LOWER GATROINTESTINAL TRACT elimination 

of feces into a bag

attached to the skin.
The lower GI tract consists of the small
and large intestine, as well as the anus
and rectum.

3 parts of small instestine

 duodenum: refers to the first part

of the small intestine

 jejunum: refers to the second part

of the small intestine

 ileum: refers to the third part of the

small intestine, Most absorption of
food takes place.  peristalsis refers to muscular
contractions that propel a bolus
through the digestive system
Terms:

 Duoden/o/stomy is performed to
form an opening (mouth) into the
duodenum

 Duoden/o/tomy is the incision of

the duodenum

 jejun/o/tomy is the incision of the

jejunum

 ile/o/tomy is the incision of the

ileum

 Crohn disease, a chronic

inflammation of the ile/um, may
affect any part of the intestinal
tract.

 Enter/itis refers to the inflammation

of the intestines

 col/ectomy incision of the colon

 Col/o/stomy is the surgical creation

of an opening into the
colon (through the surface of the
abdomen). It may be temporary or
permanent and may be performed
as treatment for CA or
diverticul/itis. Col/o/stomy allows

Terms
hepatitis an inflammatory condition of the
liver, may be caused by bacterial or viral
infection, parasitic infestation, alcohol,
drugs, toxins, or transfusion
of incompatible blood
o Cholangi/o – bile vessel
o Cholangi/ole – small terminal
portion of the bile duct
o Chol/e – bile, gall
o Chol/e/lith – gallstone
o Cholecyst/o – gallbladder
o Cholecyst/ectomy – remove of
them gallbladder by laparoscopic
or open surgery
o Cholecystectomy- can be
performed by open surgery or
laparoscopically (placing a tube
into the abdomen)
o Choledoch/o – bile duct
o Choledoch/o/tomy – incision of the
liver
o Hepat/o – liver
o Hepat/it is – inflammation of the
liver
o Pancreat/o – pancreas
o Pancreat/it is – inflammation or
infection of the pancreas
o -iasis – abnormal condition
o Chol/e/lith/iasis – presence or
formation of gallstones
o -megaly – enlargement
o Hepato/megaly – enlargement of
the liver
o -prandial – meal
o Post/prandial – following a meal
o hepatomegaly enlargement of liver
o hepatoma malignant tumor of the
liver
o Hepatodynia pain in the liver
o hepatocyte  known as the liver cell
o Cholecystitis inflammation of the
gallbladder
o Cholemesis vomiting of bile
o Hepatolith calculus or stone in the
liver
o Pancreatolith calculus or stone in
the pancreas
o Cholecystolith calculus or stone in
the gallbladder
o Cholelithiasis is an abnormal
condition of gallstones.
o Jaundice, a yellowish
discoloration of the skin and whites
of the eyes(sclerae) due to
abnormally high levels of bilirubin
 in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia).
This condition is usually a sign of
liver dysfunction or obstruction of
the bile ducts
o cholangioma is a tumor of the bile
vessel
o choledocho means bile duct
o choledochitis inflammation of the
bile duct
o choledochorrhaphy sutuing of the
bile duct
o choledochoplasty surgical repair of
the bile duct
o choledocholith present of stone in
the bile duct
o choledochotomy incision of the bile
duct
o lithiasis abnormal condition of the
stones
o pancreatolithiasis : abnormal
condition of pancreatic stones
o cholelithiasis : abnormal or
diseased condition of gallstone
o laparoscopy pertaining to visual
examination of the abdomen
o cholecystectomy is a surgical
procedure of gallbladder
o Appendicitis is an Inflammation of
the appedix
o Ascites is an abnormal
accumulation of serous fluid in the
peritoneal cavity
o Dysentery an inflammation of the
intestine, especially of the colon,
which may be caused by
chemical irritants, bacteria,
protozoa, or parasites
o Fistula an abnormal passage from
one organ to another or from a
hollow organ to the surface. An
anal fistula is located near the
anus and may open into the
rectum.
o Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
(GERD) is a Backflow (reflux) of
gastric contents into the
esophagus due to malfunction of
the lower esophageal sphincter
(LES)
o Hemorrhoid is a mass of enlarged,
twisted varicose veins in the
mucous membrane inside
(internal) or just outside (external)
the rectum; also known as piles
o Hematochezia Passage of stools
containing bright red blood
o Hernia is a Protrusion or projection
of an organ or a part of an organ
through the wall of the cavity
o Polyps is a Small, stalklike growth
that resembles a mushroom and
protrudes upward or outward from
a mucous membrane surface
o Volvulus is a twisting of the bowel
on itself, causing obstruction