energies

Article
Numerical Simulation of Combustion of Natural Gas Mixed
with Hydrogen in Gas Boilers
Yue Xin 1 , Ke Wang 1 , Yindi Zhang 1,2, *, Fanjin Zeng 1 , Xiang He 1,3, *, Shadrack Adjei Takyi 1
and Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul 4

1 School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Xinyue@yangtzeu.edu.cn (Y.X.);
Wangke@yangtzeu.edu.cn (K.W.); Zengfanjin@yangtzeu.edu.cn (F.Z.); Takyi@yangtzeu.edu.cn (S.A.T.)
2 Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, Building M-9, 1200 Montreal Road,
Ottawa, ON K1A OR6, Canada
3 Tianyuan Holding Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430062, China
4 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI),
University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada; paitoon@uregina.ca
* Correspondence: zhangyindi@yangtzeu.edu.cn (Y.Z.); Hexiang@yangtzeu.edu.cn (X.H.)






Citation: Xin, Y.; Wang, K.; Zhang, Y.;
Zeng, F.; He, X.; Takyi, S.A.;
Tontiwachwuthikul, P. Numerical
Simulation of Combustion of Natural
Gas Mixed with Hydrogen in Gas
Boilers. Energies 2021, 14, 6883.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
en14216883
Academic Editor: Vladislav
A. Sadykov
Abstract: Hydrogen mixed natural gas for combustion can improve combustion characteristics and
reduce carbon emission, which has important engineering application value. A casing swirl burner
model is adopted to numerically simulate and research the natural gas hydrogen mixing technology
for combustion in gas boilers in this paper. Under the condition of conventional air atmosphere
and constant air excess coefficient, the six working conditions for hydrogen mixing proportion into
natural gas are designed to explore the combustion characteristics and the laws of pollution emissions.
The temperature distributions, composition, and emission of combustion flue gas under various
working conditions are analyzed and compared. Further investigation is also conducted for the
variation laws of NOx and soot generation. The results show that when the boiler heating power is
constant, hydrogen mixing will increase the combustion temperature, accelerate the combustion rate,
reduce flue gas and CO2 emission, increase the generation of water vapor, and inhibit the generation
of NOx and soot. Under the premise of meeting the fuel interchangeability, it is concluded that the
optimal hydrogen mixing volume fraction of gas boilers is 24.7%.
Keywords: hydrogen-blended combustion; numerical simulation; combustion characteristics; pollu-
tant generation; flue gas analysis

Received: 21 September 2021

Accepted: 15 October 2021 1. Introduction
Published: 20 October 2021
In recent years, with the rapid development in economy and society, the world’s
energy demand is increasing, and the energy structure is changing. According to the
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
BP 2020 [1], the overall growth of primary energy consumption has slowed down, but
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
renewable energy consumption has increased significantly. In addition to that, the develop-
published maps and institutional affil-
ment of the natural gas industry has also increased steadily. Natural gas will account for
iations.
18% of China’s primary energy consumption by 2050 [2]. As important renewable energy,
hydrogen energy is being jointly promoted by the global trend of clean and low-carbon
energy and the progress of the hydrogen energy technology. Due to the large-scale use
of hydrogen energy, global CO2 emission will be reduced by 20% by 2050 [3]. At present,
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
the development and construction of the natural gas pipeline network have experienced a
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
maturity, and it is feasible to mix hydrogen in it for utilization, and the energy storage is
This article is an open access article
huge. Melaina [4] indicated that risk increases slightly when 50% hydrogen is mixed in the
distributed under the terms and
gas transmission pipeline but increases significantly when the gas is mixed with more than
conditions of the Creative Commons
50% hydrogen. Polman [5] et al. analyzed the risk of hydrogen mixing in pipelines and
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
found that under the premise of effective supervision, there is no risk of explosion when
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
the volume fraction of hydrogen mixed in gas pipelines is less than 25%. Melaina [4] et al.

Energies 2021, 14, 6883. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216883 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

 Energies 2021, 14, 6883 2 of 15

proposed through research that when hydrogen is mixed with a relatively low concentra-
tion (5–30% by volume) into the existing natural gas pipeline network, it will not greatly
increase the risk of mixed gas utilization in the end-user equipment. Hu [6] et al. studied
the laminar combustion speed of hydrogen mixed low-calorific value gas and showed that
increasing the mixing ratio of hydrogen will accelerate the combustion speed of laminar
flames and increase flame instability. Leng Xianyin [7] et al. studied the effect of hydrogen
mixing in a precombustion chamber high-power medium speed natural gas engine on
combustion and emission and concluded that a 10% hydrogen mixing ratio is the most
suitable for engines. Zhao Rui [8] studied the effect of mixing hydrogen into marine natural
gas engine fuel on combustion characteristics and emissions and found that hydrogen
mixing can significantly reduce CO emissions but has a limited impact on NOx emissions.
Wang Jinhua [9] et al. found that hydrogen mixing accelerates the chemical reaction rate of
combustion and reduces the content of unburned hydrocarbons in methane through the
methane–hydrogen–air laminar flame rate experiment.
Presently, the research on hydrogen-mixed combustion mainly targets engines. Re-
lated research has reached preliminary conclusions on some issues, such as hydrogen-mixed
combustion will increase the flame combustion rate and reduce CO and CO2 emissions.
The research on the influence of hydrogen-mixed combustion on NOx emissions has not
yet reached a unified conclusion, and the mechanism of hydrogen-mixed combustion on
soot emissions needs to be further studied. In this work, the casing swirl burner model
is adopted, and the numerical simulation of natural gas hydrogen mixing combustion
under a boiler working condition is designed. The mechanism of hydrogen doping on
combustion characteristics and the formation and distribution of pollutants are analyzed.

