CENTRE FOR

GEOTECHNICAL
RESEARCH

THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

,

ElASTIC SOLUTIONS
FOR
SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS

by
H.G. Poulos
and
E.H. Davis

The University o! Sydney, NSW 2OJ6, Australia. Telephone: (02) 692 2109 Telex: AA 26169
 ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR
SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS
SERIES IN SOIL ENGINEERING

Edited by

T. William Uimbe
Robert V. Whitman
Pro/euoTS oJ Civil Engineering
Musdlnetts Instirute 01 Technology

Books in Series:
Soil Tutirtglw Engineers by T. William Lambe. 19S1
Soil MedNnlC$ by T. William Lambe and Robert V. Whitman. 1968
Elutlc$olurions 1« Rod and $<);1 Meeh."Jes by Harry G. Poulos and
E.DavlI.1974
Soil QrMmks trt RobertV. Whitman (in PI'09,eu)
FundMnenl.,. of SoilBehllvlot by James K. Mitchell (in progren)

The lim of this series is to present the modem ~epts 0; loll

engineering. which i. the science and technology 01 soils and their
application to problem, In eMI engineering. The word "soU" I. Interpreted
. broadly to Include an earth materials who•• properties.nd behavior
influence civil engineering construction.
Soli engineering Is founded upon many basic discipline.: mechanics
and dyMmlcs: physieallleology and engineering geology: clay mineralogy
.nd colloidal chemistry; and mechanics of granular systems and fluid
machanlCi. PrinCiples from thes. bIoIsic disciplines Ife back.d by
experimental evidence from laboratory and field investlgltlons Ind from
obsefVltlons on actual strucNfes.Judgment deriVed from eXP«Irlence Ind
ln9","flng .conomies ar. central to soil engineering.
The boob In thIs llries are intended primarily for use In unlvel1lity
COUI1III. at both the undergradulte Incl9raduate I~J•. The .dltorl Ilio
expect that III of the boob will serve IS vlluable reference mahlrlll few
practicing en91nlll1l.

T. WIlliam Lambe
Robert V. Whitman

ii
 ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR
SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS

H G Poulos

Reader in CMI Engineering

University of Sydney

EH Davis

Professor of CMI Engineering

(Soil Mechanics)
University of Sydney

Originally Published in 1974 by:

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

NEW YORK· LONDON· SYDNEY· TORONTO

Reprinted in 1991 by:

CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH

UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

III
Details of original publication:

CofIJrioht «> 11n4. by JOhn Wiley &. Sons. Inc.

Al! tlgNs fllHl'M. Publishecl simul--'J in CaNldL
No pari Of W. bOOk ..,. C. ..,prod,,* try .nt me-.
nor tr...... ~ fto!" tr&MllI'-d into • machi.... lallguav-
wilIIoolIlM wori_ penniaior\ of lilt P\lbl~.

lAftrr IIf ~ . C8Ulolliltll In I'UlIllcMIDa D.ra:

PoulOa. H G 18010-
Elas1ic solvtlCl.... lot soil ancl rode mecllank::L
ell/1K1g~: p.
I. Soil ~roblems. U«ciMs. de-
l!. f\o<;lI: /MC:hanicl-Problema, Ulfcisel, lie.
3. E~robI_ eurciHs, ,Ie. L 0 ......
Eo H.. joln1 allhOt. IL TIts..
TA71ll.PS7 12..·.1513 73-17171
1S8N ~71-68S6W
PtInIecl ill 1M UnI*I S\.t.1a of .........,.;u

10 • • 1154321

IV
PREFACE TO REPRINTED EDITION

The original edition of this book has been out of print for
several years, but there have been many requests for ~
to be reprinted. The original publishers, John Wiley and
Son Inc, New York, have been gradous in re-assigning
copyright to the surviving author, and hence, the book is
now being reprinted through the centre for Geotechnical
Research at the UniverWy of Sydney.

This reprinted edition contains a significant number of

corrections which were brought to the author's attention
by a number of users, in particular, Dr John T Christian,
Dr Peter T Brown, Professor M R Madhav, Mr J M Shen,
Sir Alan Muir Wood, Dr K J Cheverton, Professor
Michael J Pender, Dr I 0 Moore, Assodate Professor J
C Small and Mr M A Adler. I am very grateful to these
persons for their interest in bringing the errors to my
attention. I am also grateful for the encouragement of
my colleagues ~in the Centre for Geotechnical
Research at the Univers~ of Sydney to prepare the
corrected edition, and to Ms Monica Martin, who
undertook the typing of the corrections and Miss Kim
Pham for correcting the figures.

Harry G Poulos
August, 1991

v
 PREFACE

The authors have atte=pted to ass~le as comprehensive

a collection as possible of enphs. ubles and explieit
solution of proble~ in elasticity relevant to soil and rock
cechanics. V.any of these solutions are well known and'widely
used in leoteclmieal practice, and are available in $'t:lndu'd
references. However, nN soludaDs of relevance appear at
frequene: !neenah and in diverse publicadons. and it is'"
difficult for the practisinr enlineer to locate, or even to
mow of the ensunee of, a solution vlUch =.ay be of interest:.
The Inl4 ujorlty of solutions are for an isotropic. hoao-
reneaus =ass, but soce t=poreanc: solutions are also included
for CTOss.anisotropic and non-hc=or:cneous elastic Dateri.ls.
Because of the vast literature in the tbeo~ of elastic:ity and
the need to keep Ute book to a reasonable sin, coverage of
solutions in this book is by no aeans exhau5tive. and solutions
vhidt ;:ay be considered of relevance by some people will doubt-
less have been o:1itted. In a nu=bcr of instances, a reference
is aiven even thoueh no solu~ion is reproduced in the book.
It has no~ been found prac~icah1e co mainuin a unifona
notation throuShout the book; where there appeared to be valle!
reasons for doinf so. the orizinal author's nota~ion has been
adhered to, but panic:ularly in the =ore bade material, a
cOlllDOn notation has been used. However, a. unifom dill con-
vention has been usee! in that the follovinS are considered as
posi~ive: cOlIIpreuive nrcss, reduction in length or volUlle.
and displacement in the positive co-ordina~e direc~ion.
The authors have not attempted the ~ense task of a fUll
check of all the solutions they have reproduced, bu~ a more
Jimited cheek has been carried ou~ by tes~ing solu~ions for self-
consistency and consistency with other solutions and this has
uncovered a nu=ber of errors in ~he oriSinal solutions which have
• been corrected. However, it is probable tha:t sOllIe fUrther errors
will have escaped the· authors' notice and any inforution on such
errors Yill be p'atefully received by thelll.
The book is divided into essentially four parts:
Ca) an introductory.SUlIIDUY of tho basic. equa:tions and
relationships in elastic theory (Chapter 1) and then basic
sol~ion$ for problems involvinz concen~rated loads on
elas~ic media (Chapter 2);

(b) solutions mr loadina of siJ::ple geometrical area.s, both

uniformly loaded and rifie! (Chapters 3 to 9);
(c) solutions of a tIOrc eil::plicatecl nature havinr relevance
to practic.al soil Dechanics, rock _c.hanics and foul'uiation
problems (Chapters 10 to IS);
(d) appendices conuinins: tomple~e solutions for various
eases of surface loadins: on an anisotropic or iso~'l'Opic
elastic half space.

VI
 PREfACE

As a reference for students. researeh workers and

prac~ising engineers. this book may be used in a number of
ways:
Ca) as an iDD.ediate source of solutions for use in
solvina geotechnical proble.s;
(b) as a source of basie solutions fro. whieh IIOre
coeplieated solutions uy be evaluated by the user;
Ce) as a SOUJ"U of referenee solutions against which
m.erical collpU.ter solutioa.s (e.l. from the finite
elaent Mthod) . y be cheeked.

Grateful achnowledge:Dent is riven to the rreat nuaber

of persons and institutions, too nUllle%"OU.S to list individually.
who have liven peraission for their solutions to be reproduced.
Special thanks are due to Dr. T. Williaa Lube; EdlIImd X.
TImler Professor of Civil Engineering at H.I.T•• for his
oriJinal enc:ourageMnt of the preparation of the book; Dr. J.P.
Giroud of the lhiversity of Grenoble. france, for his generous
pendssion to uproduce lIlany of his results. both published
and. unpublished; Drs. J.R. Booker and P.T. Brown of the
University of Sydney for their co-nts and advice. and Dr. C.
M. Gernrd. and Mrs. W.J. Harrison for peroission to reproduce
their papers in full as Appendiees A. lI.lld B. finally, the
authors are rreat1y indebted to Mrs. K. Brcnm, who cheerfully
aDd. patiently carried out the ujor task of typing the unu·
script. and to Mr. R. Brew, Mrs. H. Papallo and Miss A..
Olittendon. who undertook the onerous task of preparing the
eliacrus·

H. G. Poulos
£. H. Davis
June 1'73

vii
 CONTENTS

0I.InU 1 F1.NlWE'n'AL [EFINmONS A.'m RElATICNSHIPS

1.1 . Atlalysis of stress 1

1.2 Analysis of strain
•
1.3 EquilihriUl:l equations
•8
1.' Strain-displa.cement and ccmpaubili'ty equations .
1.S
1••
Stress·strain relationships
Differential equations of iso'tropic e1anic:ity ,.
8

1.7 Convenient methods of considerin. loaded areas 12

1.8 Superposition of solutions for various loadin,S 14
l.9 Equations of silaple bendi:ll theory 15

QlAP'll!R 2 BASIC SOWTIO~ FOR ct:INCEN"r'AATED LOADING

2.1· Point loading ,.

2.2 Line loading 2.
2.S Line loading-axial '-nr 52

QlAP'll!R S DISTRIBUI'ED LOADS ON 1HE SURFACE OP A SfMt-

INFINrn MASS

S.l Loading on an infinite strip S.

S.2 Loading over half the infinite surface 41
S.S Loadina: on a circular area 4S
S.' Loading on ;I. rectanrular area 54
S.S Loadinl on an elliptic:al area 7'
S•• Loading over any area. . 77

QlAP'll!R • DISTlUBUlED LOADING BENEAtH ntI5 SUJl.FACE OF A

SEMI-lNFINITE w.ss
4.1 . Vertical Load-in, on a horizontal area 92
'.2
'.S
Horizontal loadinC'on a .ven.ic::al recuD,1e
Rectalll1es S\1bj octo! to shear load.in. .
97

ix
 CONTENTS

CHAPIER 5 SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE LAYER UiDERlAIN

BY' A RIGID BASE

5.' LoadinS on an infinite strip 105

5.2 LoadinS on a circular area. m
.5.3 LoadinS on a reCUJ1iUlar area 113
5.' Vert-ieal loadin, over any area 132

0lAP't!It 6 SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-LAYER SY'SlEHS

6.' TliO-layer syUeD!; 138

6.2
6.3
Three-layer sySte=$
Four-layer syste:s
."
162
6.' Approximte solutions for culti-layer
systems 162

CHAPIER 7 RIGID LOADED AR£AS

7.' Infinite strip on a semi-infinite ..ss .65

7.2 Clrcle on seal-inflnlte mass .66
7.3 Circular ring on sel:l;i-infinlte =us .67
7.'
7.5
7.6
Rectangle on semi-infinite mass
Ellipse on semi-infinite mass
Infinite strip on finite layer
...
'6'

172
7.7 Circle on finite layer .7.
7.' Reetangle on finite layer 18.
7.'
....,
Rigid areas e~edded vithin a semi-infinite
18•

CHAPIER. STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN CROSS-

ANISOTROPIC MEDIA

••• Concentrated loadinS on a serd-infinite mass 183

'.2
'.3
Strip on semi-infinite mass
Cirele on semi-infinite mass '"
185
•••
'.5
Loading on IIlUlti-layer syUe:DS
Particular cases of anisotropy ...
187

CHAPIER. 5'Ill!SSES AND DISPu.cEJE.NJS IN A NC1'i-Ha«xiENEOUS

. EUSTIC M.\SS

••• Sw-infinite mass vith linear variation of

....u1'" 193
'.2 Generalbed Bow:sinesq, theory {Qr non-
bo.cSeneous seal-infinite uss 195·
'.3 FiDite layer with linear variauoil of .odulw: '98

x
 CONT!NTS

CHA.PTER 10 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN EMBANXHENTS

AND SLOPES

10.1 Embankment on rigid base '99

10.2 Eabankmefit on elastic foundation 208
10.3 Infinite slope 22.

OfAPTER11 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND

UNDERGROUND OPENINGS

11.1 Unlined openings 22'

11.2 Lined openings 245

OiAPTER 12 RAFT FOlRiDA.TIONS

12.1 Strip foundations on a semi· infinite mass '49

12.2 Circular rafts 255
12.3 RectanfU1ar rafts 260

0iAmR IS AXIALLY LOADED PILES

13.1 Single incompressible floating pile 269

13.2 Single cOtlpressib1e floating pile 271
13.3 Single compressible end-bearing pile 278
13.4 ~egative friction in a single end-bearing
pile 278
13.5 Floating pile groups 279
13.6 End.bearing pile groups 281

OiAPTER 14 PILES SUBJECTED 1'0 lATERAL LOAD AND M:NENT

14.1 Single floating pile 283

14.2 Tip-restrained piles 287
14.3 Pile groups 291

0iAP'Il;~ 15 MISc:ELUNEOUS PROBLEMS

15.1 Thick·wall cy1ind.er in triaxial stress field 297

15.2 Cylinder with rougA rigid. end. plates 297
15.3 Inclusion in an infinite region 304
15.4
,,..,
Stiff plate subjected to 1DDlICT\t and hori:ontal
304
15.5 Stresses in a ,layer with i yielding base 305
15.6 Stresses'behind retaining walls 306

Xl
 CONTENTS

APPENDIX A sn£SSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A LOADED

OmtORHeJomIC HALF SPACE ,.
APPENDIX B ClRa.IUR LOADS APPUED TO A aoss-
A.'fISOTROPIC HALF SPACE 337

AU'lHOR. nalEX

INDEX '01

Xli
 Chapter 1
FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS
AND RELATIONSHIPS

1.1 Analysis of Stress nsgati'UB Cartesian direction while acting on a plane

vhose OUtli'ard normal points in a positive direction,
or, when directed in a PQsi1:ive Cartesian direction
while acting on a plane whose outward normal points
in a"begative Cartesian direction.
1.1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION EquilibriUll requires that
Since it is often convenient in soil aechanics
to consider compressive stresses as positive, this • '11"
'''Ii
conventional will be adopted here. The normal and
shear stresses acting on an ele#len't are shown in
Fig.l.l, the stresses all being of positive sizn. 'yz • 'zy
• ':z
The normal stresses
when directed into the surface.
o~ Oy# 0a are positive '""
For the definition of stresses in other coordin·
The notation for the shear stress Tij is as ate systees, see Section 1.3.
follows:
Tij is the shear suess acting- in the j 1.1.2 STRESS COMPONENTS ON Mf'( PLANE
di.rection on a plane normal to the i axis.
Referring to FiJ:.1.2. the stress components
The sign convention for shear stress is as Pn:> Pny. Pna: on any plane with a dire~ed noraal l"I
follows: . can be expressed in tenlS of the stresses in the
The shear stress is positive when directed in a =, 11 and z eoordinate.s 85

r---- x
a.

FIG.l.l

1
 2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS

ively) may be found as the roots of the equation

Pn: a= Ty = Tz= cos(n~=)

T 0 T C08(n~y) • •• (1.1) • •• (1. 3)

Pny = =Y Y zy
Tn Tyz a cos(n~z)
Pnz z
=a
where J1
= y+a . = e(bul,k stress) (1.4a)
+0
Z •••

where cos(n~=) is the cosine of the J2 = a 0 +0 0 +0 a -T 2 -T 2 -T 2

angle between the n and =
:y YZ z: =Y ~ z=
••• (1.4b)
directions, and similarly for
cos(n~y) and cos(n.z). J 3 =aaO-OT 2_0T 2_0T 2
= Y Z : yz y z:z: z:z:y
+ ZT:z:yTyzTz:z: ••• (1.4c)

J1 (or e)~ J2. J3 are often known as the first,

second and third stress invariants, as they remain
constant, independent of the coordinate system.

In terms of the principal stresses,

(1. Sa)

z (1.Sb)

(1.Sc)
FIG.l.2

The directions of the normals to the principal

planes are given by
1.1. 3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
If a new set of orthogonal axes y' ~ z' ='. A.
are chosen, the stress components in this coordinate 1-
••• (1.6a)
system are related to the stress components in the c08(ni,'=) =
original =.
y~ z system as follows: h.1-
2+B. 2+c. 2
1- 1-

••• (1. 2) B.
1-
cos(ni,~Y) = (1.6b)
where 51 is the stress matrix with respect h .2+B .2+c. 2
1- 1- 1-
to the ='y'z' axes,
5 is the stress matrix with respect c.1.-
to the ~ y a axes, co8(ni,'z) = ••• (1.6c)
A is the direction cosine matrix, h. 2+B. 2+c. 2
1- 1- 1-
i.e.,
where A. = (a -a.) (a ·-a .)-T T
1- y. 1- Z 1- zyyz
A= cos(:'.:) cos(:'.y) q08(:'.Z)
cos(y'~:) cos(y'.y) cos(y'~z) B. = T T· - T (a -a.)
1- zy :z :z:y z 1-
cos(a'~:) cos (a '~y) cos (a '~z)
c.1- = T T
:z:y ya
-T
:z
(0 -a.)
y 1-
AT is the transpose of A.
and ai, are the principal stresses
1.1.4 PRINCIPAL STRESSES (i, = 1~Z~3). ,
It is possible to show that there is one set of
axes with respect to which all shear stresses are
1.1.S ~~IMUM SHEAR STRESS
zero and the normal stresses have their extreme
values. The three mutually perpendicular planes The maxiDIUIII shear stress occurs on a plane whose
where this condition exists are called the pZ'incipal, normal makes an angle of 45 0 with the a1 anda3
p1.ane8, and the normal stresses acting on these directiOns.
planes are the principal stresses.

The principal stresses, 0h a2 and a3 (the

The
given by
maxiDIUIII shear stress. Tma: at a point is j
maximum, intermediate and miniDIUIII stresses respect-
I
I
1

I.1.6 OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES
The octahedral 1I0rwal stress aoct aDd. the
octahedral shear stress Toct u a point are t..'Ie
stresses acting on the elaht planes of an u,aJinary
octahedzon sunoundinl me point. me nora.1s to the
faces of the octahedron having direction cosines of
':1/13 with the direction of the principal stresses.
The agnitudes of t:he octahedral stresses are
'oct - , , , .•• (1.8)
_ 1. (fa -r1 )2.+(a -r1 }2.+(a -r1 )2.
3 :y y~ ~:'
+I(T 2.+T
:t:!I
1.1.7 11IO-DUlENSIOOAL STRESS SYSTEMS
Many situations in soil medl.anics caD be treated
as 'tWo-dUlensional pTObleJIS in vhich only the stresses
in a sinsle plane need be «lfUidored.. The.c3lt
bportmt ease is that of pZ4lw .t:oaift, in which the
Strain (see Section 1.2) in one of the coordinate
directions (usually t:he y direction here) is 1ero.
Another class of probleM are t:hose involving p'l<:zM
atrcae conditions. in vtach the stress in one of the
coordinate directions ,(usually y here) is z.ero.
In two-dimensional stress situations, the stress
relationships are consider3bly simplified in relation
to t:he general t:hree~dimensional case.. Referring to
Fig.I.3, the stresses on a plane wing an angle e
vith the z. direction are
The principal stress,es are given by
The principal planes are inclined at
and
81+90- to the z axis.
1
••• (1.7) " ---.
r---f-
"
FIG.I.3
The maxillllll shear stress occurs on planes inclin-
ed at 4$- to the principal planes and is of IIagnitude
2.+T l}l;
.:; y~
(1.14)
.•• (1.9)
(It should be noted that the sip of this aaxj __
shear stress is opposite on the two planes, in order
to confom to -the slen convention liven in Section
1.1.1).
1.1.8 !«JIll'S CIRCLE OF STRESS
A gee-ettical solution for stresses in any dir-
ection is provided by Mohr's circle, shOlm in Fig.I.4
for a 'tWo-dimensional stress systea. The circle is
drawn in relation to a set of orthogonal axes, one for
nonu.l stress fa} and the other for shear stress
fT}. The scale of these tvo axes must be equal.
If the principal stresses 0'10 as are known, the
circle can be drawn with the centre at a=;(at-#<1s}
and of radius (al-as}/a.
If the nomal and shear stresses are 1cnOlm, the
circle can be drawn with the centre at a=JtfarHJy) and
passing through the points fa=- T.:;} and far-T:a}.
The radius of the circle thus constTucted is
equal to the aaxiJnlll shear stress Tm:= (see Equation
1.14).
The anile a8t is trice the angle between the
%-2 coordinate axes and the axes correspoDdina to the
directions of principal stress (the 1-3 axes in
Fig.I.4). The direction of roution of the radius
£rem its original constructed position to where the
~ anIle circle intersects the noraal stress axis is in the
sa.: aDJUlar sense as the direction of rotation of the
axes for the :·2 axes to becc.e the principal 3-1
.•• (1.13) axes •
The stresses in any other directions : '.. 2' aay
sillilarly be detenined by dravinl a diallClter, through
the "centre of the circle. at an angle a8' to the
diameter describing the stress conditions on the
 • FUNDAJlEII'I'AL lJ£FIlIIrIf)NS AND RELArIONSBIPS

1.1. 9 POLE CONS't1ll.CTION

-. ,~:.
(~.t... l

"
p~::2.1.1!.J.._ _-':;I' t ....l
-
,-,

FIG.l.6 Pole CCII1Suuetica.

.....-. axes, where e' is the angle between the :-*

and the ='-a' axes (see Fig.I.4) •

It should be noted that shear stresses are con·
sidered positive i f they tend to produce a clockwise
rotation about a point. outside the ele.ent. at the
plane on which they act (fig.loS). This convention
is consistent with that previously developed for
three-diJlensional conditions.
The pole construction is a useful way of linking
the stresses at a point in the physiUl plane (fig.
1.6b) to the MOhr circle dia,ra. for the stresses
(Fi,.1.6a). The pole, P, is the point on the circle
such that the normal and shear stresses on any plane
a (perpendicular to the physical plane) are liven by
the intersection with the Mohr circle of a liM
through P parallel with the plane a. For exuple
the stresses on vertical aM horit.onu.l planes are as
indicated in Fig.l.6a and the major principal plane
is inclined at the antIc 8 above the ~orl%onUl.

1.2 Analysis of Strain

1.2.1 BASIC OUoonOHS
Considering first 'the case of two-diJIensional
strain (Fia.l.7). the noruJ. strains &: and &.. are
FIG.I.S defined as

••• (1.1Sa)
 ANALYSIS OF STRAIN 5

&+& &-& Y
••• (1.1Sb) &6 = ....=.....!. + ...E:-2. cos26 + ...=!. sin26
222
••• (1.18)
where P:r:. Pz are the displa.cements in the :z: and
z directions., A positive normal strain corresponds and the shear strain is
to a decrease in'length.
Y = Y cos2e - (& -& ) sin26 (1.19)
The shear strain Y:z:z is the angular change in e :z:z :z: z
a right angle in a material and is related to the dis-
placements p:z: and pz as
(Note that the above express'ions correspond to those
for the normal and shear stresses (Section 1.• 1),
op op except for a factor of ~ in the last term).
:z: z
Yry = - oz - a= (1.16)

1.2..3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

A positive shear strain represents an increase in the If a new set of orthogonal axes :z:', y', z' are
right angle and a negative shear strain represents a chosen, the strain components in this coordinate
decrease in the right angle. system are related to the strain components in the
original :z:, y, z system as
Considering'the ry and yzpianes similarly,
the six strain components are related to the displace-
men'U P:z;. Py' Pz in the :z:, y and z directions as Dl = A D AT ••• (1.20)

oP:z: _ oP:z: _ oPy where D is the strain matrix in the

& = -
:z: ai" Yry oy o:z: ... (1.17a) :z:, y, z system,
i.e., &:z: lzrry lzrn
_ opy _ ~ _ oPz
&y - - oy Yyz = oz oy .... (1.l7b)
D = fly:z: &y lzYyz (1.21)

op op_ flz:z: fl zy &z

oPz
& = ---
z Yz:z: = - ~--=-
o:z: oz
... (1.l7c)
oz Dl is the strain matrix in the
:z: '. y', z' system.
As for shear stresses Yij = Yji
A is the direction cosine matrix
defined in Section 1.1.3.

II---~X --'1 AT is the transpose of A.

°r-----,-----'-A- x In matrix operations, it is convenient to use the

i
~z
apz. Ax
ax
double suffix notation and to define lzrij as &1,j.
The strain matrix is then

L B'
aPx. 6z
az
AdB' is till: final position
and c:cnfigurotion of till:
original right cngkl AOB.
Shtlar strom Yxz =- 6t- e2
D
&= &ry &:z:z
&y:z: &yy &yz
&z:z: &yz &zz
••• (1.22)

z
1.2.4 PRINCIPAL STRAINS
FIG.l.7 Analogous to the principal planes of stress, there
are three principal planes of strain. The shear
strains in these planes are zero and the normal strains
are' the principal strains. The major and minor prin-
1.2.2 STRAIN IN A PLANE cipal strains are respectively, the greatest and least
normal strains at the point. For an isotropic
Considering again a two-dimensional strain situ- elastic material, the principal planes of strain can
ation, the normal strain &6 in a plane inclined at be shown to coincide with the principal planes of
6 to the:z: axis is stress.
 6 FUNDAHENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS

The principal strains are determined, in a simil- The diameter of the circle is equal to the maximum
ar manner to principal stresses, as the roots of the shear strain
equation Y =
ma:c
h£:c-£z
)2 + 'Y 2
:z:z
The pole construction as described for' the Mohr
(1.23) circle of stress may be adapted for the Mohr circle
of strain.
.•• (1.24a)
Y 2
I2 = £ £ + £ £ + £ £ _:.ElL-
:cy yz z:c 4

~
2 2
.:1LL _ Yz:c e,
e'
x
4 4
e' e, x'

z' z 1

Y
2'
(1. 24c)

Il; I2~ Is are the strain invariants, analogous to

the stress invariants.
In two-dimensional systems, the principal strains Y""
£b £s are as follows.: "2

•.. (1.25)

and the principal planes are inclined at an angle 61

to the :c. and z axes. where
£: '
••• (1.26) "
£:

1.2.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN

FIG.I.S Mohr circle of strain•
Yma:e = £1 - £s ••• (1.27)

where £1 = m3ximUm principal normal

strain,
£s = minimum principal normal 1.3 Equilibrium Equations
strain.
1.3.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES
'Yma:c occurs on a plane whose normal makes an angle of By considering the equilibrium of the element
4So with the £1 and £s directions.
shown in Fig.1.l in the cartesian coordinate system.
the following equilibrium equations are obtained:
1.2.6 OOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRAIN
A geometrical solution for strains in any direct-
ion is provided by Mohr's circle of strain (Fig. 1•.8) •
The only difference between the ,. circle of strain and
the circle of stress is that, in the circle of strain,
••• (1.28a)
i
the ordinate represents only one-half the shear strain ••• (1.28b)
(i.e. the ordinate axis is Y/Z). As in Fig.l.4, the
axes 1-3 represent the principal axes, :c-z the
horizontal and vertical space axes and:c'-z' the
axes in direction at an angle e' to the ·:c-z axes.
 7

tr.azo 1 aTe. 3011 T;zr

_+_ +-+-_D ... (1.29c.)
iili' r ae 3a r

With axial sr-ur. these bec.o.

where Z~ ! ~ Z are the body. forces. per
unit. volume. in the :e~ y and aap aTar eJzo-Ge
11 direc.t.ions. • •• (1.30a)
iF" + "'""f:I + - . - • 0
With an ordinary cravit.y field and the z dir-
ec.tion venic.a.11y dOll'mfards. Z and. :r are zero and
Z is the unit. vei&ht. y~ of the uterial. (1.30b)

1.3.2 C'rLINDRICAL COORDIHA.1ES

1.3.3. SPHEJlICAL CXIORDIlUJES
(Fig.l.l!)

"",:::::'-i--*-- • •

,
,
nco.I.lo

eo 'eo-

na.l.g ••• (1.3la)

3'r:zoe 1 aae I aTe; 3T.re+(eJe-G t Jeote _

_ + __ +~. ~ + 0
ar r as :r"1UI "'t" r
(1.31b)
Considering the equilibriUll of the element in the
c:ylindric.al (ZO~2~ eJ coordinate systell shown in Fig.
1.9. the equiUbrlla equations are (neglec:ti.ng body
fo~es)
(1.31c)
3ozo 1 aTzoe 3'rzr Or-ad
-+--+-+---0 (1.29a) For COIIplete spheric.a.1 sr-etry these ~
arrae a. r

(l.29b)
,.
aa
-2.+
.
2(0 -GeJ
r -D .. , (1.32)
 •
1.4 Strain-Displacement and
Compatibility Equations '1 liP,. a"e' "8
1.4.1 CARTESIAN alORDlKA.TES
T1"9 - - ; ao - a;- +-;;
The strain - displac.eaent relationships are ciTen ••• (1.35a)
in equ:ation (1.17). Since six strain COIIpOlleJlts are
derived fro. only three displaee-ents. the strains a~
not independent of each other. Six furtbe-r relation-
I: "r a"e
err
'1 _
le+
'1 ape
--;;;t;;-;; -; 38
1 ~
ships, known as the oo~atibility eqU3tions. can be il8
derived. These are as fOllows: + ptoots
r
,,1£ at€: ,'y
.---=.
ayl
+ ..:.....JL
a~
• --'Ei.
3z3y
... (1. 33a) ... (1.35b)

al £ ale a~!fZ
.-JL.
3.: 1
a;r
%
• ay3z
... (i.33b)

a1 £% al £% ''-r..
a:rf + a~ • ,"'. (1.330)

The <:.c.patibilhy equatloll$, for the case of axial

••• (1.35<:.)

alt: a' 3ry = ,ll .,. ~ sr--ctry, are quoted by L'ure (1~) •
• (;;::tj
ily3_
• ""=1-
3%
•- •
ib:' ay
-'!."l
a.:::
(1.33d)

", ,
.(~ .-
(~!fZ _ 'ayzz + ~ ... (1.33e)
1.5 Stress~Slrain Relationships
1.5.1 lJNEAR ID()(;l;NEOtJS IS011tOPIC ~TE1UAL
'y a:.: ay ~

.
Strains in tenlS of stress:
",
•("',? .-• i'rl(Z
(ib:
3yz: ~
+ay-- a.a ... (1.33f)
,
• -L (a _ v(a
t::e y
+ a })
.3
.... (l.36a)

1. (a
• t _ ,,(a + a }J (l.36b)
1.4.2 C'fLINDRlCo\L COORDINATES 'y !l ::e.3

111e strain -" displacelllCnt eqUiltions are

• 1. (a -,,(a +a}) (l.36<:.)
"
,r . - a;-'P r
Y"II -
E::

1,
C "II
2: !I

(1.36d)

(1.3401)
1 (l.36c)
'fyz - C 'fy .3
Y • 1, (l.36f)
(l.34b)
= C ..

where E· Youn~'s .cou1us

" • Poisson's ~tio
••• (1.340) C .. shear .cou1us
E
"- .... (1.31)
nlO oottCsponding COIIIpatability equations ~ '(loW)
quoted by L'UT'C (1964).
Also, vo1u.c strain

1.4.3. SPHERICAL OXIIWINATES

.•• (1.31).
The strain - displace.cnt equations arc:

where e ., C:l:fCy+t:;:
u
e _ a=+fJy+fJz • bulk stress
 STIlESS-STRAIN RELA'l'IONSBIPS
•
...l!.. ••• (1.43b)
1-v
K .. bulk lIOdulus.

