11/27/2016

Routing & Switching

RS-09

Tutor: Syed Zain

IGP Routing
• Topics:
– Routing map.
– Prefix lists.
– Administrative distance.
– Route redistribution.
– Route summarization.
– Default routes.
– Troubleshooting complex layer 3 issues.

• Reading:
– Text Book Chapter 9.
• CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide (4th Edition) by Wendell Odom, Rus Healy and Denise Donohue, Cisco Press; 4th Edition (December
18, 2009). ISBN-10: 1587059800

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Routing Map

Programming Logic
• Route maps provide programming logic like
IF/THEN/ELSE logics.

• A single route map can have one or many route-map

commands.

• Routers process these commands in sequential order.

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Route map
• Each route map command can have:
– Configured names.
– Action (permit/deny).
– Unique sequence number.
– Router processes routes from current routing table for
route map redistribution.
– Once a particular route is matched by route map, it does
not process beyond that.
– When a route is matched with route map, its redistribution
is either permitted or denied.

Route map logic

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Route map command options

Prefix Lists

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IP Prefix Lists
• Provides mechanism to match two components of an
IP route:
– The route prefix (the subnet number). 10.0.0.0
– The prefix length (the subnet mask). 255.0.0.0
• The route map can refer to a prefix list by using the
match command.
• Similar to route map:
– Contains one or more statements with sequence number.
– Each statement has a permit or deny action.
– But is used only for matching packets to match a route.

Administrative distance

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Administrative distance
• A single router can learn routes using multiple IP
routing protocols, as well as static routes.
• When a router learns a particular route from
multiple sources, router cannot use metrics to
determine the best route.

• Hence router uses each route’s administrative

distance (AD) to determine best route.
• The lower number is better.

Administrative distance

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Route redistribution

Route redistribution
• Using a single routing protocol in an enterprise is
preferred.
• Many enterprises still use multiple routing protocols
due to business merges, acquisitions, technical
reasons.

• Route redistribution allows one or more routers to

take routes learned via one routing protocol and
advertise those routes via another routing protocol.

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How it works
• One or more routers run both routing protocols.
• So each protocol can place routes into that router’s
routing table.
• The redistribute command tells one routing protocol
to take routes from another routing protocol.
• Example:
router rip
redistribute eigrp 1
redistribute ospf 1

Route summarization

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Route summarization
• Supernetting.
• Route summarization creates a single route whose
numeric range (prefix/prefix length) is larger than
one or more smaller components routes.
• Example:
10.1.0.16/16 is a summary route that includes
component subnets 10.1.1.0/24, 10.1.4.132/30,
and all range 10.1.0.0 to 10.1.255.255

Route summarization
• Router does not advertise component subnets.
• Summary routes reduce the size of routing table.
• Summary routes decrease the amount of specific
information in routing table.
• 0.0.0.0/0 is the largest possible route summary.
• Example:
Ip summary-address eigrp as-number network-address subnet-mark administrative-distance

ip summary-address eigrp 1 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 5

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Default routes

Default routes
• Routers forward packets using a default route when
there are no specific routes to match a packet’s
destination IP address in the IP routing table.

• Default routes act as a routing gateway of last

resort.

• Example:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2

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Troubleshooting complex Layer 3

issues

Layer 3 troubleshooting
• Cannot use Climb-the-stack approach.
• Use divide-and-conquer approach, you start in the
middle of stack (the layer 3).

• Some of the possibilities could be:

– Mismatched subnet masks within a subnet.
– TTL too short.
– Overloaded link can result packet loss.
– QoS configuration can cause packet loss.

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Layer 3 troubleshooting
• Routing configuration problems:
– Incorrect redistribution configuration.
– Protocols not advertising routes.
– Protocols not redistributing routes.
– Incorrect summarizations.
– Administrative distance manipulation.
– Incorrect NAT configuration.
– Policy-based routing issues.
– Mismatched timer setting, bandwidth setting.

Troubleshooting commands
• IP routing processes:
show ip protocols
show ip interface (show ip interface fa 0/0)
show ip nat translations
show ip access-list
show ip interface brief
show logging
show policy-map
traceroute (tracert)
ping
show route-map
debug ip routing

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Troubleshooting commands

Troubleshooting commands

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