2. Numerical Simulation
2.1. Establishment of Model
The research model adopts the casing swirl burner commonly used in gas boilers in
the literature [10]. The inner diameter of the fuel and the oxidizer pipes are 16 and 30 mm,
respectively, and the total length of the fuel nozzle is 160 mm. The simplified model section
diagrams are shown in Figure 1. The ANSYS 14.0 was used for numerical calculation in
this paper. The grid is divided into a structured network to ensure the quality of the grid.
The grid is set from dense to sparse outward from the entrance and axis to ensure accuracy
and simplify calculations. A grid with 42,200 grid cells, 84,985 grid faces, and 42,786 nodes
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3
is selected for simulation, as shown in Figure 2, and the details of fuel inlet encryption are
shown in Figure 3. The grid quality is well checked and verified by grid independence,
which meets the calculation accuracy requirements.

Figure1.1.Diagram
Figure Diagram profile
profile of simplified
of simplified model model ofswirl
of casing casing swirl burner.
burner.
Energies 2021, 14, 6883 3 of 15

Figure 1. Diagram profile of simplified model of casing swirl burner.

Figure 1. Diagram profile of simplified model of casing swirl burner.

Figure
Figure2. Gridding graph.
2. Gridding graph.
Figure 2. Gridding graph.

Figure 3. Details of the grid at the nozzle.

Figure
Figure 3. Details
3. Details of theof theatgrid
grid at the
nozzle.
the nozzle.

2.2.
2.2.Numerical
NumericalSolution Method
Solution SettingsSettings
Method
2.2. Numerical Solution Method Settings
In this model, the standard k-epsilon turbulence model is used to simulate the turbulent
InIn this
this model,
model, the standard
thethestandard k-epsilon
k-epsilon turbulence
turbulence model isis used to simulate
simulate th
gas-phase flow. In addition, P-1 radiation heat transfer model ismodel
selected, andused thetoeddy- t
lent gas-phase
lent gas-phase
dissipation flow.
conceptflow. In addition,
modelInisaddition, the P-1 radiation
the P-1theradiation
used to simulate interaction heat
heat transfer
transfer
between model
modeland
turbulence is selected
is selected
eddy-dissipation
chemical reaction concept
dynamics. The model is
probability used
density to simulate
function
eddy-dissipation concept model is used to simulate the interaction between the
(PDF) interaction
transport between
equation is tu
tu
and
also chemical
used in
and chemical
this reaction
model to
reaction dynamics.
predict the
dynamics. The
generation
The probability
of NO x
probability
. The density
single-step
density function
Khan and (PDF)
Greeves
functionsolver
(PDF) transpo
transp
model
tion is also
is used used
to predict
in the model
this formation to of soot. The
predict the pressure-based
generation ofseparation
NO is
x. The single-step K
tion is The
selected. alsoimplicit
used in this of
format model to predict
linearized discrete the generation
equations of NO
is adopted. Thex.momentum
The single-step K
Greeves
Greeves
equation,
model
turbulent
is
modelkinetic used
is used to predict
to equation,
energy
the
predict and formation
the turbulent
formation of soot.
of soot.
dissipation
The
rateThe pressure-based
pressure-based
equation use the
se
s
solver
first-order is selected.
upwind The
scheme, implicit
and other format
governingof linearized
equations usediscrete
the
solver is selected. The implicit format of linearized discrete equations is adopted equations
second-order is
upwind adopted.
mentum
scheme.
mentum Theequation, turbulent
pressure–velocity
equation, turbulent kinetic
coupling energy
is solved
kinetic energy equation,
by the SIMPLE and
equation, andturbulent
turbulentdissipation
algorithm.
dissipationrr
tion
tion use the
the first-order
useRationality
first-order upwind
upwind scheme,
scheme, and and otherother governing
governing equations
equations use use the
th
2.3. Model Verification
order
order upwind
upwind scheme.
scheme.ofThe The pressure–velocity
pressure–velocity coupling
coupling is solved
is were
solved by the SIMP
To verify the rationality the model, the same operating conditions usedby as the
in SIMP
rithm.
therithm.
literature [11] (fuel: 300 K, a mixture of C H and air with a composition of 1:1, flow
5 12
rate 20.76 kg/h; oxidizer: 300 K, air atmosphere, flow 221.11 kg/h). By comparing the axial
2.3.
CO
2.3. Model
2 mole
Model Rationality
fraction Verification
distribution
Rationality of the two, as shown in Figure 4, the changes are basically
Verification
the same and the fit is good, so the rationality of the model can be guaranteed.
 To verify the rationality of the model, the same operating conditions were used as in
the literature [11] (fuel: 300 K, a mixture of C5H12 and air with a composition of 1:1, flow
Energies 2021, 14, 6883 rate 20.76 kg/h; oxidizer: 300 K, air atmosphere, flow 221.11 kg/h). By comparing the4 axial
of 15
CO2 mole fraction distribution of the two, as shown in Figure 4, the changes are basically
the same and the fit is good, so the rationality of the model can be guaranteed.

0.14

Mole fraction distribution of CO2

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06 Simulation value

Literature data
0.04

0.02

0.00

0 1 2 3 4
Axial distance(m)
Figure4.4.Comparison
Figure Comparisonof
ofaxial
axialmole
molefraction
fractiondistribution
distributionofofCO
CO2.2.

