Chlorine reaction at the location of interest (i). Subscript i indicates the location
along the pipe.
Equation 3.29 indicates the change of Chlorine with time and space both due to the
reaction with substances in the water and the pipe wall.

2. Mixing model in Nodes and Tanks.

A Node can be a location where two or more pipes joint. It can also model where water is
discharges. Therefore, the mass continuity of Chlorine at the Nodes should be sustained.
At the Nodes, a well-mixed of Chlorine in the water is assumed and Equation 3.30 is
valid.

Q C
iIN j
i i, j + q jc j
= C OUT j
Q
iOUT j
i + qj
(3.30)
Since there is no water is reserved at a Node, Equation can be written as

Q C
iIN j
i i, j + q jc j
= C OUT j
Q
iIN j
i + qj
(3.31)
where Qi is incoming discharge through pipe i to Node j, Ci,j is concentration in pipe i
flowing to node j, qj additional input/output at node j,Cj incoming concentration to Node
and Cout is concentration leaving Node j.
The mixing in a tank is assumed to occurred instantly. This means that all the incoming
discharge into the tank will be mixed with the water already in the tank instantly. This
method may not be accurate especially during the early time of simulation where the
substance concentration in the tanks depend largely on the initial condition. In addition,
during the mixing time which happen in real condition, the chlorine concentration
decrease due to chlorine reaction with the substances in the water and wall reaction. For
tanks made of plastic, the wall reaction can be neglected. After some time, when the

96
 concentration in the tank is not much different with the incoming concentration, the
inaccuracy decreases.

3. Chemical Reaction
The chemical reaction of Chlorine with the surrounding can be described as follows.
Bulk Reaction

Bulk reaction is the reaction of Chlorine with other substances in the water that can be
described as

R (C ) =  kC n (3.32)

where R (C ) function of reaction, k: coefficient of reaction speed, n: constant Equation

(3.32) is commonly used in water quality simulation. The surrounding condition is
implicitly assumed to fit condition where the equation is valid. Positive sign of k indicate
addition while negative sign indicates reduction. The value of k varies depending on the
surrounding condition and the availability of the substance for reaction to occur. Hence,
the value of k in (3.32) should be calibrated before the simulation is conducted.
The value of n may be varied, however, in n =1 produces accurate result (Haestad,
2000). The equation for Chlorine decay can be modeled using Equation 3.33.

Ct = C0 e − kt (3.33)
And for bulk reaction

R (C ) = − k b C
(3.34)

4. Wall Reaction
The reaction of Chlorine with the inside wall pipe reduces the Chlorine concentration in
the water. The model can be written as
A
R(C ) = k wC
V (3.35)
where A: area of wall, V: pipe volume dan kw constant.

A 2rL 2
= = , where r pipe radius.
V r 2 L r
In addition to the area of the wall, wall reaction depends also on the mass transfer to the
wall. This can be written as:

D
k f = Sh
d (3.36)
where kf is mass transfer coefficient, Sh: Sherwood number, D: diffusion coefficient and d:
pipe diameter.

97
 0.0668(d / L ) Re Sc
Sh = 3.65 +
1 + 0.04(d / L ) Re Sc 
2/3
(3.37)

where Re: Reynolds number, Sc: Schmidt number ( Sc =  / D) , L: pipe length

5. Diffusion coefficient
The rate of reaction with pipe wall can be re written as

 A  kW k f C
R (C ) =  
 V  (k w + k f )
 2  kW k f C
= 
 r  (k w + k f ) (3.38)

The above equation indicates the dependency of the rate of reaction on a kw dan kf. When
either one of them is zero, there will be no reaction. When kw is zero, physically there is
no reaction since the wall material does not have reaction with the Chlorine. On the other
hand, when kf is zero, there will be no diffusion in the water and water will have no chance
to reach the wall for reaction to occur.
The value of kw depends on the pipe materials. Rossman (2000) indicates that kw ranges
from 0 to 5 ft/day. Castro dan Neves (2006) used Kb in water distribution
network − 0.0006 /day while the reaction with the pipe wall contributed around 80% from
the total.
The rate of reaction considering both the bulk reaction and the pipe wall reaction can be
written as follows.

2kW k f C
R(C ) = k b +
r (k w + k f ) (3.39)

6. Lagrangian Algorithm for Chlorine reduction in pipe network.

To model the Chlorine decay, two steps are needed. The first step is to model the water
movement throughout the pipe network at certain time step. The second step is to model
the Chlorine decay in the network. The models can be carried out at every time step or be
conducted one after another when all the duration of simulation has been completed. For
the sake of computational time, the second option is used. The hydraulics model is
carried out and completed (simulated duration is 48 hours), after which the water quality
model is conducted. The quality model however may last much more than 48 hours. In
that case, the hydraulic model results of the last 24 hours was assumed repeated for the
rest of the simulation.

98
In this manual, Chlorine decay and dwelling time models along the pipe network are
explained based on Lagrangian method. The method is described based on Figure III.52.
Pipe line of length  is divided into a number of segments, for example N. Each segment
has its own parameter including Chlorine concentration. The parameters are dynamically
change. These parameters are recorded at every time step. The parameter that is related
to water quality is kw which depends on the pipe wall material. Parameter that is related
to hydraulics is velocity, flow discharge, pipe roughness.
Figure III.52a shows for example an initial condition at t = to. Along each pipe there are 3
elements. Along pipe #1, the Chlorine is becoming smaller starting from Node 1 toward
Node 2. This is due to wall reaction during the time spent by the water flowing from Node
1 to Node 2. At time to+t (Figure III.52b), segment position has been shifted to the right
closer to Node 2. Segment # 1,1; 1,2; and 1,3 moves to the right, therefore only a part of
segment #1,3 is shown. Some part of segment #1,3 has become a new segment at pipe
#2 that is 2,4 and at pipe 3 that is segment 3,4. Meanwhile along pipe #1 a new segment
that is 1,4 emerged. The length of the new segment (L) is not the same as the standard
segment length (/N). The new segment will be elongated at the next time step and finally
reaches the same length with the standard segment length along pipe #1. When at
certain time step a segment, length is longer than the standard, the segment length will
be considered as two segments. One with standard length and the other a new segment
with a length shorter than the standard. At the time a new segment appears, the oldest
segment has reached the end of the pipe. In other word, when a new segment appears,
the oldest segment disappears and hence the maximum numbers of segments along a
pipe is N+1.
Note that the concentration at Node #2 is the same as at segment 1,3; 2,4 and 3,4. These
concentrations are smaller than the concentration at segment 1,3 at one time step before.
Such elaboration of parameters at each segment is carried out at each time step, while
the reaction with the pipe wall is conducted based on Equation 3.38.

99
 1 2 3
2,1

1,1 1,2 1,3 2,2 2,3

3,1
(a) 3,2 4
3,3

1 2 2,4 3

1,4 1,1 1,2 1,3 2,1 2,2 2,3

3,4
3,1

(b) 3,2 4
3,3

1 3
2 2,4

1,4 1,1 1,2 1,3 2,1 2,2 2,3

3,3
3,1
(c) 4
3,2
3,4

Figure III.52.Lagrangian scheme for water quality simulation along pipe network

Figure III.52c, shows the movement of the segment at Node 2 if the flow is from Node 1 to
Node #2. Node #4 to Node #2 and Node #2 to Node #3. The incoming flow to Node 2 is
from Node 1 and Node 4. The elaboration of the parameters at the segments are
conducted as before. The difference in this case is that mixing between water at segment
1,3 and part of segment 3,3 happen at Node #2. In addition to that, a new segment
appears at the downstream of Node #4.
Numerical solution can be very accurate when every time step, each segment moves one
segment length. If the distance of movement is less than the length of the segment, the
segment in the middle of the pipe has no problem. However, the segment directly
connected to a Node will produce a new segment. The segment at the downstream of the
Node can be regarded to become longer with an additional segment of different
parameter. This additional length should be mixed with the segment in front of it to have

100
 an average parameter. Such mixing does not happen in reality which create difference
between the simulated and observed. Triatmadja (2007) indicates that such inaccuracy is
not significant.

7. Dwelling Time Simulation

The time required for the water in the pipe network affects the quality of the water. And
hence, the dwelling time is used to indicate the quality of the water. The dwelling time is
modeled with the following assumption.
a. At initial condition at the source the concentration is 100% and at all other locations
are zero.
b. Mixing from different pipes is happen at each Node. The age of the water or the
dwelling time of the water can be indicated by the averaged at the Node. However,
WaterNet considers the dwelling time of water as the longest dwelling time among the
sources. For example, at Node 10 there are two resources. The first resource needs 2
days of dwelling time with flow discharge of 1 l/s. The second source needs 20 days
and flow discharge of 0.2 l/s. If average dwelling time is used, the dwelling time of the
water at Node 10 is

1(2) + 0.2(20) 6
= = = 2.5
2 + 0.4 2.4
where  = dwelling time (days)
With dwelling time of 2.5 days it seems that the water quality at Node 10 is acceptable. In
reality however, there is 0.2 l/s out of the total water 2.2 l/s or 9% of the water discharge
from Node 10 has a dwelling time of 20 days which is probably not acceptable.
a. Based on point b, the calculated dwelling time of water at a Node is the longest
dwelling time of water at the Node.
b. Dwelling time at a Node is calculated when the total percentage of water from all
sources (cumulative) reaching the Node is more than 97.5%.

8. Tracer Model
Tracer of sources of water may sometime be needed to indicate the source of water that
a Node receive. No tracer model is required when the source of water is one. WaterNet
uses a simple method where all the water incoming to Nodes are recorded. With that
data, the proportion of the contribution of water resources in the network for a Node in
study can be defined.

101
 Chapter 4
IV. HOW TO
1. Introduction
This chapter is dedicated for reference to the way or method to prepare for WaterNet model.
The chapter is written based on alphabetical order related to subject. In this way, it is hoped
that the user would find it easier to find the subject in question. Even so, this chapter is
divided into subchapters that deals with a group of subjects. For example, drawing pipe line,
drawing reservoir, drawing tanks are in the same group namely Drawing elements. Hence, it
is hoped that the chapter can be easier to follow. Actually, the subject itself can be search
using the search engine within the pdf reader. Therefore, this reference should be useful
whenever needed.

