irst Americans New WoriD NINA G. JABLONSKI ‘Symposium Series in Anthe if THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY Number 27 San Francisco, Apeil 8, 21 STOCENE COLONIZATION ogy 3 SCIENCES.RNER Russian). 223 pp Mignatoes in New lesin No. 27. Tucson, Tempe, AZ Palas of Berigia ed. Am, Andhopol 9, Eth CHAPTER SEVEN THE MIGRATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS OF THE FIRST AMERICANS CLovis AND PRE-CLovis VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA AC. Roosevelt, j in Douglas and Linda Brown carly as 15,000 of even 20,000 years ago by opportunistic foragers who carefully aked projec poi one side, s. Collecting a wide range people from northeast sites discussed inthis chaper is present |ROC IGLAS AND BROWN much wider ran the preferred Clovis been 1nd in diverse regions seacoast, topical lowlands, spectrum foraging of diverse rmegafzuna (se Dillehay & 1g was not the “bread-and. spheric Clovis fluted points? has evaporated in the face of regional sequences that have now been established inROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN ‘ent dats on eatly stead offers a egre cltures in southwesteza Ne n South America, respectively, because thei si sod significance of che new data. The new picture of Paleoindian cultures based on spheric data aot oal derstanding of the initial human coloniza the Americas but leo has about human evolution and human nature sce asthe possible general significance ofthis picture in early New World culture histo sy and beyond 1 for furate research, tive radia Early Paleoindians in North America ‘The Clovis migration theory 1964; Jennings 1983; who hunted lars ater the upland grasslands of the c fon large mammals such as mammoth, long-hor. bis American animals were unaccustomed to human hunting, the highly el spearchunting methods were th 92; Haynes 1964; Lynch 1983; Martin 1967; Mos 162 DUTH AMERICA experi descendants in diagnostic jocumented Pleistocene radiocarbon mex mn processes was aot yet wel developed, and the recognized as tx remains and lacke surements, Knowle the specific regions scologist’ growing experience and changes in an improved body 163WIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA ROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN, Chons: Younger than we thought In the n vas assumed ly precise dates with standard-rror bars no greater than abou years, The dates are run oa single, taxonomically identified ogialyientiied graphy in primary as Paleoindian literature cites the span from hed age of Clovis (Fi reviewed pub identified botanical specialises (Aitken 1990:77; Bowman 198 dates from the same site context were unreliable and 1 BP (sce Figure sites were redated with the improved technique of gs co ng as 7,000 CClares wold isa problematie o pect review presentations or personal communications. ned. There has be arbon dating Some are rare, statistical out- | lange setis of consistently later dates on associated samples from the same context (a5 at Lehner, Mur tres are set ase, a very diferent picare ofthe Pale large amounts of 0-148, 232-233; MiROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN LOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AM eB. (se Appendix 1). Many writers ly the earest possible beginning age for acceptable eror bars. Fut cultural associations able Clovis date seves averages 00 ear \848 + 20yr BP), Mo only the uae those run on unidentified carbon, carbon red contests, or samy ur documented cultural oF stratigraphic ube dates, whi mary association 500 age of another in Texas (Fersing 1989, 199, ‘widely claimed as proof for an initial Clovis age of ‘They were run on aggregates of stratigraphic taination from the peat stratum composed of materials eroded erring 1989, 1994: 25, Figures 38 al-bearing Cretaceous bedrock of the 9), Such a context would (oreove, the dates were aot on individ Clovis-ag, termi of specific exava ble carbon isotope unclear these dates do not have published exact age range of rad 12, no specifically Clove style lithies have been eek ae eee ne artifacts have been illustrat Clovis, Blckvater Draw, NewCLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOt ROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND E WN There is, then, no empirical support at al for an age of 12,000 the Clovis culture. By standa age ofthe lished 1 large series of dates from the five documented Clovis s range from at. 11,200 o 10,800 yr BP, with an average age Aserbe farther on. Where did the Paleandians come from and bow did thy come? ‘The current archacological and