2.4.
2.4.Fuel
FuelInterchangeability
InterchangeabilityAnalysis
Analysis
The
Thecombustion
combustionproperties
propertiesof offuel
fuelare
arerelated
relatedtotoits
itscomponents,
components,and andthe
themixing
mixingofof
hydrogen will affect the properties of the gas. In order to determine that all
hydrogen will affect the properties of the gas. In order to determine that all the indicatorsthe indicators of
methane mixed with hydrogen can meet the standards of industrial
of methane mixed with hydrogen can meet the standards of industrial gas, the Wobbe gas, the Wobbe index
and
index theand
calorific value ofvalue
the calorific gas are selected
of gas for calculation.
are selected The yellow
for calculation. flame coefficient
The yellow is
flame coeffi-
checked according to the GB-T13611-2018 Classification and Basic Characteristics
cient is checked according to the GB-T13611-2018 Classification and Basic Characteristics of Urban
Gas [11]. Gas [11].
of Urban
The calorific value of gas is calculated as:
The calorific value of gas is calculated as:
1 1 n
H = ( H1 f 1 + H2 f 2 + H3 f 3 + · · · Hn f n ) = ∑ Hr fr (1)
100 1 1 r=n1
100
H= (H1 f1 + H 2 f 2 + H 3 f3 +  H n f n ) =  Hr fr (1)
100
where H is the calorific value of fuel gas (high calorific value Hs and rlow
100 =1 calorific value H ),
i
where3 ,H
MJ/m Hrisisthe
thecalorific
calorificvalue
value ofof fuel
the rgas (high calorific
combustible value in
component Hs fuel
andgas,
lowMJ/m 3 , and
calorific value
fr
isHthe
i), MJ/m 3, Hrfraction
volume is the calorific
of the rvalue of the r component
combustible combustibleincomponent
fuel gas, %.in fuel gas, MJ/m3, and
fr is the
Thevolume
Wobbe fraction of the
index, also r combustible
known component in fuel
as the interchangeability gas, %.
factor, measures the inter-
changeability of gaseous fuels. The calculation formula is as follows:
The Wobbe index, also known as the interchangeability factor, measures the inter-
changeability of gaseous fuels. The calculationHformula is as follows:
W = √ (2)
d
H
where W is the Wobbe index (high WobbeWindex = Ws and low Wobbe index Wi ), H is the (2)
− 3 d
calorific value of gas, MJ•m , and d is the density of gas relative to air.
where
TheWyellow
is the Wobbe index (high
flame coefficient of Wobbe
naturalindex Ws and
gas shall not low Wobbethan
be greater index210,
Wi),and
H isit the
is
calorific value
calculated of gas, MJ•m−3, and d is the density of gas relative to air.
as follows:
n
The yellow flame coefficient 
of natural gas  ∑ notyr f r be greater than 210, and it is
fO2 shall
r =1
calculated as follows: IY = 1 − 0.4187 √ (3)
Hs d
where IY is the yellow flame coefficient of gas, yr is the yellow flame coefficient of the r
component in gas, fr is the volume fraction of the r component in gas, %; fO2 is the volume
fraction of oxygen in gas, %, and Hs is the high calorific value of gas, MJ/m3 .
The gas source of the selected natural gas mixed with hydrogen adopts the mea-
surement data of West–East natural gas transmission [12], and its gas is 12 T natural gas
standard. The range of the high Wobbe index should be 45.67–54.78 MJ/m3 , the calorific

Energies 2021, 14, 6883
ard. The range of the high Wobbe index should be 45.67–54.78 MJ/m , the calorific v
range of gas should be 31.97–43.57 MJ/m3, and the yellow flame coefficient should b
than 210. By calculating the high Wobbe index and calorific value of gas under va
hydrogen blending ratio conditions and checking the yellow flame coefficient, the hy
gen blending ratio meeting the interchangeability conditions is obtained.5 ofThe
15 calcul
results are shown in Figures 5–7.

According to the calculation, when Rf is 0–0.382 and 0.997–1.0, the high Wobbe i
value range of gas should be 31.97–43.57 MJ/m3 , and the yellow flame coefficient should
ofless
be mixed
thangas
210.meets the specification
By calculating requirements.
the high Wobbe index andWhen Rfvalue
calorific is 0–0.247, the high cal
of gas under
value of
various the mixed
hydrogen gas meets
blending ratio the specification
conditions requirements.
and checking the yellow Under
flame each hydrogen m
coefficient,
ratio
the of 0–1,blending
hydrogen the yellowratioflame coefficient
meeting of the mixedconditions
the interchangeability gas meets is the specification
obtained. The req
calculation results are shown in Figures 5–7.
ments. Thus, the proportion of mixed hydrogen is 0–0.25 for simulation.

High Wobbe index of mixture (MJ/m3) 56

54
High Wobbe index of mixture
52 Maximum limit of high Wobbe index
Minimum limit of high Wobbe index
50

48

46

44

42

40
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf
Figure
Figure 5. 5. Calculation
Calculation of high
of high Wobbe
Wobbe index
index of of mixture.
mixture.

45
High calorific value of mixture (MJ/m3)

High calorific value of mixture

40 Upper limit of high calorific value of mixture
Lower limit of high calorific value of mixture
35

30

25

20

15

10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Hydrogen blending ratio Rf

Figure 6. Calculation of high calorific value of mixture.

Figure 6. Calculation of high calorific value of mixture.

250
ixture

200
 Hi
10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Hydrogen blending ratio Rf
Energies 2021, 14, 6883 6 of 15

Figure 6. Calculation of high calorific value of mixture.

250

Yellow flame coefficient of mixture

200
Yellow flame coefficient of mixture
Maximum limit of yellow flame coefficient of mixture
150

100

50

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Hydrogen blending ratio Rf

Figure 7.
Figure Calculationof
7. Calculation ofyellow
yellow flame
flame coefficient
coefficient of
of mixture.
mixture.