2. Drawing or Placing Elements

1. Drawing a pipe
There are two methods to draw a pipe. First is the straight line (pipe) method and second
the multiple vertices method. The multiple vertices method is very useful for drawing pipe
following certain path such as roads.

Straight Pipe tool

Straight line pipe.

Select straight pipe tool and the mouse cursor will change into a pencil cursor. Bring the
cursor to the location where the pipe should start. Click and hold the left mouse button
and drag the mouse to the location where the pipe should end. Release the button. Note
that when a pipe is drawn, it will automatically generate 2 nodes, the start node and the
end node for the pipe. In case you start the pipe drawing very near to the other end of
another pipe, the node will automatically be jointed. Similarly, when the button is
released very close to the other pipe nodes. Don’t worry any jointing pipe can be
separated easily using other tool namely move pipe. However, when the pipe lines are
too crowded it will be difficult to draw pipes and to avoid jointing with the other or
separating the two pipes. In this case user should enlarge the view by zooming in the
area where the pipe is drawn. When the pipe drawing is too short, WaterNet releases a
message that the pipe is too short and the drawing is canceled.
The number of pipes is limited. The free version is limited to 100 pipes after which no
more pipe can be drawn in one WaterNet file.

102
 Multi vertices pipe line
Select the multi vertices pipe tool. The mouse cursor will change into a pencil cursor.
Click the tool and bring the mouse to the supposed starting pipe location. Click the left
mouse button and release. Move the mouse to the location of the first vertex and click
the right mouse button. Move on to the next vertex and do the same similarly for all the
vertex. Finally, at the end of the pipe location Click the right mouse button to end and
determine the end pipe. Do not click the left button when pointing to the location of the
end of the pipe. When the user accidently clicks the left button at the end of the pipe,
WaterNet considers the last click is not the end of the pipe. The user should therefore
locate the mouse next to the end of the pipe (not to close) to end the pipe by clicking the
right button. Later the last vertex which was accidently determined can be moved using
Move Node tool.

Multi Vertices pipe tool

2. Drawing a Pump
A pump can be drawn on a node that connect two pipes. Each other end of the pipes
should not be a tank, another pump or a valve. To draw a pump, use pump tool. Click the
pump tool and the mouse cursor will change to a pump icon cursor. Locate the mouse
cursor on top of a node that contain no other link (tank, reservoir, pump, valve or others)
and click the left mouse button. Then node should only links two pipes.
Once drawn, the pump shows the direction of the flow by a pointing short black line on
one side of the pump.

Pump tool

3. Drawing a Pressure Release Tank (PRT)

Click the PRT with the PRT tool using the right mouse button. The mouse cursor will
change into PRT icon cursor. Bring the mouse cursor to the proposed location of the
PRT which is a node that link only two pipes. Click the left mouse button and release.
The node where the PRT is installed will be split. There will be two Nodes connecting the
PRT.

Pressure release tank tool

103
 4. Drawing a Reservoir
Use the Reservoir tool by clicking it with left mouse button. The mouse cursor will change
to a reservoir icon cursor. Bring the mouse cursor to the proposed location of the
reservoir. Click the left mouse button and release. A reservoir will be drawn in the
designated location.

Reservoir tool

5. Drawing a tank
Use the Tank tool by clicking the tool with the left mouse button. The mouse cursor will
change to a tank icon cursor. Bring the mouse cursor to the location of the tank. The
node to locate the tank should not be occupied by other element (link) such as pump,
reservoir, other tank or valves. Each of the other ends of the pipe should also free from
pump, reservoir and other type of links. Once the tank has been drawn, the user should
define the characteristics of the tank by editing the tank.

Tank tool

6. Drawing a valve
To draw a valve, click the valve tool. The mouse cursor will change into a valve icon
cursor. Bring the mouse cursor to the proposed location (a node) and click the left mouse
button and release. A valve will be drawn at the designated node. Then node should only
links two pipes. The location of valve should not be occupied by another valve or other
link such as pump, reservoir or tank. Each of the other ends of the pipe should also free
from pump, reservoir and other type of links.

Valve tool

3. Drawing Figures
Use the tools dedicated for drawing figures for network annotations. The tools are grouped at
the bottom of the tools bar.

104
 Group of drawing figures tools

1. Drawing a circle
To draw a circle, click the relevant tool (Circle figure tool). There are two type of circle
tools which will be shown. One is for ellipses and the other is for perfect circle. Bring the
mouse cursor to the location of the circle. Click the left mouse button and hold and drag
the mouse to size the circle. Stop and release the button to end the drawing. Similarly,
steps should be conducted to draw an ellipse. The only different is that the user should
select the ellipse tool instead.

Perfect circle tool

Ellipse tool

2. Drawing a Line
Select the Line tool. Bring the mouse cursor to the location of the first end. Click the left
mouse button, hold and drag the mouse to the other end of the line and release the
button.

Line tool

3. Drawing a Line Arrow

Select the Line Arrow tool. Bring the mouse cursor to the location of the starting line. Click
the left mouse button, hold and drag the mouse to the other end of the line and release
the button.

Line Arrow tool

4. Drawing a Polygon
Select the polygon tool. Bring the mouse cursor to the location of the first vertex. Click the
left mouse button and release. Move the mouse to the next vertex and so on. At the end
of the vertex click the right mouse button.

Polygon tool

105
 5. Drawing a square
Select the square tool. Bring the mouse cursor to the location of the square. Click the left
mouse button and hold and drag the mouse to size the square. Stop and release the
button to end the drawing.

Square tool

6. Drawing a Text
Select the Text tool. Bring the mouse cursor to the location of the starting text. Click the
left mouse button and start typing in a window. When finished, click create.

Text tool

The font and the color of the text can be adjusted as required. Click either Font button or
Color button to change the text.

4. Editing Elements or Links

Element or links can be edited once it is drawn. Use editing cursor when editing the linksby
clicking the editing tool. Select the editing cursor and click the link tha will be edited.

Editing tool

106
1. Editing Default
Default value is shown in a default window when a new WaterNet file will be created. The
user can manage the default value of units that will be used in the WaterNet application
such as unit length, unit pressure, unit energy, unit flow, unit velocity, unit time, unit
power. Other than that, user can also set the default for the length, the diameter and the
friction diameter of the pipes when drawn, the ground elevation of the node, the demand
at the nodes. Users may also select the formula used to calculate friction factor (either
Darcy Weisbach or Hazn Williams), the secondary loss, the number of digits shown in the
presentation. For more information see Figure IV.1.

Figure IV.1. Default Window

Demand
The water demand at a node is the average demand in the area represented by a node.
Input any number representing such demand in the text box provided. In this default, the
only option for the type of the demand is constant. It means that all node when first
created will have a constant type demand which later can be changed to fluctuated.

Node Elevation
The node elevation is the average ground elevation in the area that is represented by a
node. Input any number representing such elevation in the text box provided.

Number of decimal digits

This option has nothing to do with the accuracy of the computation but, the information of
the result will follow this default. For example, if the user selects pipe diameter in 3 digits,

107
 then a 0.1 m pipe diameter will be presented as 0.010 m. A Node elevation of 123 m will
be presented as 123.000 m and so on.

Pipe default
Pipe default consist of Pipe length, Pipe diameter (inside pipe diameter), and roughness
diameter. Pipe length and Pipe diameter have to be defined by the user. Any number
larger than zero is suitable for the default. The combo dropdown can be click where it will
show the list of materials and their respective frictional diameter. The user can also
overwrite the WaterNet suggestion by inputting a number in the related text box.

Project name and Designer name:

In the default window, user can input the Name of the project and the designer. This
information will be printed when the result of WaterNet is printed. If the information is
considered unimportant, this information can be skip or left as blank.

Pump default
Pump default is required and need to be filled in. The pump default consists only two
information, these are design discharge and design head. More information may need to
be given by the user when Three-point pump curve or Multi point pump curve is selected
in the simulation. There are options whether the pump status is On or Off. Select On
when no special case is intended.

Unit default
Select the options for unit to suit the requirement. If the user do not select the options,
WaterNet will select the original default of WaterNet. Make sure that the units selected
are common in the user’s area or country.

2. Editing Node
To edit a node, use the editing tool. Always use the editing tool to edit any elements or
links. Click the node with the left mouse button and the window of node properties is
shown. Edit the editable variables available in the windows. The variables with grey
background (is given by WaterNet for example the results of the computation) cannot be
edited. Only input variables can be edited. Node window has two pages. Click the Next
Page button to toggle between the pages. After the editing or updating the data click
Save button to save the changing.

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a. Editing Node demand
Demand can be edited to suit the approximate required water. To edit a constant
demand directly input the demand in the text box provided. To edit a fluctuated
demand (pattern demand), click the arrow button at the right end of the demand text
box (Figure IV.2)

Directly modify this value to edit a

constant demand

Click this arrow to open another

window for editing fluctuating
demand following certain pattern

Figure IV.2.Editing demand in a node

When the arrow is clicked, another window will be opened as given in Figure IV.3.

Figure IV.3. Single or Multi demand Pattern input window

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Input each demand (Demand 1 to Demand 6 see Demand Pattern) in the text box
provided and the relevant demand pattern (type). When finished click Apply or Apply
& Close button. The applied demand pattern will be a mixture between Demand 1 to
Demand 6 each with its demand value. The mixing demand therefore represent
closely water demand in the area of the node. User can apply the demand pattern in
the edited node to all other nodes by clicking the Apply this type of demand to all
nodes.
If the type of the node is pressure defined, the Pressure define check box should be
check and, the user has to specify the pressure required at the node (Figure IV.4).

Figure IV.4. Editing Node Labels

Node labels can be edited through Node Windows. First, edit the labels that is
required. For example, Elev: for Elevation, EAbs: for Absolute energy, ERel: for
Relative energy, Q: for demand, Qp: for demand type (pattern) as in Figure IV.5a.
Next, Click the Format button to adjust the labels. When click, another window will be
shown (Figure IV.5b). Modify the as required by inputting the number of in the text
box provided.

(a) (b)

Figure IV.5. (a) Node Labels form and (b). Specification for Node labels

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 When the check box is checked, the labels will be shown otherwise they will not be
shown in the screen. The font size and the spacing between the labels can be
adjusted by modifying the value in the relevant boxes in Figure IV.5b. The sequence
of labels is adjusted by modifying the sequence. The color of the text may also be
selected by clicking the Select Color for Node Labels. When labels’ specification has
been defined, click Apply to all nodes of required and Close. The results should be as
given in Figure IV.6.