biological evidenc Of the Clovis migratir are no instances of Late Pkistoce are catly Holocene have broad spectrum foraging culrares with stemme (Aikens & Higuehi 1982; Aikens & Akazawa we of which (Figure 4b) were shaped by techniques indian bifsces. The refined sing long, regular, diagonal, parallel sof 3 Forms (large curved blades), sometimes claimed as wopean Bate Plistocene hammer thinning) and ce indian origins also have changed over the decades. Metric snd aoametre cranial characters have beenROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN te much media therefore be (Begley & Mure 1999; the cranial tats at issue aze percentage similarity with the cast Asian pattern termed Sinodonty, but a low pescentage similar phology means that a certain Asian population (Neves «al by dena morph There is some new evidence Jhomans as entering and they were supposed to have lacked wera researchers have argued against these assumptions, pointing out the tal resources and the lack of archaeological evidence aloag the sup jon route (Bryan 19784; Pladmark 1978; Gruha 1994). Ofer the ed coastwise (Edlandson, ths volume). Some researchers now suggest ice-feee corridor was not open at the app igrants (Roberts & Julig nd), and others suggest thatthe CLOVIS AND PRE- LOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AN in press; Pow southern California coast, an ancient garbage midden sh, shellfish, and marine bids has p +0 9,500 yr BP. (Eeandsen & Moss 1996; Erlandsen eal 196; Eelandson, me are early Paloindian in age, probably ie now under ~ 60 meters after post route, for and has appeared in ms (Bednask 1989; Bry ichay 2000; Dixon 1999; Kreger x & Phillips 1958). hat people came into the Americas before anatomically modern humans and jppet Paleolithic cultures had appeazed in Europe; they the have lacked the points for specialized crude stone flakes, and edge to make fine and Instead, they were supposed trimmed cobble tools, and tools of perishable materials research, however, neither the pred borne out. No valid American cultures pre ls All verified early Paes Ate many years logy 20: history dustries. One important clement ne outby recent research: thatAND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERI ISEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN samples carbon (Figure the late Pleoinian ad), Anow-discredited ‘on carbon Reanier & Cing Mars 1982) remais a age (Ta cazcous rocks, 1 the southers (Ackerman 1996511512). ple, but check At others has been site, has repeatedly been chimed a5 2. 1 jn Bluefish eaves, northern Alaska (Motlan ‘carbon contamination from ‘occupa carbon dates range widely over a span of 11,000 years Radiocarbon dates 67) Is age could readily re by AMS dating of indivi lnts and the puted amino acids of several two pre-Clovis Mesa dates areAS AND BROWN, 1S AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED F (Kan & Reaie 194,05 8 711600" 80nearthcharcoat Bota 55286 Spit sa tole aszocated 8 41,100 7onearth charcoal; Beta-67420 Spit sample tools associated wes00 a 10,000 aS hearth charcoat Seta-50428 Saddle 10,070 60 hearth charcoal, Beta-09898 Not n Science ® 10,060 Tones charcost: Beta 52608 tools associated fakes associated 8 10,000 sO hearth charcoal; Reta 5285 ‘ols asclted Saddle 9990 Ohearth charcoal, Beta-S5202 Saddle 9,945 7Shaarth charcoal Beta-50420 | 8 9.990 eo hearth charcoal; Beta-55284 tools associated 8 19900 BO hearth charcoal; Betn-69899 Notin Science Saddle 9,790 Oso charcoat; Bt. 26805CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA a COS. Ba 88 69 0@ ea A &\f) 48ROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN or atachment (Anders South American hafting feature, there is no formal. ver show this form. In this impoctant al overlap between the two area and there wians Incomplete knowledge of the cultural and ecological characteristics of Pale ossble ancestor in the erly days of reseazch thus has tended to character and historical significance of South and Central American culrres inthe pe pling cate the Americas Central America and Northwestern South America the nature of cultural remains, th ‘The arifcts supposed to & Beyan 1977). Thee are 00. lured points, contemporary megafauna, or human skeletons. Some 15 atthe claimed early sites are teling, Northern Mexican sites amount to finds of indetermis >» Tepexpan Paleondian, produced an age of less than 2000 years wi ‘able 255). At Los Tapales, Guatemala, afew food remains were associated with three disparate Late Pleistocene an points nor poke 1991; Ardila CLovIs AND {E-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA thout Clovs-spe lk 49). The fake scars supposed flakes ltr invaded by pressure ided points could align with viewally any Paleoindian or Eacy 1 waisted shapes have no relation to Clovis forms forms tha ae late Paleoindian oF ses 2.28, 2.33, 2.37; Anderson e a1 the realty of a tre 1.2). Only the song fa s have turned up in areas indian ocewpation but have not been dated (Ranere ed ps angular ms of large 13). Beuadorian lice ace claimed to be Clovis earliest of thie to represent pre-Clovis, sider the evidence equiv etal)SEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN tural sequence from bi in Venezuela (Basse point pes have bee 1979). However, the site does aot meet both ends (Ardila Jobo bipoint. The bi 1 evidence for a very 4 lowland Paleoindian occups TAMERICA tes in eropical forest have pro 000 ye BP Lopes de sites were abundant carbonized plants represe The Central Andes highland plans negafauna kill sts, and no pre-pro te of the C point forage sites have bes iocarbo the north coast of Peru (Richardson 197 sum seepage. Its crude lithics the ony two radiocarbon dates, which are non-ovelapping marine shell, « material considered unreliable for dat 1987:49-52. Pers appears angela, with undoubted ar and 7.10 183IS AND PRE AS AND BROWN 1s VIEWE AMERICA, | = “cy e. oe {ab ne Component 12.0 to 30 027 125 w } 157, ayer «| 10.200 = 140 ° 128 Level fe 11008 = 220 @ wl 4 5 = 260 ° ee 18M 10,390 = 220 1987 @ ‘9850 = 170, 1986 ° 1047s = 125 1936 ” 10170 = 300 1940 ° 538 7 337 ” 10770= 130 1702 7 Sacto NI Me W126 rasor= 1s TeSI6-T2195 2005, w 8 Radic sed with pes cot, Peru (Sarde 19 fom uch 2s betwee ‘broad-spectrum the few megs game hunting jr than the asso alcoindian cultures are contem 5 big- game bunting sccute evidence for 1s 185AS AND BROWN 1S AND PRE WIS VIEWED FROM the hat they ae ote that 186:T, DOUGLAS AND BROWN ith the cultural charcoal and att indication that megafauna were probably used a f ten cultural dates from seven eatly fsa pint sts in the So al. 1983; Polits 1991), which is comparable to the time span of the Clovis-Folsom Paleoindin sequence in North America. In the vicinity of Los Toldos on the Patagonian plateau, archaeologists have uncovered « poory-known preceramic culture characterized by raze tangular projectile poincs as well as fi bone, aot as prey. The ne ran between verified and dated; a single date of 12600 + 600 yr BP ardich 1978 296; Cardich «al 1973) lacks secure a al is remakal the valid Paleoindin cultures established in western South America give no evidence forthe bypod from Clovis What they do show is the existence of a divese passage of big game huaters descended ly thatthe western South emporary Clovis which has dif subsistence orientation, than to che broad-spectrum hunting lore, which predates them. peal eastern South America, as in the Andean zone, Mute ig cultures have not been verified. As in the other areas of the CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA, Southeastern Bragil and Uruguay Numerous pre-Clovs sites have been claimed for erstern Brasil but none meet the standaeds for reliable, Uranium-Thorium dates > 100,000 ye BP. at Toca da Esperanca ‘were run on megafaunal bones found with crudely Naked rocks in Cental, but the radio cathon dates oa charcoal with the bones were exclusively middle Holocene ( 1993; de Lumley af 1987), The Middle Pistocene dates, thus, relate to geological taining reworked faunal bones, not to the human materials, which appear tobe Alice Boer, there were pre Pato ral processes (Lynch A fragment of painted eave wall 1 sof, indistinct sand prehistoric human habitation, such as fragments of burned ones and carbonized food plants were absent from the a the existence of as disturbed strata covering tock art panels the Lagoa Santa region of Minas Gerais jn Mato Grosso just south of the 1987), have and molluscs, These biological remains show siderably moister than the curent savanna woodlands and dey forests, whose vegetation has been depleted by centuries of timbering, ranching, and plantation agriculture since the European conquest. The few remains of megafauna at some sites ae pieces reworked from limestone geological substrata. No use of megafa- fas human prey as been verified, Pleistocene habitats wereROOSEYE AS AND BROWN faces, narsow noses, long, narrow heads, and J up on che surface ), The Amazonian 1999, 20006; Ri dates ftom me researchers had also assumed th refuges under Late Gk nas (Absy 1979; van der H de 8 1994; Hal moderate a Isotopes from -20 t0-37 per Bis le 1995; Tieszen 1991; van der Merwe & M twiangular points were found proba 1991). Thus, the already had topical Monte Algre Among the surfice-find-places Amazon was the Monte Alegre, Par points inthe Lower River opposite Santarem 191ROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTRICAROOSEVE OWN mae: * preceramie occupation the lever Initial B rs the weighted average is 10,420 + 23 and the mean calibrated value ca. 12522 ye BP. The rt lgists have oj ‘a. 11200 ye BP, the eatiest age sequence ovis Bot ot we sn the average for 201 0 ye BP, respectively, In addition, te dates ada, An ancient envi- ‘Alege culture was con-ROOSE DOUGLAS AND BROWN numerous identified taxa (Figure small and large nds doe diverse frit sized rodents, a small game. Only thee fexgmentary bones among the several hundred preceramic spec ens recovered could larger fauna of az 65 kg weight. The 56 stable carbon isotopes of the carbonized plant remains averaged «a. —29 per mil and ranged fom -24 to -37 per mil (normalized to wood) (Appendix 1), values typical of cos canopy topical rainforests, not of savannas or even of open forests. Thus, these exty Amazonian Clovis contemporaries were tropical minforest foragers, not specialized savanna big-game hunters. Conclusions eat that the Clovis migration 1th American high plains were wel proponents of Clovis as Central and western South America, However, the accrued evidence does not replace (Clovis with 2 much-eatir ancestor, fr all the ciimed pre-Clovis cultures other wehemisphere soon afte years ago. The initial complexes that have come to light scem oe the fist estab lished regional adaptations, not the cach region, s0 we found the remains areas of the Americas thus remain relatively unknown archaeological periods, so research is needed to tice in deal the movements ofthe fist peoples. Wete ‘here several source areas and source populations in there afer establishing themse! tool culeures d ecological routes through the hemisphere o We especial A cultures of 2 Alas, the Ch from more precise rica which m 202 1 AND PRE: CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA 1 easten equatorial lowly of smal game, ricas has ‘The aging Theory, primeval adaptation (Beaton we research on the Plio ngs io. Big-game hunting was the o ‘was supposed to have be he relationshipROOSEV LT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN, DVIS AND PRE.CLOVIS VIEWED FROM UTH AMERICA, Abstract Chis ig game buns of the worth bg Be ucaeoenee Antiepalaits bebo thet Clos plexes (g, Frison & Stanford colonized the lemispbr fom Alaska to Patagonian oa thousand year fram 12.000 111,000 years aga Tlvgh 0 be flened te big br game trgh ter reng lds the North Amicon bh pains ad th ol, arid plan of Conrad Sontb America — thy ston bth ide ofthe cominet anda te game our, iaseidn topical ra aston Central Americ and Seth Ameri ed Clovis assemblages ich usages are problematic at mul He levels A Syetmatc notions at bth old ad mew Palesindan itr have chansd the pcre of the ions and aaptarions ofthe fst American. Altbgh same ravacbr bad dreamed of more reli eare fram 12,00 t 30,000 yar ag, the vide for them ba filed meso tia of rine comet date sis lacking omtainton fom psec! carbo, documented ou tara remains and comparable fins at several sites. Resunatio of evidence as has pated Clas ounger than bad ee thot, no earker than cont 11,100 to 10,800 yr BLP. Alaska sil ba be cares ly dated ad netted culture na rons fom 1180010 11,0009 BP, at thee ou spear hunters and thee presumed descendants, using tre are broa-pcram bunter lr not resem Cle reali oltre or cecal ade eee tation. Escavtions at mew sites and cntined work at od anes bare changed the pcr in South America as vel, reeling a lack of a Chis borion. Eten supped Clo jan and Eady Archaic cultures is horizon without a secure chrono the peoples ‘28 10,000 years ago. Some term Archaic for broad-spec ‘riangula points. However, since these two terms were 34 presumed chronological sequence ‘ured out 1 be contemporary rail anor orgs as ld as i ew ede on the colonization reel he tion of are divers To- Age clog and cura adepations tha resins suet rig ew area ais Nene ‘estos fr rece ris. . cd radiocarbon ages a abl Clovis beginning Endnotes contexts is about 13,000 calendar years, a O0 oF less (Gee Appendix in uncalbrates es in northeastern sits is com the following manner. ACI is defined, du ro che presen Difaces co undiagnostic that actu fc find occuring | points even when ther ate no basl channel lakes, but only broad ehinning -dge-trimming (+g, Fison 1991:70, gure 234; Morrow Ewan 1997340, gute 23)."The narute of the ithics in val sed inthe leraare by the characterization of veryROOSEVE AS AND BROWN, } Donahue, K. Cushman, RC C feadowcroft Rod 3 bie change, bre sm. Pages 216-228 in LG. Strauss, BV. Eriksen te lo Ag: The Arhaeegy A, NY. Scien Based Dating in Arco. HL. 1987, Pate Fated Poi on 17), Simon Fraser U Anderson, D. G, I. D. ical considera Pabedan o ed, Haman a the En Plenum, New ¥ (Depar Environmental and chrono- problema Balin Mate del Western Amazon: Climate, humans. Ani 73:287-300, Science Preceramic occupations in the Be ing continents: $. 