Stresses in terms of strains: Plane stress solutions which do not involve the
elastic parameters are therefore identical vith the
corresponding pl~ strain solutions e.g. stresses
a= ).&v + ZG£: (1.38a) within a semi-infinite plate and stresses due to line
loading on a semi-infinite mass.
a:l ).&v + ZO&1I (1.38b)

°z ).£v + ZO&z (1.38c)

T= r Gy:r;z etc. (1.38d) o (or p) • .....L- (1.44)

z(l+'J)

where )'.. G are La!Ie's parallleters Ev

A • (1.45)
(l+v) (l-ZV)
••• (1.39a)
(l+v) (l-2v) E - • Z(l+v)C
K • (1.46)
3(l-!vJ 3(l-ZV)
G. _E_. shear modulus E • 'KG (1.47)
2(l+v) ••• (1.39b) ,,><1
(G is also often denoted as ll). (3K-ZGJ
v • (1.48)
2(SKKJJ
For the special case of plane stress e.g. in the
:r;-z plane, ay=O in the above equations. ~ • 2!... (1.49)
G 1-ZV
For the special C&Se of plane strain in the ~z
plane, EymO and hence Constrained modulus (1/~ in Soil l-Iechanics)
(l-v)E
• (1.50)

Equations (1.36) then reduce to 1.-S.2 CROSS ANIsorROPIC MATERIAL

• Stresses in terms of strains:
f1t":!1. (a (l-v) - va.. J (1.41a)
E' • Carte~ coOrdir4tea:

,y . 0 (1;41b)
0= - cu;: + bE", + ct,z (1.5la)

ay • bt: + at;.' + ct,z . '.' (1. SIb)

,• . lli::t1..
E
lo;/l-v) - va:] (1.41c) 0% • ct: + cey + dt:a: (l.SIc)

T • !< ••• (1.41d)

't=... f£:::z (I.Sld)
= G = 'tzy " fE%Ij (1.5le)
Solutions for a plane strain problem can be used 't~. (a-bJ£=y (l.Sl£)
for the corresponding plane s'tress problem prwided
that the following equivalent values of E and v
are used in the plane strain problea: CyZindricaZ coordinates:

'.
V•
• (l+:>J)E

• ...l!..
(I1'\J)1
"-
...
(1.42a)

(1.42b)
or ... at
O'a
0%
- r +bt,'''''
. %
= bEr + ata +
'" CEr
a;
+ aa + dt:a:
'.'
(1.52a)

. (1.52b)
(1.S2c)
1+v
< • !'n (1.52d)
n
Conversely, to use solutions for a plane stress
't % • f£a:a: (1.S2e)
problem for the corresponding plane strain problem,. a
the equivalent moduli are
<,., • (a-b)&re (I.52£)
(1.43a)
 10 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS :AND RELATIONSHIPS

In some works (e.g. Urena et aI, 1966) vhv is

where a = denoted merely as Vv and the use of Vvh is avoid-
(l+'Vh) (1-vh-2'Vhvvvh ) ed by using equation (1.54).

(1.S3a) The fact that the strain energy must be positive

imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic
Eh(vh+vhv'Vvh) parameters. For a cross-anisotropic material with. a
b = vertica~ axis of elastic symmetry, Hearmon (1961)
(l+'Vh) (l-V h-2'Vhvvvh )
gives these restrictions as
•.• (1.S3b)
Eh vvh
c = .a> 0 (1. 56a)
l-vh-2vhvvvh
d>O (1.S6b)
... (1.S3c)
1>0 (loS6c)
d =
a 2> b 2 (lo56d)

••. (l.S3d) (a+b)d > 2c 2 (lo56e)

ad> a2 .., (lo56f)

and E
h = modulus of elasticity in the
horizontal direction
In terms of the Poisson's ratios, these restrictions
Ev = modulus of elasticity in the impose the limits
vertical direction

'Vh Poisson's ratio for effect (lo57a)

of horizontal stress on com-
plementary horizontal strain
(1.57b)
V
hv = Poisson's ratio for effect
of horizontal stress on (lo57c)
vertical strain

Poisson's ratio for effect

V
vh = of vertical stress on 1.6 Differential Equations of
horizontal strain. Isotropic Elasticity
It can be shown that 1.6.1 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESSES
E V
h hv CazrtesUrn Coordinates
E = V (1.S4)
v vh
The elastic constant 1 is a shear modulus and
+2 ax
cannot be expressed in terms of the Young's moduli or
a:r:
Poisson's ratios. 1 is often denoted as Gv' ••• (1.S8a)

Strains in terms of stresses:

+ 2]!
E: = G:r: _ VhGy _ VvhGz
••• (l.SSa)
ay
:r: Eh Eh Ev ••• (1.58b)

••• (1.SSb) + 2.f!

as
(lo58c)
••• (l.SSc)

T:r:z T:r:z V2T +L a29= a.r +.f! (1. 58d)

l~v ayas
:r:z =
E:
1
= Gv ••• (1.S.5d) yz as ay

TyZ
E: TyZ ' = ••• (l.S8e)
yz = Gv (1.SSe)
1
= .':9l.
= k(a-b)
(l+Vh)T:r:y
E:
:I
••• (loS5£)
:r:y Eh Gil
 EOUArzONS OF I5O'r1IDPIC B'LAS'rICnr 11

..• (1.58£)

••• (1.62e)
where
i'Y 1 1 31&
- n- + - - - - ••
•
For constant or :z:ero body forces, the first three
36 I+v l' 363z
• •. (1.62f)

For the .eneral use of DOD-cODstant body forces,

equa~ions of (1.58) reduce to the Laplace equation the correspondin. equations, in tensor for., are given
by L'ure (1964) •
.•• (1.59)

1.6.2 EQUATIm5 IN TatNS OF STRESS FtfiCTlON •

For the special case of pLan. stre••, the equat-

.,
ions are the equilibriu. equa~ions Cmotui4n eoomnatn
'"
.....=. + ..-..!.!. - z • 0 ••• (1.60i)
(1.63)

'" .%
3a. ih'u
-+---z .0 ••• (1.60b)

.nd
.. .%
(0
%
+ 0 ) •
%

(1.6Oc:)
For plane stress or plane strain,

and the stresses are related to •

- . • •• (1.64)

as follows:
For plane stl'CfiPl, the first bfO of the above
three equations are a,ain applicable. The third
• fi ••• (1. 65a)
equation is
"%
.%'
(0 + a %)
r.t
"% •
% ••• (1.65b)
",'
(1.61)

If body forces are constant, the equations for plane

stress and plane strain conditions are identical. .. ..
' -~
"' ••• (1.65c:)

Cylindzoicat Coordinates
Cylindzolcal. Coordinatea For axial sr-etry.
Wi th uro or constant body fon:es: V~. _ 0 • V1 V' • (1.66)

••• (1.62a) where

4 i'Y1"6 1 3' e
----+---.
1 1
The stresses are related to • u
r 36 l+v ar
(1.62b)
••• (1.67a)
+ ! 31:1"6 + _,_ (1 3El + 1 ~_ 0
r ae 1~
", .
r 31' z3.36
' ••• (1.67b)
••• (1.62c:)

V1 T _! 1,0 -(I J _ -4 + _'_.l. {1 ~ _0

••• (1.67c:)
1',rEI 1~ 31"
rEI )'l36 6'" l' 36
•.. (1.62d)
" %
12 lVNDAllENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RElATIONSHIPS

K2~ Xh X" are the approp-

•.• (1.67d)
riate influence factors for
areas 1,2,3 and 4, for the
appropriate geolletry of each
rectangle.
1.6.3 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF OISPUCEMENl'S
Cartesian. Coordinates
•
().+G) "'"
-..!!. + (i92 p
=
_ X .. 0 (1.68a)
/:i1' I f--'--t I
("-+GJ

().+G)
"+
-..!!.
3y

"'z +
......£.
GV 2 p - 1

GV 2p
z
Y

_ Z
..

.. 0
0 (1.68b)

•.• (1.68c)
,I

"
I
I
-ro,- -
,

. .> 0'-]
,
I 3
' -,
1.'
{o)fntar'ocr Point ,--_...L-..Ioae:
where A,G are Lame's parameters
(l:l)E;drior' POn
• volume strain
" • £.:: + Ey + E FIG.I.ll
Z

Cyl.indrical. Coordinates
For axial 5)'l11Z1let.ry.
For an exterior point 0E (Fig.Lll)
aIp a 2p
+ G ---2: + z
().+G) _ _
.•• (1.71)
3z 2 3zo<lz

• R (1.69a)
For computer calculations, the superposition
principle can be stated as (see Fig.l.ll):

" • JO/~X) - J(f1-V~X) - J(fI~X-V) + JOI-V.X.V)

A , (' ••• (1, 72)
+.-- - (p 1') ) ... Z ••• (1.69b)
r3zClr r
where "(I1f~n) '" sign (mn)O'f1I1fI~ [nlJ
sign (mn) _ 1 when mn > 0
where R~Z are the body forces in the -1 11I'1<0
r and z directions.
On the Z axis (~) the relevant equation is a(II1f[~ Inl) = stress beneath corner
of a rectangle I1f x n.

O. +2G) ~
atp (lip
+ 2G ---!. + 2().+G)
"p
--' _ z Displacelllents are calculated similarly.
az 2 ar 2
<l:ri:lz ••• (1.69c)
For horizontal and shear stresses. care must be
taken to take account of the sign of K for each
rectangle.
1.7 Convenient Methods of
Considering Loaded Areas 1.7.2 NEWMARK'S METHOD
1.7.1 SuPERPOSITION OF RECTANGLES This method was developed by Newmark (1935) and
I f the loaded area can be approxilllated by a rec- is a graphical method involving the use of an influence
tangle. or by a series of rectangles, and appropriate Chart, examples of which are shown in Figs.3.68-3.78.
influence factors for stress or displacement beneuh A drawing is.made of the loaded area to a seale which
the corner of a rectangle are available, the stress is lllarked on the chart, and this drawing is so placed
or displacement at any point Illay be det.ermined by on the chart that the origin of the chart coincides
,superposition.of rectanile$. with the point at or beneath which the stress or dis-
placement is required.
For the simple case of a single rectangle, the
stress beneath an interior point Or (see Fig.l.ll) The number of blocks covered..by the loMed area
may simply be calculated as is then COWlted and 1IIllitiplied by an appropriate factor
(shown on the chart) and the applied loading to.giv~
••• (1, 70) the required stress or displacement.
 HErHODS FOR LOADED AREAS '3

When the area is not uniformly loaded. the charts

can still be used by considering the non-uniform load-
ing to be Dade up of several sets of uniformly loaded
areas. where is the sector influence value at
the required depth for a lllean
In using the charts, parts of blocks may be est- sector radius rl, and siailar-
imated with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes. ly for 1 sz •
In general, the loaded area will be drawn on tracing
paper and laid upon the chart. Th. influence factor at 0E for the whole loaded area
several "Newmark Char.ts" for stresses and dis-
placements in a semi-infinite mass are given in "
Section 3.6. For a finite layer, Buraister (1956) I = rr1 - I 8:z ) .68 (1.73)
has prepared charts, but the use of these charts is 81
more coaplicated as they IlUSt be used in conjunction
with a table of influence values (see Section 5.4.1). For the surface origin 01 within the loaded
area, the influence factor for the whole loaded area
1.7.3 SECTOR METHOD
This _thad has been described by Poulos (1967a).
"
For any particular problem. a set of curves relating
I = IIs, .M .•• (1. 74)
the stress or displaceMent influence factor beneath
the apex of a uniformly loaded sector to the sector When evalua ing the influence factor for a stress
radius may be obtained by integration of the approp- or "displaceaent "'''ich is in a direction other than the
riate point load influence factors over a sector. Such z direction, the sWllUtion of sector influence
sets of curves are referred to as "sector curves", and factors must be vectorial. To calculate the horizon-
typical exa.ples are given in Sections 3.6.2 and tal stress 0 in the % direction at Oe, both the
5.4.2. tangential ~ radial stress influence factors for
each sector are required, the influenee value for the
whole loaded area being given by

10% - [{Car1sI - orfsz)·6e.oos:ze +

+(oeIs1 "- oe1sz}6e.8in:Ze) .. (1.75)

where is the influence factor for

due to the loaded area,

I, I are the sector influence fact-

or 81 Or s~
ors for the radial stress. for
sector radii of PI and rz
respectively.
FIG.l.U D:i:'lisi.OI1 of loaded area into sectors.
are the sector influence fact~
ors for the tangential stress.
for sector radii of rh rz.

The influence factors for horizontal stress 0y

in the y direction Illlly be obtained similarly,
In order to use the sector curves for calculation
of the required influence factors for a loaded area of
any shape, a scale diagram of the area is drawn, and a I.
y • H'"orI SI •
orI 8:z p'.sin"
nUllber of relatively small-angle:d sectors are drawn to
cut the loaded area, each sector 'emanating frolII an apex
-which lies on the saae vertical line as the point at . + ~lBl - ae1s)6e.coa Ze}
which the influence factor is required. The point on (1. 76)
the surface of the elastic solid through which this
vertical line passes will be te1'1lled the "surfaee In the same lUMer, it lllay be shown that the
origin". In Fig.1.12, typical sectors OE A:zB:z and influence factors for the tme shear stresses in the
0I A1Bl are shown in plan for surfaee origins 0E cartesian coordinate system are as fOllows:
outside and 01 inside the loaded area.

FOr invariant stresses such as the bulk stress e,

and for the stress Oz and the displaeeMent Pz' the
influence of the typical sector OE A:zBz for the exter-
nil surface origin OE is .6e.sin e.oos e} (1.77a) I
I
I
14 FUNDAlfENTAL D£FINrtIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS

I
Tot:
• I
T;CZ
• HI"TrzI &1 - Tl"% 82
I l.co.'-" For the horizontal stresses a
=
and a,
y
••• (1. 77b)
.....( 1 + I ) (1.82)
I ). sin8.oe . al' sa ae sa
Tl'Z 82-
... (l. 77<:) where al'Is(p aaIsa are sector
influence factors for ae and
where Tr:lsl~ 'tr ;/82.
are the seetor 01' for a sector radius equal
influence factors for radial shear to the radius of the circle.

..
stress, for sector radii of rb
"
For the displacellleDts Pz and Py in the :c
The influence factors for all shear stresses and
for the horizontal displacements p~ and Py are
:er9 in this case.
arid 11 directions for the surface origm DE. the
influence factors are 1.8 Superposition of Solutions for
Various Loadings
I p= • Hp/ S1 p/S2.)·oe.cose (1.78a) Solutions are usually only available for relativ·
ely simple types of loading. If the loading pattern
is complicated. superposition of solutions for simple
I
P
T(
, P
I I ).oe.sine .•• (1. 78b) loadings may frequently be employed~ Examples of
y r 81 PI' 82
the decomposition of complicated loadings into simpler
loads have been given by Giroud (1968) in teras of
where Ipz and IPy are influence fact~ four simple loading types, uniform vertical load,
ors for the displacements in linearly varying vertical load, uniform horhontal
the = and 11 directions load and linearly varying horhont.al load. Fig.l.13
due to the whole loaded area, shows the examples given by Giroud, the signs in each
case referring to the signs of the four simple loading
are the sector influence fact- types.
ors for radial displacement.
for sector radii of 1'1,:1"2. The foregoing is exact for generalized linear
loading. The approach can be ext.ended approxiJlately
Having found the influence factor I for the to completely general non-linear loading by division
whole area, the stresses and displacements for DE of this loading into a series of general linear
and 0 due to uniform loading are given in all cases loadings.
by

• • .E.. I (1. 79)

'"
. .d,
• "'. • E. I (1.80)

The accuracy of the influence factors calculated

by the sector method increases with the nUlaber of sec~
tors used, and the more irregular the shape of the .
loaded area, the greater is the desirable number of
sectors. For the calculation of influence factors
for stresses and displacements which are neither in~
variant nor in the .z direction, the sector angle
69 talst- be small in order to preserve the accuracy of
both the "aagnitude and direction of the calculated
infl~ence factor.

Stresses and Displacements Ben8ath the CentJoe of

a flni,fonnly Loaded Circle
Beneath the centre of a uniformly loaded circle,
the expressions fOr stresses and displacements reduce
to very simple fOrms.

For a.z' P.z and the invariant stresses,

I ~ 21rI (1.81)
a12 11111 1111 ! "
where I sa is the sector influence factor
for a sector radius equal-to '" ""'"
(Ill (Iii)
'''''
the radius of the circle. FIG.I.l3 DeCOlllpOsition of loadUlqs (Giroud.1968).
 SIDLE BENDING tll£ORJ' 15

1.9 Equations of Simple Bending Theory 1.9.3 REcrANGUIJ.R PUlE

1.9.1 KlRIZ<MAL BUoM

~+2.. ~+fi,. !I.. •.• (1.89a)
EI~e"~M ••. (1.83) a:.:" a:.:1 ay1 ay" D

"'" where EI = flexural rigidity i.e., V"p .. q/D •• , (1.89b)

p ~ deflection Qpositive downwards)
: .. distance along beam where q. intensity of load
H ~ bending 1lOIlIent ("sagting" D .. flexural rigidity of plate
II01Ilents positive, "honing" as before ..
moments negative)
The IIItI1IIents per unit length, H: and My, in the %
Slope e.. dtJ ••• (1.84) and Y directions are

Shear force
""v ." ~ ~ ••• (1.8Sa) M• • ·D (fi+v~ ••• (1.9Oa)
3:1 ay1
""
.. EX dIp (for constant E1) ••• (1.8Sb)
My • -D e1p+v~1 ~ •• (I.90b)
ay1 a:.:
"'"
Lead per unit length P _ d'M
.- ••. (1.86a)

.. EX i:.E..
"'"
(for constant EI} ••• (1.86b)
",,'

1.9.2 CIRCULAR PIATE

For axially-symmetrical loading,

~ + .! dIp _ 1.. ~p + 1.. ££. .. !I.. .•. (1.87)

az." rdr zo1ar r1az. D

where p" deflection (positive down-

_rds)
r .. radial distance freD centre
load intensity
q .. load intensity
D .. flexural rigidity of plate

• -sE",t_'_
12(1_v1 )

,
E .. Young's aodulus of plate
v • ~isson"s ratio of plate
t .. plate thickness
The bendine JllODents Hz. and Me per unit length in
the radial and taneential directions are given by

.•• (1.88a)

••• (1.88b)
 Chapter 2
BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR
CONCENTRATED LOADING

2.1.2 BOUSSINESQ PROIlWf

-
2.1 Point Loading
Point load acting on moe surface of a seal-
infinite .ass (FiJ.2.2)
2.1.1 IELVIN PROJLEM
Point load. actinr within an infinite elastic
IllaSS (Ft,.l.I).

• •
FIG.l.l
,
•
• I' , .
-~
•
I,, FIG. 2.. 2

", •
p
B1r(J-vJ
[ $.as
]iT
+ (1-2vJ;J ]
ai ... (2.la)
• •. (2.2a)

,
", - p
81r(l-V) R' [ ~ - f1-2vJ] ... (2.1b)
ar
P
--Z1rRi"
1-3z1-a +
HI
(I.'vlR]
R+a . ". (2.2h)

"s -- P(]-IV}
8lf(l-W ..., ... (2.lc) • •• (2.2e)

&
'p
- h(1-\l)
Z(l+v)a
R'
... (2.ld)
• (1-w) Pz
,R' ••• (2.ld)

TN - P
Bw(l-v) ..., [s;: + O-ZVJ] ... (2. Ie) • •• (2.le)

P, - P{IIV}
Ba(]-v}ER [3-4\1+;] ••• (2.If) p
a - f!1:b!L
heR
[ttl-v) + £J
Ji2 ••• (2.2£)

P,
P(l+v}
• - hll-vJz • iii
rz
... (2.11) p _ f1.lt& Irz (l-tlJJZ'j
••. (2.2,)
Z' Z1IER fir - Hf-a

1.
 POINT LOADING
17 .

2.1.3 CERUTTI'S PROBLEM

Horizonu1 point load acting along the surface
of a sc~~infinite mass (Fig.2.3).

x (1· .'
Rz(R,,+z+c) -
"
~) ] ... (2.4a)

,LS<'<,'" .
II Point (lI,y. z)

FIG. 2.3

(2 • .3a)

1-""
+ (R+z)l (Il' • Y' - '''"''1
R+;"J
.. ~ (2 • .3b)

1
+ 1-2" (3Ii'- ~ 1 _ 2R: , J
(MZP- R+z 1
J:
,
(2.3c)

• - (2.3d)

_. ::l:JL [_ ",'1 + Jl=M (-Il'+ <'+ """)]

z-R! R (R+z) 1 R+z FIG. 2.4-
(2.3e)
a = -p [(1~Z>J)(Z-C) _ 31/(Z-C)

'y, 0
;;" (1.3f) Y 8n(1-,,) R! , ,
RS

, 3h1 z (2.3g) + (1-Zv) 13(z-c)-4,,(z+c)}

=
.-
- hiT'"
., 0
P(1+") rEo + 0-2V)%]
R+z
(2.3hl
R:

.-
RZ _ 3(3-4'VJy1(Z-c)-6c(z"'C) T(1-2'V)z-2'IIc]

, ,
R'
P(1+") R .'
+ ~1 +
•• • [ 1 (1-2'V) (R+z - 7R+iTi) 1
(2.3i)
4(1-'V)(1-ZV) x
, ,
R (R +z+c)

.y - P(lw)
.wER
{3!l._
R1
(1-2")3]
(il+z)Z
(2.3j) X(1 ••• (2 ..4b)

2.1.4 'MINDLIN'S PROBLEM NO.1

Vertical point load P acting beneath th-e surlace
of a. scm-infinite mass. (Mindlin, 1936), (Fig.2.4).

3(z-cJ ! 3(3-4'V)z(Z+C)1_3c(z+c) (5z-c)

R') ,
.R'

••• (2.4c)
18

_"" [ 1-2\1' l-ZV J(z-cJ'~

- h(I-v) - +""""jjJ -,
-R' R5 , ,
't - -Py
!la 81f(l-v)

3(3-4v)z(z+c}-3e(3z+c)
,
R'
••• (2.4d)

"" [ a-c + (3-4v}(z-e)

P, 7 ~
• 16"lC(1-vJ , ,
4(1-v)(1-2v) + 6cz{ZIc}
, ,
R (R +z+c)
,
R'
••• (2.4j)

J()ez(~Jt 1
R' ,
.•• (2.4e)
p.

+ + 1(~'=-4~V~1~(~'+Cr'~'_-~2~a,," + 6CZ(z+e)11
• -"'"
h{l-IJ)
(a_c)2
HI1 ..J
1f1
R'2.

(2.41:)
4(1-V)(l-~}
+ R:(R2+~+C) ( 1
R:+z+c
+ 1
92.
l
InfluellU factors for l1z • and Or and a on
the axis have been Ubulated by Geddes (1966). e
.• , (2.4£)
2.1.5 MINDLIN'S PROBLEM NO.2.

.
Horizontal point load Q acting beneath the
surface of a seai·infinite mass. (Mindlin, 1936).
, _p !fl-2vJ (z·o) (1-2\l) (a+?c) (Fit.2.4) .
• 81f(l-V) Hi
, - It' ,
•• _ -9: [_ !1=E:!l. +
,
(!-2 V )(S_4V)
,
,.'
- iii
8TI(l-v) RI R.'
,
+
4(l-v)(l-t<J)
, ,
R (R +a+o) -
3rZh-cJ
,
85
Ill-v) (!-ZV) l(
I
R/Rta+eJ 1
It ( 3 _ z2 (3R2+~) )
1
••• (2.41)

60 ( 30-
.fjiS'"
,
, ,
JP.(R .f*+4)

!
., . . .P(1-ZV}
h(I-\J)
[~+ (3-4v)(z+c}-6c
H' , ,
HI (2.5a)
i
1 I
4fl-vJ
.,
6c(a+-c} 1
- R2.(R,,+%k:) + R!
6c1 (z+cJ
- (l-ZvJR S , ., . -'F
h(I->J)
_!!C
R',
.•• (2.4h)
3(3-4'Jhl 4(l->J)(l-N) x
R: R (1l .f2+C)1
1 1

1 _ yl(3RI.f2+C)) (r_,_.~
x ( Ri(RI .fa+a) ..................J
 POINT LOADING
"
+§£.
H'
(c _ (lw2v)(z+c) + 5;:: )] Py •
• • (2.Sb)
- 4(1-V)(l-Z'J)
R fR +2+<:)2
1 ••• (2.Sh)
a
z • ••
J(S-4v} (z+c):l • <a [~+ (J-4v)(z-c)
pz 16l1G( I-v) R: R:
H'
•
+~ (c + (1wZVl (z+C) + S3~+c)2 )]
6cz(z+e) + 4(1-v)(1-2v) 1 .•. (2.5i)
H' H' R/Rz+z+c) .
• • •
. •• (2.Se)

2.1.6 POINT LOAD ON FINITE LAYER

Vertical point load acting at the surface of a
-" layer underlain by a rough rigid base (Fig.2.S). This
problem has been studied in detail by Burmister
(1943,1945) •
(2,5d)

(1~2v) (a-c)
T •
%< H'
• p

3%2 (z-c)
H',
,
- ~i (z(2+CJ-ll- 2vJr- ~;f%+C))] ,
••. (2.Se)

T • FIG. 2.5
"Y

NUlllerical values for the stresses and displace-

3(3-4vJ:J!- ffl-v}(l-2vJ lC Illents in. this problem have been tabulated by Poulos
H' R lR +:&+e)l (1967b). and are given in TABLES 2.1 to 2.7 •
• z z

x( 1 _ :r;l fJR t +3+c») _ ££!. {I _ §::t.. l]

~(R2+a+c) R~ ~ 2.1.7 01HER SOLUrIONS
••• (2.S£) (a) Point Loads Inrids an Infiniu 2\lo Laytn"
system - Solutions for stresses and displace-
ments have been given by Plevako (1969) for
both vertical and hori.ontal point loading.
p •
z (b) Point Load Jlithi.n an EZastic Laysr" - A
formal solution for stresses and displacements
has been given 'by Shekter and Prikhodc:henko
(t _ 3:r;z )+ 4(l-v)(1-2,,) x (1964). but no numerical values are evaluated.
+'"'
H', R~ R:+z+c

••• (2.5S)
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 TABLE! 2.6 TABLE 2.7
INFLUENCIl VALUES FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS INFLUENCE VALUES FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS
POINI' LOAD POltn' LOAD
P - I rl/2nhE: p _ Ipp/2nhE
VERTICAL
, DISPLACEMENT P,
RADIAL DISPLACEMENT Pr
(Taylor, 1962) (Taylor, 1962)
v 0.2 0.4 0.5 v
0 r/h 0 0-2 0.4 0.5
r/h
0.05 37.5BO 35.921 31.052 27.351 0.05 19.959 14.362 5.559 ~0.041
0.1 17.586 16.728 14.260 13.360 0.1 9.948 7.124 2.723 -0.078
0.2 7.624 7.162 5.897 4.914 0.2 4.896 3.455 1.250 -0.156
3.. 154 2.480 0.3 3.183 2.184 0.716
~
0.3. 4.327 4.016 -0.225
0.4 2.720 2.478 1.827 1.320 0.4 2.308 1.523 0.426 -0.288
0.5 1.792 1.599 1.. 092 0.699 0.5 1. 773 1.064 0.232 -0.326
0.' 1. 212 1.048 0.635 0.290 0.' 1,277 0.824 0.102 ~0.376
0.7
0.'
0.'
0.823
0.560
0.373
0.690
0.450
0.286
0.352
0.168
0.053
0.051
-0.079
-0.160
0.7
0.'
0.'
1. tlOO
0.789
0.627
0.620
0.465
0.349
0.008
-0.063
-0.111
~0.405
-0.420
-0.421
~~
1.0 0.250 0.182 ~0.01l -0.183 1.0 0.499 0.259 -0.141 -0.417
1.25 0.080 0.031 -0.085 ..0.194 1.25 0.292 0.150 -0.175 -0.380
1.5 0.013 -0.002 -0.077 -0.156 1.5 0.167 0.048 -0.163 -0.315
1. 75 -0.007 -0.007 -0.048 -0.123 1. 75 0.097 0.012 -0.134 -0.250
2.0 -0.012 -0.011 -0.039 -0.083 2.0 0.060 0.002 -0.109 -0.195
2.5· -0.004 -0.017 -0.025 -0.036 2.5 0.027 0.003 -0.070 -0.118
3.0 -0.003 0.001 -0.008 -0.025 3.0 0.010 -0.002 -0.038 -0.072
3.5 -0.003 0.000 -0.004 -0.018 3.5 0.003 -0.008 -0.022 -0.046
4.0 -0.001 0.000 -0.003 -0.012 4.0 0.002 -0.000 -0.014 -0.029
'.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 '.0 0.000 -0.000 -0.002 -0.002
'.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.0"00 '.0 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001
10.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 10.0 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000

~
26

2.2 Une Loading aZ • .•• (2.7.)

a. • ••• (2.Th)
In sub-sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.7, only solutions
lor nress are presented. Displacements due to line
loadinlil on or 1n a selli-infinite IlIaSS are only llean- a _
in,ful if evaluated as the displacement of one point y
••• (2.7c)
relative to another point, both points being loc:ued
nei'thcr at the orilin of loadina: nor at infinity.
. •• (2.7d)
2.2.1 INFINITE LINE LOAD ACTING WITHIN AN
INFINITE SOLID (Interr..ud lelvin
prOble.).(FiC. 2•6). Principal Stresses:
~.!.. .•• (2.8a)
T R'

••• (2.8b)
•

• , . •• (2.8e)

Loci of eonstaJ'l't al. al and tma='

FIG. 2.6 are circles tangent to x-axis at O•

a • P .!.. [ (3-"" - ='1 I ·.. (2.6.) Trajectories of al

• h(l-v) r 2 R are radial lines throup. O.

Trajectories of 0:
a. •
p
thfl-v)
Z
R' [ (l-"".
-- =' I ·..
2 - i'" (2.6b) are a faaily of .seai-circles,
centres at O.

Trajectories· of. Tma::

ay • .L v
2T 7i=VjjiT
Z
·.. (2.6<:) are two orthogonal faailies of equi•
angular spirals intersecting the radial
lines at :45·.
j
- P •
i'"
[~+Zl]
ar ·.. (2.6d)
z·
I
T.Z 2Tr(l·v) For the case of a vertical line load of finite
length. influence values for CIa are ubulated by
LySller and Duncan (1969).

2.2.3 HORIza.vr'AL LINE LOAD ACTING ON SURFAa

2.2.2 INFINITE VERTICAL LINE LClrAD ON 'mE OF SEMI-INFINITE ~ (Intetrated
SURFAa OF A SEMI-INFIHllE K\SS cerruti Probldl)(Fil.2.8).
(InUJr&ted Boussinesq probl~) (Fit.2. 7).

......
,rs
I uftt ttl uftt
p IengtI'I
• I
0

• ,
II , .... )'.1.)

PIO. 2.7 nG. 2.8

 LINE LOADING 21

., - .-.:
>It'
... (2.9&)

., - !E
'R'
(2.9b) +!!:l (J _
4/11 y;r
• •
1 + 4.ddfzJ
r'
•
l!
•.• (2.10c)
., - 'R'
~ ... (2.9c) where ,-v
v
•

29:'(Z.
'u • 'R' ... (2.9d) 2.2.5 !ELAN'S PROBLEM II
Horizontal line load q/unit length acting beneath

. - "" I
the surface of a seal-infinite -ass (Fig.2.9).

