Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s, College of Engineering, Karvenagar, Pune

Accredited with 'A' Grade by NAAC

Department of Mechanical Engineering

On Topic

“ Fire Alarm System ”

Group Members:-

304. Vinayak Kadam

308. Khobragade Sarang

321. Mane Soham

322. Mane Vaibhav

324. Manolkar Rushikesh

325. Mardane Onkar

Guided by :-

Ms. S. S. Kulkarni
 Title :- " Fire Alarm System "

Introduction
A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect
and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire,
carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be
activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may
also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual
call points or pull stations.

Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.

They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a
voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to
use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies
and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the
country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe
sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic
devices are known as horns in the United States and Canada, and can be
either continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm warning devices can
also be set to different volume levels. Manually actuated devices; also
known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, or simply pull stations,
break glass stations, and (in Europe) call points.

They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction, such as pulling

a lever or breaking glass. Automatically actuated devices can take many
forms intended to respond to any number of detectable physical changes
associated with fire: convicted thermal energy; heat detector, products of
combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector, combustion
gases; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow
detector. The newest innovations can use cameras and computer
algorithms to analyse the visible effects of fire and movement in
applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.
 Components and Design

1. 10K THERMISTOR :-

An NTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance

exhibits a large, precise and predictable decrease as the core temperature
of the resistor increases over the operating temperature range.

The enclosed negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, p/n 1600-

10K, works by translating temperature into resistance, with resistance
decreasing as temperature increases (hence the 'negative coefficient'). As
can be seen be the graph, the resistance of the thermistor drops very
quickly.

Testing a PTC thermistor follows all the same steps as a NTC thermistor.
First check, with an ohmmeter, the thermistor without any heat applied.
With a PTC thermistor at room temperature or below, the thermistor should
measure a very low resistance.
Usually, thermistor failure is caused by an open circuit due to mechanical
separation between the resistor element and lead material. This can
happen as a result of improper handling, thermal mismatch, or heat
damage. Another common reason thermistors fail is simply aging.

A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive

resistor, thermistor working principle is, it's resistance depends upon the
temperature. When temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor
changes in a predictable way. The benefits of using a thermistor is
accuracy and stability.

A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is

dependent on temperature. ... This type of thermistor is used the most. A
PTC thermistor works a little differently. When temperature increases, the
resistance increases, and when temperature decreases, resistance
decreases. Thermistors do not have continuity, they show resistance. You
should read around 10k Ohms at room temperature. If the igniter is getting
120 volts, but not glowing, then you have a bad igniter WP33002789.

2. LM358 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER :-

LM358 is a dual op-amp IC integrated with two op-amps powered by a

common power supply. The differential input voltage range can be equal
to that of power supply voltage. The LM358 IC is a great, low power and
easy to use dual channel op-amp IC.

It is designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of

two internally frequency compensated, high gain, independent op-amps.
This IC is designed for specially to operate from a single power supply
over a wide range of voltages. LM358 consists of two independent, high
gain operational amplifiers in one package. Important feature of this IC
is that we do not require independent power supply for working of each
comparator for wide range of power supply.
LM358 can be used as transducer amplifier, DC gain block etc. Ideal
Operational Amplifier or Ideal Op Amp. So, an ideal op amp is defined as,
a differential amplifier with infinite open loop gain, infinite input
resistance and zero output resistance. The ideal op amp has zero input
current. An operational amplifier, or op amp, generally comprises a
differential-input stage with high input impedance, an intermediate-gain
stage, and a push-pull output stage with a low output impedance (no
greater than 100 Ω).

That is, the output gets fed back to the inverting input through some
impedance. An Operational Amplifier or op-amp is a voltage amplifying
device designed to be used with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors between its output and input terminals. It is a
high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and usually
a single-ended output.

Gain of an inverted op amp = -Rf/Ri

Gain of a non-inverted op amp = 1+(Rf/Ri)

3. 7 K ohm RESISTOR (1/4 watt) :-
Every 1,000,000 Ohms is known as a Megohm (Mega = one million),
abbreviated to the capital letter "M". As a couple of examples; a 4,700 Ohm
resistor would be written as either 4.7K or 4K7, and 5,600,000 Ohms would
be written as 5.6M or 5M6.

4. 10k ohm POTENTIOMETER : -

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals.

Two terminals are connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the
third terminal connects to a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the
resistive element. A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable
resistor with 3 terminals.