Figure IV.6. An Example of Nodes’ labels on the Network.

The sequence defined in Figure IV.5b is the same as the result given in Figure IV.6. The
space can be adjusted by increasing the value in the Space Textbox.

b. Editing Node Picture or Photo

The real situation around a Node can be documented for later use related to network
improvement, environment etc. Photo may also the statistic related to management in
the area.
Click Edit Photo on the bottom right of the Node Window to show the Photo input for
documentation in the WaterNet. The windows will look like Figure IV.7a. Click New
Picture button to input a photo. The photo that can be uploaded is limited to certain
MB size. When the photo has been uploaded (Figure IV.7b), click the save button in
both the Notation Photo and the Node’s Window to save the link of the photo to the
WaterNet. Please remember that WaterNet does not save the photo within the
WaterNet program but only saves the link of the photo with the program. This means
that if the photo is removed from the specified location (folders), WaterNet will not be
able to upload the photo. Next time when required, the photo can be shown to show
the importance of the nodes or the area of the nodes.

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 a b

Figure IV.7. Uploading/Linking photo for documentation. (a) Before uploading when the
Edit Photo button in the Node’s Window is clicked. (b) Photo has been uploaded.

c. Editing Node in group

Group editing make the work easier and quick. However, since the Node to be edited
is in Group, the edited values apply to all Node in the group.

Figure IV.8. Selecting group of Nodes

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Select the group of the Nodes using Edit tool. Locate the cursor slightly away from the
top and left most of the nodes. Click the left mouse button and hold. Drag the mouse
until all the Nodes to grouped is within the area of the square indicated by dash line
as the mouse moved (Figure IV.8). Released the button.
The Nodes in the group is now colored in Yellow (Figure IV.9). Do not click anything
else in this moment. The selected node group work only when they are colored in
yellow. Click either one of the Node. The Node Window appears (Figure IV.10). User
can now input the elevation of the Node or the demand of the nodes. Demand with
pattern or fluctuating demand may also be selected and edited (Figure IV.11). When a
fluctuating demand is edited by clicking the arrow button as shown in Figure IV.10,
the window for selecting pattern demand to be used in the simulation appear as in
Figure IV.11. Complete the text box to be edited and do not modify anything that
supposed to be unchanged. Click apply and then Apply and close to save the
changing.
When the elevation and or demand have been modified, click Save button in the
Node Window.

Figure IV.9. The selected Nodes are colored yellow

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 Click this arrow
button to edit a
Pattern Demand or
fluctuating demand

Figure IV.10. Node Window during group of Nodes editing

As can be seen in Figure IV.10, the information (variables, labels) in the text boxes
are blank. They can be edited and apply to all the node in the selected area. If they
are left unedited, the original values of the variable or information are kept
unmodified. At present only the Elevation, Demand, Node, Label, Label’s Font Size,
and Node’s number Font Size that can be edited using this method.

Figure IV.11. Window for selecting Demand Pattern and their average demand values

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d. Editing or Creating Pattern Demands
Use Pattern demand tool to create Pattern Demand. Click the Pattern demand tool
(see Figure IV.12) and a Pattern demand Window will be shown (Figure IV.13).

Demand Pattern tool

Figure IV.12. Pattern Demand tool

Figure IV.13. Demand Pattern Window

Input the Demand coefficient from Time = 1 to Time =24. Note that the average Demand
coefficient should be equal to 1. User may prepare the demand coefficient beforehand
and, when ready input them in the text boxes provided. To move from one text box to the
other to input the coefficient demand, the user can either use the mouse to place the
cursor in the textbox or use Tab button. The Tab button is easier to use and more
comfortable.

A Gantt chart will appear as the demand coefficient is inputted in the text boxes. The
Gantt chart give the user sense whether the user has input correct values as expected.

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 A small discrepancy on the average of demand coefficients will be tackled by WaterNet.
Before saving the value of the demand pattern, user should click the Mean=1 button to
make sure that the average of the demand value = 1. An example of the pattern demand
is given in Figure IV.14.

Figure IV.14. Two demand Patterns as Special case Pattern and Domestic Pattern.

e. Creating Demand Pattern Library

The demand pattern that has been created can be save in Library. This means that
the demand pattern can be recalled and use in different WaterNet file. Click the Save
as Library button. The user will be prompted to a Saving Dialog Window to save in
any name.

3. Editing Pipe
To edit a pipe, use the editing tool. Always use the Editing tool (See Editing Elements
and Link) to edit any element or link. Click the line representing a pipe with the left
mouse button and the Pipe Window is shown as for example given in Figure IV.15.

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Figure IV.15. Pipe Window. (a) Page 1, showing property of the pipe. (b) Page 2, showing
computational results and other input properties

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a. Editing Inside diameter of a pipe
Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Goto the inside
diameter text box. Edit the value as necessary. When finish, click save to save the
changes. Please note the unit of the inside diameter. Convert the pipe diameter to the
unit you are working with if necessary.

b. Edit Pipe Length

Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Go to Pipe length
text box and update the length of the pipe. When finish, click save to save the
changes.

c. Edit Status of Pipe

Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Go to Status pipe
option and update the status of the pipe by clicking either Open or Close. When finish,
click save to save the changes.

d. Edit Color and Thickness of the line representing pipes

Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Click the Color
button to change the color of the pipe line or click the thickness button to change the
pipe line. A window will appear to let the user select which color is required or the
choice of line thickness. These options are given in Figure IV.16.

Figure IV.16. Windows for editing Pipe’s line color (left) and line thickness (right)

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e. Edit Pipe friction diameter
Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Go to pipe friction
diameter text box and update the pipe friction diameter. When finish, click save to
save the changes.

f. Edit Pipe friction diameter and calibration

Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Go to pipe friction
diameter calibration text box and update the pipe calibration friction diameter. When
finish, click save to save the changes.
Pipe friction factor (= f, not pipe friction diameter (e)) can be defined manually. This is
important for students to understand the method of hydraulic computation in pipe
network. The friction factor f is function of Re and e and the calculation of the network
require iteration and become tedious. Defining the f manually reduces the
computation time significantly. Therefore, student can practice computing a simple
network and compare the results with WaterNet. However, defining f manually is
similar to assuming the value of f which is not permitted in the real design. Hence,
define f manually just for practice only.
Click the Define f manually button to open a Define f manually Window. Input the
required value and save (Figure IV.17).
Manually defined f cannot be conducted in an Extended Period simulation.

Figure IV.17. A window for defining f manually

The defined manual friction coefficient is by default applied to all the pipes. User can
change the value of each pipe by directly modifying the value of the friction coefficient
text box (Figure IV.18).

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 Figure IV.18. A text box in the Node Windows is available where the value can be edited
for each pipe. When the friction coefficient is defined manually, the pipe friction diameter
is not available.

The manually defined pipe friction coefficient can be cancelled and its value will be
determined by WaterNet based on the available equations described in Chapter 3.
This is carried out by clicking the Return to function = (Re, e/d) button.

g. Edit Secondary Loss Coefficient

Open the Pipe Window by clicking the pipe line using Editing tool. Go to secondary
loss coefficient text box and input the value as require. When finish, click save to save
the changes.

h. Editing Pipe Labels Properties

Pipe labels can be edited through Pipe Windows. Open the pipe windows by clicking one of the
pipes using Editing tool. First, edit the labels that is required. For example, Q= for Discharge, D: for
diameter, e: for friction diameter, and L: for pipe length. as in
Figure IV.19a. Next, Click the Format button to adjust the labels. When clicked, another window will
be shown (

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 Figure IV.19b). Modify the value as required by inputing the number of in the text box
provided.

(a) (b)

Figure IV.19. (a) Node Labels form and (b). Specification for Nodes labels

When the check boxes are checked, the labels will be shown otherwise they will not be shown in the
screen. The font size and the spacing between the labels can be adjusted by modifying the value in
the relevant boxes in

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 Figure IV.19b. The sequence of labels is adjusted by modifying the sequence. The
color of the text may also be selected by clicking the Select Color for pipe Labels.
When labels’ specification have been defined, click Apply to all nodes if required and
Close. An example of the pipe labels is given in Figure IV.20.

Figure IV.20. Presentation of pipe’s parameters, labeled by “Q=”, “D=”, “e =”, and “L =”

i. Edit Pipe’s vertex’s elevation

Open the pipe windows by clicking one of the pipes using Editing tool. When the line
representing the pipe is a Multi Vertices line, the text box in the Vertices frame shows
the # of vertex and its elevation. If the line is straight line, no Vertex # and elevation is
shown. You may change the straight line into Multi Vertices line by clicking the Add
button (Figure IV.21). When finish, click save to save the changes.

Figure IV.21. Frame in the Pipe Window to Edit or add vertex.

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j. Edit Pipe, Adding Vertex to a pipe
Open the pipe windows by clicking one of the pipes using Editing tool. Click add to
add a vertex to the pipe. If the pipe is a straight pipe, it will become a Multi vertices
pipe. The new vertex will be at the middle of the pipe length while the elevation of the
vertex is the average between the two ends of the pipe. If the Pipe is a Multi vertices
pipe, the number of vertices is shown in the text box. An example is given in Figure
IV.22a. In the figure, vertex #3 is shown with elevation equal to 112.5 m. If a vertex is
added WaterNet will show a form for the user to specify the location of the new vertex
relative to the other vertices (Figure IV.22b). After the location is selected, click Ok
button in the form, the number of vertices becomes 5 and the new vertex will be in the
position as defined by the user. Input the required elevation for the additional vertex
as required. User may also define the vertex elevation automatically by clicking the
Update elevation at vertices automatically. When finish, click save to save the
changes.

(a) (b)

Figure IV.22. (a) Vertices frame shows the vertex number, its elevation. (b) A window for
specifying the position of the new vertex that is about to be added.