According
2.5. Boundary to the calculation,
Conditions when Conditions
and Calculation Rf is 0–0.382 and 0.997–1.0, the high Wobbe index of
mixed gas meets the specification requirements. When Rf is 0–0.247, the high calorific value
The fuel inlet and oxidant inlet are set as the velocity inlet. The combustion outlet
of the mixed gas meets the specification requirements. Under each hydrogen mixing ratio
boundary is set as the pressure outlet, and the temperature of each boundary condition is
of 0–1, the yellow flame coefficient of the mixed gas meets the specification requirements.
set as 300 K. The turbulence definition method based on turbulence intensity and hydrau-
Thus, the proportion of mixed hydrogen is 0–0.25 for simulation.
lic diameter is selected, and the turbulence intensity at the fuel inlet and oxidant inlet is
10%, and that Conditions
2.5. Boundary at the combustion outlet Conditions
and Calculation is 5%. The setting of each parameter is shown in
TableThe1. fuel inlet and oxidant inlet are set as the velocity inlet. The combustion outlet
boundary is set as the pressure outlet, and the temperature of each boundary condition is
Table 1. Boundary conditions.
set as 300 K. The turbulence definition method based on turbulence intensity and hydraulic
diameter
Name is selected, Typeand theTemperature/K
turbulence intensity at theIntensity/%
Turbulent fuel inlet and oxidantDiameter/m
Hydraulic inlet is 10%,
and that
Fuel at theVelocity
inlet combustion
inlet outlet is 5%. The setting of 10
300 each parameter is shown0.016in Table 1.
Air inlet Velocity inlet 300 10 0.012
Table 1. Boundary conditions.

Turbulent Hydraulic
Name Type Temperature/K
Intensity/% Diameter/m
Fuel inlet Velocity inlet 300 10 0.016
Air inlet Velocity inlet 300 10 0.012
Outlet Pressure outlet 300 5 0.5
Wall Wall 300 – –

The boiler is set to run under the condition of 200 KW heat load, thermal efficiency of
0.9, and air excess coefficient α of 1.1. The fuel gas is composed of natural gas mixed with
hydrogen in the proportion of 0–0.25. After calculation, six sets of working conditions are
determined, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Calculation working condition.

Hydrogen Fuel Oxidizer

Blending Ratio
(Rf) Component Flow Rate (m/s) Component Flow Rate (m/s)
0 100% natural gas 0% H2 31.87 151.07
0.05 95% natural gas 5% H2 33.04 150.69
0.1 90% natural gas 10% H2 34.29 150.28
Air atmosphere
0.15 85% natural gas 15% H2 35.65 149.83
0.2 80% natural gas 20% H2 37.11 149.35
0.25 75% natural gas 25% H2 38.70 148.83
 0 100% natural gas 0% H2 31.87 151.07
0.05 95% natural gas 5% H2 33.04 150.69
0.1 90% natural gas 10% H2 34.29 150.28
Air atmosphere
0.15 85% natural gas 15% H2 35.65 149.83
Energies 2021, 14, 6883 0.2 80% natural gas 20% H2 37.11 149.35
7 of 15
0.25 75% natural gas 25% H2 38.70 148.83

3. Simulation Results and Analysis

3. Simulation
3.1. Analysis ofResults and Temperature
Combustion Analysis Field
3.1. Analysis of Combustion Temperature Field
In this work, three working conditions with hydrogen blending ratios of Rf = 0, Rf =
In this
0.1, and Rf =work, three
0.25 are working
selected, andconditions with hydrogen
the nephogram blending
of the overall ratios ofarea
combustion Rf =
and0,
Rf = 0.1, and Rf = 0.25 are selected, and the nephogram of the overall combustion
high-temperature zone are shown in Figures 8 and 9. It can be seen from the figures that area and
high-temperature zone are shown
the combustion temperature in Figures under
distribution 8 and 9.working
It can be conditions
seen from the figures
with that the
a hydrogen
combustion
blending ratiotemperature
of 0–0.25 distribution under
is roughly the working
same. conditions with a hydrogen
The high-temperature area is in blending
the axial
ratio of 0–0.25 is roughly the same. The high-temperature area is in the axial direction, and
direction, and the range becomes larger with the increase in hydrogen blending ratio. Fig-
the range becomes larger with the increase in hydrogen blending ratio. Figure 10 shows
ure 10 shows the axial temperature distribution of each working condition. It can be seen
the axial temperature distribution of each working condition. It can be seen from the figure
from the figure that with the increase in hydrogen blending ratio, the combustion temper-
that with the increase in hydrogen blending ratio, the combustion temperature gradually
ature gradually increases, the peak temperature increases, and the position of the peak
increases, the peak temperature increases, and the position of the peak area is advanced.
area is advanced.

Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 15

Figure 8. Combustion temperature nephogram of three hydrogen mixing ratio conditions.
Figure 8. Combustion temperature nephogram of three hydrogen mixing ratio conditions.

Figure 9. Temperature nephogram of high-temperature region under three hydrogen mixing ratio
Figure 9. Temperature nephogram of high-temperature region under three hydrogen mixing ratio
conditions.
conditions.

