IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY Mid 20th Century Production largely organized within countries. Raw materials, food stuff and finished products crossed countries.
TRADE – was the main channel to connect
distant boundaries MNCs = Multinational Corporations emerged then. They are the companies that own or control production in more than one nation. Name of some MNCs • Apple:Started by Steve Jobs and his friends in 1976. American MNC. • Coco-Cola: Established in the year 1886 by Asa Briggs Candler. Thump up, Fanta, Mazza are few beverages brought out by this famouse company in India. • Nestle: Switzerland based food company that introduced in India in the year 1912. Some of its selling products are Nescafe, maggie, Nestle Milk, Kitkat, Barone, Milky Bar etc. Multinational Corporations It Setup offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. This helps in greater profits to the company as cost of production is low. Their goods and services are produced globally Result = production is organized in increasingly complex ways. Production is divided in small parts across the globe to gain advantage for their closeness to the markets of every country and can be easily produced there. INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES MNCs Setup production offices and factories on the basis of the availability of skilled and unskilled labour at cheap prices. They look at the government policies for their interests. Foreign Investment The money that is spent on to buy assets such as: Land, Building, Machines and other equipments made in the hope of earning profits by MNCs is called FOREIGN INVESTMENTS. Any investment is made with the hope that these assets will earn profits. MNC with the local companies • MNCs set up production with the some of local companies of these countries. Advantages to local companies Joint production is 2 fold 1. MNCs can provide additional investments like, buying new machines for faster production 2. MNCs might bring them the latest technology
MNCs investments is to buy up local companies
and then expand production. Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers like garments, footwears etc. The products are supplied to the MNCs, which then sell these under their own brand names to the customers. The MNCs have tremendous powerto determine • price • Quality • Delivery and • Labour condition for these distant production. Interacting of MNCs and Local producers
By setting up partnerships with local companies,
By using the local companies for supplies, By closely competing with local companions or buying them up.
MNCs are exerting a strong influence on
production at there distant locations. As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked. FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKETS For a long time foreign trade has been the main channel connecting countries. Impact Foreign Trade Producer:- This creates the opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets i.e. markets of their own country. Producers can then sell their goods not only within their country but also around the globe. Consumer:- Import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced. Market:- Competition increases among local and foreign companies.
FOREIGN TRADE THUS RESULT IN CONNECTING THE
MARKETS OR INTEGRATION OF MARKETS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Competition increases
Made in India Made in China
more costly cheaper rate Old design New design and attractive What is Globalization? Globalization “Globalization is the process of integration or inter-connection between countries.” MNCs are playing role in the globalization process. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries. Not only that, movement of human being from one country to another also increases, Most region of the world is in closer contact with each other than a few decade back. Factor responsible for Globalization 1. Technology 2. Development in telecommunication,computer, internet etc. Technology: Rapid improvement in technology has been one of the major factors that has stimulated the globalization process. In the last 50 years, the world has witnessed a major improvement in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distance at lower cost. Development in telecommunications, computers, internet etc. These has given a big boost to the process of globalization. Because of the modern facilities, it is very easy to access information instantly, and to communicate form remote areas. . Liberalization and Foreign trade and investment Liberalization-The liberalization of trade means allowing foreign companies to start their business as government restrictions are removed. Trade Barier-some restriction on foreign goods like tax on imports. Government can use trade barriers to increase or decrease foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country. The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign investment This was considered necessary to protect the producer within the country from foreign competition. In 1991, the government decided that time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe. It felt that competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they would have to improve their quality. Barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. Removing of these restrictions/ barriers set by the government was termed as liberalization. World Trade Organization WTO or the World Trade Organization is an organization which deals with the rules of trade among the nations. WTO is one such organization whose aim is to liberalize international trade. Though WTO is supposed to allow a free trade to all, in practice, it is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove the trade barriers. Impact of Globalization in India 1. Consumer: Globalization and greater competition among producers has been advantage to consumers. Consumers now enjoy improved quality with low prices for several products. As a result, these people enjoy higher standard of living than was possible realier. 2. Producer: a. Foreign Investment in India: b. New Technology and production methods. c. Rise of Indian multinational co-operation. d. Loss to small producers e. employment opportunities Steps of fair globalization.
Proper implementation of labour laws.
• Financial support to small producers • Negotiation with WTO Bibliography • Content-NCERT Textbook • Image- Google Image Thank you