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k. Edit Pipe, Installing a check valve
A check valve can be installed along the pipe. Open the pipe windows by clicking one
of the pipes using Editing tool. Near the bottom of the Page 1 of Pipe Windows, click
the Install Check valve check box, and the check valve will be installed. When
installed, the check valve only allows a flow in the direction of the pipe. Direction of
the pipe is the direction of the user when drawing the pipe. For example, a pipe that is
drawn from node 4 to node 17 has a direction from node 4 to node 17, unless latter
on the user modify the direction. When finish, click save to save the changes.
When a check valve is installed, there will be a small gray circle in the middle of the
pipe line indicating that a check valve is installed (Figure IV.23). The arrow and the
circle indicate the check valve.

Figure IV.23. A check valve has been installed in pipe #3.

Since the direction of Pipe #3 is form node 3 to node 4, it will only allow flow direction
from Node #3 to Node #4, Otherwise the check valve is closed and no flow will
happen along pipe #3.

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 l. Editing Groups of Pipes
Groups of pipes can be edited similar to group of Nodes. Group editing make the
work easier and quick. However, since the Pipe to be edited is in Group, the edited
values apply to all Pipe in the group.
Select the group of the Pipes using Edit tool. Locate the cursor slightly away from the
top and left most of the pipe nodes. Click the left mouse button and hold. Drag the
mouse until all the Pipes to grouped is within the area of the square indicated by dash
line as the mouse moved (Figure IV.24). Released the button.
The Nodes in the group is now colored in Yellow (Figure IV.24). There are two pipes
that are not included in the group since at least one of the Nodes is not included in the
group. Do not click anything else in this moment. The selected pipe group work only
when they are colored in yellow. Click either one of the Pipe. The Pipe Window
appears (Figure IV.24b). User can now input the properties of the Pipes. At present
the variables that can be edited in groups are Inside Diameter, Length, Install
Check valve, Pipe Status, Calibration, Friction diameter or CHW, Pipe label font.
When the elevation and or demand have been modified, click Save button in the
Node Window.

These two pipes

will not be modified

Figure IV.24. (a) Grouping pipes and (b) Pipe Windows for pipe group ready for editing

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 m. Moving pipe ends
The lay out of the network can be modified at any time by moving the pipe end. Since
the pipe end is a node (can also be a reservoir or other links), the moving of a pipe
end should use Mode Node tool. Click the Move tool, and select the Move Node tool
(Figure IV.25). Move the open hand cursor to the location of a node and click the left
mouse button and hold. The open hand cursor will change to close fist ready to drag
the node to different position. Release the button and the position of the node and
hence the pipe will change. When using Move Node, the final location of the Node
should not be at or very near another node. WaterNet rejects the Move Node tool to
place a Node to another Node. For such type of job, use Move Pipe instead.

Click this Tool to

open selection of
Move tools

Figure IV.25. Move tools

4. Editing Pressure Release Tank (PRT)

Pressure Release Tank can be edited using Editing tool. Open the PRT windows by
clicking one of the pipes using Editing tool. Click the PRT with right button mouse and
PRT window will appear (Figure IV.26). The left button of the mouse is used to edit the
nodes and pipes.

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 Figure IV.26. PRT window ready for updating

The Textboxes with white backgrounds can be edited while the text boxes with grey
background is given and cannot be edited. The upstream pipe and downstream pipe may
be swap. In Figure IV.26 the upstream pipe given by WaterNet is pipe #8. If this is not
correct the user may change the position of the upstream into the downstream pipe by
replacing the upstream pipe in the text box with pipe #9 and the Downstream pipe will
automatically be changed to #8. The width and the length of the PRT can also be
adjusted by modifying the number in the text boxes.
The default inlet elevation is the same as the elevation of the Node. This also the same
as the maximum elevation. All the elevations (inlet elevation, outlet elevation, maximum
elevation, bottom elevation, initial elevation) can be edited, except the Ground elevation.
The ground elevation is always the same as the Node elevation.
The upstream pipe can be closed depending on the water level in the PRT. Input the
limiting value of the water level in the relevant text box to close the PRT. Lowest limit of
water level before the upstream pipe is opened may also be determined using the value
in the relevant text box. To apply these limitations the check box on the left should be
checked.
A PRT is basically a simple tank. It stores water but not for relatively long, since the
primary function of the tank is to release the pressure in the pipes. Since it is located far
under the water resources and the pressure upstream is large, the upstream pipe needs

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 to be controlled using a valve or otherwise the flow will be excessive and certainly not
desirable.
To accommodate the loss due to the valve upstream and downstream pipes, the
coefficient of the secondary loss due to the valves can be given in the Additional
Secondary Loss at Pipe section. Refer to the figure at the bottom when filling in the
value required for PRT. Place a relatively large secondary loss coefficient at the upstream
pipe.
If the secondary loss coefficient at the upstream pipe is too small, the flow through the
upstream pipe will be too large. By iteration, user may find the suitable secondary loss
coefficient due to the valve at the upstream pipe.

5. Editing Pump
Use Editing tool. Click the pump in the WaterNet (it has to be available, drawn in the
network) using the right mouse button. If the left button is clicked, it is the Node Window
that will be opened instead of the Pump Window. The left button of the mouse is used to
edit the nodes and pipes. All other links (pumps, reservoirs, tanks, PRT, Valves) are
edited using right button mouse.
a. Editing Single Point pump
The Pump Window shows the pump’s data. When first edited, the pump is a Single
Point pump curve having default characteristics. The Pump curve can be modified
during the editing. Typical Pump Windows when edited the first times is shown in
Figure IV.27.
On the left is the Pump Performance Curve showing the pump head versus the
discharge. On the right is the other data of the pump. First it is shown that the pump is
Single Point pump. In the second frame the head and discharge for the maximum
head (minimum discharge), design head (design discharge) and minimum head
(maximum discharge) are shown. In Single point pump, only the design head and
design discharge can be edited. The maximum and minimum conditions are given by
WaterNet. On top of the frame is a Show curve button. Click this button (Multi point
curve pump only) when the curve is not shown (this happen when the curve is closed
directly using the close button on the curve Window).

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 Figure IV.27. Pump performance curve (left) and Pump data (right)

The pump data indicates that the pump is a Fixed type pump. This means that the
pump work only with the Pump Performance Curve as shown. The user may change
the pump into variable speed pump by clicking the option. However, a Speed Pattern
has to be prepared before selecting a variable speed pump. Otherwise a message will
be shown as in Figure IV.28 when Save button is clicked.

Figure IV.28. A message to remind the user that a speed pattern has not been
selected or not available.

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 The text box related to speed at single period simulation is only relevant when
working with variable speed pump. Any value that is greater or ewuals zero is
accepted.
The power of the pump is zero. User should provide the value of te pump power in the
textbox provided. If the power is zero and the data is saved, a message will be given
to input the power pump and that the data is not completely saved.
If the power is zero and the WaterNet is run, WaterNet gives 5 kW as the default. A
message will be given in this case (Figure IV.29).

Figure IV.29. Message that the power of the pump has been assumed as 5 kW.

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 The maximum suction head and the maximum efficiency can be modified by the user
depending on the real pump data from the industry. A premium pump may be able to
deliver water with efficiency as high as 95%, however normally the pump efficiency is
significantly lower than that.
The second page of the pump can be accessed by clicking the Next>> button. The
second page Windows is shown as in Figure IV.30 when the pump has been run.
As can be seen the pump is working with head = 39.6 m and discharge = 4 l/s. Pump
Status is On. The pump is running at Single period or constant discharge.
At the lower part of Page 2 of the window, the relative break horse power is shown.
The break horse power is the pump power required to turn the shaft of the motor. The
real input power is slightly higher than the Break horse power. At design discharge
and design head the relative horse power is unity. The higher is the discharge the
higher is the power required. In WaterNet the break horse power is assumed the
same as the power of the pump. User can change the break horse power curve by
specifying the relative value of pump power at 0.5 Qd, 0.75 Qd, 1.0 Qd, 1.25 Qd and
1.5 Qd.
The approximate efficiency is 23.54% which is calculated based on the break horse
power and the required head or the produced head.
When the network has been run, the pump curve shows its performance at a specific
head and discharge (Figure IV.31).

b. Pump’s Status
In the second page, three options of Pump’s status are provided namely On, Off or
Conditional. The “On” or “Off” are pump’s status that will be used by WaterNet in the
simulation. The Conditional is a status that the pump can be “On” or “Off” during the
simulation depending on a certain defined situation or controlled. The setting of
conditional pump is discussed in the “Editing the pump or pumps status related to a
Tank” sub section.

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 Figure IV.30. Second page of Pump Windows after the WaterNet is run

Figure IV.31. (Left) Pump performance curve and its performance at certain head and
discharge. (Right) Pump data shows the Power installed 5 kW, and the targeted head at
the pump.

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c. Editing Three Point Pump Curve
To edit Three Pump curve first shows the pump windows similar to the Single-point
pump curve. Figure IV.32 shows the Pump Window for Three Pump Curve.

Figure IV.32. (Left) Three-point Curve performance curve at certain head and
discharge. (Right) Pump data shows the Power installed 5 kW, and the targeted head
at the pump.

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d. Editing Multi Point Curve
Multi Point Curve pump is different compare to the previous Single Point and Three-
point Curve. In Multi Point Curve pump the user has to define the pump performance
curve by defining a number of points (maximum equal to 21 in WaterNet). The pump
performance curve is multi linear lines connecting two adjacent points.
Open the Multi point curve pump similar to the single- and Three-point curve pump.
When the pump is opened it will be a Single Pump Curve as the default pump. Click
the Multi Point Curve pump option and the Multi point curve Pump will appear as in
Figure IV.33.

On the left, there are two columns of Textboxes for discharges and Head of the pump.
User should not input values on these textboxes, but create a pump curve in the area
provided. First Click Insert pump curve command button. The bottom of the
command button will be lighted green. Search the pump curve that is available in
BMP format. There are bitmap files that are not compatible with WaterNet. Bitmap
which is produced by CorelDraw © normally can be used in WaterNet.

Figure IV.33. Multi Point Curve Pump Window.

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The next step is to determine the origin of the coordinate. When no bitmap is
uploaded, user may use the suggested point for the origin of the coordinate.
Otherwise just follow the location of the origin of the coordinate in the bitmap picture.
In Figure IV.34 it is shown that a bitmap has been uploaded. The bitmap shows
clearly the pump performance curve that latter can be easily traced and at the same
time record their coordinate to imitate the curve.
At this stage, click the Determine (Q=0, H=0) on the pump curve button which will
be lighted on at the bottom. Click an area around the left bottom of the graphic area
(as suggested by WaterNet with small blue dot). The Coordinate will appear. The
horizontal axis represents the discharge (Pump flow discharge) while the ordinate
represents pump head. Figure IV.35. show the coordinate that has been created.