1800
Rf=0
1600 Rf=0.05
ure (K)

1400 Rf=0.1
Rf=0.15
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16

Energies2021,
Energies 2021,14,
14,6883
x FOR PEER REVIEW 89 ofof1516

1800
Rf=0
1600 Rf=0.05

(K)
1800
1400 Rf=0.1
Rf=0

temperature
Rf=0.15
1600
1200 Rf=0.05
Rf=0.2

(K)
1400 Rf=0.1
Rf=0.25
1000

temperature
1750
Rf=0.15
1200
800 Rf=0.2
Combustion Rf=0.25
1000
600
1750
800
Combustion

400 1700

600
200
0.5 0.6 0.7
400
0 1700
0 1 2 3 4 5
200
Axial distance
0.5 0.6 (m) 0.7
0
0 temperature
Figure 10. Axial 1 2
distribution. 3 4 5
Axial distance (m)
3.2. Flue Gas Analysis
Figure10.
Figure 10.Axial
Axialtemperature
temperaturedistribution.
distribution.
The discharge flow of the main components CO2, H2O, and N2 of flue gas are calcu-
lated
3.2. according
Flue
3.2. Flue Gas to Formula (4).
GasAnalysis
Analysis
The
Thedischarge
dischargeflow flowofofthe themain
maincomponents
componentsCO CO 2 ,2,HH2 O,
2O,and
andNN22of offlue
fluegas
gasare
arecalcu-
calcu-
lated according to Formula (4). Qi = i  Q0 (4)
lated according to Formula (4).
where i represents the components CO Qi 2,=
H2O, × QN
χi and 0 2, Qi is the discharge flow of each flue (4)
gas component,
where i represents mthe
3 /s, χ i is the moleCO
components Q of
fraction = i N
each
2 , H2iO, and
Qflue gas component, and Q0 represents
20, Qi is the discharge flow of each flue (4)
the component,
gas total flue gasmflow,3 /s, χmis 3/s.
the mole fraction of each flue gas component, and Q represents
where i represents the components i CO2, H2O, and N2, Qi is the discharge flow0 of each flue
the total flue gas flow, m3 /s.
gas component,
Figure 11 shows m /s,the
3 χi isoutlet
the molefluefraction
gas flowofunder
each fluevariousgas component, and Q0 represents
working conditions. The dis-
Figure 11 shows the 3outlet flue gas flow under various working conditions. The
the total
charge flueofgas
flow eachflow, m /s.
component is compared with the change of discharge concentration,
discharge flow of each component is compared with the change of discharge concentration,
as shown in Figures 12–14, respectively. Per the figure, the total amount of the flue gas
as shownFigure in Figures
11 shows12–14, respectively.
the outlet Per the
flue gas flow underfigure,
variousthe total amount
working of the flue
conditions. Thegas dis-
produced decreases with an increase in the hydrogen mixing ratio under the condition of
produced decreases with an increase in the hydrogen mixing
charge flow of each component is compared with the change of discharge concentration, ratio under the condition
keeping
of thethe
calorific value of the boiler andand
excess air airfactor constant. The Thereason is that
askeeping
shown in calorific
Figures value
12–14, of the boiler
respectively. Per the excess
figure, factor
the totalconstant.
amount of the reason
flue gas is
the
that addition
the of
addition hydrogen
of hydrogen improves upon
improves the
upon composition
the composition of fuel gas,
of reduces
fuel gas, the
reducescarbon
the
produced decreases with an increase in the hydrogen mixing ratio under the condition of
contentcontent
carbon of fuel gas,
of fuel andgas, makes the combustion products cleaner.cleaner.
It can be seen that the
keeping the calorific value and makes
of the boilertheandcombustion
excess air factor products constant. TheItreason
can be isseen
that
application
that of hydrogen-mixed combustion in gas boilers can effectively reduce carbon
the the application
addition of hydrogen-mixed
of hydrogen improves upon combustion
the composition in gas of boilers can effectively
fuel gas, reduces thereduce
carbon
emissions.
carbon emissions.
content of fuel gas, and makes the combustion products cleaner. It can be seen that the
application of hydrogen-mixed combustion in gas boilers can effectively reduce carbon
0.2282
emissions.
3 gas (m3/s)

0.2281 Discharge flow of outlet flue gas

0.2282
0.2280
/s)

0.2281 Discharge flow of outlet flue gas

gas (mflue

0.2279
of outlet

0.2280
0.2278
flowflue

0.2279
flow of outlet

0.2277
DischargeDischarge

0.2278
0.2276
0.2277
0.2275
0.2276
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

0.2275
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf

0.00
Figure 11. Discharge 0.05 of outlet
flow 0.10 flue0.15
gas. 0.20 0.25
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf
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Figure
Figure11.
11.Discharge
Dischargeflow
flowofofoutlet
outletflue
fluegas.
gas.

Average mole fraction of outlet CO cross section

Average mole fraction of outlet CO22 cross section
1.9E-02
1.9E-02 0.085
0.085
CO
CO2 discharge flow
2 discharge flowatatoutlet
outlet
1.9E-02
1.9E-02 CO
CO emission concentration
emission concentration atatoutlet
outlet 0.084
0.084

Outlet CO discharge flow (m3/s)

Outlet CO22 discharge flow (m3/s)
2 2

1.9E-02
1.9E-02 0.083
0.083
1.9E-02
1.9E-02
0.082
0.082
1.9E-02
1.9E-02
0.081
0.081
1.8E-02
1.8E-02
0.080
0.080
1.8E-02
1.8E-02

1.8E-02
1.8E-02 0.079
0.079

1.8E-02
1.8E-02 0.078
0.078

1.8E-02
1.8E-02 0.077
0.077

0.00
0.00 0.05
0.05 0.10
0.10 0.15
0.15 0.20
0.20 0.25
0.25
Hydrogen
Hydrogenblending
blendingratio
ratioRfRf

Figure
Figure 12.
Figure12. Emission
12. Emission
Emission concentration
concentration
concentration and
anddischarge
flow offlow
discharge
and discharge flow
CO ofof
2 at CO
CO 2 at
outlet. outlet.
2 at outlet.