, ..
!!t!. {
2m
(z-dJ 1_
r~
2.2.4 ME!.AN'S PROBLEM I
Vertical line loading p/unit lensth beneath the
surface of a se~-infinite mass (Fig.2.9).
m-l { I
-;- 1
r -;r- .
4z(d+1l}
, r',
l] (2. Ua)

(2.11b)

•
• ./ •
...
L-Ik---~"
~ /
un/l. lerogtt> ••. (2.11c)

2.2.6 VERTICAL LINE LOADING ON QUARTER-SPACE

"(Figure 2.10).

FIG. 2.9

., . [!!tl...
l'.
( z+dJ Ifz+dJ! + 2m:)
r',
k--~-- •
• •
••• (2.10a)

•
FIG. 2.10

Solutions for the stresses within the quarter-

space have been given by Shepherd (193S). Hetenyi
••• (2.10b) (1960) has obtained solutions for the stresses on the
boundaries due to both a vertical and a horizontal
line load.
 CONCEN'l'RA'l'ED LOADING
28

Values of su'C\'sses obuined by Shepherd are

liven in Table 2.8. Polar coordinates are used as
the preblea oria:inally considered vas that of an 2.2.7 LINE LOADING AT THE APEI OF ~
infinite sector. INFINITE WEDGE (Fi,.2.ll)

T..... 2.8
S11lE:SSES IN A QUAKI'ER-SPACE
(After Shepherd, 1935)

FIG. 2.11
Stress ria 0.3580.5040.710 1.0 1.409 1.985 2.796
S-

O 0
15 0.02
50 0.13
0 0
0.29 2.63 14.83
1.12 4.46 6.59
- 0
1.50
2.50
0 0
0.09 -0.06
0.27 0.01
Hichell (1900) giv~s the following solutions:

cosS cose +ainSaine

4S 0.29 1.36 3.03 3.36 1.52 0.34 0.04 [
2a + .in2a 2a • ain2a
2. . 0.88 1.56 1.53 0.80 0.21 0.01
pO'e '" 0.19
7S 0.10
0
0.23 0.41 0.36
0 0 0
0.22
0
0.05 -0.06
0 0 O"e - o.
(2.Ua)
(2.12b)
" T
re "" 0 (2.l2e)
o -0.88 -1.26 -1.61 - -1.96 -1.90 -1.70
IS 0.04 O.7S 1.37 -1.06 3.03 0.63 -0.31
30 0.22 0.31 -0.42 -0.32 1.93 1.46 0.69
4S 0.04 0.03 -0.24 0.48 1.74 1.85 1.25
2..... 60 0.02 0.09 0.46 1.16 2.09 2.18 1.89 2.2.8 VERI'ICA.L LINE LOAD ON FINITE LAYER
-par 75 -0.16 0.35 0.45 1.56 2.55 2.79 2.47 (Fig.2.12)
90 -0.64 -0.48 0.23 1.45 2.60 3.1~ 2.99
Values of stresses and displacements are given in
TABLES 2.9 to 2.13 (Poulos. 1966).
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

..
,P
-T
,.
IS -0.09
50 0.05
4S 0.02
0.26 2.33 -2.49 -2.9S -0.77
0.48 0.70 -2.88 -3.31 -1.45
0.01 -0.90 -2.46 -2.74 ·1.59
60 0.01 -0.38 ·1.20 -1.80 -2.01 -1.35
75 -0.01 -0.28 ·0.79 -1.19 -1.15 -0.81
-0.35
-0.69
-0.84
-0.75
-0.45
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P/urifl ......
,
•
,

FIG. 2.12
 LINE WADING

TABLE 2.9
IKFLUENCE VALUES I Oz FOR VERTICAL STRESS 0z
LINE LOAD
P
C1z = lI'h I C1Z

z/h 0.9
zjh 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2
o 2.634 2.566 2.787 2.759 2.980 2.975 3.249 3.256 3.641 3.653 5.157 5.127 9.891 9.899
2.539 2.580 2.787 2.865 3.025 3.113 3.312 3.391 3.704 3.772 5.201 5.234 9.905 9.911

O 1 2.573 2.503 2.713 2.682 2.885 2.877 3.118 3.122 3.443 3.452 4.516 4.505 5.946 5.952
• 2.471 2.508 2.702 2.774 2.920 3.001 3.171 3.243 3.498 3.562 4.585 4.586 5.957 5.960
02 2.400 2.331 2.505 2.471 2.627 2.614 2.774 2.773 2.948 2.954 3.251 3.217 2.341 2.347
• 2.291 2.312 2.477 2.528 2.642 2.703 2.810 2.867 2.990 3.040 3.283 3.305 2.351 2.343
03 2.144 2.075 2.203 2.162 2.261 2.240 2.311 2.302 2.335 2.333 2.099 2.081 0.918 0.922
• 2.021 2.023 2.145 2.170 2.245 2.279 2.318 2.349 2.352 2.383 2.117 2.128 0.923 0.907
04 1.840 1.774 1.855 1.810 1.857 1.828 1.830 1.812 1.751 1.741 1.301 1.257 0.407 0.409
• 1.711 1.689 1.773 1.766 1.810 1.815 1.808 1.815 1.744 1.755 1.307 1.307 0.409 0.389
0.5 1.525 1.462 1.504 1.455 1.465 1.429 1.391 1.365 1.265 1.247 0.803 0.774 0.205 0.204
1.389 1.350 1.397 1.365 1.387 1.365 1.338 1.320 1.231 1.223 0.792 0.786 0.201 0.187

O 6 1.223 1.168 1.179 1.130 1.117 1.077 1.024 0.993 0.889 0.867 0.497 0.443 0.110 0.107
• 1.092 1.039 1.061 1.008 1.021 0.978 0.951 0.916 0.837 0.814 0.476 0.466 0.105 0.099
0.827 0.785 0.733 0.698 0.611 0.584 0.308 0.270 0.062 0.056
0.718 0.661 0.644 0.594 0.543 0.509 0.276 0.264 0.053 0.058
0.721 0.683 0.661 0.619 0.592 0.553 0.508 0.473 0.408 0.379 0.185 0.124 0.032 0.024
0.8 0.615 0.553 0.547 0.478 0.485 0.421 0.416 0.360 0.335 0.294 0.150 0.137 0.023 0.035
o9 0.536 0.507 0.479 0.443 0.417 0.380 0.345 0.311 0.267 0.237 0.108 0.066 0.015 0.006
• 0.447 0.390 0.375 0.309 0.314 0.251 0.254 0.195 0.192 0.149 0.070 0.057 0.005 0.020
0.254 0.224 0.199 0.169 0.144 0.116 0.045 -0.020 -0.000 -0.011
0.167 0.106 0.117 0.062 0.075 0.032 0.010 -0.005 ·0.007 0.005
1 25 0.121 0.123 0.091 0.082 0.062 0.047 0.035 0.018 0.013 -0.005 -0.016 -0.057 -0.014 -0.024
• 0.111 0.079 0.059 0.020 0.020 -0.023 -0.010 -0.055 -0.028 -0.064 -0.037 -0.057 -0.015 .0.021
1 5 0.010 0.027 -0.005 0.003 -0.018 -0.016 -0.028 -0.031 -0.033 -0.040 -0.035 ·0.097 -0.019 -0.026
'. 0.043 0.026 0.011 -0.013 -0.014 -0.042 -0.031 -0.064 -0.040 -0.070 -0.035 -0.061 -0.011 -0.034

1 75-0 •030 -0.006 -0.036 ·0.019 -0.040 -0.029 -0.042 -0.036 -0.039 -0.038 -0.032 -0.064 .0.017 -0.019
· 0.024 0.018 0.005 -0.006 -0.010 -0.027 -0.021 -0.046 -0.026 -0.049 -0.021 -0.047 -0.005 -0.034
2 0 -0.042 -0.014 -0.042 -0.019 -0.041 -0.022- -0.039 -0.026 ·0.035 -0.026 -0.025 -0.131 -0.013 -0.011
• 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.010 0.006 .0.003 -0.001 -0.014 -0.005 -0.020 -0.005 -0.026 0.002 -0.025
2 5 -0.025 -0.003 -0.022 -0.004 -0.019 -0.004 -0.016 -0.004 -0.013 -0.004 -0.006 -0.042 0.000 0.002
• 0.027 0.034 0.022 0.027 0.018 0.020 0.014 0.001 0.011 0.009 0.007 .0.000 0.006 -0.006
3 0 -0.010 0.004 -0.007 0.004 -0.005 0.004 -0.003 0.004 -0.000 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.006
• 0.022 0.032 0.019 0.028 0.017 0.023 0.014 0.015 0.012 0.015 0.008 0.008 0.005 0.003
4 0 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.009 0.004
· 0.008 0.019 0.006 0.017 0.005 0.015 0.004 0.013 0.003 0.011 0.001 0~008 0.000 0.007

6.0 g:~~~ ~:~~ _g:~~~ g:~g~ _g:gg~ g:gg~ -g:ggi g:gg~ _g:gg~ g:gg~ -g:ggi g:gg~ _g:gg~ g:gg~
8 0 0.002 -0.000 0.002 -0.000 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001
• -0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001
30·

TABLE 2.10
INFLUE.'iCE VALUES Ie FOR BUU STRESS e
LINE LOAD
p
e ... ih Ie

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2

o 2.634 3.789 2.546 3.567 2.569 3.S08 2.706 3.611 2.986 3.902 4.292 5.419 8.885 10.92
5.923 7.739 5.419 6.933 5.145 6.433 5.120 6.217 5.322 6.295 6.846 7.709 13.02 14.12

0.1 2.573 3.707 2.492 3.499 2.512 3.441 2.631 3.530 2.887 3.786 3.975 5.042. 6.647 8.230
5.766 7.524 5.294 6.761 5.012 6.291 4.9}n 6.075 5.162 6.121 6.390 7.217 9.880 10.76

0.2 2.400 3.436 2.338 3.267 2.352 3.214 2.444 3.272 2.620 3.445 3.253 4.165 3.759 4.764
5.346 6.936 4.960 6.318 4.726 5.903 4.673 5.683 4.755 5.651 5.371 6.116 5.848 6.432

2.144 3.063 2.107 2.947 2.115 2.900 2.166 2.920 2.256 2.997 2.458 3.206 1.961 2.605
0.3 4.447 5.632 4.216 S.31S 4.188 5.106 4.176 4.997 4.226 4.875 3.326 3.737
4.71~ 6.068
0" 1.140 2.559 1.829 2.538 1.832 2.504 1.847 2.492 1.862 2.490 1.no 2.363 0.910 1.413
• 3.992 5.068 3.347 4.840 3.718 4.620 3.635 4.434 3.553 4.272 3.239 3.803 1.952 2.275

OS 1.525 2.142 1.536 2.129 1.536 2.107 1.524 2.075 1.489 2.021 1.239 1.716 0.423 0.754
• 3.240 4.050 3.206 3.992 3.112 3.882 3.057 3.739 2.937 3.565 2.452 2.947 1.18! 1.476

0.6 1.22! 1.685 1.249 1.709 1.249 1.701 1.221 1.662 1.157 1.583 0.844 1.220 0.107 0.370
2.548 3.117. 2.599 3.203 2.568 3.175 2.517 3.079 2.390· 2.919 1.868 2.308 0.754 1.045

o 7 0.954 1.302 0.989 1.349 0.989 1.352 0.955 1.313 0.879 1.228 0.559 0.867 -0.070 0.153
• 1.937 2.314 2.045 2.484 2.037 2.533 2.026 2.4&6 1.910 2.362 1.42! 1.820 0.499 0.808

0.8 0.721 0.949 0.759 1.008 0.760 1.019 0.724 0.987 0.647 0.909 0.350 0.590 -0.175 0.020
1.436 1.661 1.575 1.890 1.612 1.979 1.608 1.973 1.514 1.887 1.100 1.462 0.360 0.679

09 0.537 0.696 0.574 0.756 0.575 0.773 0.541 0.747 0.470 0.679 0.207 0.409 -0.224 ·0.044
• 1.044 1.171 1.195 1.409 1.230 1.533 1.263 1.560 1.194 1.514 0.858 1.191 0.279 0.610

1 0 0.357 0.394 0.390 0.451 0.392 0.472 0.362 0.457 0.300 0.409 0.080 0.213 -0.258 -0.098
• 0.686 0.724 0.8!7 0.972 0.901 1.105 0.936 1.160 0.895 1.150 0.651 0.956 0.234 0.565

1250.121 0.079 0.142 0.112 0.142 0.128 0.122 0.127 0.082 0.109 -0.052 0.029 ·0.242 ·0.090
• 0.258 0.238 0.373 0.417 0.411 0.547 0.484 0.619 0.483 0.666 0.389 0.634 0.212 0.514

1 5 0.010 -0.014 0.020 0.002 0.018 0.011 0.004 0.013 ·0.020 0.009 -0.097 -0.017 ·0.200 -0.056
• 0.101 0.079 0.176 0.229 0.214 0.299 0.268 0.353 0.285 0.405 0.272 0.415 0.222 0.465

1 75.0•030 -0.021 -0.027 -0.015 -0.030 -0.011 -0.039 -0.009 -0.053 -0.009 -0.095 -0.014 -0.148 -0.020
• 0.056 0.055 0.102 0.141 0.142 0.200 0.170 0.252 0.191 0.299 0.211 0.376 0.217 0.419

2 a -0.042 -0.022 -0.043 -0.018 -0.047 -0.015 -0.052 -0.01! -0.060 ·0.012 ·0.081 ·0.013 -0.105 -0.013
• 0.058 0.072 0.084 0.118 0.110 0.163 0.130 0.205 0.149 0.243 0.179 0.311 0.206 0.368

I
2 5 -0.025 -0.005 -0.027 -0.004 -0.030 -0.003 -0.0!3 -0.001 -0.036 -0.000 -0.041 0.002 -0.045 0.005
• 0.062 0.102 0.073 0.124 0.086 0.147 0.097 0.170 0.108 0.193 0.131 0.2!8 0.152 0.281

! 0 ~0.010 0.005 -0.012 0.005 -0.013 0.005 -0.015 0.006 ·0.016 0.007 -0.017 0.009 -0.019 0.01!
• 0.052

4 0 0.006
0.097

0.007
0.058

0.005
0.111

0.007
0.064

0.005
0.125

0.007
0.013

0.004
0.139

0.007
0.079

0.004
0.154

0.007
0.093

0.004
0.182

0.007
0.105 0.208

·0.000 0.C08
j
• 0.018 0.058 0.021 0.064 0.026 0.070 0.027 0.075 0.029 0.081 0.034 0.091 0.037 0.101

6.0 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.00! 0.000
0.000 0.017 0.001 0.018 0.001 0.020 0.002 0.021 0.003 0.022 0.004 0.025 0.004 0.027

8 0 0.002 .0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001
• -0.002 0.002 ·0.002 0.002 -0.002 0.003 -0.001 0.003 .0.001 0.003 .0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.004
 Jl

TABLE 2.11
IT: FOR tIlRIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS
LINE Lll.\I)
'=

iln 1.0 0.' 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2

=/h
o o o o o o. o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
0.1 0.143 0.195 0.164 0.1!!:3 0.219 0.234 0.309 0,315 0.447 0.448 1.031 1.026 2.914 2.906
0.266 0.330 0.223 0.250 0.242 0.248 0.310 0.307 0.436 0.427 1.008 0.999 2.888 2.888"
02 0.265 0.364 0.300 0.357 0.391 0.422 0.536 0.550 0.744 0.747 1.441 1.432 2.230 2.215
• 0.496 0.617 0.416 0.468 0.439 0.453 0.542 0.537 0.725 0.710 1.396 1.380 2.181 2.178
0.3 0.348 0.485 0.388 0.470 0.490 0.536 0.643 0.665 0.843 0.849 1.322 1.309· 1.224 1.203
0.666 0.830 0.554 0.630 0.563 0.588 0.657 0.655 0.820 0.803 1.260 1.238 1.155 1.147
0.517 0.578 0.645 0.676 0.792 0.802 . 1.008 0.994 0.638 0.612
0.616 0.655 0.671 0.677 0.771 0.757 0.936 0.911 0.553 0.541
0.5 0.391 0.572 0.421 0.539 0.489 0.561 0.576 0.615 0.660 0.676 0.694 0.680 0.325 0.295
0.799 1.007 0.660 0.775 0.610 0.666 0.617 0.634 0.646 0.640 0.617 0.594 0.227 0.215
0.6 0.367 0.552 0.385 0.514 0.427 0.510 0.476 0.524 0.510 0.532 0.448 0.435 0.155 0.122
0.780 0.993 0.644 0.774 0.571 0.643 0.534 0.567 0.S08 0.516 0.372 0.35& 0.050 0.045
o7 0.319 0.506 0.332 0.465 0.353 0.442 0.370 0.424 0.370 0.397 0.270 0.258 0.059 0.025
• 0.724 0.933 0.600 0.740 0.511 0.599 0.444 0.494 0.380 0.404 0.198 0.19& 0.048 -0.042
0.& 0.268 0.446 0.271 0.407 0.273 0.372 0.275 0.335 0.256 0.290 0.IS0 0.141 0.008 -0.027
0.649 0.849 0.540 0.68& 0.447 0.550 0.363 0.432 0.280 0.324 0.086 0.105 ·0.100 -0.077
0.210 0.307 0.197 0.261 0.169 0.205 0.072 0.066 -0.018 -0.054
0.385 O.SOO 0.295 0.380 0.205 0.267 0.018 0.055 -0.124 ·0.084
10 0.152 0.303 0.148 0.274 0.139 0.234 0.119 0.185 ·0.090 0.129 0.014 0.010 -0.030 -0.066
• 0.460 0.636 0.392 0.544 0.312 0.438 0.226 0.329 0.139 0.222 -0.028 0.034 -0.120 .0.070
1 250.055 0.177 0.054 0.161 0.046 0.131 0.030 0.092 0.010 0.049 -0.026 -0.028 -0.020 -0.059
• 0.285 0.440 0.252 0.401 0.199 0.338 0.136 0.263 0.069 0.186 -0.050 0.049 ·0.112 -0.022
1 5 0.012 0.098 0.004 0.090 0.003 0.073 -0.004 0.048 -0.012 0.021 -0.020 -0.025 0.006 -0.038
• 0.170 0.311 0.157 0.300 0.127 0.268 0.087 0.223 0.043 0.174 -0.038 0.080 -0.085 0.020
1.75- ' •• '. ..
14 0.053 -0.015 0.051 -0.011 0.042 -0.010 0.028 -0.009 0.013 -0.000 -0.013 0.031 -0.019
0 0.228 0.094 0.228 0.079 0.213 0.055 0.189 0.028 0.159 -0.025 0.095 -0.064 0.041
2 0 0.011 0.029 -0.018 0.029 -0.010 0.026 -0.004 0.020 0.003 0.013 0.021 0.000 0.052 -0.005
• 0.OS4 0.172 0.053 0.175 0.045 0.169 0.033 0.156 0.017 0.139 -0.01& 0.096 -0.051 0.050
2 5 0.002 0.017 -O.OOS 0.018 O.OOS 0.018 0.015 0.016 0.025 0.014 0.048 0.010 0.073 0.005
• 0.016 0.116 0.015 0.1)8 0.011 0.114 0.005 0.109 -0.003 0.100 -0.023 0.075 -0.048 0.042
3 0 -0.004 O.OLS 0.005 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.026 0.015 0.036 0.014 0.057 0.011 0.079 0.007
• -0.000 0.087 -0.003 0.087 -0.006 0.084 -0.011 0.079 -0.016 0.073 -0.031 0.056 -0.051 0.031
4 0 0.007 0.012 0.015 0.012 0.023 0.011 0.030 0.010 0.038 0.009 0.054 0.007 0.070 0.004
• -0.020 0.045 -0.022 0.043 -0.025 0.040 -0.028 0.037 -0.021 0.034 -0.039 0.02S .0.049 0.014
6 0 0.007 0.007 0.012 0.006 0.017 0.005 0.022 0.005 0.027 0.004 0.037 0.003 0.047 0.001
• -0.026 O.OIS ·0.028 0.014 -0.029 0.013 -0.030 0.012 -0.032 0.010 -0.03S 0.007 -0.038 0.004
8 0 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.011 0.003 0.014 0.003 0.017 0.002 0.024 0.001 0.030 0.001
• -0.028 0.006 -0.024 0.005 -0.02S 0.005 -0.026 0.004 -0.026 0.004 -0.028 0.003 ·0.030 0.001
3Z CONCENTRA1'ED WADING

TABLE 2.12 2.3 Line Loading-Axis; Symmetry

INFLUENCE VALUES Ij):& FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS
2.3.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL RING LOADING ON
LINE LOAD SURFACE OF SEMI-INFINITE MASS
P .LI (Fig. 2.13)
% nE '"
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENI' P=;

V 0 0.2 O.S
%/h 0.'
Load Q
0.1 1.366 0.952 0.316 -0.094 P I unit krngtrc''----1----1
0.2
0.'
1.246
1.130
0.834
0.727
0.217
0.127
-0.184
-0.269
,
0.' 1.019 0.613 0.042 -0.342
0.' 0.872 0.518 -0.033 -0.407 •
0.' 0.749 0.436 -0.097 -0.460 ,
0.7 0.646 0.353 -0.151 -0.499
0.8 0.556 0.288 -0.194 -0.524
0.' 0.416 0.227 -0.223 -0.538
1.0 0.390 0.180 -0.247 -0.537 "FIG. 2.13
1.25 0.257 0.084 -0.261 -0.509
l.S 0.167 0.026 -0.241 _0.448
1. 75 0.111 0.005 -0.211 -0.384 On the axis (r:O).
2.0 0.074 0.001 -0.115 -0.308
2.S 0.034 -0.602 -0.114 -0.210
'.0 0.012 -0.015 -0.067 -0.135 ••• (z.13a)
'.0 0.002 -0.002 -0.026 -0.053
'.0 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.007
8.0 0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000
fa 2+z'l) -3Z~
(2.13b)
TABLE 2.13
INFLUENCE VALUES I pz FOR SURFACE DISPlACEMENTS • •
2pfl+",)za
ra'l+Z'l) liz
(2.13c)

LINE LOAD
P =.2.... I
, nE '"
,% • a
T •.• (2.13d)

VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT Pz

v 0 0.2 0.' O.S

%/h
0.1 3.756 3.466 2.633 1.926
0.2
0.'
2.461
1,730
2.222
1.533
1.558
0.964
0.973
0.458
p, • a ... (2.13£)

0.' 1.244 1.069 0.583 0.132

O.S 0.896 0.749 0.324 -0.079
0.' 0.643 0.5ll 0.145 -0.217 2.3.2 UNIFORM VERTICAL SUBSURFACE LINE LOAD
0.7 0.453 0.347 0.045 -0.299 (Fig. 2.14)
0.8 0.313 0.218 -0.057 -0.344
0.' 0.212 0.141 -0.101 -0.358
1.0 0.126 0.059 -0.139 -0.359
1.25 0.023 -0.006 -0.146 -0.31S
l.S -0.012 -0.024 -0.ll2 -0.254
1. 75 -0.023 -0.023 -0.086 -0.198
2.0 -0.017 -0.015 -0.071 -0.134
2.S -0.010 -0.009 -0.034 -0.085
'.0
'.0
-0.008
-0.002
-0.001
-0.000
·0.014
-0.007
-0.057
-0.025
D
,
Total lOad
•
'.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.002 -0.004
8.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000

FIG. 2.14
 "
Geddes (966) evaluated the following express-
ions for the stresses froll Mindlin's equations:

Ii' -1 [2t2-V}
.'::u - <I~ P • thU-v} • ~

• • 1
- l(1-vJ(1·2uH _1
F-Hlf
1_ )
lHfH.l
1
2(Z-v} +- 2(l-2v} - ( - +- - )
+ ':;'~~"":':':'_""""~~"-~"'- ••• (2.14c)
B
, ,
f1-ZV)1 (!!) 2 ""'.'f1+V}(!!.} ",,
':'::__.2""- +- !L +- It
P A' F'
l'
41 1 1.1Jl' 1 6.1Jl' 2.m 1
A .nl
+- 4.U-w)(..,.V IPi +-;) - (4m 2+n') (..V 1- - (l-2uJ..... -+ -}-"'"1-) (_+-)
+ "It+ nn It nit It n
B'
.' B
A" It" 2 1
+- 6llfl.---;r) +- 6lIIflll:rl - ; , [III+1J S)] 1 2 + 12 m
12rlt-4WM(J!t+lJ··((-)
2
::'Ii" )

pS as
+ "n
B'
, 1 '
••• (2.14a) Ire) (M1)'(!! + _) i'l!DI '
" B'
""
.,...,,;-1,=
h(l-V)
[ !1 .- :OJ .m • (-)
61':4 1 -2(l-2u) '"
='2
+ " " n
p

B ~12m-J11'.!.+ 12 ~I &IIn ' +6,.'(!")"

+ 'It.. It + n
4(2-v)-12f1-v) AIt 2 2
p' p'
:.t } _ !!.... (2.14d)
p , .'
On the axis nth n-O and rti>l.O,
+- 41t ' _2m 2+-2f1+2\.1)t;} ",,

p' K -1 [4(1-V) Z(2-V) 2(2-v}

n - awn-v} - -.-- - ---r,;:rr + -,;;;:rr
31t2.2m2+Z(1+2V):!!<m+1) 2(!!. + 1)
_{ It It It}
B' 4m(2-v) (ln2 )
+ (m+=lJl - (m+1)! ••• (2.14e)
6 lItZm ' -m"(!!./] 61!!(m+V"(!!. + 1) _ ",'n ' )
+ 1t+"1i It It
FS BS

+ 4(1-~J'(1-2\.1){ F~ - B~1 } J
... (2.14b)

c Ii' _ -1 [(1-2\.1) (2.l4f)

• p BIrO-v) -.--
(2.14g)
+ 6-(1.2V)(~I\I)+6(T-2\.1)~ +~)
were It - rfD~ III - zlD
B r_ n ' + ,.,
, A _ (1t 2 + (lII-lJ 1
1'fl_2'V)2.sr1_ZV)('.!) - 6 ' '
+ " B' 2 (n.2 + (ntflJ2J.
P

+ 2n1'.4Vn2+Zf 1+Z'V};<1ltf1) 2 I".u throuahout the aass, and Xrr and xee on the
axis. are ubulated by Geddes (1966).
B'
 34 CONCENTRATED LOADING

.'
2f5+ZV) ::T + 4(S_v)mn Z
n
2 •.3.3 LINEARLY VARYING SUBSURFACE LINE LOAD
p'
(Fig. 2.15)
,
6mn 2 (m 2-:n 2)_lZ{!!.) (TfHol)s
+ n
B'
SurlllCGO
,
6mn2.(m2._ n 2)"_12 ~
n +
o p'

FIG. 2.15

The following expressions fOT stress have been (2.1Sb)

obtained by Geddes (1966):
D' -1 [(1-2V)
D' -1 [-Z(~-V) p- 4w(l-v) ~
Xzz - <lz P - g1f(l-v)
, ,
2(z-V)(4m+-l)-2(1-ZV)~) (ml-l)
(l-ZVJ (3-4v}+6(l-2v) tiJ (fftl-1)+6(2m-l)
+ n
B , B

.'
2fl-2'\J) "'T -8(Z-v)m 2.+( -1)' +
6(1-2\1) ;r +12m
+ n +mJ1 III
P
P A'
, 2 (111'1-1) J+4mn 2 .. Z(!!!.) 2. (m+11 3
4-.n2mf4m"_lSn2.m-2f 5+:Jv) (.!!) (,,*1) 1+(I1W-l)) .. (l-Zv) { n}
+ n B'
B' ,
2(m+l) 3+&m2... 2m J_sf!!.) (m+lJ J
+ n

.'
B'
,
(2m 3+4mn Z_Z ~)(l-2v) Bmn2-6 nr
+
p' p'

p'

_ 2(2-v) loge (A;=;l . B;:l~ J (B';;.l - F:"}]

... (2.iSe)
... (2.15a)

..d.
2f2-vJ+f1-ZVJ'!!,fm-lJ
-n n
41r(I-\l) [ A"

• ,
.(!!.) 2f2-V)+(1-ZV)'!!.:{m+lJ-6 ';;£111+1)
_---!!....- n n
p B

p
 JS

(3--w) 9(",.,.1) J~:J+l?m:l-n2'+la~[1!H'1)'

B'
m' +4(5-v)1II1+1Z m'
+ t(l-tv) ftf ~
p'
,
6;' ('"'v 5.6 ~("*VS+131lt,,.t
+ " •
B'
S
Ilt'
n- Ill'
-6 nr + 131 "2
2
]

p'
••• (2.1Sd)

On the loadin, axis with 11I>1.0

.•. (2.ISe)

[11-2(l-Zv) (l-v}+(l-Zv)

+ (l-ZV) (:'1) +[(1-211' -18J (::'1)

9m
2
+ 7iitiJJT 2IlI']
- (",.,.1) i .•• (2.ISf)

Kn - 0 (2.15g)

were n _ 7'/D~ 1/1 _ z/D

pt• .n t + 1ft2-
A2.. [n2+ (m--1)2)
st. (n 2 + (m+V:ll

,
Values of Xu throughout the uss. and. KJ"Z'
on. .ree on the axis.. an tabulated by Geddes (1966).
 Chapter 3
DISTRIBUTED LOADS ON THE
SURFACE OF A
SEMI-INFINITE MASS

3.1 Loading on an Infinite Slrip Trajectories of 01 are a fa.l1y of confocal hyper-

bolas, foci at 01 and 01. These
curves bisect the angle. a. at all
points.
3.1.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING (fig.3.1) Trajectories of 01 a:re a fbUy of confocal
ellipses, foci at 01 and 01 _

Tr~jectorics of TIlIQ% are two orthogonal fa.ilies:

equiangular spirals Intersecting the
ellipses under 4S-,

__J~~"~i~r::~.:• 1>/...1 UtO

~~ximum Tma% ~ pl_, occurs at all points of the sc.l-
circle through 0, aod 02'
~~ximua 01 ~ p, occurs at points (=,0). -b<E<b•
•• " " "
Values of 0=. 0;ll. '1%3. 0l 0, and 'tllla% are
• tabulated in Table 3.1, and contours of 0. and
'tma= are given in Fig.3.2 (Jurgenson, 1934).
FIG.3.1
As for line loading, displace~nts due to strip
loading on or in a se.i-infinite ~ss are'only mean~
ingful if evaluated as the displaCeMent of one point
", ~ [0 + sina 008(0+261] (3.1:1) relative to another point, neither point being located
at infinity. The vertical displaceaent at the sur-
face, relative to the centre of the strip, is given
", • i [a- sino cos(a+2,sJ] by

£/!.". (J.le)
"y •
T= • i silla $ill(0+26) (3.ld)
'..11--1 ..
",
",
T

-
· =
_
i [a + sina

• [.- 8ino.
~ sina
(3.le)

{3.lf}

(3.1g) -7--1--1'1--1--1"
Loci of constant 01 and 0: are circles passing through
01 and 0:. t";,,, Et
~O< Of $,..,.Mt;s L!I9£~ .. ~'ii"'9 'YO,,,O(,I
Loci of constant 'I1lIQ% are circles p:1Ssing t11TOup," 01
lind 02. FIG. 3.2 Stresses beneath a strip {Jur9'enson ,19341 •

I.
 INFINI'rt STRIP
37

1 3.1.2 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING

PZ(:r:iOJ - PZ(OiOJ = ?P(J_V ). {(=-bJ.tnI:-b[ (Fig.3.3) .