Figure IV.34. Bitmap has been uploaded in the Drawing Box.

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Figure IV.35. Bitmap has been uploaded in the Drawing Box and the origin of coordinate
(0,0) has been defined.

The next step is to determine the maximum flow discharge and the maximum head of
the pump. Click the Determine Qmax on the Pump curve button. The button will be
lighted on with green color and the previous button. A Window to input the Maximum
Q and Head values will appear as Figure IV.36. Input the maximum flow discharge
(for example = Q) and click Save and Close. A gray vertical grid will be created as a
guidance (approximate only) to the user to locate the cursor. Bring the cursor to the
location at the X axis where the value is approximately equal to Q, and click the left
mouse button. Blue vertical grids will be created which later be used as the vertical
grid of the pump performance curve.

Figure IV.36. Window for creating the maximum discharge and head of the pump.

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Next the maximum head should be determined. Click the Determine Hmax on the
pump curve button. The pump curve scaling window will appear again and the
maximum is ready to be input. Input the maximum head as required and click Save
and Close. Horizontal grids will be available with approximate value for the head.
User may use this grid for guidance to place the cursor as suggested by WaterNet or
can locate it as they wish. Click the left button of the mouse and blue horizontal grid
are now drawn.
Next, click the Start Digitizing Pump Curve button. The digitizing is ready. If the
mouse is clicked on the drawing area, a pair of value representing Q and H will be
printed in the textboxes. It is important that the user follow the pump performance
curve as follow.
1. Point representing Q-H should be in the range that Q < Qmaxa and H < Hamax,
2. H should be smaller for higher Q
3. Number of points representing H-Q is limited to 20 only.
Click (digitize) the pump performance curve following the bitmap. When finish, click
Arrange and Save Data button. Figure IV.37 shows the Multi-point pump curve just
before the user clicked the Arrange and Save Data button. A different background is
employed in the example of Figure IV.37. Sometime it looks confusing when the data
is above the background. Hiding the background as in Figure IV.38 clarifies the data
positions. Finally, when the input data has been finalized by clicking the Arrange and
Save Data button, the graphic will be seen as in Figure IV.39. In Figure IV.39, actually
the program has been run and hence it also shows the pump’s performance at Time
=1.

Figure IV.37. Digitizing for input data pair of Q-H is completed

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 Figure IV.38. The digitizing of input data (pair of Q-H) is completed and the
background bitmap is hidden

Figure IV.39. The data input has been finalized by clicking the Arrange and Save
data button

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A Multi-Point Curve will be drawn following the digitized coordinates of Q-H and the
Multi-Point pump curve has been determined. To adjust the position of the graphic,
either use Move or Scale Button. Click the Move button to move the graphic
anywhere you want in the drawing area. Scaled the drawing using the scale button.
Left arrow reduces the width of the graphic while right arrow increasing the width of
the graphic. Upward and Downward arrows increase and reduce the height of the
graphic respectively.
Click Close when finish and Save the data in the Pump Window and Close the Pump
Window.

Adjusting the Background bitmap

The uploaded bitmap into the Drawing Area may not exactly as expected. It may be
too small, too large, and not in the best position for digitizing. The bitmap background
position and size can be edited to suit the requirement.
Use the Background Graphic control frame to control the bitmap. The scale in X
direction can be modified using the Xscale scroll bar, while the Y scale can be
modified using the YScale scroll bar. Click the scroll bar either left or right as
required.
The position of the background graphic, can be control by using both the Left-Right
and Up-Down scroll bars. Figure IV.40a shows a background data that need
adjustment for digitizing. Figure IV.40 shows the position after adjustment.

Figure IV.40. Background bitmap (graphic) need adjustment.

Hiding the Background bitmap

The background bitmap is very useful when digitizing the data for input. However,
when the input data has been completed, the background data may not be needed
and can be hidden. Click the Show/Hide Background Graphic (toggling) either to
show or to hide the bitmap.

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Errors and Editing the digitized value
Digitizing may sometime not very accurate and hence the position of the coordinate of
Q-H should be corrected. For some reason a value of H is higher at a higher value of
Q as in Figure IV.41. When this happen, when the input data is finalized there will be
a message for the user to correct the inaccuracy as in Figure IV.42. WaterNet
assumes that for all pumps the higher discharge (Q) should be resulted in a lower
Head(H). When this happen, the data has to be changed manually.
After finalizing the digitizing, the data pair of Q-H in the Textboxes can be changed
slightly. A very different data should be inputted using digitizer. Click on the textboxes
and change the value of the data. The graphic be changed later after the Arranged
and Save data button is clicked.
In the case of inaccuracy in Figure IV.41, a number of corrections in the Q-H values
have been conducted. When finished, click the Arranged and Save data button.
Observe again whether the data has accurately followed the line of pump curve to be
digitized. If not, try to edit again the data manually as accurate as possible.
The final result is given in Figure IV.43. Finally save the data at the pump windows to
synchronized the pump specification as can be seen in Figure IV.44.

Figure IV.41. Digitizing inaccuracy

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 Figure IV.42. Message for digitizing inaccuracy

Figure IV.43. The data (digitized) has been manually updated

141
Figure IV.44. Final data pairs of H-Q and the updated value in the Pump window

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 Scaling and Moving the Pump performance curve
The presentation of the pump performance curve resulting from the digitizing as well
as the performance of the pump after running, can be adjusted both its location and
size. Use the Scale and Move buttons to modify the pump performance curve.

Clear data
When there is a mistake and the user want to start the digitizing all over again, click
the Clear all data button. This will result in all data will be cleared but not the bitmap
when it is already uploaded. The background bitmap may also be replaced by
uploading another bitmap in the Drawing area.
When the data has been cleared, the digitizing can start from the beginning that is
from defining the Q maximum and H maximum.

e. Editing the pump or pumps status related to a Tank

The Status of pumps either “Off” or “On” can be controlled using the water surface
elevation inside a Tank. When the water is almost full, the pump can be set Off by
using a simple mechanism or electronic sensor. Similarly, when the surface water
level in the Tank almost reach the minimum elevation, the pump can be set to On.
This strategy simplifies the manual operation of the pumps and keep the Tank in the
water available for distribution at the same time.
Click the Next button in the first page of a pump. The second page provide options
related to the Pump’s Status. Click the Conditional button a Window control relating
a pump status to a Tank or Tanks is provided as in Figure IV.45.

Figure IV.45. Window control for Pump's Status related to time and water Surface
Elevation of a Tank or Tanks

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 In Figure IV.45, the Tank window has been opened together with the Pump’s status
Window. This is to help to assign the “On” and “Off” condition of the pump related to
the Tank water surface elevation. As can be seen in the figure that it is easier for the
user to fill in the data for Tank #1 elevation when the pump should be “On” depending
on the Minimum Water Elevation of the Tank and when the pump should be “Off”
depending on the Maximum water elevation of the Tank.
An alternative assignment for such status is given in Figure IV.46.

Figure IV.46. Setting the pump's status based on Water surface elevation in the Tank

Another way to set up the status of the pump is by assigning the pump status to “On”
and “Off” manually based on Time. This can be done by selecting the starting time of
“On” status and the time of “Off” status using the Control. Shows the result of such
control.

Figure IV.47. Setting up Pump status manually based on time.

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 Figure IV.47 shows the setting of a pump status based on time. The numbers in
yellow indicate the time when the pump is set to “On” while the grey numbers indicate
when the pump should be “Off”.

6. Editing Reservoir
Use Editing tool. Click the Reservoir in the WaterNet (it has to be available, drawn in the
network) using the right mouse button. If the left button is clicked, it is the Node Window
that will be opened instead of the Reservoir Window.
Reservoir should be edited for at least to input the water surface elevation. Unlike Nodes
that can be specified using default, Reservoir need to be assigned manually. An example
of Reservoir window is shown in Figure IV.48. In this figure, the elevation means the
water surface elevation of the Reservoir. It is set as zero by WaterNet default. Manually
modified the value and click Save.
There is other important information that need to be understood. The Reservoir in Figure
IV.48 is located in Node #1. When the elevation of the reservoir is edited, the elevation of
the node is automatically changed equal to the Reservoir elevation accordingly. However,
if the Node elevation is updated, the Reservoir elevation remains unchanged. Therefore,
it is important to make sure that at Reservoir, the elevation of the Node and the Reservoir
should be the same by editing the Elevation of the Reservoir, not the Node.

Figure IV.48. Reservoir Window for editing the properties of Reservoir

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 The concentration Textbox is used to assign the value of the chemical concentration
during water quality analysis. The Reservoir is assumed to be a boundary condition. It
means that the value or the concentration of the chemical in the Reservoir is constant
during the simulation. No other option is provided in this case.
There are two options regarding Reservoir capacity. The Reservoir is either limited or
unlimited. This information does not have any effect on the simulation however, an
information will be provided when the outflow from the reservoir is larger than the limited
value.
At the bottom as in other links, there are button to move to another available reservoir.

7. Editing Tank
Use Editing tool. Click the Tank in the Network (it has to be available, drawn in the
network) using the right mouse button. If the left button is clicked, it is the Node Window
that will be opened instead of the Tank Window.
a. Filling and Editing data
When the first time the Tank is edited, the data that is available is only the Tank
number, its location (at certain Node number) and the Node elevation. The Tank
height is the Bottom elevation – the Node elevation and hence, when the Bottom
height is zero (before editing) the Tank height will be equal to minus the Node
Elevation. All other data that need to be filled in is Figure IV.49a.
If the Free inlet is selected, another data is required, that is the Elevation of the inlet
as in Figure IV.49b.