206 CLOVIS AND PRE.CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA sing: Verte Tapbonomy and L338 pp the Ste of El Inga, Eanador University of (Cave medio, Paper presented at gress Serra do Cap R. Enriquez, J. Danon, , & G. Poupeau. 1986 ing of burat chers feom the Alice Boer site, Brazil. Pages ec, New Esidee forthe Plime Poplin of the Ameria arly Man, Orono, ME. ocene adaptations. Pages 313-341 fe 8 R. Binford & L. R.Binford, eds, New Pepa in Arbeoly, Aldine, Chicago, IL. 1988, Tram and Archaoey in Soh Ci i TA. 246 pp. AT, &}L Co 9. Clos Revd: New Pepetier ow Palesindon Adepitions from Blackauter Drax, New Mest, University Museum, University of PA 145 pp, ~R. 1995. A reassessment of the Plio-Pleistocene pollen records of East TC Partdge, LH. Burke, eds, laman Origins. Yale Universiy Press, New Zatets sity of arguments for Pleistocene artifacts from the Old Crow on: A preliminary statement. Pages Gide 5494 Early mi September 6:A13, Borrero, I. A. 1996. The Pleistocene Holocene transi ages 339-354 i LG, Straus, BV. Esicksen, . M New York, NY. Humans atthe End of the Ice Age lem A, & C, McEwan. 1997. The peoDOUGLAS AND BROWN, Press, Betkele, and British ye and worked-bone artifacts from the se, Te Mil Iran Site University of New the study of the Paeoindian d. Pages 63-76 in E, Wagner & A. Zucchi, eds, Unidad y mire, eds, Clic Orig and Adaptations. Centr forthe Study Americans, Oxegoa State University, Corvallis, OR Bryan, A. 8. Barty Man in Amora from a Circ Pa Pepi. (Occasional ‘Anthropology, Universiy of Alber ological 5 TaimaTaima, Pages 53-58 in Time Taima: A Late Pliswcme Pale-Indian Kil Si CS/ South American Quaternary Do C.Ochsenius & R Grub, Northeast South Ameria Progam. A. L,, M. Casamiquela,} M. Crux ‘mastodon kill t Taima-Taima, Vene 8, Recent excavations at Lauricocha (Central Bryan, ed Earh Man in Anorica from & Cian |. Department of And J, 1973, Secuencia arqueologica y cronologia radio o dela cueva 3 de Los Toldos. Relacone del Sciedad Argentina de Antropaegia 785-123, ‘Chatters J.C. 1998. Personal communicas: ter, J.C, WEA. Neves, & M. Blum, 1999 is, Cur. Res Piste 1687-4 . 1988, Early hunter gatherers on the Pers Keatnge, ed, Prmsian Preiory. Cambridge University Pres, Ca A.C. Roosevel The Kennewick Man: A 208 CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA 1992 Prebisie de ke Cate Nord Pern: Le Paijonon de Capinigue. Centre National de la Reeheche Scien Clark, D. W. 1991. The sorthwes yanichsen & K. L. 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Some diversity in Late Pleistocene South lye AL. Bryan, Qua. Rec 4378-380 —— 1991. More on Meadowcroft chronology. Rex Archal 128-14 to the geochronology of the the New World. Pages 355-374 i R. E. Taplor, A. Long & R.S. Kea, eds, C Dating ard the Prplig of the New Wor Spinges Veeag, New York, NY. Technical comment, See 275:1948, America. Diovring Aral Spc Report: Monte Verde Reisind December: 17-19. Haynes, C.V, J, 8 G. A. Agogino. 1966, Prehis Clovis site. Am Ansiguty 31:812-821 Haynes, CV, Je, PE. Damon, & D. C. Gres. 1966, Arizona radiocarbon dates VI Radcarbon 81-21. Hayaes, C.V, Je, D.C. Grey, PE, Damon, & R. Bi VII. Redacarbn 9:11. geochronology of the 1967. Arizona sadiocarbon H. Brunswig, & K. D, Hopkins 1998. Kersey-Kunee Dent and Bernhardt sites, Colorado. Geoerebawlegy 13 Earh Max is th San Paro Valley Angora: PhD. disseratio 2 University of Aizona. University Microfilms, AZ 268 pp he New World, Sem 259:46-53, , WR, Powers, & N. H. 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The chronology and evolution of the prehistoric rock paintings in Secra da Capivara Oxford, England, f South America: An ‘Turnmite, eds. Cli: Origine and he First Americans, Oregon State Universiy, overview: Pages 287-301 it R. Bonnichsen & K. Adaptations. Cenet forthe Sead Corvals, OR F 1993. Dental evidence for the peopling of the New Worl: Some method: logical considerations. Hum. Bol 65:799-819.. Powell, J.P, & W. A. Neves 1998. Dental diversity of early New World te Out ofthe tripartite model. Paper presented atthe annual meeting of n of Physical Anthropology. Am. Pls. Antapol, Supp. the American Associ Report on the Osteological Assessment ofthe “Kennewick (CENWW97.Kennewick), Dicowring Archeology, Special Report October 2951-21 Powers, W. R, 1996, Siberia i the late glacial and ear postglacial, Pages 229-242 i L G. Strauss, BV. Eriksen, J. M. Evlandson, & D.R.Yesner, ed, Hamat atthe End of ‘thee Age The Arar of the Phiscone Holwene Trenton, Plenum, New York. —— . 