Two terminals are connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the
third terminal connects to a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the
resistive element. The only difference is the load of the +5V supply, which
will be a bit lower with a 10K pot vice a 5K... but it's tiny in either case. A 3
terminal pot used with 3 terminals, is basically just a voltage divider. As you
move the wiper, you increase one resistor in the voltage divider, while
decreasing the resistance in the other. ... So long as the wiper is connected
to one leg of the potentiometer, it will behave a variable resistor.
The difference between high and low ends of a range—called the span of
the circuit—has not changed, though: a range of 10 kΩ to 20 kΩ has the
same 10,000 Ω span as a range of 0 Ω to 10 kΩ. If we wish to shift the span
of this rheostat circuit as well, we must change the range of the
potentiometer itself. Potentiometers, trimmers, and rheostats are all
variable resistors. Potentiometers and trimmers are used to create a
variable voltage by varying the voltage between their wiper terminal and
two ends. Rheostats are used to vary the amount of current. Without
ground, there is no complete circuit. Without a complete circuit, three
Arduino can't read from the pot. But can't the A0 pin be the (-ve) part of the
circuit? Voltage inputs are what's called high-impedance, meaning they
don't sink or source (much) current so as not to affect the circuit you're
measuring.
5. SMALL BUZZER (5V) :-

The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power
and ground. ... When current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic
disk to contract or expand. Changing the This then causes the surrounding
disc to vibrate. That's the sound that you hear. PUI has the AI-3035, a
piezoelectric buzzer rated for 2-5 Volt operation, nominal 3 Volts, and wit a

maximum current requirement of 9 mA.

The dimensions are 30 mm diameter, 20.5 mm height excluding leads. To

reduce the sound of the buzzer, measure the resistance of the buzzer, then
place a resistor the same value as the buzzer in series with it, see how
much this drops the volume. The more resistance to quieter the buzzer
should be. If the buzzer does not work with half the value try a value lower
in resistance. The purpose of the buzzer test is to test functions of the
buzzers installed in a computer.

Typically, the buzzer test is done by controlling the buzzer to sound a

continuous buzzing sound while a test engineer listens to the buzzer with
ears to determine if the buzzer is in working condition. Sensor-Buzzer is a
passive buzzer. Like a magnetic speaker, it needs voltage with different
frequency so that it can make sound accordingly. The pitch becomes
louder when the frequency gets higher. All buzzers with internal oscillators
have polarity because they have small circuit built into them while the
buzzers with only Piezo disks can be operated both ways
6. CONNECTING WIRES : -

These are used to connect the components in the circuit.

These are used to allow current through them.

These are made up of copper, since copper is a good conductor of

electricity.

7. MINI BREAD BOARD :-

Breadboards are designed to work with through-hole electronic

components. These components have long metal leads that are designed
to be inserted through holes in a printed circuit board (PCB) that are plated
with a thin copper coating, which allows the components' leads to be
soldered to the board. This board is divided into 4 parts, the 1st and 4th
part slots are connected horizontally whereas 2nd and 3rd part slots are
connected vertically.

The mini breadboard has 400 slots.

8. 5V POWER SUPPLY :-

For this we use a 5v battery

Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram of this simple Fire Alarm Project is shown in the
following image.
Circuit Design :-
The design of the Fire Alarm Circuit with Siren Sound is very simple. First,
connect the 10 KΩ Potentiometer to the inverting terminal of the LM358 Op
- Amp. One end of the POT is connected to +5V, another end is connected
to GND and the wiper terminal is connected to Pin 2 of Op - Amp.

We will now make a potential divider using 10 K Thermistor and 10 KΩ

Resistor. The output of this potential divider i.e. the junction point is
connected to the non – inverting input of the LM358 Operational Amplifier.

We have chosen a small, 5V buzzer in this project to make the alarm or

siren sound. So, connect the output of the LM358 Op - amp to the 5V
Buzzer directly.

Pins 8 and 4 of the LM358 IC i.e. V+ and GND are connected to +5V and
GND respectively.

Working :-
We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to
know is that the main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K
Thermistor. As we mentioned in the component description, the 10 K
Thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor. If the temperature
increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.

In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will

reduce the resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases,
the output of the voltage divider will increase. Since the output of the
voltage divider is given to the non – inverting input of the

LM358 Op – Amp, its value will become more than that of the inverting
input. As a result, the output of the Op – Amp becomes high and it
activates the buzzer.
Advantages :-
Low cost

Reliable

Fast response

Circuit can be easily constructed

High level security

Easy to design

Easy to modify

Low power consumption

Early warning benefits

Can easily be installed anywhere in commercial buildings

Early warning is essential to effective fire safety because fires can occur at
any time any place

Detection distance

Speed of response

Sensitivity

Range of applications
Disadvantages : -

False alarm

Blinded by thick smoke

Senses near range heat(fire) only

Uses continuous power supply

Applications : -
Fire alarm in office

Remote LCD Annunciator

Fire alarm in hotel rooms

Fire alarm in schools

 Fire Alarm project

Conclusion

Thus, we conclude from this fire alarm is used for safety and emergency
purpose. This is not only use in houses but also in any type of buildings.