Additional data
Data need to for Free inlet
be filled in

Submerge
inlet as default

Uniform tank
as default

(a) (b)

Figure IV.49. Tank data needs to be filled in

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 Filled the data by taking into account the Bottom Elevation (related to the height of the
Tank), the approximated volume (related to the distance between the Tank Maximum
elevation and Minimum Elevation) and the flow fluctuation out of the Tank. An
example of the Tank that have a complete data is given in Figure IV.50a. As can be
seen in the figure that the free inlet elevation is slightly higher than the maximum
elevation. The volume of the Tank in Figure IV.50a is equal to the Bottom area
multiplied by the effective height (Maximum elevation – Minimum elevation) and is
equal to 400 m3. The tank height is -0.5 m meaning that the Bottom is located at 0.5
m below the ground elevation. The decision for such elevation depends on the
structural engineering and the environment surrounding the Tank location.

b. Swapping the inlet (upstream pipe) and outlet (downstream pipe)

It also important to point out about the upstream pipe information. The upstream pipe
is the pipe that connect with the inlet. This information is important related to the
connection with the inlet and the inlet elevation. When the upstream is wrongly
positioned by the WaterNet, user can modify it by swapping with the other pipe that
connect to the Tank.

(a) (b)

Figure IV.50. A free inlet has been filled with data

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 Click the Swap button next to the Upstream pipe number information, and the pipe will
be swapped accordingly. The upstream pipe after being swapped is given in Figure
IV.50b. However, in our case the correct upstream pipe is 7 and swapping will cause
error during simulation. When the WaterNet is run with wrongly positioned Upstream
and downstream pipes, WaterNet produces a message as in Figure IV.51.

Figure IV.51. A message is generated by WaterNet when the upstream and downstream
pipe is wrongly positioned

c. Editing A Non-Uniform Cross Section Tank

A tank shape may not be uniform from the bottom to the top. Many tanks actually
used to beautify the look of the city and to fit with the surrounding architecturally. To
edit the Tank in non-uniform cross section, select the Vary with Depth option. The
Tank window now shows the control to edit the shape of the Tank by specifying the
elevation and its area as can be seen in Figure IV.52.
Figure IV.52a, the Tank is made of 2 cross sections. The bottom of the tank has been
given (same with the previously discussed uniform Tank) but the top cross section is
zero. Slide the Scroll bar to access the second cross section. Now the Cross-section
area Textbox is enabled and user can modify both the height of the cross section from
the bottom and the area. The bottom area can only be modified by modifying the
Bottom area textbox. Similarly, the height of the top cross-section can only be
modified using the Maximum elevation of the Tank.

148
 (a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure IV.52. Non-Uniform Tanks

For example, modify the top cross-section to 200 m2. The result is given in
Figure IV.52b. Other possibility is by increasing the number of cross-sections. In
Figure IV.52c, the number of cross-section has been modified to 3 by clicking the
horizontal scroll bar Modify number of cross sections to the right. After that, the
height of the second cross-section has been changed to 0.5 m and the area of the 3 rd
cross-section (the top) has been changed to 250 m2. The result is provided in Figure
IV.52c.
Further, the Tank can be modified to contain 4 cross-sections. The height of each
cross-section and its area are modified. The shape of the Tank is given in
Figure IV.52d. (remember that in case of Tank position as in Figure IV.50, the
upstream pipe should be #7). The cross-section with red dash line is the one that
represents the value of the scroll bar either Point number 1 (Bottom), Point number x
(top), or Point X out of n, where X is the Cross-section # and n is the total number of
cross-section.

8. Editing Valves
Use Editing tool. Click the Valve in the Network (it has to be available, drawn in the
network) using the right mouse button. If the left button is clicked, it is the Node Window
that will be opened instead of the Valve Window.

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a. Editing Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)
When first installed in the Network or edited at the first time, the valve has not been
set properly as required. As can be seen in Figure IV.53 the valve type is Pressure
Reducing Valve as a default. The Downstream (D/S) Pressure is still 0. Select other
type of valve as required and set the relevant values.
At the top of Valve Window, there are information about the Valve number, At Node
number (The Node that is occupied by the valve), Elevation (equal to the elevation
of the Node), Flow from Node (related to upstream pipe) and Flow to Node (related
to downstream pipe). The last two information indicates the direction of the valve so
that the user can be sure which one is the upstream and which one is the
downstream pipe.
Select Active to activate the valve. If open is selected instead, the valve is not
considered and has no effect on the Network.

Figure IV.53. A Valve Window

150
Figure IV.54. A message notifying that the downstream pressure of PRV has been set
too high

151
 In the case of Figure IV.53, the Down Stream Pressure may be set at a certain value
lower than if the valve is opened (inactive) or there is no valve installed. It is not
possible to have a higher downstream pressure with such valve. If the valve is set to a
higher value downstream than it should be when no valve is installed, WaterNet
produces a message (Figure IV.54) for such condition and the computation is
considered as wrong and the valve is opened by WaterNet to continue the run.

b. Editing a Flow Control Valve (FCV)

Open the Valve Window. Change the options to Flow Control Valve (FCV), and the
Valve Window will change ready for editing the FCV as in Figure IV.55.
In Figure IV.55 the result of the previous run is still in the Textbox, although the Label
is now Qmax (l/s). The value of the textbox has to be edited to suit the maximum
allowable flow through the valve.
If in reality the flow is higher than the assigned, WaterNet produces a warning
message that the computation is error.

Figure IV.55. Flow Control Valve ready for editing

c. Editing a Throttling Control Valve (TCV)

Open the Valve Window. Change the options to Flow Control Valve (FCV), and the
Valve Window will change ready for editing the FCV as in Figure IV.56.
In Figure IV.56 the result of the previous run is still in the Textbox, although the Label
is now Secondary Loss Coefficient and Diameter of the Valve. The value of the
textbox has to be edited to suit the maximum allowable flow through the valve.
The secondary loss coefficient of the valve has to be calibrated prior to the use of the
valve. Select Active to activate the valve.

152
 Figure IV.56. Throttling Control Valve Ready has been selected

d. Editing Pressure Breaker Valve (PBV)

Open the Valve Window. Change the options to Pressure Breaker Valve (PBV), and
the Valve Window will change and ready for editing the PBV as in Figure IV.57.
In Figure IV.57 the result of the previous run is still in the Textbox, although the Label
is now Secondary Loss. The value of the textbox has to be edited to suit the
maximum allowable flow through the valve.
The secondary loss coefficient of the valve has to be calibrated prior to the use of the
valve. Select Active to activate the valve

Figure IV.57. Valve Window with Pressure Breaker Valve has been selected

153
 Note that now, instead of Secondary loss coefficient, the required value is Secondary
loss. In other word, the user is required to input the head loss through the valve.

5. Delete Links and Elements

In general, deleting Links and element should use the deleting tool which is the same as the
creating tool. The only different is that when creating links or elements in the Network the
user has to click the Left mouse button but for deleting the user should click the Right mouse
button. Other method for deletion will be discussed later.

1. Deleting pipe
To delete a pipe, click the creating pipe tool. The cursor will change to a pen. Bring the
pen and point the pen to a point along the pipe line and click the right button. For pipe line
with vertices, click approximately the imaginary line connecting the two ends of the pipe.
Examples of the positions to delete a pipe is given in Figure IV.58.

Right click
here Right click
here

Imaginary
connecting line

Figure IV.58. Deleting a pipe

When you delete a Pipe, the Nodes at the end of the pipe are also deleted, except if the
Node is Jointly owned by other pipe(s). Once a pipe is deleted, the order of each pipe will
be changed if the order of the pipe deleted is not the last pipe in the network. For
example, if the Network consist of pipe #1, #2, #3, #4, #5 and pipe #2 is deleted, then
pipe #1 remain, Pipe #3 becomes Pipe #2, Pipe #4 becomes #3 and Pipe #5 becomes
#4.

2. Deleting a Group of Pipes

Use Editing tool. Mark an area that consists of pipes that will be deleted. Bring the cursor
at the left top area to be marked, click the left mouse button and drag the cursor to the
bottom right of the marked area and release the button. When released, all the pipe that
are contained in the Marked area have two Nodes with yellow color as can be seen in

154
Figure IV.59. These are the pipe that can be deleted. Other pipes that have maximum
one yellow Node cannot be deleted. In Figure, Pipe #15 and #16 are not included in the
Group. To delete the Pipe, click menu Edit >> Delete. A Small Window to select either
Pipes or Nodes to be deleted appears. Select Pipe and click Ok. The selected pipes are
deleted.

Figure IV.59. Groups of Pipes that can be edited or deleted

After deleting the pipes, the Network will be as shown in Figure IV.60.

Figure IV.60. Network after the group of Pipes has been deleted.

As can be seen in Figure IV.60 that Pipe 15 and 16 are not included in the deletion. The
number of the pipes however are changed to 11 and 10 as WaterNet rearranged the pipe
numbers orderly.

155
 Deleting group of pipes consisting other links such as Pump, Tank and Reservoir will be
canceled by WaterNet. A message will be produced when the user does such attempt. In
Figure IV.61 a group of Pipes (marked by square dash line) are supposed to be deleted
but was canceled by WaterNet as indicated by the message produced.

Figure IV.61. A message produced by WaterNet upon attempting to delete a group of

Pipes that consist a Tank

3. Deleting a Node
A Node cannot be deleted without deleting the Pipe. Refer to Deleting pipe to delete a
Node.

4. Deleting a Group of Nodes

Similar to the pipe deleting a Group of Nodes can be deleted. Use Editing tool. Mark an
area that consists of Nodes that will be deleted. Bring the cursor at the left top area to be
marked, click the left mouse button and drag the cursor to the bottom right of the marked
area and release the button. When released, all the Nodes within the marked area will be
deleted. Note that since the Node is a part of a Pipe, all the Nodes that are deleted
include the deletion of the Pipes. Once the area has been marked and the Nodes to be
deleted are colored yellow the node are ready to be deleted. To delete the Nodes, click
menu Edit >> Delete. A Small Window to select either Pipe or Node to be deleted
appears. Select Node and click Ok. The selected Nodes are deleted.
Similar to the group pipes deletion, WaterNet cancel the deletion of a group of Nodes that
consist another links such as Pump or Tank.

156
5. Deleting a Pump
A pump can be deleted using creating pump tool. To delete a pump, click the creating
pump tool. The cursor will change to a pump. Bring the cursor and position the cursor to
an existing pump and click the right button. The existing pump will be deleted.
Once a pump is deleted, the order of each pump will be changed if the pump deleted is
not the last pump created in the network. For example, if the Network consist of pump #1,
#2, #3, #4, #5 and pipe #2 is deleted, then pipe #1 remain, Pump #3 becomes Pump #2,
Pump #4 becomes #3 and Pump #5 becomes #4.