"
-~:cfbJ.1nI:cfb1 + 2btnb)
(3.2)
(See plot in Fig.9.2a. Chapter 'J
" I or~
TABLE 3.1
STIlES'ES BENEATII A lI'lJFORMLY LOADED STRIP
-• • qjUlfllt

(Jurgenson, 1934) ~ •
z/b z/b a,Jp a,Jp TniP
• T...!P ollp 03/p ,
,, 1.0000 1.0000 ,, ,, , 1.0000 1.0000 FIG.3.3
.5
1
.9S94 .4498
.B183 .1817 ,, ,, .2548
.3183
.9594 .4498
.81B3 .1817
1.5 '.6678 .0803
,, , .2937 .6678 .0803
,
2
2.5
3
.5S08 .0410
.4617 .0228
.3954 .0138 0
0
0
.2S46
.2195
.1908
.5508 .0410
.4617 .0228
.3954 .0138
a%
-• !l. {log ~ _ sina ,sin(a+26J]
e, (3.3a)

0.5 0
3.5
4
.3457 .0091
.3050 .0061

1.0000 1.0000 0
0
0

0 0
0
0
.1683
.1499

1.0000 1.0000
.3457 .0091
.3050 .0061 an - ;. [-sina sin(a+26J 1 (3.3b)

.25 .9787 .6214 .0522 8"35' .1871 .9871 .6129 T= i [a-sina cos(a+26J] ... (3.3c)
.5 .9028 .3920 .1274 13"17' .2848 •9323 .3629
1 .7352 .1863 .1590 14"52' .3158 .7763 .1446
1.5 .6078 .0994 .1275 13"18' .2847 .6370 .0677 Values of oziq have been tabulated and are
2 .5107 .0542 .0959 11°25' .2470 .5298 .0357 given in Table 3.2. It should be noted that 0a/q
2.5 .4372 .0334 .u721 9"49' .2143 .4693 .0206 values are equal to the corresponding values of TZZ/p
for uniforP vertical loading •
1 .25 .4996 .4208 .3134 41°25' .3158 .• 7760 .1444
.5 .4969 .3472 .2996 37"59' .3088 .7308 .1133
1 .4797 .2250 .254631"43' .2847 .6371 .0677
1.5 .4480 .1424 .203726"34' .2546 .5498 .0406 TABI.E 3.2
2 .4095 .0908 .1592 22°30' .2251 .4751 .0249
.124319°20' .1989 .4137 .0159
VALUES OF oziq FOR UNIFORM llORIZ0NTAL LOADING
2.5 .3701 .0595 OVER STRIP
(Scot.t., 1963)
1.5 .25 .0177 .2079 .0606 73?47' .1128 .2281 .0025
.5 .0892 .2850 .1466 61"50' .1765 .3636 .0106
1
1.5
2
.2137
.2704
.2876
.2488 .2101 47"23' .2115
.1807 .2022 38"44' .2071
.1268 .1754 32"41' .1929
.4428
.4327
.4007
.0198
.0184
.0143
~
nib 0 '.5 1.0 2.' 4.0

7..5 .2851 .0892 .1469 28"09' .1765 .3637 .0106 0.0 0.00 0.70 0.60 0.33
0.2 0.00 0.62 1.16 0.68 0.32
2 .25 .0027 .0987 .0164 80"35' .0507 .1014 .0002 0.5 0.00 0.39 0.60 0.57 0.32
.5 .0194 .1714 .0552 71"S9' .0940 .1893 .0014 1.0 0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.28
1 .0776 .2021 .1305 58°17' .1424 .2834 .0052 1.5 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.25
1.5 .1458 .1847 .1568 48"32' .1578 .3232 .0074 2.0 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.20
2 .1847 .1456 .1567 41"27' .1579 • 3232 .0073 3.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.14
2.5 .2045 .1256 .1442 36"02' .1515 .3094 .0064 5.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05

2.5 .5 .0068 .1104 .0254 76"43' .0569 .1141 .0003

1 .0357 .1615 .0739 65"12' .0970 .1957 .0016
1.5 .0771 .1645 .109655"52' .1180 .2388 .002!!
2 .1139 .1447 .1258 48"32' .1265 .2556 .0036 The expression for t.he horizont.al displace~ent of
2.5 .1409 .1205 .1266 42°45' .1269 .2575 .0036 a point. on the surface, relative to the centre of the
strip, P:r:(:r:.OJ-PZ(OiOJ, is identical with the express-
3 .5 .0026 .0741 .0137 79"25' .0379 .0758 .0001 ion for ,the re13t.ive vertical disp1aeelllCnt due to
I .0171 . 1221 .0449 69°42' .0690 .1384 .0005 uniform vert.ica1 load in equat.ion (3.2) •
l.S .0427 .1388 .0757 61"15' .0895 .1803 .0012
2 .0705 .1341 .0954 54"12' .1006 .2029 .0018
2.5 .0952 .1196 .103648"20' • l054 .2128 .0020
3 .1139 .10l9 .l057.43°22' .10S8 .2137 .0020

·6 is angle between direction af

the vertical.
a, on' i
I
3B

3.• 1.3 VEmCAL LOADING "INCREASING LIKEAJU.Y 3.1.4 HORIZONTAL LOADING LINEARLY INCREASING
(Fl•. 3.4) ~x. loading. q. Fig.3.4)
,
.9..( ,~ + .!
T 1__
b ~e
&_
/if 00826 - s]
ax • h
, (l.w)

CIa - f; [1 + cod6 - ~ II} (3.6b)

---I<:!:l..LLl.LP--.
Tn - *[f . II - f lege
R'
;f + ein26] ••• (3.k)

The expression for the hori~ontal displac..ent of

(",rl a point on the surface, relative to ~, is identical
with the expression for relative vertical .ave.ent due
, to ver$ical ioadin, (equation 3.5).

PIG.3 ••
3.I.S snHCf1l;ICAL YEKTICAL TRIANQJLAR LOADING
(Fie.3.S, Cray, 1936)

(3.4a)
,
":e • ,. (1) a - D log. R!, + rin26J
1!.. % # Rl (l.4b)

'= -Ii [1 + coa21S - T 1

Values of oalp have been tabulated by Scott
(1963) and are given in Table 3.3.

TABLE 3.3 ,
VAWES OF 01/1' FOR LINEA.RLY INCREASING
LOAD ON STRIP FtG. l.5
(Scott, 1963)

~-3.0 -2.0 ·1.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 • ~ [(al+o:) + i(lll-a:)] .,. (3.73)
0.0
O.S
0.00
0.00 0.'00 0.00 0.08 0.48
0."
0.42 0.02 0.00 "
1.0 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.13 0.41 0.35 0.06 0.00
• ~ ((al+o1) + ~1l1-C1} - 2% l RIH,]
2.0 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.16 0.28 0.25 0.13 0.01 'x li oge R:
3.0 0.02
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.10
0.09
0.15
0.13
0.20
0.16
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.04
0.05
• (3.7b)
'.0

Tn • -i5 (al-a2) (3:7c)

The vertical displacement of a point on the

surface, relative to the value at :-0. is given by " .
2bIJ1n12b-%I~)

.•. (3.5) " .i ((Ol+(ll) + ~al-(l1J- ~ loge n::;2 ]

•
_.e=.. (log: RI~I + (Ot-lll)'lj ... (3.7e)
ab • R.
 INFINITE STRIP 3.

T_ .. "".E!- (log
RR
2:.:J.:.:.1..
e Hi
+ (Qt-Q2)2)%" .•• (3.1e) TABLE 3.4 (Cont.)

Stresses have been ~abu1a~ed by Jurgenson (1934) z/b alb a/p a/p Tdp B T,.,.Ip O'l/p a,/p
and are given in TABLE 3.4.
1.0 1.0 .2048 .1338 .1416 38-14' .1518 .3211 .0115
of a
Con~ours
(Jurgenson, 1934).
, ~d T_ are shawn in Fig.3.6 1.25 .2148 .1033 .1343 33-43' .1454 .3045 .0137
1., .2159 .0194 .1189 30-04' .1311 .2848 .0106
1. 75 .2048 .0411 .0903 29-25' .1199 .2459 .0061
2.' .IS74 .0298 .0685 20- 30' .1044 .2130 .0042
TABLE 3.'
STRESSES 8ENEATH A STRIP WITH SYMMETRICAL
TRIANGULAR LOADING
1.25.25
., .0155
.0580
.1278 .0399
.1668 .0899
72-.18' .06S9
60- 35' .1051
.1406
.2175
:0028
.0073
(Jurgenson. 1934) .15 .1002 •1599 .1169 52-10' . .1207 .2508 .0094
1.. .1319 .1379 .1256 45-41' .1256 .2605 .0093
1.25 .1526 .1137 .• 1232 40-30' .1247 .2579 .0085
z/b zlb a/p a/p Tdp B T"";P adp a3/p

0 .., 1.0000 1. 0000

.25 .8440 .3931 •0 0
0
0 1.0000 1.0000
.2255 .8440 .3931
1.5 .25
.,
.7'
.0046
.0250
.0545
.0840
.1294
.1396
.OIS6 77-27' .0439
.0540 67-01' .0751
.0828 5S-37' .0934
.0882
.1523
.1905
.0004
.0021
.0037
.7048 1925 0 0 .2562 .7048 .1925 1.0 .0824 .1315 .0992 51-58' .1022 .2092 .0048
.7' .5904 .1025
• 0 .2440 .5904 .1025 1025 .1049 .1156 .1053 46-28' .1054 .2157 .0049
1.0
1.2,
.5000 .0588 0 •0 .2206 .5000 .0588 I., .1211 .0981 .104441-51' .1050 .2146 .0046

I.'
.4296
.3744
.0359
.0234 •• 0
.1969
.1755
.4296
.3744
.0359
.0234
2.0
2.'
.1375
.1403
.0681
.0470
.0929 34-45' .0992 .2020
.0781 29-33' .0910 .1847
.0036
.0027
I.'"
2.0
.3305
.2952
.0158
.0t"11
0
0
0
0
.1574
.1421
.3305
.2952
.0158
.0111 2.0 .5 .0064 .7773 .0222 74-02' .0420 .0000 .0841
2.' .2422 .0062 0 0 • .2422 .0062 1.0
I.'
.0332
.0636
.1041
.0955
.0572 50-54' .0673 .1360
.0763 SO-55' .0780 .1576
.0014
.0016
.25 0
.25
.7500
.7196
.7500
.3874
•
.1151 17-22'
0
.2021
.7500
.7556
.7500
.3514
2.0 .0862 .0761 .0791 43-10' .0793 .0019 .1605
., .6344 .2026 .114613-59' .2444 .6629 .1741
2.' .0985 .0581 .0741 37-23' .0768 .0015 .1551
.7'
1.0
.5462
.4711
.1138
.0681
.0951 11-53'
.0756 10-17'
.2361
.2152
.5661
.4848
.0939
.0544
U, .4101 .0432 .0597 9-01' .1930 .4197 .0337

0.' 0 .5000 .5000 0 0 .5000 .5000

.,
.25 .4949
.4714
.3357
.2152
.152531-13'
.1762 27-00'
.1720
.2178
.5873
.5611
.2433
.1255
.7' .4350
1.0 .3955
.1385
.0913
.157023-19'
.1299 20-15'
.2160
.2000
.5028
.4434
.070t
.0434
I.,
1.25 .3577
.3238
.0617
.0433
.1055 17-45' .1817
.0858 15-44' .1644
.3914
.3480
.0280
.0192
2.0 .2682 .0229 .0582 12-42' .1358 .2814 .0098 .' »
2.' .2266 .0130 .0415 10-37' .1146 .2344 .0052
0;15 0 .2500 .2500
• 45-00' 0 .2500 .2500 ., ~

,
.,
.25 .2620
.2875
.2620
.2162
.1476
.1810 39.-26'
.1476
.1845
.4096
.4364
.1144
.0674
,. "
,~

.7' .3000 .1611 .1735 34-05' .lS69 .4175 .0437 ,~

1.0 .2980
1.25 .2869
.1167
.0847
.1528
.1309
29-39'
26-10'
.1777
.1654
.3851
.3512
.0297
•0204 • ,.»
-,
1.0 0
.,
.25 .0766

.7'
0
.1393
.1813
0
.1956
.2005
.1693
0 0
.0959 60-54' .1129
.1414 5P06' .1447
.1534 43-53' .1535
0
.Z490
.3146
.3288
0
.0232
.0252
.0218
,,~ ,~

t ..... " " _ - . . . _

FIG.3.6
» '~ ,
•
'~

---
benuth strip with triangoul.a..r
$trf!SIOf!S
loading (Jurtlf!lloson, 1934).
,~ ,,~

B is angle between vertical and direction

a, .
40 SURPACE UJA1JS ON SEHI-IN,n;I'rE IfASS

3.1.6 AS\1oIGITlUCAL VERTICAL TRIANGULAR LOADING

(Fig.3.7, Gray, 1936)
,
o

o ,
,
FIG.3.S

,
..
a,}. ~tt[6 -- ~ H,
+:::'+~'lag -
FIG. 3. 7 0'3 a a e R2

l' [~+ a+b-::: ,] ••• (3.8a)

°z - 1f a b
••• (3.9d)

Influence factors for O'a beneath the edge of

(3.8b) the loading have been published by Osterberg (1957)
and are shown in Fig.3.9.
(3:8c)

a, • .. [=-a+
I;.
- ........ - ~ H, ~
_.'-~-'" e + ~ 'Lag - + ~ 7.o~ -
H,]
'If ·a b a e H~ b e R2
0,"'0 _ _

a. l'
11'
[£
a
+ a+b-:::
b
e +!. 'la !!J.. + !. 'la
a ge Ho b
•.• (3.8d)
&.
ge H2
] o·ami
_M ((1. 'lag &. + 1 'lag H1fl + (£! _ ~)2.ts
11' a eHo b eH2. a b
•.• (3.8e)

T _ £!. ((1 'lag HI +]. 'Log Hl~2+ ~ _ !)2)-t

ma::r 1f a eH o G eH2. a b
••• (3.8£)

3.1. 7 VERTICAL "EMBANKMENT" LOADING

(Fig.3.8, Gray, 1936)
1
.•. (3.9a) I
I
0'::: 2 E. [e + :!!. + ';2.a
'If a
(:::-b) ~]
+ 2a 'lag
ae~
°0-01 2
2
(3.9b)
FIG.3.9 Influence chart for vertical stress due to
.. all a2 l!JIIbAnkJDent loadinq (OSterberg, 1957).
'-~l---l (3.9c)
T
= 1f a H~
 LOAllS' OVER IIALP INTINnE SURFACE

3.2.2 LINEARLY OCREASING VERTICAL LOADING

3.2 Loading over Hall the Infinite (Fie.3.11. Gray. 1936).
Surface
3.2.1 UNIFQI04 VEmCAL lA\DING
(Fie.3.10. Gray. 1936).

__~P:lltD:TII:--
o
p/"';t Q~

•
R •• R
, •
,
,
"FIG.3.ll
FIG.3.1.0

Po
a, - ; (8 + iJ') (3. lOa) a, • ,.
Po
[%8 + %) (3.11&)

a
= = £(8_%%)
W R'
(3.l0b) 0= • w. [:£I - 2: - 2% tog.B] (3.11b)

__ 2-
sin1a
, •
Po
, S .... (3. lIe)
'", W
(3.10c) = W.

0, Ie £0 (S + .inS) (3.10d) O"l} a- Po P' ,

0, ici' (.::6 - a: logeR) t..L
o.
[(1+ leg R)1+ S'"}
a
(3.11d)

-
0, Ie .e.0 (8 _ .inS) (3.10e)
, . ....L
P*
o.
[(1+ leg
a
R):I. + 8']
,
(3.11e)
t = E. sinS (3.l0f)
- 0

3.2.3 VERTICAL "EMBANXMENT'" LOADING

Loci o~ constant CIi and O"J are radial lines. OR. (Fi,.3.12, Gray, 1936).
Loci of constant Tma:c are radial lines, OR.

Trajectories of O"t are a faaily of confocal parabolas*.

•
Focus at o. Horizontal axis.

Trajectories of O"J are a faaily of confocal parabolas*.

Focus &'t O. Horizonnl uis.

The two faJlilies are orthogonal.

Trajectories of Tma:c are two ortholonal faailies of

puabolas •. Focus at O.
Vertical axis. '".

MaXi-.. 'mo;r;- plrr i occurs at points (0.%). %>0. ,

Maximum a1 - Pi " " " (z.o). %>0. FIG.3.12

" " " (z.0). :1:<0.

0, _ ..e.
W. [as + m] (3.l2a)
-These curves bisect the &nlle,a. at all
points.
(3.12b)
 42 SURFAce LOoUlS'. ON SEHI-INFINrrE MASS

': • -.£..aa ... (3.12e) TABLE 3.$ Continued

""
01} • .£..
a, sa ((aB + =a + 11
"'" - ~ R, ,.
• R,
(log! Hz + (12)%]
• R,
z/a a/a azIP (J:!p
,""" 90'"-8 '...!p aup· a,;p
(3.12d) 0.750 . 7S00 .7S00
• • .7S00 .7500

, . ~
na
(wg t -
H1+ a 2)%
• R, (3.12e)
.25 .7357
.5 .6978
.75 .6619
.6076
.54S7
.5217
.1619 55·4" .1741
.2302 54·0S' .2424
.2643 52·26' .2134
.8458
.8642
.8652
.4976
.3794
.3184
'"'" 1.0 .6341
1.25 .6133
.5114
.5065
.2828 51·07' .2894
.2936 50·09' .2984
.8622 .2834
.8583 .2615
Values of stresses, presented oriainally by
Juraenson (1934). are tabulned in TABLE 3.5. .(I.7S 0
• • •
.25 .0023 .1302 .0143
0
6'"18' .0656• 0
.1319
•
.0001
.5 .0147 .2382 .0493 U·S4' .1222 .2487 .0043

T....LE 3.5. 1.0 a 1.‫סס‬OO 1.0000 0 90·00' 0 1.0000 1.‫סס‬oo

.25 .9220 .6973 .10SS 68·24' .1541 .9638 .6556
STRfSSES DUE 10 SEMI-INFINITE EMB.A.NJ:MEh7 LOADING
.5 .8524 .5962 .1762 63·01' .2178 .9421 .5065
(Jurtenson. 1934) .75 .7951 .5512 .2214 59-26' .2528 .9260 .4204
1.0 .7500 .5294 .2500 56-54' .2732 .9129 .3665
=/4 ala 1.25.7148 .5178 .2685 55-OS' .2860 .9023 .3303
aa /p G;I/P '~.h 90-·6 'trtrz%/p adp .,/p 1.5 .6871 .5117 .2807 53-41' .2941 .8935 .3053
0 0
.25
0
.0780
•
.3034
0
.1055 21-33'
0
.1544
0
.3451
•
.0363
2.0 .6476
2.5 .6211
.5054
.5032
.295251-47'
.3028 50-31'
.3036
.3085
.8801
.8707
.2729
.2537
.5 .1476 .4038 .1762 27-00' .2178
.75
1.0
.2048
.2500
.4487
.4706
.2214
.2500
30-35'
33 -06'
.2528
.2732
.4935
.5796
.6335
.0579
.0740
.0871
-1.0 0
.5
0
.0083
0
.2031
0 0
.0348 9-50' •
.1034
0
.2091
0
.0023
1.0 .0452 .3369 .1024 17-33' .1782 .3693 .0129
1.5 .0967 .4092 .1621 23-02' .2252 .4782 .0278
1.25 .2852 .4821 .2685 34 -56' .2860 .6697 .0977 2.0 .1475 .4465 .2049 26-57'
.4883 .2807 36-20' .2941 .2536 .5506 .0434
1.5 .3129 .6947 .1065 2.5 .1915 .4674 .234329-45' .2719 .6014 .0576
2.0 .3524 .4946 .2952 38-14' .3036 .7271 .1199
2.S .3789 .4968 .3028 39-30' .3085 .7464 .1294 1. 45 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 90-00' 0 1. 0000 1. 0000
.25 .9803 .7763 .0461 77-51' .1120 .9903 .7663
0.25 0
.25
•2500
.2643
.2500
.3924 •
.1619 34-13'
0
.1741
.2500
.5025
.2500
.1543
.5 .9367 .6570
.75 .8844 .5923
.1157
.1692
70-13'
65-24'
.1816 .9785 .6153
.2235 .9619 .5149
.5 .3023 .4544 .2302 35-52' .2424 .6208 .1360 1.0 .8370 .5569 .2072 62-02'
.2643 37-34' .2501 .9471 .4469
.75 .3381 .4784 .2734 .6817 .1349 1.5 .7632 .5247 .2528 57-38' .2795 .9235 .3645
1•• .3659 .4885 .2828 38-53' .2894 .7166 .1378 2.0 .7123 .5124 .2763 54-57'
.3867 .4935 .2984 .1417 .2938 .9062 .3186
1.25 .2936 39'S1' .7385 2.5 .6765 .5069 .2896 53-10' .3018 .893S .2899
~.25 0
.25 •
.0161
0
.2201
0
.0468 12-19'
0
.1123
0
.2304
0
.0058
1.5 o 1. 0000 1. 0000
.25 .9949 .8357
0 90-00' 0 1. 0000'
.023781-42' .0829 .9982
1. 0000
.8234
.5 .0633 .3430 .'1157 19-48' .1816 .3848 .0216 .5 .9714 .7152 .0738 75-02' .1478 .9911 .6955
.7S .1156 .4077 .169224-36' .2235 .4852 .0382 .75 .9350 .6385 .1239 70-03' .1932 .9800 .5936
1.0 .1630 .4431 .2072 27-59' .2501 .5532 .0530
1.25 .2032 .4634 .2339 30-28' .2677 .6010 .0656 1.0 .8955 .5913 .1653 66-19' .2246 .9680 .S188
0.5 0
.25
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
0
.1762 45-00' •
.1762
.5000
.6762
.5000
.3238
1.5
2.0
2.5
.8238
.7682
.7266
.5433
.5229
.5130
.2214
.2537
.2729
61-11'
57-54'
55-41'
.2621
.2818
.2930
.9457
.9274
.9128
.4215
.3638
.3268
.S .5000 .5000 .2S00 45-00' .2500 .7500 .2500
.75 .5000 .5000 .2807 45-00' .2807 .7807 .2193 2.0 o 1. ‫סס‬oo 1. ‫סס‬oo 90-00'
.2952 45-00' 0 0 1. 0000 1. 0000
1.0 .5000 .5000 .2952 .7952 .2048 .25 .9989 .8919 .0096 84-55' .0543 .9997 .8911
1.25 .5000 .5000 .3028 45-00' .3028 .8028 .1972 .5 .9916 .7968 .0348 80-10' .1034 .9976 .7908
1.5 .5000 .5000 .3072 45-00' .3072 .8072 .1928 1.0 .9548 .6631 .1024 72-28' .1781 .9871 .6309
2.0 .5000 .5000 .3119 45-00' .3119 .8119 .1881 1.5 .9032 .5908 .1621 66-S9' .2252 .9722 .5218
2.5 .5000 .5000 .3144 45-00' .3144 .8144 .1856 2.0 .8S24 .5534 .204963-04' .2537 .9566 .4492
2.5 .8085 .5325 .2343 60-15' .2719 .9424 .3986
~.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.2S .0051 .1642 .0237 8-19' .0829 .1676 .0018
.S .0286 .2847 .0738- 14-S9' .1478 .3045 .0089
.75 .0650 .3614 .1239 19-57' .1932 .4064 .0200
1.0 .104S .4086 .1653 23-42' .2246 .4812 .0320
1.25 .1422 .4381 .1972 26-41' .2465 .5367 .0437
1.S .1762 .4S66 .2214 28-S0' .2621 .5785 .0543
2•• .2317 .4771 .2537 32-06' .2818 .6362 .0726
2.5 .2734 .4869 .2729 34-19' .2930 .6732 .0872
 CIRCUlAR AREA 43

A co-plete tabulation of stresses. strains and

3.3 Loading on a Circular Area deflections for all values of v has been presented by
by Ahlvin and Ulery (1962) and is given in Tables 3.6
to 3.13. The key to the use of these Tables is shown
below. ~
3.3.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING
(Fig.l.ll)
Bulk streBS
e e 2p{1+'JJA _. 0 +0 +cI, •• _E_ ••• (3.14a)
z r 1_2'J

Vertical. stress
• o - ptA + B1 .. ••• (3.14b)

Radia'/.. hON01'lta'/.. stress

or - PI2vA + C + (1-;NJPJ ... (3.14e)
.(r,zl
,
Tangential. horizontal. stress
F:1G.3.13
0a'" PI2\IA - D + fl-Z'JJE1l ..• (3.14d)

Vertical.-radial. shear stress

. ". (3.14e)

Bul.k stMin
On the axis (r=o)~
• 2{l+'J)
_ P- - - (1-:NJA = I: +1: +1:.' .1-2v
--
E z r E
0'll .P[l-{ 1 }lIZ] ... (3.13.) (3.14f)
·1 + ra/z)l
Vertica'/.. strain
Z(1+V)z + E "" P 1;'J[{1_2v)A + B) ... (3.14g)
Z
(a2.+ z 1 ).f

(3.13b) Radial. horizontal. strain

E "'! P ill 1{1-2v)P + Cl .•. (3.14h)

• ..• (.3.131:) " E

. .. (3.14i)
,
p -

. a/a ] Vertical.-radial. shear strain

.•• (3.1311) 2{1+'J)
I!- 2(1-1'1))
2(I-V)ll + (z/a)l y -y ""P---~'---T ... (3.14j)
:rz zr E E:rz

General expressions and tabulated values for all Vertical. de{tectwn

stresses, strains and displaee.ents are given in
Appendix B. as a special case of the values for an p, z;pilla[!,t+
E •
{1-V)H] ... (3.14k)
anisotropic ~aterial.
Values of oz. (Jr, 08, Tn and
have been presented in graphical fora by Foster and
Pz for v-o.~
Pr "" P
,..
Radia'/.. horizontal. de{tectwn
E {-r J [(1-Z'J)& - D]- -r E
Ahlvin (1954) and are reproduced ~ Figures 3.14 to e (3.141)
3.18.
Tangential. horizontal. de{l4cticn
Pe '" Q (3.14...)
 44 SURFACE LOADS ON SEH.I-INnNI'rE KASS

..
51. . . . . . hrc.'" Of $<.o"loc. ConwcI
0-. DC oe 1<> 2 .. 6 e 10
,. 1·~·

., :.

•
,
II ill

FIG. 3.15 Hori~tal stress 0 heneclLth uni.fO:al

, c:ireular 10&4 (v-o.S) (Foiter and. Ahlvil1.19S4).
,
•
• ,.

.
"•
s
r<
,
•
,

8!.
, ... 0-. ~
, • , ~ 20 pCO GO 80

, I III ,., ~'-I$I

,," k::: , , FIG.3.16 Horizontal stress 0e beneath unifoxa
'I-?,,,-~ rT' c1%eular 10&4 (\1-0.5) (Foster aPd Ahlvin,19541.
,1/ 1/ i i!
I1II
s ,
.1A'r
- ~~-.
-.:..w
.. ,..,00;
OIlIlC! 6i.I"""..

1
•
,
• II
, I 1 I
r
I II. I
 4S

<1'1
, -- rIG.3.18 Vertical deflection P beaeath lmifora
, circular load (Poster and. ihlviD. 1954).

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0 . , •• , , • , . , •••• , •• • • .._
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.. . .. . ... . . . al. ;:;;;

~N"R -:N~··
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~

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g~!!i~nii1in ~ ~
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l~~uUhlii~ . ,
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....... o ........... ,: .. ~ .......
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§
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I ...
g
milil~~~~~H§
ll:~:::::;_~nE:::h

mUhH!I!~
ilml~~H~!~~
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g5

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.
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h;::d'::;;en!::~

m8milil§I!~
=:;;l!:~~~=::<i!l: ... ~

mummu
•S °~ 5 r...
~ I• •
8 8:
~ ••
·°
0

r ....

I. ~<
.
uumm t
N •
~
~ I_
~ § " & ilmmm il
::::::;:::::t:::Stc l!: ~ i I. &
I§I~~!~§§~ ~ · · I:::: s
.. ~ .. U
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~
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iii5E!H:Se:~n ~ ~
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8 ~

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...... -_ ...............8
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~

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.... - - -~~'~~-~~~'-~~-~~~~.
 ..
TABLE 3.12
~CTION "G I " (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)

'I. • .., ••• ••• ••• ,.. • • • • , ..

'"'
. ._. -
U
"
.-
._.
fig

....• ,, •
.00515 •._, •._, •.KK'
.01951
..nUI
.!l40S
I)
.05555 •."" •
.. . 0015'
._, •.KK' •.KK' • • •.
•..coon • • •
.- .- .-
.01165 .01.77 .16216 .3047' .13S92 ~ .OMl' .00026 .00010
•••
•••
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.,..77 .IUIS .~~ .IIUI .05741 .01:101 .00201

.........
.01&60 .01..5 .23M2 .nm .20195 .oun .!l213'
.KK' .KK'
..••••••,
•••
.~~
.~
.~.
.100D
.1601lt
.171n
.nasz
.za-,
.26116
.IUl•
.:0131
....K
.101lS
.11JAI
.~" .0052' .00151 .~~ .00016

.- .- .-
.unz .z;z,24
.on,o .nus .I'll'
..
.11%56
.tau. .20:1&1 .21m
.,-
.1'MO

.,....
.11953
.....,
.UUl
.nus
.IM1U

,•••,.,
- ..- .- ...... ._-..
..... ....
.-
.OSf.. .10156 .,~ .U712 .1n.S

,,,.... .- - .KK'
.In,.
......
~ .1017' .UMt .In" . In·$ .~K .016016 .DOSSS .~" .0011S
, .0001S

..-
.KK' .C1aus .Km

.. ... .Kn'
.IM$I$.oun .11m .1«n
.,-
.1$t0l .1.75$ .12$ .0:/017 .001H .00017
"
.-
.otZlIl .11071 .11':10 .1007 .07015 .02579 .01021 ....K .00235 .001:10 .00071 .00010

.-
.Qnen .
• .Qnn
.osnl .KK'
.Ol$-M .03611 .~u
.017sa
.05119
.O"'li'
.05509
.~
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.0_2 .01'ot
.016SO
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..... .....
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..... .00212 .001a
.0011$
.~"
....n ._,,
.00017 .00015
.00023
,,
•• •••
.-
.OU76 .030115 .O~J .~n4 .~O:lt .02116 .011.5 .01021 .00610 .
.OOJ76 .002'1 .00110

....
.Ol~

.- .- ...... .-
.OOJt2 .00712 .Ollef .01.10 :017601 .02004 .oun .0241S .02115 .01Ut .01lU .0014S .OOSCO .00161

,••
.00214 .0otU .onu .01551 .01601 .015601
._,
.01l0S .00712 .oos.o . ~ .00216 .00121
._,
.0lI073

•••
.OO"'S .01014 .011.1 .Oloal .001111 .007JJ .00541 ....n .002013 .00150
.HM' .Km .005» ....n .~n .00171 .00110
.HU'
••
.oono .K'"
•• .00171
.00411
.OOSC7
.00612
.00459 .000U
.HM, .00515 .004" ._n
.OO4U .OO4u
.OOUI
.oonl
.00274
.001"
.00192
.0012.
.OOISJ
.00199 .00:lS1 .00351 .00411 .K~ .OOSC6
"

TABLE 3.13
FUNCTION "H" (Ahlvin and Ulery. 1962)

.., • • , ..
,I.

..••••,, ,..
~.