Average mole fraction of outlet H O cross section

Average mole fraction of outlet H22O cross section
0.0400
0.0400 0.176
0.176
HH
2O discharge
2O dischargeflow
flowatatoutlet
outlet
H O discharge flow at outlet (m3/s)
H22O discharge flow at outlet (m3/s)

HHO emission concentration

2 2O emission concentration atatoutlet
outlet
0.0395 0.174
0.174
0.0395

0.172
0.172
0.0390
0.0390

0.170
0.170
0.0385
0.0385

0.168
0.168
0.0380
0.0380

0.166
0.166
0.0375
0.0375
0.00
0.00 0.05
0.05 0.10
0.10 0.15
0.15 0.20
0.20 0.25
0.25
Hydrogen
Hydrogenblending
blendingratio
ratioRfRf

Figure
Figure13.
Figure 13. Emission
Emission
13. concentration
Emission and discharge
concentration
concentration and flow offlow
anddischarge
discharge Hflow
2 O at outlet.
ofof
HH2O2O atatoutlet.
outlet.
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11
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Average mole fraction of outlet N2 cross section

0.1644 N2 discharge flow at outlet 0.7205
N2 emission concentration at outlet

N2 discharge flow at outlet (m3/s)

0.1642 0.7200

0.1640 0.7195

0.1638 0.7190

0.1636 0.7185

0.1634 0.7180

0.1632 0.7175
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf

Figure Emission
Figure14.14. concentration
Emission and discharge
concentration flow of Nflow
and discharge 2 at outlet.
of N2 at outlet.
3.3. Emission Detection of Combustion Pollutants
3.3. For
Emission Detection of Combustion Pollutants
the detection of pollutant soot and NO emissions, the area-weighted average
x
methodForis the
useddetection
to measureofthe pollutant soot
outlet soot andand
NOxNO x emissions,
emission the area-weighted
concentration. Since the av
excess air factor is set to 1.1 in this simulation, the excess oxidant will dilute
method is used to measure the outlet soot and NO x emission concentration. Since th the emission
concentration of the pollutants. Therefore, to avoid the error caused by the impact on the
cess air factor is set to 1.1 in this simulation, the excess oxidant will dilute the emi
actual emission concentration, the conversion method of baseline oxygen content emission
concentration
concentration of pollutants
of air the pollutants. Therefore,
(Equation to avoid
(5)) is adopted the error
to check caused by the impact o
the results.
actual emission concentration, the conversion method of baseline oxygen content
sion concentration of air pollutants 21 − φ(O2(5))
(Equation ) is adopted to check the results.
ρ = ρ0 × (5)
21 − φ0 (O2 )
21 −  (O )
 =  'oxygen content
where ρ is the emission concentration of the standard 2 of pollutants, mg·m−3 ;
ρ’ is the measured pollutant emission concentration,21 mg−·
m'−3O ( )
; 2ϕ is the measured oxygen
content, %; and ϕ’ is the standard oxygen content (3.5% for gas boilers).
where ρ is the
According emission
to the concentration
relevant regulations of theemission
of the special standardlimitsoxygen
for boilercontent
pollutantsof pollu
mg·
in mareas
key −3 ; ρ’ [13],
is thethemeasured
emission ofpollutant emission
soot particles concentration,
from gas-fired mg·m
boilers must not; exceed
−3 φ is the mea
20 mg·m−content,
oxygen 3 , and the emission of NO must not exceed 150 mg·m−3 . The calculation results
%; and φ’ is the x standard oxygen content (3.5% for gas boilers).
are shown in Figures 15 and 16. It can be seen from the figure that the NOx and soot are
According
generated under the toworking
the relevant regulations
condition of the hydrogen
that the designed special emission
mixing ratiolimits for boiler p
Rf value
is 0–0.25 and meets the emission standard. Figure 17 shows in detail
tants in key areas [13], the emission of soot particles from gas-fired boilers that the baseline
must not e
oxygen emission concentration of NOx and soot are affected by the change of−3the hydrogen
20 mg·m , and the emission of NOx must not exceed 150 mg·m . The calculation r
−3
blending ratio. In addition to that, the emission concentration of the benchmark oxygen
are shown
content of NOin Figures 15 and 16. It can be seen from the figure that the NO x and so
x and soot decreases with the increase in the hydrogen mixing ratio.
generated under the working condition that the designed hydrogen mixing ratio Rf
is 0–0.25 and meets the emission standard. Figure 17 shows in detail that the baselin
ygen emission concentration of NOx and soot are affected by the change of the hydr
blending ratio. In addition to that, the emission concentration of the benchmark ox
content of NOx and soot decreases with the increase in the hydrogen mixing ratio.
 Energies2021,
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200
200

oxygen
benchmarkoxygen
Emissionconcentration
Emission concentrationof
ofbenchmark
benchmark
175 oxygencontent
oxygen contentof
ofNO
NOxforforexport
export

content of NOx for export (mg/m ))

175 x

33
Upperlimit
limitof
ofemission
emissionconcentration
concentration

(mg/m
Upper

ofbenchmark
150
150

export 125
125
concentrationof
for
Emissionconcentration

100
NOx

100
of

75
75
content
Emission

50
50

25
25
0.00
0.00 0.05
0.05 0.10
0.10 0.15
0.15 0.20
0.20 0.25
0.25
Hydrogenblending
Hydrogen blendingratio
ratioRf
Rf