6. Deleting a Tank
A Tank can be deleted using creating Tank tool. To delete a Tank, click the creating Tank
tool. The cursor will change to a Tank. Bring the cursor and position the cursor to an
existing Tank and click the right button. The existing Tank will be deleted.
Once a Tank is deleted, the order of each Tank will be changed if the deleted Tank is not
the last Tank created in the network. For example, if the Network consist of Tank #1, #2,
#3, #4, #5 and pipe #2 is deleted, then pipe #1 remain, Tank #3 becomes Tank #2, Tank
#4 becomes #3 and Tank #5 becomes #4.

7. Deleting a Valve
A Valve can be deleted using creating Valve tool. To delete a Valve, click the creating
Valve tool. The cursor will change to a Valve. Bring the cursor and position the cursor to
an existing Valve and click the right button. The existing Valve will be deleted.
Once a Valve is deleted, the order of each Valve will be changed if the deleted Valve is
not the last Valve created in the network. For example, if the Network consist of Valve #1,
#2, #3, #4, #5 and pipe #2 is deleted, then pipe #1 remain, Valve #3 becomes Valve #2,
Valve #4 becomes #3 and Valve #5 becomes #4.

8. Deleting a Pressure Release Tank (PRT)

A PRT can be deleted using creating PRT tool. To delete a PRT, click the creating PRT
tool. The cursor will change to a PRT. Bring the cursor and position the cursor to an
existing PRT and click the right button. The existing PRT will be deleted.
Once a PRT is deleted, the order of each Valve will be changed if the deleted PRT is not
the last PRT created in the network. For example, if the Network consist of PRT #1, #2,
#3, #4, #5 and pipe #2 is deleted, then pipe #1 remain, PRT #3 becomes PRT #2, PRT
#4 becomes #3 and PRT #5 becomes #4.
Other than that, there are two Nodes connected to the PRT. When the PRT is deleted,
the Nodes merged into one Node and all the Nodes are reordered accordingly.

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6. Create
User can create Demand Pattern, Pump Speed Pattern, and Path. The Demand Pattern is
used to imitate the demand fluctuation during one day or 24 hours. Similarly, the Pump
Speed Pattern is used to imitate the Pump’s speed variation during the simulation. The Path
is used for observing the absolute pressure along a pipe series. By observing the absolute
pressure, the user can judge whether one or more pipes in the series of pipes is too small or
too large.

1. Creating Demand Pattern

See Chapter IV.4.2d.

2. Creating Pump’s Speed Pattern

Click the Pump speed Pattern button in the vertical bar (see Figure IV.62). The Pump
Speed Window for creating Pump Speed Pattern will be shown as in Figure IV.62.

Speed
Pattern
button

Path
button

Figure IV.62. Speed Pattern Window

Figure IV.62 is almost the same as Figure IV.13 except that in Figure IV.62 there is a
picture of a centrifugal pump to signify that the window is about Pump Speed. Input the
value of Speed Coefficient from Time = 1 to Time = 24 in the Window. There is certainly
no restriction such as in the Demand Pattern that the average should be equal to unity. In
this case any number can be inputted but it should be reasonable depending on the real
pump speed capacity.

3. Creating Paths
Path is a serial connection of Pipes and Nodes. The serial connection enables one to
observe the pressure heads along the serial pipe. To create a path, click the Path button
on the tool bar shown in Figure IV.62 and the Path Window will appear. To create a Path
or add a new Path, the user has to click the New button in the Path Window and now the
user is ready to input the pipes along which the path should follow (Figure IV.63).

158
 For example, the pipes numbers are 1,2,3,4,5,7 and 10. These pipe numbers have to be
inputted in the Textbox provided one after another orderly separated by a comma and
finally ended with a comma as can be seen in Figure IV.64. In Figure the name of the
path is Main Transmission. Such name is to remind the user about the location, position
or the importance of the path in the Network. Click Apply to register the new path.

Figure IV.63. Path 1 is ready to be assigned after clicking the New button.

Figure IV.64. A New path has been inputted and consists of pipes #1,2,3,4,5,7,10

159
Additional path can be assigned by clicking the New button. The total number of the
Paths and the number of Path to be edited (Path#) are shown in the Window. When
finished click Apply and close button. The new or edited Paths is/are stored in memory
for used later.

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Chapter 5
V. RUNNING THE PROGRAM AND
EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS
Running and evaluating the program is probably the most important aspect of the work related to
simulation using a software such as WaterNet. Of course, the preparation, that is the making model
is very important since it determines the accuracy of the results and whether what the software is
simulating the problem that the engineer has in mind. If the model is wrong, then actually the
program is running something different to what the engineer expected and the results are useless.

1. Running the program

When ready the program can be run using the GO button. A Window showing the resume of
the Network data will be presented. The user needs to observe the data carefully including
the maximum and minimum of pipe lengths, pipe diameter, demand, and many other as
shown in Figure V.1.

Figure V.1. Resume of data prior to running

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In Figure V.1 it is seen that the maximum demand is 49 l/s while the minimum demand is 1
l/s. These data should give a reminder or a hint about the data for the user, whether the user
has inputted the data correctly. Similarly, about the maximum and minimum elevations of the
Nodes and the average demand. When drawn using scale, the value of the maximum and
the minimum lengths of the pipes, the frictional diameter of the pipes and the secondary
losses should also help the user to assure that the input data is correct. In the above case,
the secondary loss along the pipe has not been considered. Pump data and Tank (elevation
and area) may also help to assure regarding the input data.
Other than the data, it is shown that the simulation will be run in the Constant demand mode
of Single period mode and only hydraulics (no water quality is simulated).
When everything seems right, user may the Go button in the Variables used for simulation
Window.

1. Running in Single Period or Constant Demand Mode

By default, when the WaterNet is run in the first time, it will run in Single Period or
Constant mode. As the name suggests, during the Constant demand mode, the demand
of all the Nodes are constant at certain value (for example the average value) if the
demand is actually fluctuated. The user can select the value of the demand (based on the
time) to run the WaterNet.
a. Selecting the specific time demand
To select a specific time and hence the coefficient of the demand at all Nodes click
the Flow Type button. A window to select the specific time demand will appear as in
Figure V.2.

Figure V.2. Flow Type Window

162
 By default, the Average demand is selected. This means that WaterNet will run at the
average demand. Click Define Time option to define a different time demand and the
Flow Type window provides options for time to be selected as in Figure V.3.

Figure V.3. Flow Type Window showing the selection of time at constant Flow

Select the time required using the horizontal scroll bar provided. When finish, click
Ok. This method of running at constant demand but at certain time with certain
demand coefficient let the user to run WaterNet at maximum or minimum demand to
test the performance of the pipe Network.

b. Running with average demand multiplied by a demand multiplier

The above method of running the program to test the performance of the Network can
be conducted when the user has already demand Pattern to test. If not, there is
another method to test the Network by multiplying the average demand with a certain
coefficient. The method let the program to run with all demands in all Nodes to be
multiplied by the assigned coefficient.
To do this, Click GO at the main Program to run the Program. At the Variables Used
for simulation Window, update the Demand Calibration Coefficient to a value as
required. For example, 1.5 as in Figure V.4.
Run the program, and all the demand at each Node will be multiplied by 1.50.
Figure V.5 is provided to show the flow discharge at Pipe #10. Pipe #10 should
deliver water equal to the demand at Node #6 which is 49 l/s. However, instead of 49
l/s as assigned in the Node Window, the flow discharge of Pipe #10 is shown to be
73.5 l/s which is exactly the equal to 1.5 x 49 l/s.

163
 Figure V.4. Demand Multiplier has been changed to 1.50

Node #6

Demand at
Node #6

Node #6

Figure V.5. The flow discharge at Node 10 is 1.5 times the assigned demand at Node
#6

164
2. Running in Extended Period Mode
With extended period, more characteristics of the Network can be simulated, such as
Pipe performance, Pump performance, and Tank Performance. In order to simulate the
performance of the Network in a fluctuating demand, the user should have one or more
demand patterns. Demand patterns is discussed previously in Chapter 4.2.d.
a. Assigning the time steps of simulation
Select running option by clicking Flow Type button in the Tool Bar. Select Extended
in the Flow Type Window. There will be a number of options regarding the time step
of the simulation as in Figure V.6 .

Figure V.6. Selection for time steps of computation in Extended Period mode

In Extended Period mode, the Program is run for 48 hours with time steps as
assigned by the user. The hydraulic condition is actually a steady state condition. The
situation that may change the hydraulic condition during the simulation is the present
of a tank and the demand pattern. Therefore, when there is no Tank in the Network
and the demand is constant, actually the program is running exactly the same
condition for 48 times (with time steps 60 minutes). If there is a Tank, the water
surface elevation inside the tank could make the difference of energy head and hence
the energy heads at the Nodes downstream of the Tank. The Tank may also run out
of water (empty) before the simulation is ended. Therefore, checking the elevation of
the water surface is important. The smaller is the time steps, the more accurate is the
calculation of the water surface elevation of the Tank, although with the price of more
computational time. When there is no Tank in the Network, 60 there is no need for
smaller time steps (smaller than 60 minutes). As the Demand pattern accuracy is in
one hour, the time step of the simulation can be set at 60 minutes or one hour.
If there is a Tank in the Network, selection of 15 minutes of time steps, meaning that
the water surface elevation will be checked and used every 15 minutes of simulation
may be sufficient. However, for relatively small Tank, a smaller time step may be
required.

165
b. Assigning Demand multiplier
To do this, Click GO at the main Program to run the Program. At the Variables Used
for simulation Window, update the Demand Calibration Coefficient to a value as
required. For example, 1.5 as in Figure V.4.
Run the program, and the demand at each Node will be the Average demand
multiplied by the demand coefficient (given by the demand pattern) and multiplied by
1.50. Table V.1 and Figure V.7 are provided to clarify this.