..
•
1.'1917
•••
1.91151
••• •••
1.10515 1:625SJ 1.27Jtt
,.,
.tJ616
L'

.-
.7IIIS .51671 .n1l5
.JHII4
•
..:lSI'"
,~
.-.
._,
.=, .,-
.16tlf> .1015
•
.1:lS1I ._11 ._." " .0702'

.- .-
1.1OtI. 1.'19011 1.72116 I.IIKI 1.«711 1.11107 .U670 .701n .Sl1l7
1.6D61 I.IlO6S I.WU 1._1 1.306U 1._ ••KK .10014 .51112 .:U121 .2S162: .IU" .12512

.-
.KU'
1 .•_ 1.• 70« 1 .•011' I.U«2 1.111210 1.0nto .M7lf> . J:w.Ja .UI2•
••• I.~n 1.0f555 .~, .~, .672J1 .50412

.- .•"21 .=•
I.J5oI07 1.5JI02 1.21116'
•••
..•••, ."us .90a. .onn

-
.~~ .2.lIK .1991) .16661 .I.n, .1UlIS

......
1.2J607 1.U171 1.17" I.IOUO 1.01312 .19S01
••• I.U2SS 1.11l1li 1.01350 1.021501 ....uo .1011117 .156SJ

.- ._.
. 12UJ .61«2 .4_1

._.
1.Ilof,Ul 1.0SOJ7 .99". .111lof,1 .111.2

... .-
.75571 .511111

...... .,- .'''21 ..2156

..
.lISU5 .tnM
,,.,
•••
-
._72 • ":lS1 .IJlSI .12616 .m.. .7I.9S .65471 .57161

,,.. .•12,. ."'''

.2.:N6 .111675 .16516
.,-
.14112 .123M .ottU .011~

..
.USoIJ .72»7 ••1161 .12101 .555601 .• SI22 .51.11

-
.12SSO
...n· .•SOU .SIl12 .2.010 .1'520 .16.161
""
.-
.nno .7IW .70370 .67l1Jl .61111 .S7n1 .515J2
.non .12211 .051176

,..
.572.6 .576JS .5SSSlI .:UUI .5~" .oI6J79 .5t1n •DolIl5 .161" .ltOU
.K'"
.=n
.47422 .«512 .450656 .••502 .0202 .• 1702
.UK' ...
.392.2 .WK .22UI

.... ...."
.U201
.1161' .1"",6
.1SJ111S
.U712
.I:146J
.121U
.lllI21
.ot7'U
.~

...... .....
.01111'6
.01115
.07026
. ,
.-
.36155 .352.1 .JOIIU .:lSSSO .1119'
..n",
.,u511 .JIOlII • J1601
., ...m
•• .n... .,-
.Uts7 .J2ISoI .nn7 .11."
.,-
.SOJaI .~ .27.55 .Doll? .UlS'
.,-
.1'"111 .IUl11 .11614 .01061

......
.KU'
,,- ...
.U:lI6 .11112 .07_

.-
.2.120 .2nn .241601 .2:ltU .2n.. .221" .17640 .15SK

••, . .lnlS .1Ilol» .110150 .170M .IU7S .1.150 .12115 .11615 .10s.as .0.15 .D7615

., .,....
.14_
......
.07.52 .~,
.16521 .157$0 .I.HoI2 .1m2 .11111 ••KK .KK'
...".,
.-
.16SSt
."on
••
.1.217
.12«_
.11079
.lnu
. Iot"
.12112
.100St
.051.20
.1:10117
. 11/010
.1054_
.0\1510
.l2tOo1
.11176
.10111
.~-
.11620

.ot702
.0.10
.10'U
.ott76
.0512:14
.01:100
._K
.~ ... ......
.10101

.0'110
.onn
.0....

.07710
.01197
. 07_
.07.01
.07210

._71 .05976

"
'.
 SURFACE LOAlS ON SEJa-INl'INI'rB IfASS

3.3.2 OONICAL LOADING

Distributions of oa dovn the axis (Han' and
Lovell. 15163) and or along the axis (Schiffun.
15163) are sh<nm in FilS. 3.19 and 3.20 .

00 CH ()-2 0-3 1>4

..,.I>~ I>e 1>7

, FIG.3.19 Vertic:al stress 0z on ~ due to

.-- c:on1c:.al loadinq (Karr &nd Lovell, 19631.

, 1/
, I
/. A I/)
~ ,
• ~-I
• I

3.3.3 UNIfORM ItJRlZONTAL LOADING

As point.ed out by Barber (1966). the vertical
stress due t.o a uniform horizonUl load is t.he sa. as
,o - - - -o. -,o
the shear stresS due to a UDifora vertical load.
1)ws. these st.resses lIlay be evaluated £roll the values
" in Section 3.3.1.

V ~ Vertical and horizont.al no~l stresses presented

I
by Barber (1963) are reproduc:ed in Figs. 3.21 and
3.22.
'-0 Charts for determining the nOI'lllal stresses at
any point due t.o horizont.al loading on any shape of
10&ded area are given in Section 3.6.

General expressions and tabulated values for all

'-0 ~ stresses. stTains and displac:uenu are given in
Appendix B.
~
3.3.4 INWARD SHEAR LOADINGS
For unifora inWard shear on a circle. values of
,-0 as presented by Barber (1963) are shown in Fig.3.23.
General v;prt!ssions and tabulated nlues for all
nG.3.20 Jtad1&l stress a OD. &Zis due to e<mic:-.I sttesses. strains and displaC:eIIe%lts are given in
loMia'1 (Sc:biffllul. r l963 ). Appendix B.

For non-unifo~ inward shear on a c:irc:le, values

of 0% presented by Barber (1963) are shown, in
Figure 3.24.
 51

~dq
h
en

•1
....1\ ,/ " " ,
'S,,/q en "
j '<
,
,';- ,
9--6 c;;cir,.'

II" I~', ......

nG.3.21 St.ruses cl._ tel horizontAl 10&dillq on circle.
c...
. --'" " --",' ........
'\ -
:/a_1, v-o.s. (:B~r, 1963).

ai, 0

....
oJq ~..J

'" ~~~
.,;,

J --
1
"" ,
o.Iq a:... .
HI";' ~ U -JQ' • a,
-2 ~
1 0
fran Certnh.
1
rio
2

~ Tn:nsnitWd ShsI CitUld by ~ 9'ecr SlnIss

o Ql ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ro ~ ~ W
0
a,;.,
rf S:'.~l___ --- ~--t--'1--- I'lG.3.:U X&ltiaIa suess at cl1ffen>l.t depths due to
hori:.antil.l 1o&cUJlg em. c:1«:le. tauber, .1963).
,V q en ciWlr CI'110 . - Q5
-----
1----,2
,,
VI 1
i--
1 2 3 (.

,, F~"
, 2
,,, fa-oz

,
,,,
>fa - , - 05<
t.clo.s of Pti"t 01 l.bcin.m Sirms
, -"""

O.
, .. Rocllus of IOOOIll
GlvI_ tly llIplh,
0/'Ill;I
%......
0"
0" , ""'- I'IG.3.23 Vertical stress O'z due to W1iforlll inward.
shear on circle (Barber. 19631.
O.
0"
"", O.
03 O.
0'
0'
0"
0 O.

...
-0'1

-
0 0'
...-
, ,.,
""'" """""" -.,
, .. _., »

"
 srJRFACE LOADS ON SEKI-INFINI'l'E HASS

o0 0' 0' 0' 0- 0' 06 ,,, O. o. '·0

D I--V
-
I'IG.3.24 Vertie..l stress 0 OD &%is due to various
• sbear l~ds on circl. :r; (Barber I 1963) •

/' _..~-
...---:: ........
....
,-
Z ~ :z./a

~o.w SI'.-lo- StN$.1.:

FOnn,ola:
"v,'
1..:.S2 ~2
Ya > 3
"v,'
ARll'O'

, /I / • ,1J'),.6.
0 .... O.-e
42 • .,J;:Zi -.,flo 4Zl zr-ZJ'"
..--<
,., 'j • ,TIY:\ ez..jf:z2 -2Z21"r-·A 2;\9.07'1
.Z2 Z Z P
......... ,
c (l.Z l i"!z 'ii-'ii
, 'll I_I I

3.3.5 lNlFORH VERTIC\L LOADING ON A PERFEcrLY (r/a> ]) •.• (3.16b)

ROUGH CIRCULAR AREA (Fie·3.13)
This problea was considered by Schiffman (1968),
who obtained eeneral solutions for stresses and dis- The radial distribution ~f Lrz beneath the surface
placements • of the circle is shown in Fig.3.26 for various values
of '0.
Alone the axis. the stresses are as follows:
The surface displacements are as follows:

(3.15a) , .
%

(r/a < 1) .•• (3.17a)

, .
%

(ria > 1) (3.l7b)

(3.15b)
(ria < ]) (3.l1c)
Tn. 0 (3.ISc)

IJJhere Xl (O.z/aJ •
o
l27i[ttm-1 (a!z) z/a
(1+(!..;'1)
a
1
,r
. (1+V)(1-~)pa [!. 8in-l~) +
Eli 0: r
(1 + ~~]
I"

(r/a > 1) (~.17d)

The distributioru; of 0'1" and Oz along the where Elk) is the COIIplete elliptic integral of the
axis are show in fi,S. 3.25a and 3.2Sb for '\PO and first kind,
0.$. Also show are the corresponding distributions E(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the
for a metionless or smooth surface. For 'PQ.$. second kind.
friction has no influence on the stresses.

Along the surface (PO). the shear stress is Surface displacement profiles are shown in Fie.
3.27 for both a frict.ionless and fully rough circular
areas. For Vt=O.S, friction has no influence on
(l-~) pI"
,.,
T •
(]-v) .. 10:1 _,.2
(r/a < ]) • •. (3.l6a) displaceaent..

'The influence of v on the cenn-al vertic:al

surface displacement is shown in Fie.3.28.
 53

,,, o ,..,
o0 C>4 ". ". "0 o
""'/1
I ./ ~ t---- k""
.-..siarl(v~O~1/ /
o ., "" "- .... ~
C>4

,.0
~
r :.."!.-
IflJj'Y'1
. . . - - . . (\100-5)_
O' , "
"'- "
:.r/'
",-r\
\ \
1/ , \ ~.

\
O'
2<)
II \
~, o·
~p
•
1 ,. "11"''' ,
,I
0
0"
r/ooO rT'-l ,
..., I 0' •
111 111111 "

,I
t!fl.O
0"

"0
I FIG.3.26 Distribut1Q1:l of sheu' stress Tn; alODlJ
.urtaC1! ISch1.t'flNn, 1968).
(a) Vertical stress o~

rio
"",
RildG Oistora
,.., ,.., ,..,
.
00-2 0 M 0-. CHI 0-8 10
00

l-~y:'''''-;'-'
(....
.1
fI'ietlonII:S$ O' ,
.., I y"M_ N.0·'1
$UI"Illa: (11'.(>5)_

O'
•
1-1
I I I,
I O'
• ~!IoS
""",,
I I (.... 0"'5)
, ! I O' •
'0
I
,I
~
III1I1W P ,
p,'"
M
,. Of-Ity.~AL t¥i
I ! ,., ml!IIi1 P
r/ooO
I,
1
• , ,.' . / I. *,0_
..., ;
•
I I ,.• J.
_I $ur'tClCI1V.Q)

I
I
..
..,..,
<I (V.O)

./
,..,
(b) lla4ial suus (J r ,.,
FIG.3.2S Distribution of str••• on axis of eirel•• P'IG.3.27 Vertical dbpl.~nt proflle alonl1 sarface.
(Schifman, 1%8). (Sehit.flalln, 1968).
54 stJRFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE 1fASS

Beneath the corner of the Teetangle (see Fig.

Polsson's Rollo v 3.29). Holl (1940) lives the following expressions
,.,o 02 ()o] o. for stresses for v • 0.5:

t-'-t'i 0 , .2.. [tan-1 1b.,. lba:c!+ 1. J) (3.18a)

II,mll'P
• / :. %R, Rs R1 Jft

rJo.O
I, / •: • .2.. [tan-I 1b _ 1hz J
h zR, BfHs
(3.1Bb)

,.• 1/0 00 .E.. {tan-1 1b _ 1hz 1

•• (l.ISe)

1/ ,.,
h

L(
h
e _zth 1
Hs R~RJ
ails R~RJ

(3.1&1)

,., / , •
••
L[!_ z l l]
R~RJ
(3.18e)

.·
Z. Rl

,.•
'"
--- I'-. ./ ' k [1 +i - afj +il]
•

......
J 1

R, • (1 1+z 1 )'"

R, • fb 2+z 1
I

/1.
... (3.18£)

R, • (11 +b1 +Z 1 /f.

Influence factors for the no~l stresses have
been presented by Giraud (1970). These stresses are
expressed as follows:
3.3.6 OTHER TYPES OF LOADING
Under the corners:
(~) Parabolic loadinz - see Harl' and Lovell
(1963) and Schiffaan (1963).
(ii) Linearly varying vertical stress
•• • pK" (3.19a)

_ see Appendix B. • :· P (K~- (l-2V)K~1 (3.l9b)

•·
(iii) Linearly varying torsional stress lL~· (l-2vJLh (3.19c)
- see Appendix B.
0 P

The influence factors Ko (= I in Fig.3.30)~

- ,
K~.~~~
Ll~Ll are reproduced in Tables 3.14 to 3.18.
Influence factors for 0% beneath the corner are
3.4 Loading on a Rectangular Area shown in Fig.3.30(Fadum, 1948). For points other
than the corner, the principle of superposition May
3.4.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING be elllployed. .
Beneath the corner of a rectangle (see Fig.3.29).
Harr (1966) quotes the following expreSSion for
vertical displace-ent at depth z:

, _ ~ (1-V~) (A _ 1-ZVBJ (3.20)

z E I-V

U'lifonn Wf"ticol
,.t... ss p/unit_. where A •

.-, in
11+.:+":+1
11
1
+ _I + "1 -
f
1
I

F:lG.J.29
 REC7ANGtIIAR AREA 55

TAIlLE 3.14
VAWES OF <0 (Giroud. 1970)

zit
D/l
0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 -
0 0.000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.137 0.204 0.234 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249
0.' 0.000 0.076 0.136 0.187 0.202 0.218 0.231 0.240 0.243 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244
0.' 0.000 0.061 0.113 0.164 0.• 181 0.200 0.218 0.232 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240
0.' 0.000 0.051 0.096 0.143 0.161 0.182 0.204 0.223 0.231 0.233 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234
0.8 0.000 0.037 0.071 0.111 0.127 0.148 0.173 0.200 0.214 0.218 0.219 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220
1 0.000 0.028 0.055 0.087 0.101 0.120 0.145 0.175 0.194 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0:205
1.2 0.000 0.022 0.043 0.069 0.081 0.098 0.121 0.152 0.173 0.182 0.185 0.181 0.189 0.189 0.189
I., 0.00<1 0.018 0.035 0.056 0.066 0.080 0.101 0.131 0.154 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.174 0.174 0.174
I.' 0.000
I., 0.000
0.016
0.014
0.031
0.028
0.051
0.046
0.060
0.055
0.073
0.067
0.092
0.085
0.121
0.112
0.145
0.136
0.156
0.148
0.161
0.154
0.164
0.157
0.166
0.160
0.167
0.160
0.167
0.160
1.8 0.00<1 0.012 0.024 0.039 0.046 0.056 0.072 0.097 0.121 0.133 0.140 0.143 0.147 0.148 0.148
2 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.033 0.039 0.048 0.061 0.084 0.107 0.120 0.127 0.131 0.136 0.137 0.137
2.5 0.000 0.007 0.013 0.022 0.027 0.033 0.043 0.060 0.080 0.093 0.1QJ. 0.106 0.113 0.115 0.115
3 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.016 0.019 0.024 0.031 0.045 0.061 0.073 0.081 0.087 0.096 0."'" 0."'"
•, 0.000
0.000
0.003
0.002
0.006
0.004
0.009
0.006
0.011
0.007
0.014
0.009
0.019
0.012
0.027
0.018
0.038
0.026
0.048
0.033
0.055
0.039
0.060
0.043
0.071
0.055
0.076
0.061
0.076
0.062
10 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 ·0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.020 0.028 0.032
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.016 0.021
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.016
SO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006

TAIlLE 3.15
VAWES OF K, (Giroud, 1970)

./t
bit
0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' 0.5 2/' 1 1.5 2 2.5 , 5 10
-
0 0.000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.069 0.116 0.149 0.159 0.169 0.177 0.184 0.187 0.188 0.188 0.183 0.188 0.188 0.188
0.' 0.000 0.031 0.058 0.085 0.095 0.106 0.118 0.128 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.135 0.135 0.135
0.5 0.000 0.022 0.043 0.064 0.073 0.083 0.094 0.105 0.110 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.113 0.113 0.113
0.' 0.000 0.017 0.032 0.049 0.056 0.065 0.075 0.086 0.091 0.093 0.093 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094
0.8 0.000 0.009 0.018 0.029 0.034 0.040 0.047 0.057 0.062 0.064 0.064 0.065 0.065 0.M5 0.065
1 0.000 0.006 0.011 0.018 0.021 0.025 0.030 0.037 0.042 0.044 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
1.2 0.000 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.025 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
I., 0.000 0,002 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
1.5 0.00<1 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
I., 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017
1.8 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013
2 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
,
2.5 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.00<1
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.005
0.003
0.005
0.003
0.005
0.003
0.006
0.003
0.006
0.003
0.006
0.003
•, 0.00<1
0.000
0.000
0.00<1
0.00<1
0.000
0.000
0.00<1
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00<1 0.000
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00<1 0.000 0.00<1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000· 0.00<1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00<1 '0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 56 SUI/FJlJ:'E LOADS ON S'EHI-INFINrt'E HASS

TABLE 3.16
VAWES OF .; (Giroud. 1970)
,f.
6/1
O.S , •
0
0

0.000
0.1 0.2
"' 0.'

0.234 0.219 0.199 0.189 0.176

2/'
0.156
1

0.12S
loS

0.094
2

0.074 0.061
2.S S

0.051 0.031 0.016

10

0.000
0.2 0.000 0.059 0.097 0.118 0.121 0.122 0.118 0.103 0.082 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.030 0.016 0.000
0.' 0.000 0.026 0.048 0.069 0.07S 0.082 0.086 0.083 0.071 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.029 0.015 0.000
O.S 0.000 0.019 0.036 a.ast 0.060 0.067 0.073 0.074 0.066 0.056 0.049 0.043 0.028 0.015 0.000
0 •• 0.000 O.OlS 0.028 0.043 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.066 0.061 0.053 0.047 0.041 0.028 0.015 0.000
0.8 0.000 0.009 0.018 0.029 0.033 0.039 0.046. 0.052 0.052 0.047 0.043 0.038 0.026 0.015 0.000
1 0.000 0.007 0.013 0.021 0.024 0.029 0.035 0.042 0.044 0.042 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.014 0.000
1.2 0.000 O.OOS 0.009 O.OlS 0.018 0.022 0.027 0.034 0.037 0.037 0.035 0.032 0.024 0.014 0.000
I., 0.000 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.027 0.032 0.033 0.032 0.030 0.023 0.014 0.000
loS 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.019 0.025 0.029 0.031 0.030 0.029 0.022 0.014 0.000
I.. 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.023 0.027 0.029 0.021 0.027 0.022 0.013 0.000
1.8 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.025 0.021 0.013 0.000
2 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.020 0.013 0.000

,,
2.S 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.005' 0..006 0.008 0.011 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.017 0.012 0.000
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.011 0.000
':'.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.010 0.000
S 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.000
IS 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000
50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TABLE 3.17
VALUES OF L, (Giroud. 1970)
,f'
bit
0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' O.S 2/' 1 loS 2 2.S , S 10 •
0 0.000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250· 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.010 0.045 0.094 0.112 0.134 0.158 0.184 0.201 0.208 0.211 0.214 0.217 0.218 0.219
0.' 0.000 0.002 0.010 0.032 0.045 0.064 0.091 0.128 0.156 0.169 0.176 0.179 0.186 0.188 0.189
O.S 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.020 0.029 0.044 0.068 0.105 0.136 0.151 0.159 0.164 0.172 0.175 0.176
0.• 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.019 0.031 0.051 0.086 0.118 0.134 0.144 0.149 0.158 0.163 0.164
0.8 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.009 0.016 0.029 ·0.057 0.087 0.106 0.117 0.124 0.135 0.141 0.143
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.037 0.064 0.083 0.095 0.103 0.116 0.123 0.125
1.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.025 0.047 0.065 0.077 0.085 0.100 0.108 0.111
I., 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.035 0.051 0.062 0.011 0.081 0.095 0.099
1.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.014 0.030 0.045 0.056 0.064 0.081 0.090 0.094
1.6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.012 0.026 0.040 0.051 0.059 0.076 0.085 0.089
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.020 0.031 0.041 0.049 0.066 0.077 0.081
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.015 0.0'l5 0.034 0.041 0.058 0.069 0.074
,,
2.S 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.003
0.002
0.008
0.004
0.014
0.008
0.021
0.013
0.027
0.018
0.043
0.032
0.055
0.045
0.061
0.051
0.000.0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.008 0.018 0.031 0.039
S 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.011 0.022 0.031
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00:0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.016
IS 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.011
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.008
50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003
 57

TAIl'" 3.18
VALUES OF L; (Giraud, li70)
bit
zit 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' O.S 2/3 1 1.S 2 2.S 3 S 10 •
0 0.000 0.016 0.031 0.051 0.061 0.074 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.176 0.189 0.199 0.219 0.234 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.013 0.025 0.041 0.049 0.060 0.076 0.103 0.130 0.148 0.160 0.169 0.188 0.203 0.219
0.' 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.032 0.039 0.047 0.061 0.083 0.106 0.122 0.133 0.141 0.159 0.174 0.189
O.S 0.000 0.009 0.017 0.029 0.034 0.042 0.054 0.074 0.096· 0.111 0.121 0.129 0.146 0.161 0.176
0.' 0.000 0.008 O.OlS 0.025 0.030 0.037 0.048 0.066 0.086 0.100 0.110 0.118 0.134 0.149 0.164
0.8 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.020 0.023 0.029 0.037 0.052 0.069 0.082 0.091 0.098 0.114 0.127 0.143
1 0.000 0.005 0.009 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.029 0.042 0.056 0.067 0.075 0.082 0.097 0.110 0.125
1.2 0.000 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.024 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.083 0.096 D.IlI
1.' 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.019 0.021 0.038 0.0.46 0.053 0.058' 0.072 0.084 0.099
1.S 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.025 0.035 0.043 0.049 0.054 0.061 0.079 0.094
1., 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.016 0.023 0.032 0.039 0.045 0.050 0.062 0.014 0.089
1.8 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.001 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.019 0.021 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.055 0.066 0.081
2 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.001 0.008 0.011 0.016 0.023 0.029 0.033 0.038 0.048 0.059 0.014
2.S 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.001 0.011 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.027 0.036 0.041 0.061
,
3 0.000
0.000
0.001 0.002 0.003
0.000 0.001 0.002
0.003 0.004 O.OO~ 0.008
0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005
0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003
0.012 0.015 0.018
0.001 0.009 0.011
0.021
0.013
0.028
0.018
0.038 0.051
0.026 0.039
0.019 0.031
S 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.013
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000· 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.016
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 d.Oll
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.008
SO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003

B
.
n,
• _ tan· 1
.,
n, 111+.:+,,:

", . f./b

0;·01
n, - ,ft>
o·
~. Explici~ expressions and influence £ac~ors for
0
NoW:mCll'lCln ON the vertical displacement; a.t; t;he surface (a-O) have
; ~ been evaluated for four poinu beneath the rectangle,
0
, "" , and for the mean disp1acelel1t Pm. by Giroud. (1968).
These influence fact:ars are ShOlm in Fig.J.JI and are
0" 0·'
ubulat:ed in Table J.19.
0·" ~ For all poinu.

""" ~ (J.21)

where b is 'the lengt:h of the shorter side

H is the cent:re of the longer side
N t:he centre of the shorter side
00.01 2345680.1 2345681.0 2 )456610-0
C the corner
"
I'IG.3.30 Vertical stre. . beneath corner of unifol'll1y
o the cent:re of' the recungle
lo.aed rectangle. (Fa4uD, 1948). III the ~an
5.

TABLE 3.19
OOLUEOCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEHENI' BENEAni RECTANGLE
Giroud, 1968

1 0.561 0.766 0.766 1.122 0.946 IS 1.401 2.362 1.621 2.802 2.498
1.1 0.588 0.810 0.795 1.176 0.992 20 1.493 2.544 1.713 2.985 2.677
1.2 0.613 0.852 0.822 1.226 1.035 2S 1.564 2.686 1.784 3.127 2.817
1.3 0.636 0.892 0.84"7 1.273 1.075 30 1.622 2.802 1.842 3.243 2.932
1.4 0.658 0.930 0.870 1.317 1.112 40 1.713 2.985 1.934 3.426 3.113
1.5 0.679 0.966 O.8~n 1.358 1.148 SO 1.184 3.127 2.005 3.568 3.254
1.. 0.698 1.000 0.912 1.396 1.181 60 1.842 3.243 2.063 3.684 3.370
1.7 0.716 1.033 0.931 1.433 1.213 70 1.891 3.341 2.112 3.783 3.467
1.8 0.734 1.064 0.949 1.467 1.244 80 1.934 3.426 2.154 3.868 3.552
1.'
2
0.750 1.094
0.766 1.122
0.966
0.982
I.S00
1.532
1.213
1.300
90
100
1.971
2.005
3.501 2.192
3.568 2.225
3.943
4.010
3.627
3.693
2.2 0.795 1.176 1.012 1.590 1.353 200 2.225 4.010 2.446 4.451 4.134
2.4 0.822 1.226 1.039 1.644 1.401 300 2.355 4.268 2.575 4.709 4.391
2.5 0.835 1.250 1.052 1.669 1.424 400 2.446 4.451 2.661 4.892 4.574
5 0.892 1.358 1.110 1.783 1.527 500 2.517 4.593 2.738 5.034 4.717
5.5 0.940 1.450 1.159 1.880 1.616 600 2.575 4.709 2.796 5.150 4.833
4 0.982 1.532 1.201 1.964 1.694 700 2.624 4.807 2.845 5.248 4.931
4.5 1.019 1.604 1.239 2.038 1.763 800 2.667 4.892 2.887 5.333 5.015
5 1.052 1.669 1.272 2.105 1.826 900 2.704 4.967 2.925 5.408 5.092
•7
1.110 1.783
1.159 1.880
1.330
1.379
2.220
2.318
1.935
2.028
10 1
10"
2.738
3.471
5.034 2.958
6.500 3.691
5.476
6.941
5.158
6.623
8 1.201 1.964 1.422 2.403 2.110 10 5 4.204 7.966 4.424 8.407 8.089
•
10
1.239 2.038
1. 272 2.105
1.459
1.493
2.477
2.544
2.182
2.246
-
10'
-
4.937 9.432 5.157
• •
9.874
•
9.555
•

, For a point on the centre-line of the rec~gle.

o ' " distance % £rca the centre (Fig.3.32). Giraud (1969)

.
• c '0 gives the following expression for the horizontal
surface disp1aceJllent P.:I::

P:c - (l+"oJ)(l-2v) p1{.£.. 1ft f(k}2.+b2.

hE 21 4.z:2.+- b2.
I.

+ 2(1 - = b
r)<D'Ctcm 2(~) ~ b
- i:r arctan Zi"
J

••• (3.21)
Frc:- this expression. the solution for PJ:
beneath the caner of a recung1e of prop~ions ~
, may be obtained by taking hall the value of p:
obtained fral eqIl&tion (3.21) when :c::"1.'

,
2
....
1---'--'
jlll~11 LL
/-~
.~JZ7. IZ
7'

nG.3.31 Intluene. factors for vertical slU"!ace FIG.3.32

displ&ee:llleDt beMath reet&nile. (Giroud. 1968).
 5.
At the comers
(1_'0)2. 1pt I
p - if b~.t (3.24a)
3.4.2 LINEARLY VARYING VERTICAL LOADING = E c
(Fig. 3.33)

or if ~b (3.24b)

and a 3 bit

I' = !-£!.+/H<J.i+t.nia.+/u.aZ))
C 11". a a

and a = ~/b ••• (3,24d)

At N.

FIG.3.33
',". (3.24e)

or
The normal stresses are expressed as follows by
Giraud (1970): i f ~b (3.24f)

at points M and 0 (3.24g)

Under the corners:

TABLE 3.20
c P No (5.22&)
•
0
& INFWENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE. DISPLACEMENr
DUE 1'0 LINEARLY VARYING COMPRESSION TO TENSION
LOADING rGiroud 1968)
c (l-2\!Jml (3.22b)
= •
e: p( M:. -
b , t f. ~ b
q( Hz - (1-2V)Ob (3.22C)
c. 0 £:
bit Ie IN t./b I'e I'
N t./b I'
e I'
N
Under the centre: c• • 0 (3.233.) 1 0.149 0.261 1 0.149 0.263 15 0.785 0.995
1.1 0.150 0.269 1.1 0.162 0.282 20 0.872 1.084
c= 0 0 (3.23b) 1.2 0.151 0.274 1.2 0.174 0.300 25 0.940 1.154
1.3 0.152 0.279 1.5 0.187 0.317 SO 0.995 1.211
c. 0 0 (3.23C) 1.4 0.153 0.282 1.4 0.198 0.334 40 1 084 1.301
1.5 O.;lS4 0.286 1.5 0.210 0.349 SO 1.154 1;371
1.6 0.154 0.289 I., 0.221 0.364 60 1.211 1.429
where & • +1 at C1 and cL, and ~ 1.1 0.155 0.291 1.7 0.232 0.379 70 1.259 1.478
1.8 0.155 0.294 1.8 0.243 0.392 8. 1.301 1.520
-1 at C1 and C2.~
1.9 0.156 0.296 1.9 0.253 0.406 90 1.338 1.557
Mo~M2.,M~,N2.,Ri are influence 2 0.156 0.297 2 0.263 0.418 100 1.371 1.590
2.2 0.151 0.300 2.2 0.282 0.442 200 1.590 1.810
factors which are given in 0.300 0.465 500 1.719 1.939
2.4 0.151 0.303 2.4
Tables 3.21 '£0-3.25. 2.5 0.157 0.304 2.5 0.309" 0.475 400 1.810 2.031
3 0.158 0.308 3 0.349 0.524 500 1.881 2.101
Influence factors for the vertical surface dis- 3.5 0.158 0.310 5.5 0.386 0.566 600 1.939 2.159
placement beneath various points have been obtained by 4 O.ISS· 0.312 4 0.418 0.603 700 1.988 2.208
Giroud (1968), and are tabulated in Table 3.20. 4.5 0.159 0.313 4.5 0.448 0.616 800 2.031 2.251
Explicit expressions for the displacements are given 5 0.159 0.314 5 0.475 0.666 900 2.068 2.288
by Giraud.
• 0.159
7 0.159
0.315
0.316 •
7
8
0.524
0.566
0.603
0.719
0.765
0.804
lOS. 2.101
10' 2.834
10' 3.567
2.322
3.055
3.788
8 0.159 0.311
10 0.159 0.317 9 0.636 0.840 10' 4.300 4.521
• 0.159 0.318 10 0.666 0.872 • • •
60 SURFACE LOMJS ON SEHI-IHFINITE IlASS

TABLE 3.21
VAWES OF

z/t
DII
0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 "" 1.5 2 2.5 3 5
(Giraud. 1970)
10 •
0 0.000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 ·0.109 0.160 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.187 0.188 0.188 0.188
0.188 0.188 0.188 0.188 0.188
0.4 0.000 0.047 0.083 0.111 0.118 0.126 0.131 0.134 0.134 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135
0.5 0.000 0.033 0.060 0.085 0.092 0.100 0.107 0.111 0.112 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113 0.113
0.' 0.000 0.023 0.044 0.065 0.072 0.079 0.087 0.092 0.093 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094
0.8 0.000 0.013 0.025 0.038 0.043 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.064 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065
1 0.000 0.007 0.015 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.036 0.042 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
1.2 0.000 0.005 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.029 0.0:51 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
I., 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
1.5 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
1.' 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.009 O.on" 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017
1.8 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013
2 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
2.5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

I
TABLE 3.22 )
VALUES OF )I,
(Giraud, 1970)
bIg,
zit 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2-5 3 5 10 • I
i
0
0.2
0.000
0.000
0.250
0.026
0.250
0.040
0.250
0.046
0.250
0.046
0.250
0.046
0.250
0.045
0.250
0.043
0.250
0.042
0.250
0.042
0.250
0.042
0.250
0.042
0.250
0.042
0.250
0.042
0.250
0.042
1
0.4
0.5
0.'
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
-0.001
-0.002
0.003
-0.002
-0.004
0.002
-0.005
-0.007
0.001
-0.006
-0.009
-0.000
-0.008
-0.010
-0.002
-0.010
-0.013
-0.005
-0.013
-0.016
-0.007
-0.015
-0.018
-0.008
-0.016
-0.019
-0.008
-0.016
-0.019
-0.008
-0.016
-0.020
-0.008
-0.016
-0.020
-0.008
-0.016
-0.020
-0.008
-0.016
-0.020
i
0.8
1
0.000
0.000
-0.002
-0.002
-0.005
-0.003
-0.007
-0.006
-0.009
-0.007
-0.010
-0.008
-0.013
-0.010
-0.p16
-0.013
-0.018
-0.015
-0.019
-0.015
-0.019
-0.016
-0.019
-0.016
-0.019
-0.016
-0.019
-0.016
-0.019
-0.016
j
1.2 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 -0.007 -0.009 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.013 -O.OlJ -0.013 I
1.4 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010
1.5 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.007 -0.008 ·0.008 -0.008 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009
I..
1.8
0.000
0.000
-0.001
-0.000
-0.001
-0.001
-0.002
-0.001
-0.002
-0.002
-0.003
-0.002
-0.004
-0.003
-0.005
-0.004
-0.006
-0.005
-0.007
-0.005
-0.007
-0.005
-0.007
-0.006
-0.007
-0.006
-0.008
-0.006
-0.008
-0.006 1,
2 0.000 -0.000 ·0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.00
2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.00 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.00
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002
0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
4
5
10
0.000
0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
i
15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 I
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 J,
SO 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000

I
 61

TABLE 3.23
VALUES OF Ml (Giroud, 1970)
b/! 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' O.S '2/3 1 1.S 2 2.S 3 S 10 •
zit
0 0.000 0.161 0.115 0.077 0.063 0.048 0.031 0.015 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.2 0.000 0.026 0.031 0.036 0.033 0.028 0.021 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.' 0.000 0.007 0.012 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.012 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
O.S 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.' 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 O.OOZ 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.8 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001- 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.2 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
I.' 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1., 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001· 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ~OOO 0.000
2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
,
3 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 O.OOQ
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
5
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
IS 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0'.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 . 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 SURFACE LOADS ON SEKI-INFrNITE 1IASS

TABLE 3.25
VAWES OF .; (Circud, 1970)

3/1
bIt
0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 , 5 10 -
0 0.000 0.039 0.135 0.173 0.187 0.202 0.219 0.235 0.244 0.247 0.248 0.249 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.022 0.042 0.062 0.070 0.079 0.091 0.103 0.110 0.112 0.113 0.114 0.115 0.115 0.115
0.4 0.000 0.009 0.018 0.028 0.033 0.038 0.045 0.054 0.059 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063
0.5 0.000 0.006 0.013 0.020 0.023 0.027 0.033 0.040 0.044 0.046 0.047 0.047 0.048 0.048. 0.048
0.' 0.000 0.005 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.029 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.037 0.037
0.8 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.023
I 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015
1.2 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010
1.4 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007
1.5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006
1.. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 ... 0.005 0.005 0.005
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003
,
2.5 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.002
0.001 0.001
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
IS 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000
50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000

For a point at a distance = from the edge 3.4.3 VERTICAL EMBANXMENl' LOADING
ciNel on the axis NON (Fi,.3.33).Giroud (1969) (FiI·3.34)
gives the followin, solution for the horizontal Vertical surface displacements p= have been
displacement p:: evaluated for several points by Giraud (1968b).

