SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

Mother Countries:

[ Southeast Asia ]

Diverse cultures 2 parts: mainland (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Malaysia) Islands: Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines Strategic importance: trade routes for seaborne trade Important product: Spices

[ Before the Europeans ]

People have their own cultures- Bang Chiang, Thailand- even before Indians and Chinese Isolated ethnic groups Societies are based on the nuclear families Women have equality- Matrilineal decent

[ Effect of India ]
India influenced this area through trade- religion, trade, writing, law, government, art, architecture, and farming Brought about by Indian Merchants and Hindu priest then Buddhist monks Traders began to settle and live in SEA- began to have power Took Islam to SEA

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Southeast Asian Kingdom ]
Kingdom of Pagan- Myanmar by King Anawrata - Buddhist Center - Fell after his death

Khmer Kingdom- Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia - Adopted Indian writing, mathematics, architecture and art plus Hinduism Angkor Wat- Suryavarman II - Most prized piece of achitecture Srivijaya- Indonesia - Controlled Malacca - Hinduism and Buddhism but later Islam which helped them in trading Annam- Vietnam - Fertile rice fields, Women had power - Confusian and Chinese Ideals - Trung sisters - Despite the Chinese influences, the Vietnamese still retained their separate identity. - Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, two noble sisters, led an uprising that drove off Chinese occupiers from the land. They tried to restore simpler form of government based on ancient Vietnamese traditions. They are remembered as great martyrs and heroes. - The tang dynasty collapsed and so Vietnam was able to break free China. - Vietnam turned back repeated Chinese efforts to conquer their land but remained a tributary state of China.

[ Then The Europeans Came ]

Afonso de Albuquerque (Portuguese) landed in Malacca- the first European foothold in Asia Built a trading Empire- for most of the 1500s- they controlled the spice trade trading outpost They do not have strength and resources to conquer lands- they have stronger enemies Resentment for they don t have religious tolerance

[ Dutch challenged the Portuguese ]

Netherlands- center of handicrafts and Trade 1599- Dutch fleet returned to Amsterdam They used their sea power to set up colonies like in Cape Town South Africa 1602- Dutch East India Company- helped capture Malacca from the Portuguese Rise to power by England and France resulted in its decline 2

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Mughal Empire ]
1526- Babur established the empire European became interested in India Produced spices, known for textile manufacturing and handicrafts European took interest because it was rich and powerful- they built trading forts in the empire

[ The Mughal Decline ]

Akbars s successors ended the religious toleration resulting to a civil war War drained the empire s resources Peasant rebellion and corruption British and French took advantage of this civil war

[ Brits versus the French in India ]

Played off the rival princes of India Made alliances with local rulers Organized sepoys Mid 1700s- seven years war erupted between the 2 countries- fighting spread across their territories in Asia and Americas Robert Clive- used an army of English and sepoys to drive away the French

[ Europeans and the Chinese ]

1590- Chinese are cleverly making devices out of gold, silver and other metals Are the Chinese are Sinocentric Chinese call their kingdom, Chung kuo meaning middle kingdom Ming dynasty- there is no country on this or other sides of the seas which do not submit to us

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Strict policies of the Chinese trading ]
1514- Portuguese reached China. Foreigners have very little to offer China Portuguese was allowed to have a trading post in Macao (Canton)- Gold or silver in payment Dutch, English and other Europeans followed with very strict policies Few Europeans adopted to Chinese Culture

[ Matteo Ricci ] A Jesuit Priest

[ Manchu rule in China ]

1644- Manchu from north of China defeated the Ming and established a new dynasty To preserve identity- intermarriage was not allowed, some Chinese practices were forbidden. Used the Confucian system of government 2 emperors: Kangxi and Qianlong Under this two emperors, peace and prosperity reigned across China

[ Manchus and the westerners ]

Policy of restriction for foreigners 1793- Lord Macartney- British diplomatic Mission- brought gifts to the emperor. Did not kowtow, Letter to George III- trading request got denied

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Lord macartney in the Manchu Court ]

Kowtow symbol of respect for kings

[ Korea, the hermit kingdom ]

Like China, restricted trade in the 1500s to 1600s Traded with Japan and the Mediterranean through the Arabs Choson Dynasty- Confucianism- low status of traders 1690- Invasion by Japan 1636- Manchus invaded Korea This led them to Isolate themselves except Chinese and a few Japanese

[ Japan and foreign traders ]

Unlike Chinese and Koreans, they accepted traders in their country Daimyos are struggling for power- acquired western firearms and built castles Also, much more open to Christianity- Francis Xavier Tokugawa shoguns- grew weary of the foreigners- because of what happened in the Philippinesalso with the competing missionaries 1638- Barred all western merchants and forbid travel Outlawed ship making- end of foreign trade To keep updated- 1 or 2 Dutch ships in Nagasaki per year They closed Japan for 200 years- internal trade bloomed 1853- Japan was opened by the Americans

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Europeans reach Americas ]
1519- Spanish reached Tenochtitlan- amazed by the size and splendor- New capital_ Mexico City 1492- Christopher Columbus- West Indies (Caribbean)- Taino People Conquistador- Hispaniola- forced the Tainos to convert to Christianity Europeans carried with them diseases- resulting to the population of native Americans being wiped out

[ Conquistadores- Aztec Empire ]

1519- Hernan Cortes, Mexico- helped by Malinche- many were discontented with the Aztec rule resulting to alliegiance Moctezuma thought that Cortes was Quetzacoatl- sent gifts- entered the capital Tenochtitlan fell when the Spanish waged war and drove away the Aztecs- and established Mexico City. Moctezuma died in the encounter

Malinche translator of Cortes so Cortes can talk to the Aztecs

[ Inca Empire ]
1532- Francisco Pizarro- Peru- met with Atahualpa(just won the war between his brother) With help from some Indian Allies- he captured the leader and asked for some ransom. The Incas paid but the Spanish killed Atahualpa After Peru they surged forward to Ecuador and Chile.