1986. Os mais antigos vestigis anqueologicos no Brazil Centra. Pages 173-182 in A. L. Beyan, ed, Nav Evidence for the Pistcene Paspling of the Ames 3, Univesity of Maine, Oro Boquete, Minas Gerais, Breil. J. Soc Ameicaines sof the oldest setlements in the America. Archacologicl analy Bra de Genetica 1689-699, 1999, Dating rock atin Brazil, Pages 29-3 fn M, Strecker & P Ba Dating ad the Earbst Rack Art. Oxbow Books, O Ranere A, & R. Cooke. 1991. Puleoindian occupation Pages 237-253 in R Bonnichsen & K. L, Turi es, Chae: Origine ad 28 CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA ‘Technical comment. Sco 275:1948-1949, ‘The Mesa sit: A Paleoindian hs Acie Anthropol, 325-30 Dating the rock at at Monte Alegre, Brazil. Pages 35-41 in M, Strecker & P. Bahn, eds, Dating amd te Ears Keown Rock Art. Oxbow Books. Oxford, 0 end to the controversy over when and weeface of science and sys Resources, Washington, DC, O0e. The Lower Amazon: A dynamic human habitat. 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A tradicao Itapatica: Uma compreensao ecologies ¢ cultural ddopovoamentoiicial do planalto central brasiliro, Pages 145-160 in B. Meggers, ed, Prebisora Sudamericana: Nevar Pepe, Taraxacum, Washingeoa, D.C Sandwess, D. H., H. Mclnais, RL, Burger, A. Cano, B. Ojeda, R. Paredes, M. C Sandiweiss, & M.D. Glasscock. 1998. Quebrada Jaguay: Early South American mat ime adaptations. Scene 281:1830-1832, Sassaman, K.E, 1996, Early Archaic setdement inthe South Caro Pages ‘58-83 ir D. G, Anderson 8 K. E, Sassaman, eds, The Pandan and Ear Archaic Southact, Universi of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL. Schmitz, P 1987, Prehistoric hu Schobinger, |. 1999. Argentoa’s cds, Dating the Eabut Knoan Rach Art. Oxb Scott, G Ry & C. G. Tuer, I. 1997, The Antirepalegy of Modern Hamat Tal: Detal Morpblay and ts Variation in Recent Haman Population, Carbridige Universiy Pees, Cambridge, England. 382 pp. 163. Veneoeon Arca. Ya rity Press, New CLOVIS AND PRE-CLE :WED FROM SOUTH AMERICA 1984, The Amazon: Linmolagy and Landape Eloy of a Mighty Tropical River tr Basin. Dr. We. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. 746 pp. Simoes, M. 1976, Nota sobre duas pontas de Proje da Baca Tapajos (Para). Bal Mas Paraense Emilio Geld NS. 62. Belem, Simpson, R. D. 1978, The Bryan, ed, Earh Man ional Papers No. Archaeological Snarskis, M. 1979, Tursalba: A Paleoindian quarry and workshop site in Eastern Costa 1. Am, Antiquity $4:125-138, 1984, Central America: The Lower Caribbean, Pages 195-252 in FW. Lange & D.Z.Stone, ede, The Archalegy of Laver Cetal Americ. Unive yaquerque, NM. TW, Jes} New Mexico Press, Staff lity for Radioisotope A s Late accelerator 14 JL Mead, & LW. Nelson, eds, Mgafama and Mon: Dicey of Hoard. ‘Tae Mammoth Si Springs, South Dakota, Ine, Hot heen Arizona Universi, Flagstaff, AZ. E. Hate, L Curse, A JE Hull, & D. Donahue. 1991, Accelerator sel. J Anhatl.Sai 1835-72, arty Man inte love origins and adaptations: An introductory perspective, ‘in R. Bonnichsen &e K. L. Turnmize, eds, Clovis: Origins and Adaptations. Center fo the Seudy of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Oregon State versity, Corvalis, OR, D.G, & JH. Powell 1993, Paleobiology of 138-146, Snuver, M, P.J Rimes, E. Bard, |. W Beck, G. Bur, K.A. Hughea, B, Kromer, E.G. MeCormas . van der Plicht, & M, Spurk. 1998. INTCAL 98 Radiocarbon age cai bration, 4,000.0 cal BP. Radicarion 083, ‘Taylor, RE. 1987. Radcarion Dating An Archaeal Porpao. Academic Press, New York, NY. 212 pp. Americans. Evol Anti 2: 21LAS AND BROWN, CLOVIS AND PRE IS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA, tng, Pages 65-96 in RE. Taylor & M. J. Aiken, ed nin Arba Ph ss, New York, NY. ten, eds 1997. Chroametic Dating in Arch i from eastern Beri Cans: Naw Light on te Pepi Unive Arizoaa Press raphic context and radiocarbon calibration. Ansigaty a, Je, R. Gillespie, JA. J. ahue, & R. Berger. 0 ke [000 yeas B, P. Am. Anti les of planes: Implications 8:227-248 ss, Boca Raton, FL. New York, NY. 295 pp. al G2. The Fort Ppl T&M. Al Place, Pld. 109:247-261 van der Merwe, N, 8 Medina 1991. The x Amazonia. J 1820-259, Seer epee al iu Fea 1957-283 Trl on te Amaro ad Ro Nays, London, Wd | ques du Mato | Wallace, A. R. 1889. 