Figure 15.Emission
Figure 15.
Figure 15. Emission
Emission concentration
concentration and
and limit
concentration and limitstandard
standard
limit standard ofoxygen
of oxygen of oxygen
content of NOcontent ofNO
NOxxfor
x for export.
content of forexport.
export.
oxygen
benchmarkoxygen

20
20
ofbenchmark
content of soot for export
export

15
15
for

Emissionconcentration
Emission concentrationofofbenchmark
benchmarkoxygen
oxygen
concentrationof
soot

10
10 content of soot for export
content of soot for export
Emissionconcentration

Upperlimit
Upper limitof
ofemission
emissionconcentration
concentration
content of

55
Emission

00

0.00
0.00 0.05
0.05 0.10
0.10 0.15
0.15 0.20
0.20 0.25
0.25
Hydrogenblending
Hydrogen blendingratio
ratioRf
Rf

Figure 16. Emission concentration and limit standard of oxygen content of soot for export.
Figure16.
Figure 16.Emission
Emissionconcentration
concentrationand
andlimit
limitstandard
standardof
ofoxygen
oxygencontent
contentof
ofsoot
sootfor
forexport.
export.
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 1
Energies 2021, 14, 6883 12 of 15

Emission concentration of benchmark oxygen

83

Emission concentration of baseline oxygen

3.0E-05 Emission concentration of benchmark
oxygen content of soot for export

content of NOx for export (mg/m3)

content of soot for export (mg/m3)
Emission concentration of benchmark 82
2.5E-05 oxygen content of NOx for export

81
2.0E-05

80
1.5E-05
79
1.0E-05
78
5.0E-06
77
0.0E+00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf

Figure
Figure Variation
17.17. of benchmark
Variation oxygenoxygen
of benchmark emissionemission
concentration of NOx and soot.
concentration of NO x and soot.
Since the increase in the hydrogen blending ratio affects the emission of flue gas,
Sinceinthe
the change the increase in theemission
total pollutant hydrogen shallblending ratio affects
also be analyzed the emission
and measured by theof flue g
in the total pollutant emission −
mass flow rate of discharged pollutants, mg·s , as shown in Figure 18. It can be seen by the
change shall
1 also be analyzed and measured
from
flowtherate
figure that the total emission
of discharged pollutants, of NOmg·x and
s−1, soot decreases
as shown in with
Figure the18.
increase
It caninbe
theseen fro
hydrogen blending ratio. The analysis of the reason can focus on the composition
figure that the total emission of NOx and soot decreases with the increase in the hyd of soot.
According to the literature [14], the specific heat capacity of water vapor is greater than that
blending ratio. The analysis of the reason can focus on the composition of soot. Acco
of CO2 and N2 , which are the main flue gas components. Due to the influence of hydrogen
to the literature
blending, [14], of
the generation the
COspecific heat capacity of water vapor is greater than that o
2 and N2 decreases, and the generation of H2 O increases,
and N2the
affecting , which
change areofthe main
specific flue
heat gas components.
capacity Due area.
in the combustion to theTheinfluence of hydrogen
mass-weighted
ing, the
integral generation
method is used of
forCO and N
the 2entire 2 decreases,
area, as shown inand the generation
Equation (3), to obtainofthe
H2change
O increases,
of aff
specific heat capacity
the change at constant
of specific heat pressure
capacityinin thethe
combustion
combustionarea under
area. various hydrogen
The mass-weighted in
blending ratio conditions, as also shown in Figure 19.
method is used for the entire area, as shown in Equation (3), to obtain the change o
cific heat capacity at constant pressurencin the combustion area under various hyd
R ∑ φci ρci |Vi |
blending ratio conditions, asφcalso
ρc dVshown
i =1 in Figure 19.
R = nc (6)
ρc dV
∑ ρci |Vi |
nc


i =1
 V
where ϕ is the universal variable, Vi is cthe
cvolume
dV infinitesimal
=
component density. It can be seen from the figure that with
i =1 
ci ci
the
i
element,
increase
and ρc is the
in hydrogen
c dV 
nc
blending ratio, the average constant pressure-specific
area increases, which will increase the heat absorbed by the flueci
i =1
 gas.VDue
heat capacity of the combustion
i 
to the constant
total heat release in the boiler combustion area, the heat used for thermal NOx and soot
where φisisreduced,
generation the universal variable,ofVNO
and the generation i isx the
and volume infinitesimal
soot is inhibited. element,
On the other hand, and ρc
according to the research, the addition of water vapor can effectively inhibit
component density. It can be seen from the figure that with the increase in hyd the generation
ofblending
soot [15] and reduce
ratio, NOx emission
the average [16]. pressure-specific
constant Due to the increase in H2 O
heat concentration
capacity of theand
combustio
generation in the flue gas, it will also inhibit the generation of NOx and soot.
increases, which will increase the heat absorbed by the flue gas. Due to the constan
heat release in the boiler combustion area, the heat used for thermal NO x and soot
ation is reduced, and the generation of NO x and soot is inhibited. On the other han
cording to the research, the addition of water vapor can effectively inhibit the gene
of soot [15] and reduce NOx emission [16]. Due to the increase in H2O concentratio
generation in the flue gas, it will also inhibit the generation of NO x and soot.
 Energies2021,
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13 of 16

Outlet NOx emission mass flow rate (mg/s)

(mg/s)rate (mg/s)
6.0E-06 Outlet soot emission mass flow rate 18.2
Outlet NOx emission mass flow rate
7.0E-06 18.4
18.0

Outlet NOx emission mass flow rate (mg/s)

5.0E-06

rate flow
6.0E-06 Outlet soot emission mass flow rate 18.2
Outlet NOx emission mass flow rate 17.8

mass
4.0E-06 18.0
5.0E-06

mass flow
17.6
soot emission 17.8
3.0E-06
4.0E-06
17.6 17.4
soot emission

3.0E-06
2.0E-06
17.4 17.2
2.0E-06
Outlet

1.0E-06 17.2
17.0
Outlet

1.0E-06 17.0
0.0E+00 16.8
0.0E+00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 16.8 0.25
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf

Figure
Figure 18.
Figure18.
18. Changes
Changes
Changes of of total
oftotal
total emissions
emissions
emissionsof
ofNO of
andNO
NOxx and x and soot.
soot.
soot.