[ How did they win? ]

Superior military technology Division and discontent Diseases End of the world

[ Changes under the Spanish rule ]

1500- Spain has an empire from California to South America, which was divided to 5 provinces Set up a council of Indies, Viceroys, and audiencias The Church has a role in the colonization- to convert souls to Christianity- also served a royal officials Spain controlled the trade Colonist could only supply raw materials to Spain and could only buy goods from Spain 6

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

Could not trade with other nations except for Spain Silver, gold and Sugar Encomienda System

[ Bartolome de las Casas ]

Condemned the evils of the Spanish rule Pleaded to the king to end the abuses New laws of the Indies- which did not work

[ Labor Shortage ]
Solution: Bring laborers from Africa Because they were immune to tropical diseases. Plus they have skills to work Resulted in a brutal slave trade in Africa

[ Spanish culture in the colonies ]

Social structure- Peninsulares, Creoles, Meztizos, Mulattoes Established cities- center of government, culture , plazas, churches Education- they built universities to fill the need for educated priest. For women there were convents Cultural blending

[ Portuguese in Brazil ]
By the treaty of Tordesillas- Brazil was Portuguese land Economy- no instant gold and silver- brazilwood (dyes)- agriculture cattle raising Culture- blended Native American, European, and African

[ Challenging Spain s power ]

1500s- Spain was the most powerful country in the world- other Europeans resented this. Smugglers, piracy, privateers

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Europeans in North America ]

1600s- France, Netherlands, England and Sweden joined Spain and started conquering parts of North America. At first they were disappointed for its does not hold vast riches or has no passage way to Asia. Eventually, they had profits with tobacco, fishing, and trading fur 1700s- France and England- have their own colonies in North America

[ New France in North America ]

1500s- French are going to Newfoundland, Canada to fish for cod Because of the war back home, they did not pay much attention to New France 1608- Samuel de Champlain- built the first French settlement in Quebec, Canada. Then came the Jesuits

[ Slow Life in New France ]

With the help of Native American aliies- the French traveled inland to claim large amounts of lands. Quebec to the great lakes and down the Mississippi to Louisiana and the gulf of Mexico Population growth was slow. They have lands long the St. Lawrence River, but Climate was not very good for agriculture. Fur trapping, trading and fishing 8

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

Late 1600s, Louis XIV wanted to strengthen the royal power and boost revenue (taxes) Sent officials to oversee justice and economic activities Also sent more settlers to Newfoundland But prohibited Protestants to settle in new France

[ 13 colonies of The British ]

[ Start of the 13 colonies ]

1607- first permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia Many settlers died of starvation and disease. Rest were helped by the native Americans. Grow and export tobacco- introduced by the Indians 1620- the Pilgrims (Puritans), Plymouth Massachusetts- seeking religious freedom Before coming ashore, they signed the Mayflower Compact (guidelines for governing) Many died in the first years- Indians taught them to plant corn

Pocahonts, J.Smith,

SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

The Mayflower

The Mayflower Contract rules for peace and order

Thanksgiving

[ Life in the colony ]

Some colonies were commercial ventures- Virginia and New York Some were haven for persecuted religious groups- Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland They planted for their living- some Africans were brought in to be slaves Government- the English crown appointed royal governors to oversee the affairs. They also regulated colonial trade English colonist enjoyed a large degree of self- government Each colony had its own representative assembly elected by propertied men- Advised the royal governor

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SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Competing for power ]
1600s- Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands were competing for colonies and trade. 1664- English seized Dutch colony and renamed in New York Also in the Caribbean region- Haiti (France) Jamaica and Barbados (England) 1700s- England and France were rivals- N. America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

[ Effect on Native Americans ]

War and disease- natives resisted invasion Legacy- Native Indians + Europeans culture Example: grow corn, beans, squash, and tomatoes. Thanks giving foods like turkey and pumpkin pie reflect Indian foods

[ European Outposts in Africa ]

1400s- Portuguese explored the west coast of Africa to go to India. Built small forts to trade, replenish resources, and repair ships Portuguese lacked power to push the African interior. But they did attack East African rich coastal cities. They expelled Arabs and took the trading routes Other Europeans followed. They traded weapons, tools, and cloth for gold, ivory, hides and slaves

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SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ The Atlantic Slave trade ]
1500s- slaves are important trade items for Africa Slaves existed in other cultures- enslaved the defeated foes To fill the need of the Spanish Empire- went on for the next 300 years (to work on plantations of tobacco and sugar) Europeans seldom went interior to capture slaves

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SOCSTUD Session 2: Age Of Colonization

[ Triangular Trade ]
First leg- merchants brought goods to trade in Africa Second leg (middle passage)- slaves were transported to the West Indies. Exchange for products (ex. Sugar & molasses) -worst for the slaves. Conditions were not good, most of them died Final leg- products are shipped to Europe

[ African Leaders Resist ]

Affonso I- kingdom of Kongo in west- central Africa Tutored by Portuguese Missionaries Grew alarmed by of the depopulation of Kongo

[ Impact ]
2000 slaves (1500s) to 80000 slaves a year (1780s) 1800s- Slavery stopped Decline of the African states and rise of others The decline in population resulted in the disappearing of some small states There arose New African States that are dependent of the slave trade- Wars

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