Philadelphia University

Faculty Of Pharmacy
Physical Pharmacy Lab (0520225)
Ph. Amani Al-Shaer
Phase Diagram of Ternary Systems
Phase rule
• Phase rule: relationship determining the least number of independent
variables that does not depend on the volume or size of the system
(can be changed without changing the equilibrium state of the system)

• Gibes phase rule:

• F=C-P+2
• F: degree of freedom(least number of variables that should be fixed to
describe the system completely.
•
C: number of components
• P: number of phases
• In 3 components system (one phase)

F=C-P+2
3-1+2 =4
1. temperature
2. Pressure
3. Con of A
4. Con of B

* Why only con of 2 components?

100%-%con Of A-%con of B = % con of C.

* If we are working on condensed system(fixed pressure) and at room

temperature
F=2
• In 3 components system (two phases)

F=C-P+2
3-2+2 =3
• Our ternary system contains 3 liquids.

• Two with very low miscibility

• The third has complete miscibility with both(co-solvent).

• Water-ethanol-ethyl acetate system

• H2O + CH3CH2OH+CH3COOCH2CH3

• Ethyl acetate has very low miscibility with water.

• Ethanol has complete miscibility H2O and CH3COOCH2CH3 (co-

solvent)
Objective
1. Determination the solubility limits of ethanol, water, Ethyl
acetate ternary system.

2. The solubility curve will be studies on a triangular graph

paper.

3. Determining the amount of one liquid necessary to make two

immiscible liquids become miscible.
Ethyl acetate and water miscibility
• Ethyl acetate has very low miscibility with water(8.5g /100 ml
of H2O)??
Ethyl acetate contains two polar bonds
C=O, C-O
*their dipoles don’t cancel each other
so its polar solvent

BUT
it doesn’t contain H atoms sufficiently polarized to form H-bonds with
water.
• It's called polar aprotic solvent
1.Polar has dipole moment but cannot donate hydrogen
2. Intermediate polarity
3. Can accept H bonds
Ethanol
• Ethanol is polar protic solvent.
• High dielectric constant and high polarity
• Have acidic hydrogen and act as weak acids
• Donate H-bond

• Ethanol donates H-bond

• Ethyl acetate accepts H-bond
Ethanol and water
 CH3CH2OH

 Water attracts OH while CH3CH2 (non polar repelled).

 So that the solubility determined by the stronger of two forces.

 In ethanol strength of attraction of OH>>so that completely

miscible
Triangular coordinate
Rules Relating to Triangular Diagrams
• Any line drawn parallel to one side of the triangle(for example, line HI) represents
ternary system in which the proportion (or percent by weight) of one component is
constant.
• In this instance, all systems prepared along HI will contain 20% of C and varying
concentrations of A and B.
Practical part
• We have different concentrations of E.A in water(20 ml system)
• 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 75%, 90%, 95%.
• This concentrations at room temperature will form two phases.
• Titrate with 99.9% ethanol till become miscible.
• Convert volumes to weights and calculate the %weight of each
component and draw on a triangular graph paper.