Department of Electrical Engineering

Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus,

Faisalabad, Pakistan
Program: B.Sc. Electrical engineering & Technology Semester: 6th
Subject: ETL-319 Industrial Electronics Date: …………….

Experiment # 1: Explain the working and operation of ramp and staircase

generator.

Objectives
We will learn followings…
 Understanding the operation of PUT application circuits.
 Constructing and measuring the PUT ramp generator.
 Constructing and measuring the PUT staircase generator.
 Understanding the principle of phase control.
 Understanding the operation of RC phase control circuit.
 Studying the application of UJT relaxation oscillator in SCR phase
control.

Name: ……………………………

Rubrics

Performance Lab Report

Total Marks Total Marks
Description Description
Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Experiment
related 10 Organization/Structure
Knowledge 10
Data analysis 10
Data Presentation 10
Individual &
Team behavior 10
Total Marks obtained

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

 Study the working and operation of Ramp and Staircase Generator
Objectives
We will learn followings…
 Understanding the operation of PUT application circuits.
 Constructing and measuring the PUT ramp generator.
 Constructing and measuring the PUT staircase generator.

Apparatus:
1 – Power Supply Unit IT-9000
1 – Module IT-9001
1 – Oscilloscope
Theory:
Discussion
PUTs are widely used in industrial electronic circuits as triggering devices for thyristor since the
features of easy to oscillate and good frequency stability. Some most popular circuits of application are
introduced as follows.

Wide-Range Oscillator Circuit

Fig. 1-1 shows the PUT relaxation oscillator with two frequency ranges. The transistor Q2 is used to yield a
low IP and high IV of the PUT as discussed in Fig. 1-4. The gate resistor R G may be as large as 22K
(33K//68K) because Q2 is added. The charging resistor R T can vary from 100 to 2M. When the switch is
set to Low position, the frequency range is from 1Hz to 2.2 KHz. If the switch is at High position, the
frequencies between 1Hz and 20 KHz are thus obtained.

Fig. 1-1 Two-range PUT relaxation oscillator

Voltage-Controlled Ramp Generator
Fig. 1-2 shows a voltage-controlled ramp generator circuit. The charging current is provided by the
constant-current source to obtain a ramp voltage with excellent linearity. The input dc control voltage
controls the gate voltage VG so that determines the period of oscillation with a rate of 0.2ms/V. The
period of oscillation is 1ms at Vin = 5V
 Fig. 1-2 Voltage-controlled ramp generator

Low-Impedance Staircase Generator

The staircase generator with low-impedance output is shown in Fig. 1-3 the Darlington-pair transistors
Q4 and Q5 having very high input impedance and very low output impedance are used to reduce the
load effect. When the first positive pulse is applied to the input of Q1, Q1 and Q2 conduct and charge
the capacitor with a constant current. If the input pulse is absent both Q1 and Q2 are off so that the
capacitor ceases to charge. The capacitor voltage will remain at a fixed level that charged in the
duration of the first pulse. This voltage level appears at the output as indicated in Fig. 1-3. If a pulse
train is applied to the input in sequence, the output voltage will be increased in the same level, step by
step. Until the capacitor voltage reaches V P, the PUT switches on and a complete cycle is ending.
Notice that the output voltage of each step is equal to the capacitor voltage minus 1.2V.
Fig. 1-3 Low output impedance staircase generator Frequency Divider

Fig. 1-4 shows the frequency divider circuit. The operation of this circuit is similar to the circuit of Fig. 1-3
except that the pulse output of the frequency divider is taken from the cathode of the PUT. By applying the
positive pulses to the input, capacitor C 2 charges up until the capacitor voltage reaches VP so that the
PUT conducts and an output pulse presents at the cathode resistor. The ratio of the number of input pulses
to the number of output pulse is called the frequency divided ratio. The ratio of f in/fout depends upon by the
ratio of C1 to C2 and the magnitude of the gate voltage VG.

Fig. 1-4 Frequency divider circuit

PUT/SCR Phase Control Circuit

In Fig. 1-7, the PUT oscillator produces trigger pulse to the gate of the SCR. The operation of PUT
oscillator synchronizes with line voltage to ensure the SCR is triggered at the same voltage level in each
positive half cycle of line voltage. By adjusting the 100-K VR, phase-shift angles from 30 to 160o
may be easily achieved.
 Fig. 1-5 PUT/SCR AC power control circuit Description of Experiment Circuit

Fig. 1-5 shows the experiment circuits on Module IT-9002. The module consists of two circuits: the PUT
ramp generator on the left side, and the PUT staircase generator on the right side. PUT1 and surrounding
components form a relaxation oscillator to generate a ramp output. Transistor Q1 operates as a constant-
current source providing a constant current to charge C3. When V C>VP, PUT1 conducts and C3 discharges
rapidly. If VC<VV, PUT1 will turn off. Adjusting VR1 to vary the value of V G can change the peak voltage VP
so that changing the slope of ramp.