• (1+\1) (1_2v) Influence factors Xe~ Xc etc for the seven

p= points marked in Fig.3.34 are shown in Figs. 3.35 to
""' 3.41.
In all cases

1_,,1
bZ 2= Z(!,.,:)
rb ] p • -,-p.X ••• (3.26)
+ i"'?(a:zot::tal'l T+ a:zot::tan - . - ) - •
(3·.25)
Expressions for the influence factors lCo(centZ'e)
As in Section 3.4.1. the solution for the are as follows:
Xe(ct:1rrIC')
corner of a rectan,le of propon..ions 2!./b may be
obtaiDed by talting half the value of p: for .:z::-t.
X L[ !.._
0 · : . 8 .....
(0+ h+a1) + ':.2 1.n 1 +
8 a
.Q.
The results in this section can be caabined with

2.~-2~8U+~"{;((j2~-£28~)~'=t+~(~.~-£28~)i:"
those in Section 3.4.1 to ,ive the results for a
trapezoidal dlstT1butiClD of loading. For the par- '"
ticular ease when the loading varies linearly across 1-28
the reetan&le to zero at OI1e edge. expressions and
graphs for the vertical stress are liven by Gray (a.2IH 1 in 1-28 + /(1_28)1 + (a-2B)2
(1943.1948). expressions for the horizanta! and shear
sU'eSses by Amnseys (1960) aDd rraphs and. expressions
for vertical displ:sc_t by St..-topoulos (1959).
• 0-28
 63

A~
.lie
- .tn
(a,..1) 1 /2(1+0.'-).10.+1
IZ(1-2aJ:+2(~ZlU2-4~+1
. ] For the point

..• (3.27a)
L [ L .tn (2~J 1~
211" 2B 2.

L[1..
2. e
in (~) /2 (1-28) 2+8S'-+48-1
Ii . 1

+f! .2n B_c.daz+(a-BJ z

1_6+/e2.+(1_8)2

. -'-
he
In
1'28 2 +2(1_8)'-+ 28-1
Ii - 1

2(0-B1
.'
.- In
.1281+2(0,..6)2+28-0
he aria-v

....(3.27c)
_ (I_B)2-
In the above expressions.
e a ; bla.
B ... cia.

+ 2S 1nfl+liJ] (3.27b)

--
f';:::=:'~=71~
; •. I.
~~J.
I---~' -I
-
FIG.3.34
 SURFACe toAllS ON S£IfI-INFINrrE IfASS

• ~ ~ ~ ~
•

. I- - - 1-
~ --
FIG.3.J5 Dlspl.~nt Influence
Factors K ' (Glroud, 19681.
o

,.• ~ :::: - -- -- - -
,
f':'
- ...

, ~ -- -- - - --
-1--
1--
-0-'
S_
o. --
- -
-
--
::::: - -
0

-
- - - - - -- -
0

-~,
,. •
-.<>.
.,
'- -
-
--
,
.
o •
--
..
-_._-- -

r--- :>.~~ PIG.J.J6 Displaee.ent Influence

o·~ :-;:. '-R _ Factors ~. ICiroud, 19681.
...... ·0·'
•
.. - - -- - --
0'''-
..]
-.2:;:: C:'
0-(1-==
-
_0-15
'0-1
_ a·Oll I=:-
•
-- -
'.

0
0 ,
" .. '"
o·

,
i
.. "
• , ",
'\~ ~~~
-
- -
~; "",::: , - - -
-
i'- r- - - -
-
-
-

if=
- - - I- -

...
c/o

- -
-
- .--
.o.~

.
- -_. -
_. .. _ .
.
- -

.. ..

.
FIG.3.J7
Factors
Di$place~ent Influence
~. (Giroud, l%tll .

,
- -
:- - -- .
0,

- ---:: -- ----- -
.-Jt~ I'-
,. , _ _ .-
.. . .. .. - 1-:-
..

'.
 .5
00
, 20 ".
PIG.3. 38 Displ~t lDLlualc:e
Facton Xc' (GUoocl, 1968).

-,-
,
,. - -'
~- -
,-,
"

O°FffmII'_mr
o·m PIG.3.J9
Factors
Displaee.ent Influence
~" (Giroud, 1968).

,-4- , , ..... ·005

I
~=-
I ;- I
-
, -:-4""--!-
-~_l-. ~r--,

~'
"

00 r-rT-,-rc'I-T,-T,--i>Or-T,-rT-i"'-r,-r,l20?--%
0-'

,-.
f-
~ - --
to- ,
FIG.3.~O
l'aeuln
Displaee.ent
Xa'.
XDLl~c.
(Giroud.. 19681.

~ --
,

'.
 .. ...
SURFACE LOA.DS ON SEIfI-INFINIrE HASS

•• •
.

FIG.3.41 Oispl~t Influenct

F&ctor~ Xc'. (Giroud. 1968).

~
I

~ - -J
I
,
- - .
e.t••o-:s
.,
-
,.• . I
~ ~ .,
0

'c'

3.4.4 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING

(Fig.3.42) '= - !L.
Z.
[tmt1!£. _ \bz
%R 3 HI RJ
}
(3.28d)

'y%
; i. [I + ~ _ z(L + L)J (3.28e)
c; c; 21" HJ HI H2.
, •
=q,/~
lA'wtInn la'iUlrItol\.L~1=======::;r ,
B I
't:y
# L
21"
[tn (R,+1)(RJ.1J + 1(.1.. • .L.)]
zit: R3 ill
..• (3.28f)

, where 81 =- (12.+z z)1s

Hz _ (bz+z2.)~ i
Hs R (12.+b2.+ z 2.)1s j
,
It should be noted that the values of Tn.. Ty%
and 0;: for unifoI'lll horizontal loading correspond to
1'IG.3.42 the values of o~ T.ry and TU for unifoI'lll vertical
loading (from the reciprocal theorem).

The principle of superposition may be applied to

deteraine 'the stresses at points not beneath the
corner of the rectangle.
Holl (1940) gives the following sOlufions for
the stresses beneath the COTner5 C2. and Cl of the Influence factors for the noraal stresses ~e
rectangle: been obtained by Giroud (1970). The stresses are
expressed as follows:
II.
•% - E..
Z.
1~-z'bJ
i
. •• (3.28a) Under the corners.
R2 RJ oz, ... r;qx l (3.29a)
i,
•• - • !L
R, (bfl',J l'b 0:c = e q IX, (1-2vJXh (3.29b)
[In
Z(b+HJ )
-ZJC,
-J ..
(3.28b)
, I
ay .. [; q [XI - (1...2v)Xs l (3.291:)
HI (bl-B:)
•y • !L [tn 1- - 1
-b( -) J (3.28c)
Z. z(bHlJ ) Hz RJ
 RECTANGULAR AREA 67

where e " +1
and -1
.... C,
C,
~d

~d
cl,
C, .
(see Fig.3.42) Under the centre,
a • 0
K,.• Ks. K,s
•
a .0
X, • X,. are influence factors •
ay - O.
which are given in Tables 3.26 to 3.30.

TABLE 3.26
VALUES OF <, (Giroud. 1970)
b/1
./t a 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 1.5 3 5 10 •
0 0.000 0.159 0.159 0.lS9 0.IS9 0.lS9 0.lS9 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159
0.1 0.000 0.071 0.111 0.135 0.140 0.145 0.149 0.152 0.1$3 0.153 0.153 0.153 0.153 0.153 0 •.153
0 •• 0.000 0.037 0.061 0.095 0'.105 0.115 0.12S 0.133 0.136 0.131 0.131 0.137. 0.137 0.131 0.131
0.5 0.000 0.028 0.054 0.019 0.089 0.100 0.111 0.121 0.125 0.121 0.121 0.127 0.121 0.127 0.127
0.' 0.000 0.023 0.043 0.066 0.075 0.085 0.097 0.109 O.llS 0.116 0.117 0.117 0.111 0.117 0.117
0.8 0.000 0.015 0.029 0.046 0.053 0.062 0.073 0.086 0.093 0.095 0.096 0.091 0.091 0.097 0.097
1 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.032 0.031 0.045 0.054 0.067 0.075 0.071 0.019 0.079 0.079 0.080 O.OBO
1.1 0.000 0.001 0.014 0.023 0.027 0.033 0.040 0.051 0.059 0.062 0.064 0.064 0.065 0.065 0.065
1.' 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.030 0.040 0.047 0.050 0.052 0.053 0.054 0.OS4 0.054
1.5 0.000 0.004 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.026 0.035 0.042 0.045 0.047 0.048 0.049 0.049 0.049
1.' 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.031 0.038 0.041 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.045 0.045
1.8 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.024 0.030 0.034 .0.035 0.036 0.031 0.038 0.038
1 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.025 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.032 0.032
2.5 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.015 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.022 0.022
3 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 1,).007 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016
•
5
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.005 0.006 0.007 0.001
0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004
0.009
0.005
0.009
0.006
0.009
0.006
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TABLE 3.27
VALUES OF <, (Giroud, 1970)
b/1 '1/3
z/1 0 0.1 0.2 0.' .0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 •
0 0.000 • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
0.2 0.000 0.101 0.189 0.259 0.282 0.307 0.332 0.353 0.362 0.364 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.366 0.366
0.' 0.000 0.037 0.069 0.104 0.117 0.133 0.150 0.167 0.175 0.111 0.111 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178
0.5 0.000 0.023 0.045 0.069 0.079 0.091 0.104 0.118 0.125 0.121 0.128 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.129
0.' 0.000 0.016 0.030 0.047 0.054 0.063 0.014 0.085 0.091 0.093 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.095 0.095
0.8 0.000 0.007 0.014 .0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.045 0.050 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.053 0.053 0.053
1 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.020 0.02.$ 0.028 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.031
1.2 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.001 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.019
1.' 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012
1.5 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.001 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010
1.' 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.001 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 O.OOS 0.005 0.005 O.OOS 0.005 O.OOS
2 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004
2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
•
5
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0;000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
O~OOO
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:000 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

-.
6B SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS

TABLE 3.28
VALUES OF K,
,
(Giraud. 1970)
bit
zit 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 •
0 0.000 0.143 0.128 0.109 0.100 0.088 0.071 0.047 0.027 0.017 0.011 0.008 0.003 0.001 0.000
0.2 0.000 0.025 0.040 0.048 0.049 0.048 0.044 0.033 0.021 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.003 0.001 0.000
0.' 0.000 0.009 0.016 J.023 0.025 0.026 0.023
0.026 0.016 0.011 0.008 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.000
0.5 0.000 0.006 0.011 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.019 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.000
0.' 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.000
0.8 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.000
1 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 O~·OOS 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000
1.2 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000
I.'
1.5
0.000 0.001
0.000 0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004
0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004 0.003
0.003 0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
1.' 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 O.OtH 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000
2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000
,
3 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
5 0.000 0.000. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 MO.OOO 0.000 0.000 _0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TABLE 3.29
VALUES OF K, (Giroud, 1970)
b/L
zit 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 •
0 0.000 • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
0.2 0.000 0.005 0.027 0.066 0.085 0.109 0.142 0.185 0.218 0.234 0.242 0.247 0.255 0.258 0.259
0.' 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.017 0.025 0.038 0.059 0.091 0.118 0.133 0.141 0.145 0.153 0.156 0.15&
0.5 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.010 0.015 0.024 0.039 0.065 0.090 0.104 0.111 0.116 ·0.123 0.127 0.128
0.' 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.006· 0.009 0.015 0.026 0.048 0.070 0.082 0.089 0.094 0.1.01 0.105 0.106
0.8 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.013 0.026 0.042 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.070 0.074 0.075
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.015 0.027 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.051 0.054 0.055
1.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.017 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.038 0.041 0.042
I.'
1.5
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.001
0.000 0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.005
0.004
0.011
0.009
0.016
0.013
0.020
0.017
0.023
0.020
0.029
0.025
0.032
0.028
0.033
0.029
1.' 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.015 0.017 0.022 0.025 0.026
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.021
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.014 0.017 0.018
2.5 0.000 0.. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.012
,
3 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.005
0.002
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.008
0.005
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003
10 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0-.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 _0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 RECTANGULAR AREA ..
TABLE 3.30
VAWES OF .: (Giroud, 1970)
bit
'It 0 0.1 0.2 1/' 0.' O.S 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.S , S 10 •
0 0.000 • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
0.2 0.000 0.036 0.069 0.105 0.120 0.139 0.164 0.197 0.223 0.236 0.244 0.248 0.255 0.258 0.259
0.' 0.000 0.016 0.031 0.049 0.058 0.069 0.085 0.107 0.127" 0.137 0.143 0.147 0.153 0.157 0.158
O.S 0.000 0.011 0.023 0.036 0.043 0.051 0.064 0.083 0.100 0.109 0.115 0.118 0.124 0.127 0.128
0.' 0.000 0.009 0.017 0.028 0.032 0.039 0.050 0.065 0.080 0.088 0.093 0.096 0.102 0.105 0.106
0.8 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.031 0.042 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.071 0.074 0.07S
1 0.000 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.028 0.036 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.052 0.054 0.055
1.2 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.025 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.039 0.041 0.042
I.. 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.001 0.010 0.014 0.018 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.030 0.032 0.033
I.S 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.019 0.021 0.023 0.026 0.028 0.029
I.' 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.001 0.010 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.025 0;026
1.8 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.020 0.021
2 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.015 0.017 0.018
,2.S 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.005
0.003
0.006
0.004
0.001 0.007
0.004 0.005
0.009
0.006
0.011
0.008
0.012
0.008
•S 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002 0.002
0.001 6.001
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.003
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Explicit expressions and influence factors for or - t I~

±(l+V)(l-ZV)q
b :: t
vertical displac~nt Pz beneath the points C" Ct. E
81 and Bt of the rectangle have been evaluated by ••• (3.31b)
Giroud (1968) and are given in Table 3.31 (refer Fig.
3.42 for definition of t and b).

Girow:l (1969a) gives the following expression

At Cl
P _ ±(1+v) (l-ZV)q b Ie if 1? b for the hori%ontal displacement Pr of a point on
c, l , E the centre-line B1BI (Fig.3.42). distance .1: frolll
••• (3.30a) 8) :

or Hl+v)(l-Zv)q 1 Ie • if b ~ 1 P:t' = (1+"1)) q1 [Z(l-V){(l _ =-).In b+!4(!-.1:P + bt

E 'irE' 1 2(1-::1:)
(-3.3Ob)
lu·a)
[arctan a + aR.n -
1 + =. 111 ~} + £. In 2(!-.1:}+14(!-:t')t+1Jj
where
a
(3.30c) 1 21::1:1 1 -2: + 14}+ bi
and a = bll ... (3.32)

For the corners C, and Ct. Giroud (1969b)

It> ~ [arctan! 1.. "- I.,:",} ('
IIc21f a+a lJ
'''''' ••••
'Od) gives

and a It> lib. P.1: ., (l+"I)} q1 [(l-V}!n

'irE It
+
b+~ £. in t+~l
b
(3.33a)
At Bl P U ±(l+v) (I-Zv)q b In if 1 ~ b P
y
= ±~~1+V) q(1+b_lt1+bt) (3.33b)
B1 J l: E
••• (3.3la)
7. SrJRPAJ;E t.OA!lS ON SEIII-INFINrrE MASS

TABLE 3.31 Influence fac~ors for ~he no~ s~resses have

been ob~ained by Giroud (1970). The stresses are
INFLUENCE FACTORS fOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPUCEMENr expressed as follows:
DUE TO UNIfORM tKlRlzotn'AL LOADING
(Giroud. 19681 Under the corners:
b ~ t .t :: b OZ·-qHl (3.34a)
b/l I • I • 1/b I" I. 1/b Ie I. (1-2'I.')Hb· (3.34b)
C B
,
(l-2'I.')HsJ (3.34c)
1 0.180 0.276 1 0.180 0.216 15 0.590 0.701
1.1 0.185 0.288 1.1 0.192 0.290 20 0.636 0.746
1.2 0.190 O.2!J9 1.2 0.204 0.303 2S 0.671 0.782
Under ~he cen~re,
1.30.194 0.309 1.3 0.214 0.315 3. 0.701 0.811
1.4 0.197 0.318 1.4 0.225 0.326 4' 0.746 0.857 0z - 2q(K1- HI) (3.35a)
1.5 0.200
1.6 0.203
0.327 1.5 0.234
0.335 . 1.6
0.331
SO
0.243 0.347
60
0.782 0.892
0.811 0.921 1'1 •
, ,
2qtK,- H,-(1-2'I.')(K,- H,)l (3.3Sb)
1.7 0.206 0.342 1.7 0.252 0.356
70 0.835 0.946 :
1.8 0.208 0.348 1.. 80 . 0.857
0.260 0.365 0.967 a - 2q[Ks- Hs-(l-ZV)(~- ~)l (3.35c)
1.9 0.210
2 0.212
0.355 1.'
0.360 2
.0 0.875
0.268 0.373
0.276 0.381
100 0.892
0.986
1.002
•
The influence factors HbHhHl,Hs,HI are given
2.2 9.215 0.371 2.2 0.290 0.396
200 1.002 1.113 in Tables 3.32 ~o 3.36. KI,Khzl,Khxl are given in"
2.5 0.219 0.384 2.4 300 1.067
0.303 0.410 1.177 Tables 3.26 ~o 3.30.
3 0.224 0.401 2.5 0.309 0.416
400 1.113 1.223
3.5 0.228 0.413 3 0.337 0.445
500 1.148 1.259 Explici~ expressions and influence factors for
4 0.230 0.423 3.5 0.361 0.469
600 1.177 1.288 vfrtical displacement Pz beneath the poin~s O,A,C1 ,
4.5 0.232 0.431 4 0.381 0.491
700 1.202 1.312 Cl,BI,Cl,c1,Bl of the rec~angle have been evaluated
5 0.234 0.438 4.5 0.400 0.509 SOO 1.223 1.333 by Giroud (1968) and are shown in Table 3.37.
7 0.239 0.455 5 0.416 0.526 .00 1.242 1.352 Influence factors for the mean settlement ~ are
10
15
0.242
0.245
0.468
0.479 7 • 0.445 0.555 10' 1.259
0.469 0.579 10' 1.625
1.369
1.735
also given.

•• ,• -
20 0.246 0.484 0.491 0.601 10' 1.991 2.102
40 0.248 0.492 0.509 0.619 10' 2.358 2.469 -(1+v) (1-2'I.')g I. Ie i f b ~ I.
• 0.250 0.500 10 0.526 0.638 • • • B
. •• (3.36&)

-f1+v) (1-2'I.')g bIh

or if I. ~ b
3.4.5 LINEARLY VARYING Jl)RIZONTAL LOADING E
••• (3.36b)
(Fig.3.43)
and siailarly for points Bl and Bl'

\ ..
.,g"
..
[-1 + aa:l'C't:an 1. + tn h+a1 ]

- •
and a.. bIt
(3. 36c)

l. -\
I'
e "" .
.1.. [-1 + 1. arctana. + tn/zokJl]
(3.36d)

C\ 0; •
.... a· lib

At
'. '. - (1+v)(1-2'I.')gI.IQ
if b?l

.. .0 8, •
or
E

f1+vH1-ZV)qb Ih
E
.• , (3.37&)
i f I.?b

... (3.37b)

J
A

FIG.J.43
r- L and similarly for point A and the mean
settleJIeDt Pm.

Giraud (1969b) gives the fOllowing expressions

for the horizon~al displaceJllents at the comers of the
rectangle:
 •
% • ID:!.& [b
wE

- (l+v)
q

f
In 1 +

(/1'+ bJ. - bJ)

~
b

••• (3.38a)
.• - ~(H")
•• q

••• (3.Jab)
(+ for C1 and cl. - for Cz and ell (+ for cl and cl, - for Cl and CJ.).

TABLE 3.32
VALUES OF M!
(Giroud, 1970)
bl'
.1' o 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.' O.S 2/3 1 1.S 2 2.S 3 5 10 -

o 0.000 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159
0.2 0'.000 0.043 0.065 0.075 0.076 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.078
0.4 0.000 0.012 0.021 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
0.5 0.000 0.006 0.011 O.OlS 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
0.6 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 O.OOS 0.005 O.OOS· 0.005 0.004 0.004
0.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007
1 0.000 ·0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 -0.008 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011
1.2 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.009 -0.011 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012
1.4 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 -0.008 -0.010 ·0.011 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012
1.5 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.006 _0.008 -0.009 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011
1.6 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 .0.007 -0.009 -0.010 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011
1.8 0.000 _0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 .0~OO6 _0.008 -0.009 _0.009 -0.009 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010
2 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009
2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 _0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 ·0.002 ·0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005
4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 _0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003
5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 .0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002
10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001
15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
5{) 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000

TABLE 3.33
VAUJES OF ., (Giroud. 1970)

'I'
bIt
0

-
0.1

- -
0.2
-
1/3 0.' O.S 2/3 1 I.S 2 2.S 3 S 10
0
0.2
0.'
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.013
".006
- - - -
0.017
~1.012
- - - - - -
0.012
-0.020
- 0.008
-0.024
0.002
...(1.028
-0.006
-0.035
-0.015
-0.042
-0.019
-0.046
-0.020
-0.047
-0.021 -0.021
-0.047 -<1.048
-0.021
-0.048
-0.021
-<1.048
-0.021
-0.048
O.S
0.'
0.000 ".006
-0.012
0.000 -0.005 -0.010
-0.019
-0.015
-0.022
-0.018
-0.026
..0.021
-0.031
-0.026
-0.037
-0.031
-0.041
-0.034
-0.042
-0.035
-0.042 -().043
-0.036 -0.036
-0.043
-0.036
-0.043
-0.036
-0.043
-0.036
0.'
I
0.000
0.000
-0.003
-0.002
".006
-0.003
... 009
-0.005
-0.011
...{).006
-0.013
-0.008
-0.016
-0.009
-0.020
-0.012
-0.022
...0.014
..0.023
-0.014
-0.023 -0.023
-0.015 -0.015
-0.024
-0.015
-<1.024
-0.015
-0.023
-<1.015
1.2 0.000 ...{).OOI -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 .0.006 _0.007 _0.009 _0.009 ".009 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010
1.'
1.S
0.000
0.000
-0.001
..().OOO
-0.001
-0.001
·0.002
-0.001
-0.002
-0.002
-0.003
-0.002
.0.003
-0.003
_0.004
_0.004
_0.005
_0.004
".006
-0.005
".006 -0.006
-0.005 -0.005
-0.006
-0.005
".006
-0.005
-0.006
-<1.005
1.. 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 _0.002 _0.002 _0.003 _0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -<1.004 -0.004 -i).004
I., 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 "().001 -0.001 _0.001 _0.002 _0.002 -0.003 -i).003 -i).003 -i).003 -i).OO3 -<1.003
2 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 _0.001 _0.001 _0.001 _0.002 -0.002 -i). 002 -i).002 -i).002 -<1.002 -0.002
2.S 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 _0.000 _0.000 _0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0;001 -0.001
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 _0.000 _0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
•S 0.000
0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000
_0.000
.0.000
-0.000
_0.000
_0.000
_0.000
_0.000
_0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000 -0.000
".000 -0.000
-0.000
-0.000
-0.000 -<1.000
".000 ".000
10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 _0.000 _0.000 _0.000 ".000 ".000 -0.000 -0.000 ".000 0.000
15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 _0.000 _0.000 _0.000 _0.000 ..0.000 ".000 -0.000 -0.000 ".000 0.000
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 _0.000 _0.000 _0.000 .0.000 ".000 ".000 -() .000 -0.000 ".000 0.000
SO 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 _0.000 0.000 ".000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 st/Rl'ACt LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE HASS ,I
" j
TABLE 3.34
VAWES OF M~
1
(Girmd. 1970)
b/l
./1 o 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 •
o 0.000 0.030 0.0.3 0.017 0.009 0.001 ~.OO6 -0.009 -0.007 -0.005 -0.003 -0.003 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
0.2 0.000 0.004 0.005 0.001 ~.OOl ~.OO3 -0.006 -0.007 -0.006 -0.00-4 -<1.003 -0.002 -<1.001 -0.000 0.000
0.4 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 ..(l.005 -0.004 -<1.003 -0.003 -<1.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
0.5 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -<1.003 -0.003 --<1.004 -0.004 -<1.004 -<1.003 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 .0.000 0.000
0.6 0.000 -il.001 -0.001 --<1.002 -0.002 --<1.003 --<1.003 -0.004 -<1.003 -<1.003 -<1.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
0.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 --<1.002 -0.002 --<1.002 -0.003 -0.003 -<1.002 -0.002 -<1.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
1 0.000 -il.OOO -0.001 -<1.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
1.2 0.000 -il.ooo -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 ..().001 -<1.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
1.4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -<1.001 -0.001 -0.001 ..0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
1.5 0.000 -0.000 ~.OOO -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -<1.001 -0.001 ..0.001 -<1.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
1.6 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 ..a.D01 -<1.001 -0.001 -<1.001 ~.001 ..0.001 .0.001 -0.000 0.000
1.8 0.000 -il.OOO -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -<1.001 -<1.001 -0.001 .0.001 -<1.001 -(1'.001 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
2 0.000 ..0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
4 0.000 "0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ...(1.000 ...(I.DOD -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
5 0.000 -il.ooo -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
15 0.000 -il.GOO -0.000 ..(1.000 -0.000 -<1.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
SO 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 :,,0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000

TABLE 3.35
VAWES OF Ms
(Giroud, 1970)
bit
. z/1 o 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10

o 0.000'" ... ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ...

0.2 0.000 0.003 0.015 0.031 0.036 0.042 0.046 0.045 0.040 0.036 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.028
0.4 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.002 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009
0.5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.001 _0.004 -0.007 -0.009 -0.010 -0.013 -0.014 .0.014
0.6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.002 -0.006 -0.009 -0;011 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.016
0.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 _0.000 _0.001 _0.003 -0.006 -0.009 -0.010 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.015
1 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.005 -0.007 -0.009 -0.010 -0.012 -·0.013 -0.013
1.2 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011
1.4 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 ·0.008 -0.009 .0.009
1.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 ·0.002 -O.OOJ. -0.00-4 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008
1.6 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 ·0.007 -0.008
1.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 .0.006
2 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 ·0.004 -0.005 -0.005
2.5 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 ·0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004
3 0.000 _0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 ·0.002 -0.003
• 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001-0.001 -0.002
5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.001 .0.001
10 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
15 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
20 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ·0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
SO 0.000 _0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
 73

TABLE 3.36
VAWES OF N~ (Giroud, 1970)
b/1
.z/l o 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 •
o 0.000 • - • • - - - - - • - • _ -
0.2 0.000 0.016 0.028 0.038 0.041 0.044 0.045 0.043 0.038 0.035 0.033 0.032 0.030 0.029 '0.028
0.4 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.003 .0.000 .0.003 ·0.005 -0.006 -0.008 -0.009 -0 ..009
O.S 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0010.001 0.000 -0.002 -0.006 -0.008
-0.010 -D.OIL -0.013 -0.014 -0.014
0.6 0.000 .a,DOO .0.000 -0.001 -0.001
-0.002 -0.003 -O.OOS -0.008 -0.010
-0.012 -0.013 -0.014 -0.015 -0.016
0.8 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 .0.002 -0.002
-0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.009 -0.010
-0.012 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.015
1 0.000 .0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002
-0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.001 -0.009
-0.010 -0.011 -0.012 -0.013 -0.013
1.2 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002
-0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.007
-0.008 -0.009 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011
1.4 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
-0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.005 -0.006
-0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009
1.5 0.000 ~O.OOD -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
-0.002 -0.002 -0.003 ~0.004 -0.005
-0.006 -0.006 -0.007·-0.008 -0.008
1.6 0.000 ~O.OOO -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
-0.001 -0.002 -0.003 ~0.004 ~O.004 -0.005 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.008
1.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001
-0.001 -0.001 ~0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006
2 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001
-0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005
2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
-0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 ~0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
-0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 ~O.OOl -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003
4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002
5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ~O.OOO -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
-0.000 ·-0.000 -0.000 ~O.OOO -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ~O.OOO -0.000
IS 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
50 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000

TABLE 3.37
IHFUJElCE FACTORS FOR VERl'ICAL SURFACE DISPu.cBIENTS DUE TO
LINEARLY VARYING fl)Rlt.ewrAL LOADING
CGiroud 1968)
1 ~ b l~b b ~ 1

I • r
1/b
•
I'
0
I'
m 1/b I'
e
•
I' 1/b I'
e
I'
• b/1 Ie I. I. In

1 0.100 0.159 O.oao 1 0.021 0.057 15 0.288 0.390 1 0.021 0.057 0.100 0.159 0.080
1.1 0.107 0.168 0.083 1.1 0.024 0.... 20 0.330 0.434 1.1 0.020 0.056 0.102 0.166 D.On
1.2 0.114 D.176 D.087 1., 0.028 0.071 25 0.363 0.468 1.2 0.019 0.054 0.104 0.171 0.087
1.3 0.121 0.183 0.090 1.3 0.032 0.078 30 0.390 0,497 1.3 0.018 0.052 0.105 0.176 0.090
1.4 0.127 0.189 0.093. 1.4 0.035 0.084 40 0.434 0.541 1.4 0.017 0.051 0.107 0.181 0.093
1.5 0.133 0.195 0.096 1.5 0.039 0.090 SO 0.468 0.576 1.5 0.016 0.049 0.108 0.185 O.09S
1.' 0.139 0.201 0.098 1.' 0.043 0.... 60 0.$7 0.605 1.6 0.015 0.041 0.109 0.188 0.098
1.7 0.144 0.206 0.100 1.7 0.046 0.102 70 0.521 0.629 1.7 0.014 0.046 0.1l0 0.191 O.lDO
1.. 0.150 0.210 0.102 1.. 0.050 0.108 • 0 0 •.541 0.650 1.• 0.014 0.045 0.110 0.194 0.102
,
1.9 0.154
0.159
0.215
0.219
0.104 1.9
0.106 . 2 "".
0.053
0.057
0....
0.114
0.119
0.129
90 0.560 0.669
100 0.576 0.685
200 0.685 0.795
1.9
2
0.013
0.012
0.043
0.042
0.111
0.112
0.197
0.199
0.104
0.106
2.2 0.16& 0.226 0.110 2.2 2.2 0.011 0.039 0.113 0.204 0.109
2.5 0.179 0.235 0.114 2.4 0.071 0.139 300 0.749 0.859 2.5 0.010 0.036 0.114 0.209 0.113
3 0.195 0.247 0.119 2.5 0.074 0.144 400 0.795 0.905 3 0.009 0.031 0.116 0.21S 0.119
3.5 0.208 0.255 0.124 3 0.090 0.165 SOC 0.830 0.940 3.S 0.007 0.028 0.117 0.220 0.124
4 0.219 0.262 0.127 3.5 0.105 0.185 600 0.859 0.969 4 0.007 0.025 0.118 0.224 0.127
5 " 0.235 0.273 0.133 4 0.119 0.202 700 0.... 0.994 5 0.005 0.020 0.120 0.229 0.133
7 0.255 0.285 0.139 4.5 0.132 0.217 '00 0.905 1.015 7 0.'" O.OlS 0.121 0.235 0.140
10 0.273 0.294 0.145 5 0.144 0.232 900 0.924 1.034 10 0.003 0.010 0.122 0.239 0.146
15
20
0.287
0.294
0.302
0.306
0.149
0.151 7 • 0.165
0.185
0.257
0.278
10' 0.90\0 1.051
10' 1.307 1.417
15
20
0.002
0.001
0.007
0.005
0.123
0.124
0.243
0.245
0.151
(f. 155
SO
100
0.308
0.313
0.313
0.316
0.156
0.158 9
• 0.202
0.217
0.297
0.315
10' 1.673 1.784
10' 2.039 2.150
SO
100
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.124
0.125
0.248
0.249
0.161
0.163
• 0.318 0.318 0.159 10 0.232 0.330 • • • • 0 0 0.125 0.250 0.167
 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE /lASS
I
"
j
3.5 Loading on an Elliptical Area
3.5.1 UNIFORM VERtICAL LOADING o 0 O.'~2 0-3 0-. 0-.
1

~
Stresses and displacements at the surface and on
the axis of the ellipse have been obtained by
Oeresiewicz (1960) (Fig.3.44).
i
Expressions are derived for the stresses and dis- , )
i
/J ~
placeaents on the axis within the IUSS. and on the
surface.
The variation of lIIaxiJIIDll shear stress with. depth 'l I·
I
for various e values is shown in Fig.3.45.
distribut:l,ons along the axis for four values of e
are given in Fig.3.46.
Stress
In all cases, ...o.3~ and e
is defined as e-(l-a2./b2.)~.
,
"Il.
~.Q:!
bl/ 1// !

, 3
(0 \
0·"
j
/
•
b (~y)
/ r
• • f I 1
MaxiJRual shear stress dawn axis of ellipse.

I
FIG.3.45
(Deresiewiez. 1960J.

Values of the horizontal stresses on the axis

are tabulated in Table 3.38.

,
FIG.3.44

3.38
TABLE
OORIZONTAL STRESSES ON AXIS OF ELLIPSE (V=<J.3) (Deresiewicz, 1960)
• 0 0.3 0.6 0.' 0.99
t-.i/a o";p ay/p o";p ay/p a,,/p ay/p o.;p "YIp o";p ay/p
0 0.8000 0.8000 0.8047 0.7953 0.8222 0.7778 0.8786 0.7214 0.9636 0.6364
0.05 0.7351 0.7351 0.7404 0.7330 0.7585 0.7244 0.8157 0.6875 0.8987 0.6158
0.1 0.6711 0.6711 0.6765 0.6716 0.6954 0.6716 0.7535 0.6538 0.8343 0.5954
0.2 0.5488 0.5488 0.5542 0.5542 0.5744 0.5694 0.6338 0.5875 0.7100 0.5551
0.' 0.3428 0.3428 0.3488 0.3531 0.3681 0.3894 0.4236 0.4647 0.5003 0.4849
0.7 0.1488 0.1488 0.1524 0.1599 0.1668 0.1999 0.2094 0.3137 0.2587 0.3839
1.0 0.0575 0.0575 0.0600 0.0648 0.0673 0.0949 0.0928 0.2060 0.1235 0.3105
1.5 0.0064 0.0064 0.0067 0.0090 0.0086 0.0229 0.0134 0.0997 0.0179 0.2270
2 -0.0050 -0.0050 -0.0051 ~0.OO37 -0.0055 0.0017 -0.0050 0.0457 ~0.lJ2n 0.1721
3 -0.0064 -0.0064 -0.0062 -0.0067 ·0.0078 -0.0054 -0.Oll5 0.0080 ·0.0604 0.1095
•
3
-0.0046
-0.0033
-0.0046
-0.0033
-0.0030
-0.0019
-0.0064
-0.0050
-0.0058
-0.0038
-0.0046
-0.0040
-0.0092
-0.0069
-O.OOll
-0.0030
-0.0723 0.0761
~0.0783 0.0566
10 -0.0009 ·0.0009 -0.0015 -0.0001 -0.0010 -0.0013 -0.0021 -0.0018 -0.0898 0.0252
 15

.,.
o o
...... en .,.. .,. .,.
~
0 >0

/
0
.-- o

/ i ./
, '-I-~ /
~ .
,
V
/1
i
, V .
,

, /
I,
I
...•
:.
,
1/ ,.,
I !,
I
!
/
, , , ,.,
i
! '.0 •• 0'15
IICa-cIe>
, ! , ',0
<0' ,0)
'a)

o 0 0' .,.. .,. .,. >0

o 0
o 0' .,. o

7J V
~
• /' 7 / , ,
/
I
// .,/
/
,
IIII a.
/
/
/ -•·
•
,."", ,
1/ -.:r•
•

• /
, , / """ ..
•
,.09
,...., , 1/ ..000/
'" '"
F'IC.3.46 variatiollo of mara! stresses with depth on &n.s
of eUiPille. \10'0.3. (Deraiewi=.. 19601.
 76

On the axis the displaeuents are Jiven py

.-
•
•.• (3.39&)

o
,.

••
0

..L
---
•• o-il
-0 •.• (3.39b)
:;:", ••0,
where 1!f.J • ~let.e elliptic
• ..0-0
r---::::
---
iDtegral of the 'I",
first kind.
o·•
Relative vertical displaceaenu p/poOD. the axis
of the ellipse are shown in Fi,.3.47 for \111<0.3.

'The variation of I)/po along the bOUllduy of the

o· ,
ellipse with position is liven in FiJ.3.48. viiile
Fig.3.49 shows the nriation of the displaee.mu at
the eXttellity of the ujor axis (pHJ and the lRinor o0
eo eo
axis (11rt.I. p. is expressed in all c;ases as a
ratio of the surface displaee.ent Po. '" '" Xl
'" • 50
'" '"

,~ ,. 0
o 0-2 0-. 0
oi--"'i'--'r---"T'--''i'---i'
CHI 0-8 '.0
j,
o ••
""I~
I
o· •
'I'"o· I\J.,~
•
o· ,

,t--H'f-!---,It---+-----i ... .. O. o.

ij
0' ',0
~

FtG.3.49 Variation of ratio of 4is~.ce.ent at

~ty of _jor axis. Pill' ;ud minor azis,
p • to that at centn. p. (Deresiewie:, 1960) •
•t--ff-+++-+--+----/ • 0

3.5.2 VERI'ICAL SOO-ELLIPSOIDAL LOADING

• L....-''--'-_.J..L_.L_-'---.J
FIG.J.47 Vertical dbpuee.Ilent. on AZis liS ratio of
swfaee vuue Po' (De%l!sievi~. 19601.
This type of lo.adiJ\l has been used to silllu.late
wheel loadin, on road pavnents. Vertical st:resses
and venical displaceaents within the IllaSS have been
evaluated by Sanbcnn and Yoder (1967).
 77

3.6 Loading over Any Area

3,6.1 "NE1IIMARK CHARTS"
The basis for. and use of. "Newmark Charts". is
described in 1.7.2. Charts for vertical stress
(lz. horizontal stress. bulk stress e and shear
stresses ':3
and 'zy (all as a function of the
applied stress), originally presented by Newaark
(1942). are reproduced in figs. 3.50 to 3.54. Fig.
o
·0

o '9

••
--
$KlI;r"""" ~
_ sv- CJi _'
_ ~ ~ stt.. 'tot
l'i:Ir"ClII ....

o,7':"" cr.- &.110-1. /

/1
/ /
'f:r.. 1;;,6ft.I.
3.55 ,gives correction faetors for Tzy when Poisson's o~
ratio is different from 0.5, while Fig. 3.56 gives part
When #0.5. Go: '.o / /
of 'the c.orrection factor for 0:.
is given by the value of 0= for UZO.S. plus
(1-2'11)/6 times the value of e for v=O.S (Fig.
3.52) plus (l-ZV) times the quantity obtained from
o., ./
. /
o .,
Fig. 3.56.
Sillli.lar charts for vertical displacement Pz on o.,
/ ""I
the surface and below the surface were obtained by
,/
o., ./

.. " -,. ",

Newmark (1947) and are shown in figs.3.S7 and 3.58.
A chart for correcting th" vertical subsurface dis- V
placeJlents in Fig.l.SS, which are for v-O.S. for ./
00
other values of v. is given in Fig.3.59. Figs. 0'
H5 1·0 Qo5 0
3.50 to 3.59 are for ~ertical surface loading.
'Y...
Olarts for the horizontal nOl"llal stress due to
an applied surface horizontal shear loading have been
prepared by Barber (196S) and are given in Figs.3.60
to 3.63. Stresses parallel to. and perpendicular to.
the applied loading are considered for both V20.S
and V=C.. As pointed out by Buber (1966). the
vertical stress due to shear loading is. by the
reciprocal theorem. identical to the shear stress
due to a vertical load and may thus be determined
from Fig.3.S3.

3.6.2 SECTOR CURVES

The sector method and the use of sector curves
have been described in 1.7.3. Sector curves for
the nOrlllal and shear stresses due to vertical loading.
,. 0
,.•
--
~

........ 9
r-~S~Cf.
1 I f l _ F'oC1CII'S

e·;i·OIHl....H.
~'Ii· oe·I1.2\Il1.
I
/
/

obtained by Poulos (1967a). are shown in Figs.3.M and

3.65. For the vertical and radial displacements Pz
,.
and PJo. plots of the curves are unnecessary. as the ,.
sector curves have the following si1llple explicit fom:
'. o·• /
:r, 1/
p
•
:. E.li8. (I_V2.)
• E
••. (3.39a)
• /
o ,
, ::>-
••• (3.39b) o·

-0· 0
o
, 0-,
-- ..0-" , ,.,
o-s
1/

FIG.3.6S sector InflUlW.OI: .,alues for e and. ae'

 1
I
71 SURFACE LOADS ON SBHI-IN7INrrE JlASS

i
I
1
}.

I
I

nG.3~ :i:e~: ~ for ve.rtieal sues- o~ {N.-rk. 19421

". .OOlBp
Z Ybere" N-eo.of b1o<:kll:.
 •
h' '. I" ' r-b
ScalI: 011 0IStIJ"Q: OQ 6

DeptIl 'l" ot wridl·Su-es. is

na.l.Sl Influuce

•""".5
••
8. SURFACE I.DADS' ON SEHI-INFINrrE lfASS
HE''''''RK CHARTS

)(
0
c:
i i ~~
v_
,,-
C'
U;::
OCC ""::s
:O-;E
;.2: 0
Q.C:; >t
gh
0
1 >.-:1J
" ;;
•~
"OV
UO'ij
C·C
"0- ~
.
•
,,:::c .. f! ~
--
::J.l

"
82 SURFACE LOADS ON SElfI·INFINITE HASS

Of O;;...,~,........,.,';O
~ j i t I

~
••
:•
••
j
•
•
~
••
··.....
•u
~

uz •
~
38i
~
z

"
 y

I
;
Q

Influ"nc" valu" ""r

black Is ~ O' 001.
N"gatlv" inflwnc"s ar" indlcat"d
by a minus (-) sign.
Carr<Octian is (1-2'1) tim"s th" valu" giv"n
><. bv chart
FIG.J.SS Influence chart for correction to Txy when V_O.5. (Ne~rk, 1942).

::
 :

~
~,
~

~'
~
a
~
o
C:::::1-::;tti-jL+-+-~Jn"~nco valuo par block Is 'O,od\:
ogatlvo In"~ncos oro indicatod
by a minus (-) sign,
Carroctlan Is (1-2vl tinos valuo
glvon by chart,

PIG.3.S6 Influence chart tor part ot correction to ax for V-O.5. l"e~rk,1942).

~- .~--~ ... _.- -'- ~~-'-r,--' ""'--" -......

---:' ~ --.- ...._-----~-
FIG.3.S7 Inf1ueI1ea.:hart for "rtieal. diap1aceJDent; at;
surfae•• (N.-ark, 1947).
.

FIG.3.SS IDfluenee chart for vertical displacement at 4epth

z below lurface. \1-0.5. (N~k. 1947).
 Nl:IIHA.RK CRMaS 87

FIG.3.S9 In!luence chart for Poisson's ratio correction for

vertical displacement at depth ~ below surface.
(Ne_rk. 1947).
 I,
SURFACE ~DS ON SEHI-INFINIn HASS )
88

1
1,

1
)
I

"
0
u
III
,;
•
0
~ 1
•"
0
01
c ~
•
:::0 ••
~
~

ii: ll:
• •
• N
•0
~

•
m.••"
<l:
~
~

1
• ••
••"
~

••g 1
"
.~
1,
" •
~
~
0
0
~
1
"
~ A
~ \
.; 0
"~
~~ g
0
• z •
g~tI'l!l
~-e~
-.
II
::IIGg,c
~m >
~
" .
0 I
•
•• ~

~ 'i -'= I
~
"0 )
.; \
I
•"
J
i

• POOl jO UOIP~!G I
SSallS jO UOlPO jO mJ!l-i
 ••

..8
.
g>
::0
~
Q.
~•
" ~

•~
N

iI
« •
E
~

~
~
••

•
•=
"
•••"
"
~

3
•0 ":
.~
~~
.~ ~
~~ •g
.~

·."
~

o "
~. •
•.-
~
~
0
0

·"'!
•.

i .~
.:lil8'S
~ 0 •
•
~"
f

Ii~

.-t :
~
.... 0
.
••
•
 ~

S!
~r-----1
8'1----1
13 r - -__-1
~r---L
.::.1 --L
iI r--L
« J------....L
•
~
~

~
~

1Si,
'0
I
m
.~

~
l-Linc ot action of stress
A I DQpth IZ, Plotting SColQ
Point A
,
FIG.3.62 Influence chart tor horizontal stress, perpendicular to an applied shear
load. 'J-o.5. (Barber, 1965).
O'h. .OOlNq
where N-no.ot blocks.
 NDnfARX CllAR!rS
"

~
0
u
III

g'

Ii:
II ..
<

. 2
..
N
-
~ i
<
&

..
~

on
~
.
~

(;
c
.Q
U
o
 Chapter 4
DISTRIBUTED LOADING
BENEATH THE SURFACE OF A
SEMI-INFINITE MASS
,
4.1 Vertical Loading on a Horizontal Area wh,re R,
, - a2.ff/+(a_h/ R:
,.,,
- a2.+b2.+(z#r)2.

", -
.. - a:2.+(z-hJ2.

b 1+(z-hJl ..:
- •
a 2+(z+h)1
b2.+(z+1l)l
-4.1.1 RECTAHGllLAR ARfA
The MiDdlin point. load equation (Section 2.1.4) r~ _ b Z _ faHtJ 1 •
for vertical SU'eSS as has been integrat.ed over a
rec:tancular.area by Skopek (1961). The folloving
e~ssion has been obtained for O'z ben-enh the The stresses at other points within the .us uy
comer of a rectanlle ttJ(b (Fig.4.l): be obtained by use of the principle of superposition.

Influence factors for the vertic.al displaee.nt

of the corner of a reetan,le are shown in Fig.4.2
(Groth and Chapman. 1969). The displaceJlent is riven
by
•
7 ••• (4.2)

where a is the shorter side of

the reetangle.

The influence factor I is given by

FIG.4.1
I _
X.txds b1e+~) + b1(~J}
" - _ -"P_ [ (I-v) (a:retan --,ab~_
,.(Z-v) (z-hJR1
+ R,{ ",("t
h+ll12 S2
) + B ",(lti)
fIB

(z-ll)aRt _ a(2-hJ I _ 2aStml-t~) + 4aStml-1 ((l-S)(fIB-tJ)}

+ """"'" -,ab,,-_) +
(zHlJRt 2bl'~ 2b:r~ Rt 2all '"
+ 2aBKltml- 1 r-L) + sa"at
+ [(3-4\l);,(z+M-n(5z-nJlaR; 2at .2(1+4a2t2J
2fa+hJfuoi
40.2
-l:i]
. {t + ..1....
t2
... (4.2a)

[(3-4v) arm) '-hlz+hl (52-h) Ja:

2bJo~ Rt when X, -
,,.,
h(l-v)
+ 2M;(2+1!JaR: + 3hzaR2.l"~ _ Jr%(%HIJ1a: X, • il-4v

bll"~ (a+hJb 1ri X, - 5-11vJ8v2

-
br: Rz
a h/b
.•. (4.1)
.2
• - hi•
 YERrICAL WADING ON BORIZOln'AL AIl£AS

.- .;;;:;;;r
h+'61 (2+40 2)
For the liaitina: case of • uniforaly loaded strip
fl,/a--). Slr.opek lives the followina: expression for tho
venical stress on the central axb of the strip:

.• -
t ""

-Stresses and displacelleJlU beneath a rip.d rect-

anile ~ed in a selli·infinite IUSS are given in
Section 7.9. + a(z-h) + a [(3-4V).z+hl
Z[az+(lI_lI}~] (I-v) Z [a z +(1:+1I) zl (1-v)

+ Zh%(a+1!}a ] ... (4.la)

[az+(z+h}~]~(l.v) _

,.•
,., I
.
, \
I

0·' \\
-v.0-5
-v.c.!
\,

-- -
0·.

, ,,\ ~,
I
o· oft
'~
'" '0

.' -- -- --
0" ",-

o· "~ '- --
,
0·'
0·' " " - ,
-- -- -
o· •o '·0
~.
..
, o

FIG~ •• 2 vert1c..l 4ispl~t f&l:tQr for corner of

abedde4 reeta:lqh.

--_.
 .. SUBSURFACE LOADING

Fox (l948b) has obtained solu'tions for the relat-

ionship benteen the mean vertical displacement Pm of
a rectangle beneath the surface to the Ilean displace-
ment Pm, of a sUdlar rectangle situated at the
sYd'ace.- Pml'Pl1r;l is plotted against h/I'iib and
-/tib/h in Fig.4.3 for various values of b/a and for
V"O.5.

'·0

0·'
~,~\'o !
"
~
r~
0·'
FIG.4.) R.it.tio of _an displaceIIleDt
of reetaDqle at depth h to that
of reetan'lle" at surflll;:8. V-O.5.
j
I1 0'

.
(Fox. 1948).

...... 0'6
~
, , J

~o
J
0·'
o ., o• •• •• •• o. 0·'
J

I· -I 1
I

4.1.2 CIRCULAR AREA (Fig.4.4) 3(3-4V) z (z+c) 2 -3e(2+0) (Sa-c)

S(Il+c} J 1
) S+ ..1!i..-
I
+, • ( a-c
, •
1a2+(a-eJ2. (Z+c)'l
I
l "
••• (4.3)
j
,
FIG.... 4 p • p(l+V) [ (3-4V) {laz+ (z-eJ2.lJJ_eJ}
"" 4E(1-v)

Nishida (1966) has derived the following

+ (S-12vf8\l2.J{/a2+(Md)Z _ (a+cJ} + (z.-e)
expressions for vertical stress Oz and vertical
displacement Pz: (a-c) 1 + (3-4v)(a+c)2._ 2<n
Cal &meach tM centre la 2+(z_e)Z z+c

[ (l-2V}(a-e) Zca(z+c) 2 +~
rla,2+(z+c)2/ (a+c)

(3-4'11)(t+e)2 - 2C2 ]
(4.4)
1a2+ (a+c)"

. - \( ,k> )'.,)
Ia!-+fa+e) 1 i.e., ••• (4.4a)
 VERTICAL LOADING ON HORIZON'!'AL ARE:AS .5
(b) Beneath the edge (- Values of Gz/p benea'th the centre and edge of
'the circle given by Nishida are tabulated in Table
See Nishida (1966) for explicit expressions. 4.1. Influence fact.ors I o and Ie for t.he
vertical displacement beneath the centre and edge of
Pz beneath the edge is given by the circle are tabulated in Table 4.2.

po ". • •• (4.5)
P
.. . -E-

TABLE 4.1
VERTICAL S'l'RESS Cz BENEAni CIRCULAR AREA
(Nishida, 1966)
Gzlp (centre) az/p (edge)

., 'l-a
7a
0 1 2 , • 0 1 2 , •

0.00 0 1.00 0.70 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.25
1 0.64 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.34 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.13
2 0.28 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.07
4 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.25 0 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.31 0.28 0.25
1 0.64 0.46 0.39 0.29 0.26 0.34 0.24 0:18 0.15 0.13
2 0.28 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.20 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.08
4 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02

0.50 0 1.00 0.75 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.28 0.25
1 0.64 0.45 0.38 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.29 0.21 0.19 0.16
2 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.10
4 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.04. 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04

The centre displacement may also be obtained TABLE 4.2

f_
INFUJENCE FACTORS FOR
P • .•• (4.6) VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF CIRCLE
(Nishida. 1966)
'" Io (centre) Ie (edge)
v
where (pz}s is the surface displacement given 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.50 0.25 0.00

..,
cia
in Section 3.3.1.
0.00 1.500 1.875 2.000 0.955
'. is a reduction fact.or. plotted in

.....
Fig.4.7. For this case. 3.50
5.00
0.908 0.995
0.862 0.947
0.909
0.862 0.586
1.194
0.640 0.585
1.273

,- 100 0.750 0.833 0.750 0.478 0.530 0.478

1000 0.750 0.833 0.750 0.478 0.530 ·0.478

Pz • T· I
96 SUDSURFACB .w.,DING

4 .1. 3 GENERAL AREAS

Sector curves for bulk stress 9 are shown in
Figs. 4.S and 4.6 for ~ and 0.5 (Poulos. 1967a).
Sector curvcs for the ratio FR of the vertical
displace.ent of a sector at depth d below the sur-
face to the ve~ical displace.ent o( the saae sector
situated at the surf3ce. are shown in Fig.4.7 10
Jo4indIiI'IOlH
sedOr 1 " - -
BtA Stn$$
v.Q·5
e
"'$ '.
~

-,
,
(Poulos. 1967;1).
,-

--..
., ---
- _ .... 9
,
•
Fl~
•.LIIlit
l' __ "
...
. - ""'" -
I- ,J--I--/.,'f.I--¥:...f-,
•
,
•
1
5 ~ • "i'it Is •
I.

-0

.,
/
."
"~Cl
'.--. -----
---- )/'

FIG.4.5 Sector curves for bUlk ~tre~~ e. FIG.4.6 seetor curves for bulk stress e.
v-o. V-O.5.

,. 0
v.~ ~4 0-'
_. 0
o· 9 l-
e Wl0V FIC.4.7 R3tio F of di$place~nt at apex
of sector
R
at depth d to t.hat of

rl/
sector at surface.

7
,;'1 d[~_
•
, II
'--- -- I -
l-"--J
. 1-
o·4 -- _.-.- ....-..•
o 2 3 4
• 7 e 9 10
 HORIZONTAL WilDING ON VE'R'rICAL. ~ANGr.E"

4.2 Horizontal Loading on a Vertical F3 .. -2Kl .tn ( X l ) + (X I+K 21 x

1+!i+ij
Rectangle
x .tn ( (KJ+K1 1 )
The horizontal displacement ~ at the upper 2+14+(Xt+Kl1 1
and lower corner of a rectangular area (Fig.4.8) has ~~
been obtained by Douglas and Davis (1964). .tn ((K,+K21+!4+(K,+K2J 1 )+ (X,+X 11
Z(XI+It+xV 4

F, .. -2 in ( 2(K1+~) }
(Xl+X11+!4+(Xl+ K1)2
SUMac. z.o 1
+ (X -X ) 171 (Z+!4+(K'+K21 )
I 1
(X 1+K1 )

+ xi ch+(X , +X2)1 _ I1+K;)

(K I +X1 ) X1

F, -

FIG.4.8

At the upper corners A and B~ for a uniform (K 1 +K2 ) X

horizontal pressure p~ 4

p'" ph {(3-4V)Fl+F,+4(1-2vJ(1-V)Fsl
:I: 32WG(1-v)
••• (4.7)

At the lower corners D and C~

For the displacement at other points in the same
plane. the principle of superposition -.y be
p% - e~loyed.

... (4.8) Values of FI to Fs are plotted in Figures

4.9 to 4.11.
where '0,
K1"" T"
( (Xt-X 1) )
F,
2+14+(XI-K 1)1

- 2 '"

in (2(Kl+~) )+ (X 1-K 1 ) X
(Kl+K2)+14+(K,+K1 ) 1

x in (2 + 14+(KI+X2)1)
(X 1+K2J

_ X~ (/4+(XI+X;J
2
_ I1+K f)
(K I +K 2 ) KI
98 SUBSURFN:B LOAMNG

,.
~·e

,., FIG.4.9 Factors VI aDd p~

,., (Douglas ud. D4vis, 1964).

,,0 •
0'.
J
0<

0'.

0"

0,'

!:::,:::::ILl:..J.il~~LJ~ia:U::; 1-0 1Of-"-""--'<.L.I<L~...,

<"" .,'" c,/r. 01' le,-f:t)/b-

, /.
I· R:miIieS ~
,." 0 cit;.!/
eJ /

.
witrl GbO$$OI:

/1 • '.
/ (/ , I ~~ FIG.4.11 F... ctor Ps (DoU;Lu

'. • 'I .
'
and. Davis. 1964).
r:~
I

••• V/, I ~
/'

f'// ~', / ,~
••,
.•
I
• :0;%
h/' ,.~ /' ,
••'V
W fff} ./
,
~' /:::
."
~/' '"
 RECTANGLES WITH SBElR LOMJI1IG .
4.3 Rectangles SUbjected to Shear
Loading
Three eases have been considered by Groth and.
Chat-m (1969). as shown in Fi,.4.12. of the corner + ~1+B2fl-lQ) fl+2aJ))}
displaeeM:ftts in the direction of unifo:m loadin,
applied to subsur£ace :rect.an,les. Influence facton
for the displacewnts are shawn in filS. 4.13 to 4.17.
In &11 eases. the clisplacellllmt is expressed as

8 - I1+4S1"(l+aJ 2
~ (4.g)
• - E t _1z+B1 f1+ZaJ 2

ea.. I ea.••
Top Comer A: Top Comer A:

I - Xo{(XI,,1J .t.1(Bf..1+S1 ) + &:1 tn e+~) I - Ko{(XI+1J[B tne7)

+ (X +X ) in ~+B(1+ZaJ)
1 1 \- t+2Q$
+ Sf1+2aJ in ( B+1 ). _ 2a8 fn re:t!ll
B(l+ZaJ 2~

+ B(l+2aJX1 In (-'"
'5(1+2aJ ) + ",.(B+fU1+2aJ)+ X 1n f~'
t+2aS I

- . - , .... ~) + .S .... (;:;l _ ce<fQS2f1+2aJ _ 1+20 1 13 2 )

• t
~S In e~~)+ 2aBe+2~1B1
+ Z(1-v)(l-2V) [$f1+zaJ(s-IU1+2aJ)

where •
S
-• e- h
b where a.13.xh ZI
•
as above

_ 11+132 (1+ZaJ 1
•
•- 11+81 (1+24)1 t _ll+4a 2 82
t-
X, -
IHlal Bl
I+v
c - Za13

8Tr(l-vJ
X, _
'-4v Bottom Comer B:

I - X,{S(KI+1J [fne+fSi)
BottOIi Comer B:

I - Ko{arl b1e~) - (KI+1J In :l/Hi1-B) .+ 2(1-1Q) fn (2B~k)

+
(X +Z) b1!ZB(l~}~
I 2 Bf1+ZOJ+
- fl+zaJ fn (8f~ia) 1

+ u,au"" In! In 1 - XI r-, -B)+ fn 'tt6f1rZaP

fn ({1+¥." cM:.'8"""
2S(l<fQ)

_ X1B(l+2oJ hi£: 1+t ) -'8"+01 ~ - il - 'S'''+01

B{l+2aJ
e!B~14aJ _ 8(1~2ttJ)
+ SfI+oI ( In~? - In(:-? + •
 I
l
1
100
1
SUBSURFACE LOIlDING
I

Xl - 4(1-~)(1-2v)

+ '" (8+28(1<#<1)) I}

where
t+B(1+2C1J

a~B~KhKl as above
B _ ~+B1(l+4a2)

t _ IJ:+4a2 S1
u _ 8/1-#40:2
I
S • Il+4S t (l+a}z
t = ~+BZ(l+za)l

, , ,
-+-~--~.
• HII I
• -- --
-- • FIG.4.1:l Loading cases for horizontal loading on
III II
...L~.=:!.
- --
• • •
a rectangle.

1
I

\
'·8
l·8

l·A l--"v.O·!5
I
Case 3
, ,.,
~~
~
-v. Doll:
I
, .. i
I a Ko{X I [1n (6+h+8 2 ) + ~B.tn (::~) ] \-\ ~
-
'·0
+ fUI 1+l) 1n e+~)
\\
~- 1
0·8

--- --- --- - -- --

+ (Xz+l) 111 (a;~ + lUn e~S) 0·8
"-
-
~---
j
-- I
+ 2aS [2tan- 1 ( 8ft-V) _ ~-d_
2a8(t+s) 2a
0·'
- ;T-
0·' - - i
1
+
a(s1_1)
S(I+4aZs%; ... Kim
~l (i.>
:&is)
0·'
- 0·' I

o 0 O!5 10 1!5 20
u-s 1 -
+ K: (2tan-'(2a8(urs) tan-,(i.>
248) ~.
0-5 0'" 003 0-2 0-' 0
~,

nC.4.13 Vertical displar:elllent factor fOr upper

----- co~ A., case I.