Figure V.7. Demand based on Pattern and after multiplication (calculated demand)

Tabel V.1. Demand based on Pattern and Calculated demand (after multiplied by
demand multiplication)
Demand Average Demand Calculated
Demand
Time Coefficient Demand Based on Demand
Multiplier
(pattern) l/s Pattern l/s

1 0.2 49 9.8 1.5 14.7

2 0.3 49 14.7 1.5 22.05
3 0.4 49 19.6 1.5 29.4
4 0.6 49 29.4 1.5 44.1
5 0.9 49 44.1 1.5 66.15
6 1.2 49 58.8 1.5 88.2
7 1.4 49 68.6 1.5 102.9
8 1.2 49 58.8 1.5 88.2
9 1.1 49 53.9 1.5 80.85
10 1.2 49 58.8 1.5 88.2
11 1.1 49 53.9 1.5 80.85
12 1.1 49 53.9 1.5 80.85
13 1.2 49 58.8 1.5 88.2
14 1.3 49 63.7 1.5 95.55
15 1.3 49 63.7 1.5 95.55
16 1.4 49 68.6 1.5 102.9
17 1.5 49 73.5 1.5 110.25
18 1.6 49 78.4 1.5 117.6
19 1.5 49 73.5 1.5 110.25
20 1.3 49 63.7 1.5 95.55
21 1 49 49 1.5 73.5
22 0.6 49 29.4 1.5 44.1
23 0.4 49 19.6 1.5 29.4
24 0.2 49 9.8 1.5 14.7

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c. Setting the initial condition
Running in Extended Period mode requires an initial condition of the Tank(s) when
available. When first run, the initial condition of the Tank is as defined by the user
when inputting the data at the Tank. WaterNet can be run for maximum 48 hours,
however it store the final water level at the Tank(s) for further simulation if required.
Therefore, WaterNet can be run for as many hours as the user want by using the final
water level at the Tank as the initial condition. In some other cases user may prefer to
use the initial condition of the Tank as defined by the user. There are options that can
be selected to run WaterNet as desirable.
Click on the Menu Option >> Analysis and the Analysis Window will open as given
in Figure V.8.

Figure V.8. Analysis Window

In the Analysis Window there are a number of controls to run the WaterNet but focuse
will be given on the initial condition of the Tank. Therefore, select the Use the
defined tank initial condition at the start when the user would like to always use
the Tank initial water level whenever the program is run, or select the Suppressed
tank initial condition using last simulation result (extended type only).

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 d. Computation time during Extended Period
The computational time required to run WaterNet varies due to a number of factors
namely computer specification (speed), number of pipes involved, Complexity of the
Network (pump, valve, Tanks may add to complication of the Network), and time
steps. When dealing with very complex Network, run the Network in Single-Period
mode first. Additional run at different selected time and demand multiplier are also
suggested to make sure that the Network is running well. When everything is
satisfactory, the extended period mode simulation can be run. A very complex pipe
Network may take more than 2 minutes in Extended Period mode to run using fairly
good computer. On the other hand, a simple pipe Network with 100 pipes can be
solved within less than 2 seconds in Extended Period mode.

2. Evaluation of Results
1. Running Report
Report that is provided after the completion of the run is the first report about the
computation. The report indicates whether the run is completed successfully (indicated by
green circle), hydraulically computable but unrealistic due to relative pressures below
zero, and computational errors.
a. Successful run
When the circle is colored green as in Figure V.9. the Network has been computed
and the relative pressures at all Nodes are positive. Sometime a laminar flow may
happen but still there is no hydraulic problem where water can be delivered to the
Nodes (although probably with very low relative pressure as long as it is more than
zero). Therefore, checking the Network for the following reasons is important.
1. Are all Nodes have the correct elevation and demands?
2. Are all pipes have the correct diameters?
3. Are the relative Pressures at all Nodes (with demands) higher than specified?
4. Can the Network be optimized (Is it possible to have smaller diameter and smaller
number of pipes, lower pump capacity in term of Q-H curve, smaller size and
lower Tanks, and still get acceptable result?)
5. Has the Network been run in Extended Period simulation and still perform well?
6. Are the Link Importance of the pipes acceptable?

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 Figure V.9. Successful running indicated by green circle on the top right of Report
Window

b. Relative Pressure Negative

When the circle is colored Yellow, it means there may be some problem with the
Network such as the relative pressure in a number of Nodes are below zero, although
the hydraulic calculation is successful. These Nodes are shown in the Report Window
only if the simulation is conducted in Single Period or Constant Demand mode. Click
the relevant Drop-Down box in the Report Window to observe the Nodes with
negative Relative Pressure.

Figure V.10. Yellow circle in the Report Window signifies that there is (are) Node(s)
with negative relative pressure head

169
 In Extended Period mode the negative relative pressure may happen only in certain
times of the simulation for example during high or peak demand (Figure V.10).
Whenever the circle is yellow, further evaluation is required. Which Nodes have
negative relative pressures, at What time/ and why. These questions lead to another
step of evaluation of the Network performance.
Reasons for pressure below zero includes:
1. Reservoir elevation has not been assigned correctly
User may have forgotten to set up the Reservoir elevation. Reservoir elevation
has to be set up by editing the Reservoir. Editing the elevation of the Node where
the Reservoir is located will not change the Reservoir elevation.
2. Pipe diameter too small
Too small pipe produces high head loss due to friction. Enlarge the pipe or pipes
that is too small. For a better view of the Network performance related to head
loss use the Path and evaluate the Absolute Pressure along the Paths.
3. Pipe too long
The problem is similar to point 2 above. Correct the Network similar to Point 2.
4. Node elevation higher than the reservoir and no pump is installed
If the Nodes elevation are correct, install a pump.
5. Demand at Nodes too large
If the demands are correct, use larger pipe diameter to the Nodes that have
negative Relative Pressures.
6. Nodes elevation have not been set up correctly
Set up the Nodes elevation correctly
7. Unconnected Nodes to the Network
Find the unconnected Nodes and connect them to the Network

c. Pipe(s) not connected Report

Running is stopped when WaterNet finds one or more pipes are not connected to the
Network. This problem happens when user draw a pipe starting from the middle of the
other pipe and assuming that the pipe to be drawn will automatically be connected to
the other pipe. A new Pipe to be drawn should starts from a point near or at an
existing Node. In this case the starting Node of the new Pipe will automatically be
connected to the nearest Node. Also, A node may be connected to a maximum of 5
pipes.
Figure V.11 shows messages to the user that one or more pipes are not connected
and options to continue the program. WaterNet provides an option to continue running
but the Nodes of the unconnected pipes are regarded as having zero demand. After
running completed, find the unconnected pipes (Nodes) and fixed it.

170
 (a)

(b)

(c)

Figure V.11. Report shows that running is stop due to unconnected pipes. (a)
information about the unconnected Node (b) Option either to continue with
unconnected Nodes demand equal to zero and (c) When the option is accepted and
the run continue

171
d. Laminar Flow Report
A laminar flow can be caused by the flow discharge is too small. A very small
discharge and hence velocity may happen during the lowest demand time. It may also
happen if there are a number of pipes that provide the same node of small demand.
Laminar flow is acceptable in certain cases such as when the demand is extremely
small during certain time but it may not always be the case. Sometime such
information is useful to remind the user that certain pipe may be too large and need
revision. Figure V.12 shows a typical Report message.
If the laminar flow happens during the Single Period mode, User has to observe the
reason. It is most probable that the diameter of some pipes may have been too large.
Further observation and revision of the pipes are important to be conducted.

Figure V.12 Report Window shows that the flow in pipe #11 is laminar

172
 e. Computational error (unresolved)
In certain cases, WaterNet cannot resolve the problem due to the following reasons:
1. very complex problem involving pump curve with high accuracy requirement,
Pump curves sometime are very close to horizontal near the maximum head. In
this case a small change of head resulted in significant amount of flow discharge.
Therefore, make sure that there is some recognizable slope of pump curve near
the maximum head or the Shut off Head.
Other than that, a Multi-Point curve pump may sometime end with a high flow
(maximum) at a head higher than zero. If the Network is run and the pump
requires to produce discharge higher than the maximum flow as assigned for the
pump, the program will stop or generate error message.
2. unrealistic hydraulic conditions (such as insufficient pump capacity, pumps set in
series or parallel but, the pumps have significantly different capacities),
When the required flow is higher than the pump can produce or the required head
of the flow is higher than the pump can produce then, the program will stop,
produces message and generates error. Revise the pump capacity.
3. Tank empty
A tank can be emptied during the simulation. When the discharge is significantly
larger than the input from then inlet, the water in the Tank will be reduced and
finally empty. The program will stop and generate a message about which tank is
empty and at what time the Tank is empty. If the initial condition as defined by the
user in the Tank Window is applied, the time when the Tank is empty may be
relevant with the peak demand indicated by the Demand Pattern.
4. active check valve that stops the flow,
Flow through check valve is allowed only when the flow is in accordance with the
direction of the check valve. Otherwise, the check valve is closed. User has to
evaluate why such flow (back flow) can happen and then revise the Network.
Other than that, it is possible that the check valve is installed upside down (the
upstream should be swap to the downstream).
Please note that even if a check valve is shut off, the program may still run. This
is because the demand at the Nodes is supplied by (an)other pipe(s). If this
happen the program will continue running and the problem is solved.
5. pipe flow more than that limited by Flow Control Valve
Flow control valve (FCV) limits the flow through a pipe. If the requirement is more
than the limited flow, the program stops and produce a message. Adjust the
limitation or the demand at the Nodes that are relevant to the FCV.

2. Evaluation results at the Nodes

There are a number of important parameters that need to be observed or evaluated at the
Nodes namely Relative Pressure at all time of simulations, Water Discharge at all time
(when the Node is pressure defined), Water Quality and Source of Water if the simulation
include Water quality analysis. It is also important to observe the Absolute Pressures at
the Nodes and compare it with the other Nodes in the same pipe to see the drop or the
head loss along the Pipe.

173
There are 7 methods to evaluate the Relative and Absolute Pressures at the Nodes
namely
1. By using Gauging
2. By showing the Relative and the Absolute Pressure of the Node near the Node at the
Network
3. Observing the Relative and Absolute Pressure in the Node Window
4. By graphic presentation
5. By printing the Report and read the Report
6. By using color scale
7. In Extended Period mode, user can also present the Relative and Absolute Pressures
at Node at each time (1 to 48 hours) automatically (change approximately every 0.5
seconds) or manually

a. Using Gauging
Click the gauging tool on the tool bar. Select the parameter to be gauged. In this case
Relative pressure. Bring the cursor near the Node to be gauge.

174
175
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