The PUT2 performs the function of staircase generator. The control pulse to the input of the
staircase generator is taken from the cathode of PUT1. When the positive pulse is applied to the base of
Q2, Q2 conducts and causes the constant-current source Q3 conducting and charging to C4. Since the
duty cycle of pulse is too small to provide sufficient capacitor voltage for VA>VP, the PUT is still off even
the first pulse ends. If the capacitor leakage current is negligible, the charged voltage on capacitor will
remain before the next pulse appears. After the specified number of input pulses, the voltage developed
across C4 is thus a staircase wave with a fixed level each step. When the voltage across C4 reaches the
peak voltage of PUT2, the PUT2 switches on and the capacitor discharges. The magnitude of charging
current controlled by VR2 determines the step size of the staircase wave. The height of staircase is
controlled by the magnitude of VG adjusted by VR3. Darlington-pair transistors Q4 and Q5 provide a
sufficient current for driving the next stage.

Fig 1-6
 UJT-SCR PHASE CONTROL
The basic purpose of industrial electronic controls is to regulate the transfer of energy
from a source to a load. It may be a weld control to control to control the conversion of electrical
energy to heat; it may be a motor control to control the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical
force; or it may be a safety alarm to convert electrical energy to sound. If the energy transfer is at a
constant rate, then the control may be as simple as an ON-OFF switch. Quite often it is necessary to
adjust the rate of energy transfer to control the output, such as speed of a motor, loudness of an
alarm, or brightness of a lamp.

The most convenient way to control the rate of energy transfer from an ac source is to
control the portion of each cycle that current is allowed to flow into the load. This is accomplished in
SCR and TRIAC circuits by controlling the phase angle at which the thyristor is turned on during
each cycle of the ac voltage. The technique is called phase shift control.

Basic Phase Control Circuits

There are many forms of phase control possible with the thyristor, as shown in Fig. 1-
7. The simplest form is the half-wave control of Fig. 1-1(a) which uses one SCR for control of
current flow in one direction only. This circuit is used for loads which require power control from
zero to one-half of full-wave maximum and which also permit (or require) direct current. The
addition of one rectifier diode D, Fig. 1-7(b), provides a fixed half-cycle of power which shifts the
power control range to half- power minimum and full-power maximum but with strong dc
component. The use of two SCRs, Fig. 1-8(c), controls from zero to full-power and requires isolated
gate signals, either as two control circuits or pulse-transformer coupling form a single control. Equal
triggering angles of the two SCRs produce a symmetrical output wave with no dc component.
Reversible half-wave dc output is obtained by controlling symmetry of triggering angle.

An alternate form of full-wave control is shown in Fig. 1-7(d). This circuit has the
advantage of a common cathode and gate connection for the two SCRs. While the two rectifiers
prevent reverse voltage from appearing across the SCRs, they reduce circuit efficiency by their
added power loss during conduction.
 Fig. 1-7 Basic types of AC phase control

Fig. 1-8 SCR power control with RC phase shift circuit

The most flexible circuit, Fig. 1-7(e), uses one SCR inside a bridge rectifier and may be
used for control of either ac or full-wave rectified dc. When an AC load is used, it must be connected
between ac voltage and bridge rectifier. If a DC load is desired, it should locate at the dotted block in
Fig. 1-7(e). Losses in the rectifiers, however, make this the least efficient circuit form, and
commutation is sometimes a problem.

By far the simplest method of controlling AC power is the use of the bi- directional triode
thyristor, the TRIAC, as shown in fig. 1-7(f). We will discuss the operation of this circuit in the
description of experiment circuit section.

Fig. 1-9 shows the UJT-SCR phase control circuit used in this experiment. The bridge
rectifier, D1 to D4, provides a pulsating dc form the 18V ac voltage. Zener diode ZD1 clamps the
pulsating dc voltage at 12V for the relaxation oscillator. Resistor R1 protects the zener form over-
current damage.

When no gate triggering pulse is applied to the gate of SCR, the SCR is in off state and
lamp is off. If the UJT relaxation oscillator operates, the pulses at base one will trigger the SCR to
conduction at each positive half cycle, the current thus flows through the lamp. The load power is
controlled by the conduction angle of SCR. In short, the load power is inversely proportional to the
period of triggering pulse.

Fig. 1-9
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus,
Faisalabad, Pakistan

Procedure:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus,
Faisalabad, Pakistan

Observations:

Conclusion: