Scanned with CamScanner{X Cacti 7 t5u & 2- packets teal throush Commun Cections Link & PACKETS 9 packet switches C for which there afe Two predominak Types, Couters and Linklayer switches) - Bo peck parle Cay o (0 vom al! wt Moin W—-Y3G « > . = * en packeal Jt Cenetal SOP" WP vs Bus (2) Rall transmission’ Qe ° Rote opl_e9v® | Jee thetine to = Ll kk transmit the packet FH bitsinthe packet [ah see ssi'on Sate S 3-. e Pocket Cm muntadion Link if} s*-*@s = ——_@—_ Your Gmpder packet ae switde Switch Cend sysiem) we packet I endsystem Se et packet Jt, | switch 5) wel | » fall traasmissoa Wars tan | Rete ORs wLI padded 41 J) Sat esis Gus . swith Switch - 5 pacdect SI Cay L2de tyr jie cute Fey @ packet Switch © Circuit switch __) Scanned with CamScanner | Dern(2) ; C sve and Keaed —} packet saithiyy your i Guky: — as pacicétsuitch stat * § Oackelowitd - . ——s Lo yt SE 45802 5 Um Sal emdsyslom ow DIP b Sys packet suites It at Ye Oly . : . ®! ol wwe Deey_y 22M dala SI Sy eon oly gf W soe packet Dwr Vs . - MOB Sean le ols A ded sive das 252. BGM Seinabigd | # maken cl SPO paced 4! 45 © packhwiteh JECT Capt CF EGO gta HHS IG) Uo bits Pe Connie cabin ) wl s-Bs SPOS GE Blas Ob packet Jt ene endsy stent SI va vals, bit oem iL Ge Lb IRAR eS» ae 052 bite Rc Seely paded 51 GAL ao GHl a : ol] Oy gy tas 2 Link JI 1 tay SY 2 packed sur tyre \oLe ‘ Bpackt & Youd gdh ott eadsystem Stni Soo S295, es bit Sips L des pocket ge & & packet | packet packet x GH Ot Aske aw ALS we siy packet SI wf US gs + SD AVG) & eawaledss yoo su Cano Pewned endsytem Wut packet si desu Wl wt 0 san. Suiting Yess (packets Jobs wh J” hues uo Meas 9 H+ time Oc eb doh eee NO) Ge WE eyo Ce Rutttonsansrenf| ely op sly > bol VOLT WT ST Scanned with CamScannerat (St sle every 6 —— ast endsystem °° cae he eS SA Meabisn Sot « ack Ge ar Yee boll tadyi. rlestss lob jos abt od’ Prost paced ) Sst tm Artime = LIR ta - » ches Yous Pocword abe Jed packet suits ey. CoDiemdsystemy ab} Cots gis Wepacket, J) yes AMine 2 2LIR Sas -GSW!I enlSystent VY o,\y packet Slo VSI\ dday Al ws BIS san Mn-\) ge ZO Yi oak go enl-tred pes sree Roler a to-end GAw od) train Jy ss Linke NSB joke Packet Suittch ro %B5 cys & paclat Jib ete Lp 2 dean Ul MeNgieed VI Myke Hl wl Gps Ce padalt oy BA paket) er Ku » Buller Ne ast __ go5 __ Scanned with CamScannerw Q SE ey PANG — StoliNg SEEN delay . ; Packeb\oee weer ter TP ad odsystem dy. @. address be bbe wT pov Gls end system 1 endsyslem SUM te pode [Aza 3! lata JI lp Sh tee forler wy Jeg packer Swdyla 4 SIs ae » Nie, (1 addfe 5s cap BLO | ex AI) fodder Gol fod yy a> aio DVSp0 Le 0» Forwarding table Ob se py Te suckicpaclal yi god CIE Sure wy 6 es YELP 2 Brwardiytuble IF OL + OA Sy ew (Nr Linke Ii Ms Yes Jt day dl thoy ly BL site WY’ Bifer 19s - | ean dk Sh dee pluccso)9 wb 2 Gels JVs 1) Wye ode eevee bap oleo Ue, oe ou io as “ abu Pipe 525 S abtrclicine Lorwardiv3 J) ga ib table The intent has anumbef of tole eS a forking, petecols thatae used to “Me mabically set tre ruin tatles, Scanned with CamScanner{5 G, ws Sala We Is prctkelcwilde 3) Ugpscaae gor SUNS lished . Ce adt surlchest lo» Vy an Lk Sobl oun + wk.el SwilAiH)) Coo Caja) B09) U : i Grckel suite) Go anon Ciccuit SwAhehyy Guns ~7 the resources needed along apath ( buffers, Link trans-| missionRete ) 45 provide for Gmmuncition bétveen — the end systems are fesetved in the ciccuit switching But in packet switchiny hese sesources are “fet (esetved . _ packed swAhGe Goat NGG diay Qa a ele» Swtlnias - . Osteo als pt gay CotpndWe) oS (analagy) af SBN 5 3 ly Re ws OW iv w)> , Bt DNS cH) ye tie Qo7m vdol (M2 Saja, Freon Gey etl Cpe oS yu G2 =D Aas oy Gt Gua) gh + CACC SAO [De oy pen ore es ty ee a) SS -, a AB Ci(aair Swik dial! | Cio. PVE Nei Say Sede St of We) SE hoe ast eo he ast Comedtion es: VIB C Reaver Ww ond} 2 ween the Send and te Re ceiver: NS Slash italso resewe a Constant transniednan eae , in the network °s links for the duration of the Connection. Scanned with CamScannerea Re cause each Vink has fur Cicauits 5 Por each linke Used by the end—te-end Gnrection , the Gmnedion gas one fowth of the link’s total transmission Capacity for the duration » pth. Guned ion- \ Mbpss oi transmission (RI! Linke Dobe DGS Hose Ps (5) endteonel SEU Hens © Cecouit Suh gt 255 K bps of dedicated transmissions Rate- ‘thu internet makes its best eflare $o deli a er packets ina timely manner ; 4 pe imetymanner ; But doesnt make any guarantees. WY) g . multi prexiag in Circuit_s witched Networks a * FON: the Hequency. spedium oP atinfc. fs Aided UP among the Comechion estadi’shed FOM& ci, Cross the Link > W telephone netwres , the frequeny Band typ 4 KHL C Uyooe Cycle pel seemd )- —>rtlu's width fs Catleel Rand wrdth ~> FM Raclo station also use FOM to share the Frequency spedium between BR NAHE ancl foZ Me 5 with each stedtron bung allolated 4 Speufic. Fequn (4 Band . all ly Scanned with CamScanner@) Fora TDM Link: timers divided inte frames of fex00l curation , and each fame 1's divided into a fixed aumber OF time slots . + hon the network establish aconncction accross alink 5 the network dedicates OM time. slot inevely fame to this Gnnedion - —y Mase slats ate dedicated forthe Sole use of that Commaciion . ity one time Slot avallatle for vse . it the ect’ ow’ 5 dati inevety Pam te transmit Com 4 —> fer TDM, the tans mission sede of a arturt is equal te (Frame rate multipWee by the number of bits (a aStot >. for example 5ifthe Unk +transmite Booo frames jrerseemd , and each slot Consists of 8 bits, Khon the taunsmission rate Of a Ciccuit Ps gy bps. pgp Wy \gslas, “Ny packet = Dre switewn) Jy ak Cay curt switching, vs wastefal| be Cause the dedCaked Ccutl are igle dating (silend periods) Scanned with CamScanner@ % example: How Long it takes to Senda fle sf 640,000 bits from Hest A to Host B over acit Gut-—Guited not-work . Suppose that all links inthe vztwork use TDM with 24 Slots andhave abit rate of 1-526 Mbps. Also Suppose thet it takes S00 msec to establish an end-to-end Cercuit befire West A can beginto transmit tu le ’ How tong it take to send the file? Solatian . —_—_—_ *T Each Citcuit has a transmission rite of ( S36 Aue) bes = 64 kbps. au >So tt takes ( 640,000 bits ) / (84 Kbps) = Ie Scan) >to this lo seand we add the circa establish hme 2BINI 19. S seonds + Sel fe dle , . ~y vete thet the tansmi'ssisy time is inde pended of the numberof Links . Scanned with CamScanners Len wg = 6's) . FUSS 10. Comparing between ( Circuit switching & packet sui Ve. packet switching isnot suitable for real-time services ( &r example » telephone culls and vedio Conference Cals Recuse its \Vanable and up predictable end-to-end delays ,%, M y tee packet switching ® it offers betlershanng of transmission Capre ty than cir rt Switches yp Sdkbw Rate Dhl Gas 7, ves! packet Sut/thy @ it & Simpler , more efficient , ancl less Cstly to implement than circuit switching | | | a why Is packetswitching mole efficient ? (CEN eo GWIENG Bo Gh) ry vsetin SIf See Shariay 03 Linke tte @———— device po SSt si ae adive Gail ib or _auser JI, tH adive (yw! Gl. Gerseele data : loo kbps active SE yt User Ji at cass. carpe le, Cre . ron 2 90% Jie b with Cituit Switch + loo Kbps must be ‘eserved Pv each user at all time - Us Jt linte a Go Yt our Sw olunoos = ! Mbps /\o0 kbps = jg user only Scanned with CamScanner(Is\ ™*, & with packet switching © the ptolaboittty that a specific user i's active js (lo percent 2 = 0.1 e if there are 35 users 5 the probabé lity that there are Nor more Simultaneously active users 15 APPIOY ny dely 6: 0004 © when thee are lo or fewer Simultancously active user y the arival Rede of data js tess than of equal to 41 Arbps . wh thive afe more than Io active users, then ee the atvivel Rate of pacleet s exceeds the output Capnaty of the link sand the output queue wil begin to grew - Yo bed ps ae Ce I UEZ # packet swiiching provides essentially the same. performance as Cirduit Switching , but does 0 while allowing for mote than three times the number of usels. a's The perBrmance of packet Swr't ching is better than thecperfermun (© of Circuit switching . — Citasit switching pre-allo Cates ‘ce ae ai name (egacdless oPde ep , with ee eee tome Qeing Un used. Packet Switching inthe other herd allocates link use on demand Linke -tremsmission Copacily wilt be shared on a packet by-packet basis on among those USS Whe have pacects that need to 6e transmitted over the lin Scanned with CamScannerse =. i} 2 \\ RS £33 ndtuterk of actual Axed. 2 i eee ( Pc, Smartphones web Serves, mui] Serur] and Seon) Comnect to the internet Wa a7 acess ISP —> The atass isp Cav provide either wited oF wireless Connectivity , using an atray of acess echnologies including DsL , Catle,F TTH , Wi_fy, ané Cellular. —» note that the access ISP doesnothave to be a telco of Cable Company ; instead 1t Can be for example , a university ( providéry internet access to students, staff , and faulty ) Or a Company cpreviding access fer its employees) . Urey gL, ee SED Y dee 7 Ode CANS} CT IDI pp SL Cos g (+ Gata ~ Aan. nia) Isp - Content pois eel Gly 9 i we Ll NEI nfGkrasF Puc IDs gage w MP Dees > Content provide JL ISPs 21 Ye pel Putte : 22h] pezzed et pes Less ue “ tee Ruse 2P J acess TSls Ji + C patesork, oPrduark) Je lat Scanned with CamScanner{iz} ; 3 \ pole BS) py dle VAP AN ert Comptes se coment build a seties oo ‘ / . of nglwork struclare ) alway Remamber that : “The goal is to interconnect theaccess ISR So that all end systems Can Send paciets To each other “ { ad i4 (an Cleasten lets stat to build oni 1 Ee SOU 4 an i , evs ince intval stiuctue, (So Aaive) es e other. ® Connects each alteess Is ; le o(nt) 1 Such amesh design S ae cal eee much too Costly far the « ccess ISP jas igure joead require each access LSP to have a Separate connection Link to each © deeds of thousands of other aces Aue Wun Tsp, all over the world - Jour First network Stiwetwe. Y Network stiuctule 1: | Ww, ‘ interconnect all of the access TsR witha single global transit ISP." ( net weno neue x 22) Clobal TSP aso ot SSB) Gai/ a O52 we Slew Oo nt Ua eullpy - Was at leastone R. s io aC __ havlred s of onset eee ee he CPE PA MF 1 MA es oy Strachute 31h the amount a traffic an access Tsp Ghonges puaith the ~ Scanned with CamScannerBO a & 3) N important ed ee, ee Stuctule »the ISP ss Sud to be a), Tue Customer / / and *he global tansit ISP is Said to bea Provider . 222 9B EXON Ss ph ue SS) Cad S_ Blobal transit TSP thet fs profitable. SS Structure SVT Aas Sh] cb . 1 aaa TE Slob teausit Tp Src oi se Neu ts own global transit ISP JAD CUI) Gg u Th: (SDs 03125) Yee go tetee 'S lead to Wetwork Stuctute 2 Network Stractuse 9 " Consist Of the hundreds of tou sande of access LSPs, and mutt gle qlobal. transit Ise." | Avwcte thats the qlobal transit TSR them selves must interconnect. ONerwise access TSP, , Comnoted | to one of the global transit Providers woud not be able to CommuniGdle with He access Isp, Gnnected ty the Cher getal transit Pre vidos. ZS 99 2P 27 Structure JIN. . Nit (sa two-tire hierarchy with the global transit Plouisers residing at the top tierand acecsg TSR at the bottom tier “. Scanned with CamScannerSetwork stiactaseR\\\ // multi rier hierarchy der SIN y farsi eo WSp JNbas aloe Cle SES ley ww ewe Ghiete ns \ 5 Bebb Globod Tr ONY given tegion there may be a teqronal IsP to miCh the access TSP, Ta the fegtoa Conne ck- 2aclh fegional TsP then Conneds to tier Isle. / ter) Lsps iS Similar te our Cimagnary ) Jlobal transit Ts P35 but trertEses , vsh'eh actually do exist, do not have apresence in every erty inthe warld . not only ave. there multiple Competing tier! sp, thee may be multiple Competing Yegional Isp, in aA fe gion . archy D1 Gui) does’) b each aCcess ISP pays the regional Isp to which 4 Ganects . and each Ceg'onal Tsp pys the tier-1 Isp towhich it comects- by note that the tier_; Ish; donot Pay artyone astiey ale dt-the top ofthe hierarchy. wudure Z e Ee Ht BUY] Ob Ta Sou : © Cmultible glo bal 252) : @ C vambes multi global 250 Q tegional Isp) (Dl ee Mint ata TOA Vne 1 Tea RM multthlo sain Scanned with CamScannerlis) ' e SSR AE Ss, , DY ab uf B Dye he OT 8 level ev ae wk Rees -~\. Reo ancl TSP 3 tte aos > Network Strudwe 4 1 OnP oF mt to ‘ay: lias (Per ae ts cole Monnet NP vio to 3) :point of presence « multi- homing , Peering (AXP) : internet exchange poirt . x * F Ls pops existin every level af hicwrchy ex cept for the bettom Caceess Isp) Level, Leapep is Simply a group oF roders- by Any Isp Cexped Par tier Tsps) may Choose to multi- home , that ts 5to comed to two of mate provider Tsps , So , for example May multithome with too fe gional Ise, multi an aCCe Ss Tsp sort may, —neme With two fegimalTsPs and al So Wit, oe tel ISP. similarly a Fegiona tsp may niulti- home with multiple tert Tsp. Notethat: \ ixe : intemtt extharse powt Jd tS a meeting pont where multiple ISP, Can peer together . Scanned with CamScannerKk % Remember that ., Se. this ecosystem , Consisting of access ISP) regional Is stiecttsp PR, multi - homing, » Peering pand IX 2as ‘| A Netwolk Structure 4 & netuwkK stiudure 5 = Network stucup Ya Content provider net works 7 example; goosle is aCantenk Xovider network - eit is estimated that Google has 30 te 5o datatentes- Some of “these datu Comers house over ont hung) thased sewels , vile other data Center's are smaller , housing only hundieds of Si setuers + “Ta Goose data Centers are ail inter Connected Via Im) Goesies pi nae es p ‘vate TCP ITP netwoy & Pons the entie globe but js nev erthel Sperete from the public tyternet. 7 ZS imporfantly : dye Google privele network on Caries traffi'c tel fiong Geegle Server 2... Scanned with CamScanner