1286
1286
at constant

Average specific heat capacity at constant

at constant

Average specific heat capacity at constant

K)K)

pressure in combustion zone

(j/kg·

1284
pressure in combustion zone
pressure in combustion zone (j/kg·

1284
zone
heat capacity

1282
heat capacity

1282
combustion

1280

1280
specific

1278
pressure in
specific
AverageAverage

1278
1276

1274
1276
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf
1274
Figure 19. Average0.00
specific heat capacity at0.10
0.05 constant pressure
0.15 in the0.20
combustion zone.
0.25

4. Conclusions
Hydrogen blending ratio Rf
FigureHydrogen
19. Averageenergy
specificisheat
being promoted
capacity by the
at constant global in
pressure trend of clean and
the combustion low-carbon en-
zone.
Figure 19. Average
ergy. Hydrogen specific
mixed naturalheat
gas capacity at constant
for combustion pressure
can improve in the combustion
combustion zone.
characteris-
4. Conclusions
tics and reduce carbon emission, which has important engineering application value. This
4. Conclusions
paperHydrogen
numericallyenergy is being the
researched promoted by thecharacteristics
combustion global trend of clean
and and low-carbon
pollution emissionsen- for
ergy. Hydrogen
the casing swirlmixed natural
burner modelgasinfor combustion
natural can improve
gas boilers. combustion
The boiler heating characteristics
power is kept
Hydrogen energy is being promoted by the global trend of clean and low-ca
and reduce
constant carbon
at 200 kW, emission, which has
and six hydrogen important
mixing engineering
proportion workingapplication
conditions arevalue. This
designed
ergy.
paper Hydrogen
numerically
to explore
mixedcharacteristics
researched
the combustion
natural gasand
the combustionforpollution
combustion
characteristics canpollution
and
emissions
improve combustion
emissions
for a mixture for
of natural
cha
tics
the andhydrogen.
gas casing
and reduce carbon
swirl burner
Under aemission,
model in natural
conventional which has important
gasatmosphere
air boilers. The engineering
boiler
and heatingairpower
a constant application
excess iscoeffi-
kept val
paper
constant numerically
cient, theat temperatureresearched
200 kW, and six hydrogen
contour, axialthe combustion
mixing proportion
temperature characteristics
working
variation conditionsand pollution
are
curves, compositions, and emiss
designed
to
the explore
emission
casingthe swirl
valuescombustion characteristics
for combustion
burner inand
flue gas
model under pollution
natural gasemissions
various working for a mixture
boilers.conditions
The boilerareofheating
natural power
analyzed
gas
andand hydrogen.
compared. Under a conventional
Additionally, the variationair atmosphere
laws of NOx and andsoot
a constant airare
emission excess
alsocoef-
ana-
constant
ficient,
at 200 kW, and
the temperature
six hydrogen
contour, axial
mixing proportion working conditions
temperature variation curves, compositions, and
are d
lyzed. The following conclusions are made:
to explore the combustion characteristics and pollution emissions for a mixture of
gas and hydrogen. Under a conventional air atmosphere and a constant air exces
cient, the temperature contour, axial temperature variation curves, compositio
emission values for combustion flue gas under various working conditions are a
Energies 2021, 14, 6883 14 of 15

emission values for combustion flue gas under various working conditions are analyzed
and compared. Additionally, the variation laws of NOx and soot emission are also analyzed.
The following conclusions are made:
(1) In terms of combustion characteristics, with the increase in hydrogen ratio, the com-
bustion temperature in the furnace increases, the peak temperature position is ad-
vanced, and the combustion rate of the gas is accelerated.
(2) In terms of flue gas detection, with the increase in hydrogen mixing ratio, the total
flue gas emission decreases together with the emission concentration and emission of
CO2 and N2 in the main flue gas components, while the emission concentration and
emission of H2 O increase. Additionally, the concentration and emission of pollutants
NOx and soot in the flue gas are also reduced. Hydrogen-doped combustion can
effectively inhibit the generation of NOx and soot by increasing the specific heat
capacity of flue gas and the generation of water vapor.
(3) Based on the requirement of fuel interchangeability, the optimal hydrogen mixing
volume fraction of the gas-fired boiler is 24.7%.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Y.X. and K.W.; methodology, K.W.; software, X.H.; formal
analysis, Y.X.; investigation, Y.X.; resources, Y.Z.; data curation, F.Z.; writing—original draft prepara-
tion, F.Z.; writing—review and editing, P.T. and S.A.T.; visualization, K.W.; supervision, Y.Z.; project
administration, X.H.; funding acquisition, X.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (51974033), the National Overseas Study
Foundation of China (201708420106), the Yangtze Youth Talents Fund (No. 2015cqt01).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (51974033), the National Overseas Study Foundation of China (201708420106),
the Yangtze Youth Talents Fund (No. 2015cqt01), the Leading Talents of Yangtze Talent Plan, and the
Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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