4 NV. Lock. 363 pp, Warnica, } M. 1966 ity 31:345-357, West, FHL, ed sowoly of Bernie. University of C JN. 1998. imes Nox. 2D 2 The New York | ply. University of on. Denver M Natural History, Denver. 322 pp 8ROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN, APPENDIX 1 Dates From High Plains Clovis Sites* The Clovis Site, Blackwater Draw Locality 1, Clovis, NM Weighed average of three dates om thre samples: 11,300 + 240 yr BLP. (13,180 eal) of the seven reliably criteria to0-old The dates from the eponymous Clovis site fal 6 “They have too-arge error bars, are on material vulnerable to conta carbon, are oa noncultual ea sal association In the region fl sequence, they average 300 yr eater than dates from sts with high reliably scores. The context was interpreted as all or scavenging was humic Acid and lignin from pooled fagmens of natural ones of mammoth prey could be dated by current AMS methods but haven and lack of sec abonized water plants. The amino 3,773, 13,722, in bone bed, El Lano dig I, fom “grey sand” stata dscarbed by nearby artesian spring chimaey. Caltaral associations of Clovis artifacts with this mammoth noted but not doc ‘lusteaions 8 cal) From pre-cultural “grey sand” layer ca 0.5 m prey sand” strata cx. 1.0 Lebner, AZ Weighted average of 12 dates on 12 samples: 10,950 & 40 yr BLP, (12,980 cal) The dates fulfil all but ewo reliability criteria and are consistent with each other and with reliable dates from other Clovis sites. However, the samples were aggregates of dis: is subject to the old-wood problem, 24 DVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA {gates of botanicaly-unidentifed charcoal fragms charcoal problem. All sample sizes were adequate and and matches high reli cates have acceptable. The series is Clovis sites + 140 SMUI6S) (128 +90 (6MU340) (12,847 c {SMUZ97) (12,839 ca) 12,725, 12,659 cal) Murray Springs, AZ Weighted average of eight dates om eight samples: 10,880 + 50 yr BLP. (12,923 cal) Lehner, the lage date series Flfils vidual specimen: samples and freedom from ‘neanally and with the reliable date Te ste was interpreted as a kil site. The dated material was associated with rmegafaunal bone and artifets. T spersed, botanically unidentified wood charcoal flecks, which present potential old wood prob- lems. The samples were associated wi Only one of eight dates as too-lange erro age, consistent with reliable dates from other Ce the preference for d-wood effects The seties is consistentROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN 103840 + 140 (SMU42 (12,902 340 + 70 SMU 10 + 160 (T145 D 902 eal) (12847 eal) Dent, CO Weighted average of ssc dates om two samples: 10,750 + 40 yr B.P. (12,873 cal) sion and potendal old carbon effects. The sit i a probable kil, but it has been argued that che mammoth may not have thle errr bars. Geological contamination from coal is documented. The pried bone series is consistent ineznally bu als in the younger range of reliable dates from other 32,260 + 2100 SMU 120) lignite from the same matrix as the mammoth bone charcoal from the same matrix as the mammoth bone organic acids 1) XAD purified hydrolysate from mammoth bone ie aid f 12,824, 12,708, 12,682 cal) alanine from same Domebo, OK Weighted average of seven dates on four samples: 10,944 + 59 yr BP. (12,978 cal) ery large, and con: ly and matches reliable came from the hone of 26 CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA er bone sample was pur ‘mm contamination. The bone dates are ofien J to as evidence for a pre-1,200 yr BP. age of Clo ‘inadequate in size and thus have very lange error bars from wood samples were adequate size and gave small error bars. (Whether they were indi aggregates were d speciied) All the dates are statistically werage inthe range of reliable dates f et Clovis sites (S1172) (13,159 cal) Ik unpurified onganic acids from mammoth 135 cal) humic acid from same Lange-Ferguson site, SD Weighted average of 00 dates on two samples: 11,100 + 160 yr B.P. “The dates have low scares 0 sirable: pooled botanical yetiteria but one, Sample materials were ed da bits and unpurified mammoth bone tr Cleaning procedures were not as sgorous sis possible at present, There piece plotted, andS AND BROWN Angiok, MT Weighted average of three dates on one sample: 10,831 + 56 yr BP. éesor-bars, and all were on adequate samples of human bone. amino acids that were dated are not considered subject to carbon conta: ination. Nevertheless there was only one bone sample from the relevant bua, and the burial was not dseetlyassocated with aries. The burial ring con: nd documented scientifically, Another skeleton atthe site gave Holocene, not Pleistocene dats. This age ciated diagnostic Clovis culucal 5, 11,783 cal) aspartic acid from same Cally, WY Weighted average of two dates on two samples: 10,960 + 120 yr BLP. inbiltyesiteria. The ste was a posible i ned. Projectile points were present, for Clovis, Both dates have acceptable error bars and dates from Clovis sites, hee base forms are uns 11,200 + 220 1064 + 141 ca bulk, unpurified a1392) WED FROM SOUT CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS V RICA UP Mammoth site, WY No weighted average becanse onh a single date was available bone sample and thus subject to contamination. It has a too-large erzor bar ands slight ly older chan the series of high reliably dates from Clovis sts. 11,280 + 350% (44 sk 3174 organic acids from mammoth Goshen Culture ‘Mill Iron, MT aeighted average possible due to statistical inconsistency of associated dates. The ste fais sx ofthe seven reliability criteria, Th site was a kil sice made wp of a ts were internally “The excavator the material seemed o that one san ple was made up primarily of the lignite ‘contamination and staitialinconsist chr dentitied dispersed samples, They have one old-wood problem, if they ate indeed coal. The samples have a documented association uch older geo | carbon conta coal in one sample. The assoc < rs charac teristic of later Pal catly Paleoindian Clovis and expect ed for che culeural material. Inthe foure, the age ofthe site could be verified by dates on purified amino acids from the bison bone in the bed, 23,720 + 220 (AA-3668) “charcoal” sample composed prf, DOUGLAS AND BROWN ) camp, processing area processing area Calture Undetermined Aubrey, TX. Weighted average of two dates on two samples: 11,570 + 70 yr BLP. (13,480 cal) ‘were reported from Trench B, from whic samples are from a disturbed geological surface atthe interface uninants including ea is age geological deposi was slater Paleo ed carbon aggregates 6493-98; Damon ef al 1966:100-1 ison & Todd 1986; Hannus Hauey oa 1959, figure 97; Haynes ol 1966, 1967; Haynes ‘al 1998; Humphrey and Fei hardy 1966; Hester al 1972174176; 225, figure wef al 1987; Stafford 1990, CLOVIS AND PRE-CLOVIS VIEWED FROM SOUTH AMERICA. etal 1998. Weighted averages calculated by Linda Brown and John Douglas, ‘sing CALI) cates a too-latge error, Initial A and B calibrated radiocarbon and calendar TL and OSL dates from Pedra Pintada cave, Monte Alegre culture. yon dates fi all che elabilty criteria, and the TL/OSL dates fall but 1. The carbon samples were individual pieces of identified carbonized palm ot tee fru or localized sediment samples. @ inital A fuit seeds could be food arate tthe seeds of the lt ey accept, and such carbon nee of human, le contamination were nega ike many Clovis dates AITL./OSL errors ioearbon but typical for these techniques. All amples \wete from specific, mapped localities during excavation. Although Clovis acl also suggested tha there are too few date ates, more than many Clovis sites ‘i the same ranges. The radiocarbon series from each phase is were larger thaa acceptable for (The earliest TL date, series) The radiocarbon range al ther eastern Brain sites wi TL/OSL Initial A A2SISW base, object 2 next to heath ‘TL of burned chalcedony bifcial reduction ake (outer, reected) (16190 + 930 ene 8346 bas, object 1 TL of burned chalcedony b 330 + 900 calt* )TH AMERICA DOUGLAS AND BROWN Pas vigiea rab DVIS AND P 8345 object 4 £285 (GX dates on four samples: 13,180 + 509 c 12,387 eal, ed sacri 2.531 TL/OSL _ Initial B eneigueres 33 cal 8231 far SW, top, object 1 ened brecciated quartz flake 11,880 X-19538CAMS) 12,332 cl 12208 eal Radiocarbon Initial A 0 # 70 (GX-19537CAMS) 12052 c 1 samples: 10420 + 23 yr Bi 12,582, 12,522 12950 cal 875 + 295 (GX-17414) 12,920 al TL/OSL Initial A yar samples: 11,075 + 106 13,123, on Dake (oui, ejected) (16,190 + 930 cal) Radiocarbon Initial B fake 15,330 + 900 cal seed 10,583 + 80 (NZA9898) 12954-12,681 calROOSEVELT, DOUGLAS AND BROWN, Initial B 8231 far SW, top, objec L of burned brecciated quarts ake 11,880 + 760 cal Radiocarbon Initial A ied rucuma. average 3, 13,088, 7 8231CW top, acer en 8231 CW ‘wood charcoal frags ocaep 10,560 + 60 (B6952CAM 10,450 + 60 (B76952CAMS) CLOVIS AND mate from sacuti endocarp 83M indicates a too large ero 1S VIEWED FROM Si 2 78 (GX-17400CAMS) 12,333 cal (CX-19538CAMS) 12332 eal I) 12203 cal