 RECTANGLES ftI'l1l SHEAR LO.tDlNG 10l

o
I
I I I
1 - ---t - -- --I - -- - -1- -, - - i- I I

o. -- d- -, I

..
00 I '
, -,-,!f - 11-
,,
-
» f-- D,-!!. - I

I! f - ,' -/ ,
-
I
I

• 2
I
0
, I
- I
I
I
I
I
"1-
0 6•

,
I I

I I , I, I

J I : -+
I
,,, ,,, , I
I I
I I I
I I

,, , ,I
,,
,, ,
I
,/ l
l
l
l I
o
1-
~-:-/ .~/ I o
l
-~...
..- ---OO-CO ./ ' " l

" • - o ,.. 00·

6
11 ...
6 6 6 6
•
6 "
0
0
o

o
I I

Hf- -- - - ----rI -_1_---1-

f
-t--t--H.-- n---!--!--I-/-I 1_
, •
"
- 0 • --
00,1, J I I
r-;' ;. --1f---+tll-"1'ft--f----+tI+i~+___II-__j
f--. I !-; -
S2 - 9ft 11/-1--1--
,
.I.i,/-
,
~ I - -:- -
0, 0

,r--+--f~_+_~I~j,++,'H_-1_-1H-I-/i'Hi--1I--jOO
,',"'0
If: I
-- ,-H-J'-!---1-- -:-- J- - - ~
! f I J [
- - ----, ---. - ~1-+--IIf-- {- -: -
1-t--bILI-11,-f;
/
--/ - -I~II;
~/ I(}
~.- -1-;;I
1

/ /1
LL4....L!L-!:'~L--!:-----!o~-.l:-1l...!.:--.l:-~:---' 0
':"966b6o;;6~~o
 I
I
'02 SUBS/JRFN:E WAllING 1
]
o

I--+--+--+--i-+-+--JI--H-H-
I
-"1---11--1
, 1
1
--- - 1t ---- _·I_i!- I I
f-+-+--+--I---ff-±-/,I- II .__. - -,- "1r - -1-
I 1
",.. I I I I I
f--+--'--t---/-
... N
i t~ l -
- :f~
~ -,
2 r-
I I ,'
+-;;
<?:> 6 +-+-+-j;I-I--tl+-++-I-I-I-t+-*--I0.
,. I r' .. 6
I 1
, II I I
! I
,I
I I f
+ -I-r-Il--~. 1
I I I I "~ 1"
- -1- ._-_.. - 1-" -1__ ._ 1 - - ~ .c'\
! I
- -+-+--f-/-J.#-<-'-I-7/Y1f--I-+;,f-:-r+./ -
/' jl;1 ! ~
rr-
"-
""
•""
l
1I-
~/
I
,"
__ : : / _--" V /

!--!;=-~_o:::-::-~~;;"=J:~!-~.~#"'-':':/~/.4~-!---J,J.!!~~ °
"U \
r'l~ 9C11111" n",!",~-o o
00 0 00000 0 t \

I
I , 0

- 1--- - I I
'-I- ;;
I ,

I
--- --I-Il- 6
J I
•• .<'
66
>" >"
-D~-I - ,---
I
J
- I
1
I
I 6

Ij -,• -+.,
<; I I
, S2 1I- • I -I
,; I I
;;U-
1
•
0
1 I - I O·
1 .6
1 J
1 I J
1 I I
-1-+- -- •
I !
I 1 I
1
I I
J
J II I 1

, ,
-4-
, I I
I
I
I

, ,
L
I
, J •6
,, II
j-

,/ ,
.,
I
I

° •o •
6
• " • o - o
o

6
"
 Chapter 5
SURFACE LOADING OF A
FINITE LAYER UNDERLAIN
BY A RIGID BASE
~
SII1O> ~ Fodors.l_
5.1 Loading on an infinite Strip .....,. D1_ _ _ "Pt .-/
...1-- l'r. "il-
PI' r
..
" '1.0/ ./'
v
5.1.1 VERTICAL LOADING
lJHtf'etQI , ~
(Fig.S.I)
I.
o IY" 0-'

// v
~

, o 0-

,~~
V r----...
o
o
-'/ "-
•
0
0 0-,
.."
0-' 0-3 ()-4 0-.
"'-
FIG.5.2 Strip =ves for pz"
-, ......... ~
rIG.5.1 j.--
o~G1~
_ .. 'cl'i-l" I
o
I ./
o ••
/' f.-

--
o 0-

1>3
Influence factors for the vertical displacelllent
and the horizontal displace.ent p peneath the 0- , V
~
edge of tho strip, obtained by Poulos f1967b). are
shown in Figs. 5.2 and 5.3. .. 0 ~
Influence factors for the vertical stress
bulk stress e and shear stress T~ beneath the
az~

edge are shown in Figs. 5.4 and.5.S, for four values

of \'I. The interface between the layer and the base
-0

-0

-0
-,
-,
0-'
"- " "-
1\
is rough ("adhesive").

The horizontal stresses 0: and 0y may be

0'0·
•
evaluated as fOllows: -, -
-,. 0
, 01 0-2 0-3
"-
(5;1) 1·~ ,,0 O-~ o
%
~.
(S.2) FIG.S.l Strip curve. for Px'

103
'04 FINITE LU'ER

, ",-,--,--r--'--'--"--,---r---. .,
·,tG!tj...-n.--~~a=j-lj
.• 0"7:/,, :/:::
,."I--+-f'+--I7":.+.,L,I<;,L+--+--+----j
.,
.,
1/
."
<> /

~j /
V
/ //

V
..--- w
~V
/'
I
',0
I 0'0/
70'¥
/1/;: ,
I.
., 'Ot h 1
'n 0,' /0(/, -+-----1--l--l-...j o
j 1.J°r-
0.el-1-+t!.-,4~f--I-+-f-+-+--1
o
/ f/h ."
\
o
(~ Strip _ . Foe"," _
1
o·.I-JC+JrMJC+-+--l--.....J-StrlP
:~
'H ~
Influeno:ll RXtOrS_
StnISS G"z
vt'MGII SlI"I'IS 0'.
". 0-2 'I
,1./,(j1lt-+-+--1'--+--+
0.,1Y I '.0
."~,'" ° •.. ~., .. I - )
0'1 02
%
0-3 0-. 0'5
',0 "5 <>5
0
o 01 ().2
o !
FIG.5.4 strip ClU:Ves for Oz, V>oO. FIG.5.S Strip curves for V-O.2. 1
t
l
\
1
,.5
,.• ,;" V '/ ~ ~
,.• '/, V 1.........-: ? / c.--

,., 0·'
7
:/ v" ~ 7 ., 16. / / V V
I / / V/ j 0-0/' / V V j
,."

, 17 [7 <>0
,."

I.. 008
roy v/ v
/ ".7.,. o~
I. ~~ 1
Y,.'l. r~ 1/'" s~
__
1M1Uetlc:. F~
5t...... CF:2
o
• W Strip _ FlIC-:S_
o

•:~
......tliool Stl'*u .... ¥ • 0'5
1
,~
y.o·"
o ",·,t ol
••
o
'I
oJ. "'11It

I
.
,
I
0
° 1>2
%
003 O~ <>5
o °° ,
°
FIG.5.6 Strip curves for .,' V-O.4. FIG.5.7 . Strip curves for 0,' V-O.5. ,i
 UNIFORJI l/JJIJJING ON srtUP '05

..,. ,..
,.,
,.
,
I
I
".~V " V I"";;;
I::>. ,
,
~~/
/
1/
;~
v I~ , 0,' I.fi'
,., ,. I 1/ 1/
"K> II ~
V:: II IL\
,
~.

I
:j~:- ,-0
II 10-0

1#
0-
Iu 5..... _ Fao:lcn
-~a
S'1-~ Fo:o:tcn_
II. • ·0 .... e
a· f""-;-
~.,
Y·O·2
e ...... f-

:'~
,
o
I
0
PIG.5.B strip e:urN.S for 9. ~.
o

l'IG.S.9 Strip eur-s for e ~.2

,-0 , -0

~
- •'0 ~
~f-
,.., /
...- ~ ~
ry". V ~~
, -0
t ,
'"' ,-0

1/ O#"h
1#
'"
• tt
. 17,
,-0
~~~
• _ .... a
Stl1D> 1 _ FocIoo'1o
0-.
\1.•

e·~·J..
1-
'0
1

W
0~ ..... ~,~
~.
--.
- Y·O·S
....e
a·l·t...

I , ,
I
0
o o
00
,., '-0 0-:1 o
~
•
PIG.S.lO strip c:u%'ns for e. UoO.4. FIG.5.U strip c:urves for e. ~.s.
 I,
'06 FINnE LAnR
,,
1
I I I
-- ••
I

...V .
o

o
~ _

,.,
/fo:IdII:n
.~
IJ
St/icI ......
o-7 I-S'*:Ir S-U,;""
v,..o-Z f7
IodClr$
~
f--
1
,
't,u,o.2.I", J 'tq°'K- 1.,.
o o· • [7
V ,.,
o· •
fl 0" ....-> ~ 1
o 1/ 1/ J '..
o·,
1/ Iv V
I. ,.~/", 1/
/ / / 1
o.,
o 0·.
I V V
o ., 1/ If
1/ ;(. o., O· 1
o.,
./
J / v-: V o ., J / A ~ 1
/. v./ i /
o
~'~~
o 01
j

02 03 0-4 0-5
~
>---
Z~ 1-5 "0 0-5 o
o0 , . ...
•0 ,~ .,
, ~. o
I

~, ~

curve. tor: Tn" FIG.S.lJ strip~' for'T lCZ " '-""0.2.

FIG.5.12 Strip \10'0.
1
1
.,
., TTT
I I
-2 _StriII W -
sr-- s__ 't.,
/
.,- v .o·~ I
o •• ... ~':·t..
I
o. 1--" v.o.• --'-
s. . w - ~

I. / ., ,
!/
1/
/
'J
., 'tn-I Jot o
'.. o.,
o ~,

/ II' O· f7
o~ 1/
1/ /'" J 7 s o
/ fA
I.
o~
o
l/' iJ'; ..,• 1/
;;- I A
11' V/
/'

., V V7V o·
o ., / IU:;
o
o~ 1/ !?...- V ., IT f7 17 1/
o
o ., 1/ / t::::: ~ o· , I "/
0
/. V..<:: ~
°0 C>1 02...0-3 O. O-l' o
1-!5 1-0 0'5 o
~, •
FIG.S.14 Strip curves for 'r ' \/-0.4. FIG.S.lS Strip eurv•• lor 't"xz' V-O.5.
u
 ,fRIANGULAR WADING ON STRIP
lo'l

Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968) have also obtained

influence factors for . Pz beneath the edge of the
strip, considering both a rough rigid base (adhesive
interface) and a smooth rigid base (smooth interface).
These influence factors, reproduced in Fig. 5.16,
. show that the effect of the interface is considerable
'for v=O.5 but almost negligible for v=o.

Qisplocam<mt Jnlluanca Volua. Joe

0·2 0·3 0'4 0·5 0·6 0·7

.f---+--+---12 FIG.5.16 Displacement factors

for edge of strip (Ueshita
and Meyerhof, 1968).
.J----4----J 4 1:'m
~
{i

5.1.2 TRIANGULAR VERTICAL LOADING Solutions for the stresses ~ithin the layer have
(Fig.S.17) been obtained by Giroud and Watissee (1972). Some
solutions for a~,az and Tzz beneath the centre and
edge of the loading are shown in Figs.5.18 to 5.20
for \1=0.3.
Giroud (1970) expresses the vertical surface dis-
placement as

p
z
= EE!..
E
1'H (5.3)

Values of 1'H are plotted in Figs. 5.21 to 5.25 for

five values of v.
The solutions for triangular loading may be
superposed to determine solutions for "embankment"
or trapezoidal loading.
Rough RILid Bosa

FIG.5.l?
 I
)
'.I
lor FINI'rE LAl'ER

- 1
•
0
I I • 1
I I • ..
I.

••
,
• I ••· • • "
. I~ ~
~

' ...... ~
> 0 ~

:f- .1- , •• • ••
.......
1
I r, •• •
.
~, 1'-,
I

~
:; ... 0:: Do'"
• • '0'"

• ••• 1
~ • f'-.-- ......
.~
~~~'O
.... c

" r- ~l:':~
• <C
:;
I~ • Cft _ _ ...

~
..........
.... ..a 0
1
l

I I i)
< -- -.
u
•"
j

o
I I
- . . ..• .. o
j
0 o • • • •
' 1

,
1
:; ,, ,
I
••
,• ,, I
I
0

,,-,,
I

:; I , ••
, I,, >"

I•
: I
~
•, 0
,
I
, • , 1
1/.
I
0

••
:rr~roll. ~ •
g
I·~, j
/
J ,
, /
\, -",'"
I
I
/

',- ">.(... - ./...•. .

;

o 0
. 0
• • • o • • • •
 109

00

nG.5.20 Shu:r atftQ "u beua~ edge (caroM UId

. wau.-. 1972).

,
,
,,
•
'/. ,J...... h . _

t
• , • •
o ; / I/. I _V nG.s.21 DUp1a.~t fa~

• V 1./ I-"" V Gi%~, ~70J.

,-oKH-A-;"
1/ ;,:r::::V
··'F+m~!'-"F-+-+:-i-+-+--j----;
'., I/,:X' '.0

, o/fHt-lI-+-+--j-f-+--+-t-

0
o , , • •t • , .. '"
•~~V
'. V --- V-
PIG.S.U D1.spl~t t ~
-(Giroad, 1910).
rso \1000.2.

V
'/;;V ---
-0 "
' ..•• 'II o_C?-2

, 1/ ff"
lM
.~
, ·0
110

t
2345878e1O

~v-~
0"

"0
•
/~ /' ~ t::-
FIG.5.Z3 Displacement factor
(Giraud, 1970).
rHo v-<J.3 • I
\
II I r~/ ,\
.-/
'i-~" ~ .0-3

VI V i
1
,., ~
"0
V
I
, 2 3 .. , e 1 e ; 10
Ij
t

~-:-
,
I

., V 1
o ,
~// V P'IG.S.24 Displacement factor rHo V-O.4.

,.o / . :.--
(Giraud, 1910).
1
~

.,
VI 0~;'/ I v_o·.. I

,.Oh
,., !J I
.,. 0 , , , • , , , 8 9
'" ...•
, ~/--
o

o· FIG.5.2S Displacement factor r " v-o~S.

,. '1J/ ~/ -:::- ---

H
(Giroud, 1970).

o I;;~" I
,. v.O·S

,.'1/
0

,.,
 III

5.2 Loading on a Circular Area (Fig. 5.26)

• r-- •• ~ '._-+---1--+-
•

• ~.(j+--+-+-+-

FIG.S.26
FIG.S.2S a .beneath edqe (Milone, 1970).
z

-~'" 0 0'" 0·20 CHD ()o«)

.".. 0050 o-N'J
For four values of h/a and three values of \l
(0.1$. 0.30 and 0.46) Milone (1970) has tabulated
solutions for the stresses and displacements beneath tne
the centre {r/a .. OJ. (ria" 0.5). and the edge
(ria .. 1) for the case of unifom. vertical loading.
Solutions for all; and at" beneath the centre and
edge. and 'trz beneath th~ edge, are shown in Figs.
- ,
t( 10...
'--

".2
--- ~.,

5.27 to 5.31 for \ l " 0.30.

- f-. t·..
t -foa
v.0-3

00 0-" 0<0 o-eo • 0 - f-. "'~.C1

I
I
~ FIG.S.29 0"1' beneath centre (Kilovic, 1970).
~I ...••
, A""f;(; 00 o. 0-' 0-'
~ "
/C~\, t·t

t • il t .•
.
, .0
" .0·3
, 4·2

t·l
• -it..
y.0-3

•r' ~.e

FIG.S.2' a be:neath centre (Hilovic, 1910).

z

• ... .!i-ll
FIG.S.30 0'1' ben....~ .dge (Milovie, 19701.
 I
\

112

1
I
I
!a. TABLE 5.1
o 0'''' • 030 INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT AT
0 EDGE OF CIRCULAR AREA (Egorov, 1958) 1\
~ ...d
.... SMXmf
I,
ADHESIVE
1
v v-:
,
I 0·'
h/a

0.2
INTERFACE
(All \I)

0.005
INTERFACE
(vcO.3 only)

0.04
0.' 0.12 0.10
1 0.23 0.20.

,,
%.~ 2 0.38 0.34
• ,. .1
V.Co)
0.45 0.42
0.52 0.50
7 0.56 0.54
10 0.58 0.57
• 0.64 0.64
1
• ~.e
I
Edge displacement ,
p •

FIG.S.l1 benll!lath edqe (Mi1ovic, 1970).

 lU

o 0·'

<>' FIG.S.32 Displae_nt faet.clr for

ClaItre of c:ire1e (Uu.hita and
Meyerhof. 19681 •

.. 0-6 f--';L-''0:1-~

Lf--+-\:+~~~
palco
" -,-

5.3 Loading on a Rectangular Area p .•

5.3.1 ROUQI RIGID BASE (Fig.5.l3)

0"11 •••••• ~ •• -.

p.»

, •
p ••
),. L/
e p ••

0- "

L
, p ••

[
p ••

p ••
, , . 0·') _ ......
p.,

""7.>7"/7 7777777777777777/ p ••
p.»
FIC.S.l]
p.»
p •• - -
p.»--

For uniform vertical loading p/unit area, a p.~

smooth rectangular area and a rouBh (adhesive) inter- p .•

faee, between the layer and the base, Bunlister p .•
(1956) has evaluated the vertical stress 0. beneath
the corner of the netangle at ",.rlous depths in the 40 .... II><>

layer for u-O.4. These results are shown in

HgUTe! 5.34 to S.38. The value of " has little
influence on these vertical stresses. e~cial1Y near PIG.S.JA Bt1ra1.ster layer theory. o~ be..e.th corner
the top of the layer. at z-o.2b. \lOO().4. (8urabter. 1956).
 I
)
PINIrE LArE:R

J
I

,
o
• •• I
~~ I I ,I I :
••
fi
•0
~ Ii
~
· , i- "•c_
••
"
0.,
I : ~ • o
ii: 0 •
II ~' , ~ III H ~
o.
, , , y
•••
~

~o , ,.,
0,
I
j
, · I , • :t 0 • •
•~"•
f--. 1
I I ,, I •~ H
~ -'.::tr-+::. ...-
I
i •
,,
i, I
, ,,
i !
, i, ~.- ~ ;
j"~ • • ".
••
• .\'
0
~.

1
,, , i
!
, , I ! , , ,
I ,
,
! • ~

~>
0 1
g 1~
I I I I, I )
, ,
I II !I I I II!, I •• I
"\'
~

""••
• 1,
Z ..I
•'!' .•. . . . . . -. 2
I ! I
• • • •• .- -- 2 g 3 •
0
I I ., . . -I ••
0
0
I

8 0 0 0 0
~

0
•"
• •
• 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ;, ;, 0 ;, ;, ;, ;, o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

,,;'&

, ' , , : •
!
•
0
0
fi
0
1
0
• •
,I ~
•c":
1
o· : 0
1,
0., ~~
! • ~ I
•
0
••
00 ~~
•
~"
.·
·•
I
I

~1
• 0
... 'I
: 0.\ I
J ".-
0
1
i"~
~.

! .\'
o.
~

,, ~>
•
K
"\'
~
•
• •
""
~

2
00
= = •0
a0 :000 2 ~ ~ ~
0 0000·00000 0 0
~ ~ % ~ ~ 2 ~ 8a 8
000
8
0 00
~ S •• •• 0
•
~

"".
 0'26 II

0-2~
0'25
-
.f-. L :L. it
? If .I IL IL ~t
.t;
;;;;;.-::::El 0'25

0'2~ /'"
~

/ 7
~r;;..t

f i l l / / '/ 1/
~-,? 21 f'~.,o q, 0 II
- -1_ 0'23

0-23 ? I 0-22 ..: ~.

61 9/ ~;~fi lL
~/g gPJ/
0'22 /~.ri·
/
"'/!Jo o
oH III I '" i
J I. ./-L .~-l
O' 21

0'21
O' 20 • .III
./. h

O' 20 /1 / f(
/ /
0'19
O' 19 II / / /I /
1-1 I I--H-+--I -t--IT /1/1"~.-
0'18 - - 1 - -
O' 17 7 / Iff,-
I 0'16 . I-- . rl / //I / H-\
O-l~
-J,.."
....l C;hto =-~- '-r{Jy:--.
r- ~
... j 't-'~~L_I_
.--
?'zttIJ~,/ -H
_ . -r-----i-
lJ.

7
p
0'15

0-1~
0-13 ;
~'i.
to

6/1 ~'Jf ~
I
I ./
1 / / 1/ /
<:>/<:>/0
/11/ / II
I /
II
~
.'3p o-n
0'13' fc'
~(;
. !J
C\lp),,~. 99 ..J-
0'12 } 11 "'~T'q.. ~I Jf ~
G'j
VI' /Ii//II//
~
0'11 .1.1- 0'11
0'10
/ 11/ I / / 'L
.1
....l ~~ 0'10 J. 'i 1/ 1/ / / /
0'09
o·
r-'
II I
' l 1 L I/-I-t-
LI-J 0-09

0'08
IIh7
W/ / /1/'11
11/ 111
i
0':
0'06
til ulU-
1 I 1 IL Y.L
/ -l- ~
0- 07

0'06 J
'/

II I
/ / II 'III /
Iii 'J / /
I

1J)/lIL -I-YJ/v"'.&- IrJ 'I

O~ 'rIU j";~.r.{,V
0'05 0'05 ... /
O-ll'l ~.
'0 0·04 II
0-03 "'..; -. . . I I I I I I 0'03 A~'rJ -:T.y'lYh'I~-
I

0'02 /~I/r// Y.#...M'

0'01 H I I I I I ~
0~01 ~~ .. ~--I'--H-H
1-0 2'0 ~·O 6'0 1'0 0'01 0'02 O·O~ 0·06 0'1 0'2 o-~ 0'6 1·0 2-0 4'0 6'0 10'0
Rallo O.plh Raila 7h

FIG.5.37 Burm1ster layer theory. 0 beneath cOJ:rter FIG.5.38 Bu~ster layer theory. 0z beneath corner
at z.:o.8h. "-0.4. (Burmister, 1956). at z-1.0h. "-0.4. (Burmister 1956).

......
'"
 116 FINITE LU'ER

Influence factors for the vertical displacement

of the corner of a rectangle loaded with a uniform 2 + +
vertical stress p per unit area have been presented P:r: S + P (1) + P (1) P:r;;/1) ••• (S.8a)
by Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968) for a .rough rigid base :r::J: :J:':!
4 +
(adhesive interface). These influence factors Ira
are shown in Figures 5.39 to 5.-44 for 6 values of v.
The actual displacement is given by
2 +
p B Ira Py S + Py :r:(l) + Pyy (l) p (1) ••• (5.8b)
P21 = ... (5.4) yz
E 4 + +

Influence factors for both vertical and horizon- 2 + +

tal surface displacements at the corner of a rectangle
have been presented by Davis and Taylor (1962) for a Pz S = - Pz:z/1) P
zy
(1) +P
2121
(1) ... (5.8c)
rough rigid underlying base. Both uniform vertical 4 + +
loading qz per unit area and horizontal loadings
q:r: and qy per unit area, have been considered.
Another series of solutions have been presented
Referring to t~e key diagram in Figure 5.45(a),
by Milovic and Tournier (1971) who have evaluated
for corner 1, Le. the corner contained in the posit-
stresses and displacements beneath the centre and
ive :J:':! quadrant, displacements are expressed as
corner of the rectangle. The stresses evaluated are
defined as follows:
... (5.5)
(a) Uniform Vertical Loading p

where C1 p.I (5.9a)

21 zp

i~j are any of =~y~z. C1:r: p.I:r:p (5.9b)

For example, for vertical displacement due to

uniform horizontal loading in the y direction,
,:r:z p.I:r:zp ••• (5.9c)

Pzy = a !l
':1 E
(l+v)I
zy
... (5.6)
(b) Uniform Horizontal Loading q:r:

C1 q:r:.lzq (5.lDa)
The solutions for m:r::J:~ myy and m:r:y are z
approximate only as they have been obtained by use of
the Steinbrenner approximation (see Section 6.4.1). C1 q:r:.I:r:q (5.lDb)
:r:
The influence factors omij~ Imij~ 2mij for a .1 (5.lDc)
corner 1 are plotted in Figures 5.45 to 5.48. It ':r:z 0:r: :r:zq
should also be noted that, because of the approximate
treatment of m:r::J:~ myy and m:r:y~ 2rn:r:y=2my:r:=O~ and
For the centre of the rectangle, the stress
2m :r::r:= 2myy=O • influence values I zp and I:r;p for vertical loading
and the influence values I:r:za- for horizontal loading
For corner I, the total displacement in direction are given in Tables 5.3 to 5.S; for the centre.
i due to combined loading is given by
IZ:t:P~ I zq and I:r:q are all zero. For the corner of
the- rectangle, the stress influence values Izp~ I:r:p
p.W
-z.
= p. (1.) + p. (1) + p. (1)
'Z.:r: -z.y -z.z and I:r:zp for vertical loading are given in Tables
5.6 to 5.8 and Izq~ I:r:q and I:r:zq for horizontal
loading are given 1n Tables 5.9 to 5.11.

(5.7)

For the other three corners the displacements

can be obtained from the displacement components
Pij(l) as follows:
 RECTANGULAR AREA 117

DisplaC:llmQnt InIIuQnC:<l ValuQ I rc

0·1 " Q.2 0'3 0'4 0-5
° 0'6

0'2 '----""'t.?'~-;----f--- -"-- 2 FIG.5.39 Displacement fac~rs for corner of

rectangle. \1=0.5. (ueshita and Heyerhof.l968).

S'
u
g
L

u
"
LL rt.
..
.. 0·6H4---, L----11--t--J....3~&+---_I6
....
..
co
C

~ ~
co
c

... 0·8 1-::>\\"4-:+----, 1--+-11---\-4'~'r---I8 ...

DisplClC:lltrI(Znt InllullnC:Q ValuQ I rc

Q.2 ().3 0·4 0·5 0'6 0·7 0·8

L._,..-+_...:::s::ei:!Oi:~-+----t---I---+---12 FIG.5.40 Displacement factors for corner of

III rectangle. v=O.4. (ueshita and Heyerhof ,1968).
?-
L
1----14 g
u
rt.

1----f+---r-+-+~.___t_--f8

1·0L.-_--1L....,;;.JU.--l_ _- l ._ _-J.......-:=r-1._L--J..."=".......,~,.._~
eoussncrsq CaM-
h/B = 00

DisplaC:QmQnt InlluQnC:Q ValuQ I rc

0·2 0'3 0'4 0·5 0·6 0.7 0.8 0.9

FIG.5.41 Displacement factors for corner

"------2 of rectangle. \1=0.3. (Ueshita and
Meyerhof, 1968).

ill 0·61----+-\---, f--\-d---'y.,:-f---+---46 ..

~ ~
\I
J: .c:
I-
I- 0.81----1 8
 ..
1lB FINITE LllrFR

o , ,
•............. ., o. 0·'
.., 0" ...
,
1\
\ --- •I
"I\'" ~
,
,
FIG.5.42 Displae_nt facto:,. for corner
of x:ectangle. VooO.2. (Ueshitlt and
Hcyerhof ,1968).

1\ \ \~ ,
~

\•••,
.~
~
" ~
1\
~}
.~, •
""e'"
BouniMsq
""e' -
ClIW_ ~f;
,6'" , .<
~,:
).-5-1·010
)..10-1'221
A••...:...., .
"

0 ., ., ., o• .. .. . , ... ...
o· 1\'
'\
--- - , FIG.S.43 Displace~nt factors tor eo~er

~.~ ~
of rectangle. \/WO.l. lueshita and
! Meyerhof ,196BI.
so.. . -_ ..- -, ---- ---,
:t
'0'
I~ ~ , ,•
~
" o. "
'\ -
~ ~~ '\ ~ •"
••<

1\ ~,
~ e--~13 ~I! ),.5-HM2
o':- • A.O"N!5!i1
).. _ _
"
"/a '" "/e'- ,8· , ,
"Ie :III

o ., 002
l);,pIoc...... nl
()O3
Inl'Mnc. VoIuc
o. O~
r...
00&
•• ...
0,'
1\ , FIG.S.44 Displacement factors for corner
of rectangle. VaO. (Ueshita and

<~
0"
\ '\'""'" ~ -- ---- 4
<
-!f Heyet'hof ,19681.

J \
"
----
1\'. .~

"
--- - ....
~ \ '1\Rt •

\ •
1\'" ."
_-
"0
ea..
~~ ~;
Boussnoo.q )..5-1'0:52
"/8'" h/ • 00
B , . 6< ). .....
)..10-1'272
,
 RECTANGUlAR AREA 119

· o~~~04
./87
31
q,.
12

~~:.,
c>..
,0o!!

II ,
2

Signa and
h
5~. °o)~
0:- 6
p,·Q;'l"(hV) Ii o.."... t7
wMN Q ~
I, • .,m, ••"'JV .....,V,. 70;<; r-
and V .... any "I'-- d.eJ< ; ;
'1:, Y, z.
°,tl" ....
~ CoOS
0:- \'! I :
0:" .J1 ·olTl.. I
, 002

~ ~
I
I !

FIG.5.45 Rectangle displacement factors (Davis and Taylor, 1962).

°8 S
0
~ 8 8S8g11::~:I!!Sl ~
00000000000666
I
6
(!;
6
8 8 S! ~:tl~ :l
6 6 0000600000O 0 0
~ ~
00
,
on .....
,-
0
,
I \ ..,... I I I I 1\ ,..
2 2 , ....... ro-
, ~H:
-......... , \\
\ I\\~
§
~
'1,
is II
:
~ OoS
'\.
I -~-::"
~t '\.
II II ,I
lo e;' 0'2 \ : :0-2
1\ \ "
........ ~
0

!! O·,\ r\ """-
-.:pm.. or.o
i ~t
,\ \ }
II
~ ~! o·
,~

#-,'~ also

000!l
-omy>: or .om" :::E Ii I ! .:
+,mx1 ot"-,m,~.
~
li : I, , also
, ,l
"- .....
I
I • m~ ot"-,m"

0'0100\
....... r-
'&
CHl2 0005 CH
Vh
C>2
.,maz or o"'u)
(tor
()05 ,
I
(loO'
00\
r-.....-
CHl2
J....ji
1"
0005 CH
iii
I II

L/h (tor
0'2
I I 1111
OOS
ot" u)
,

ot" IYh (lot" If"" or ,If".. ) or BIi. (lot" or ,)

(a) (b)

88~ s S ~88 !2~~!!2 m ~ R

.. 0 6 0 0 6 0 0000000000 0 0 0
\
r\.'
"
\ i\

•--
2

,~r--., ~ i'
1-·
Ii. ( 0'5

lill ""- "

"""-;---.-.:
-:-- FIG.5.46 Rectangle displacement factors (Davis and
~ ;. ........ Taylor, 1962).
Ii. Ii. 0'2
r- -J... 001
!! 0"
m ot"-~u
it;; • 2 ..
II 0'05 .~ or -2m" ,
,
0-02
I I

0-0100\ CHl2 0005 0" 02 ()05'

I •
L/h (101" 01" )

ot" 8th (101" or ,l

(c)
 1
rXNI'rE LAYER

::!=ffi .~
.~
0")'
,,~

"n PIG.5.47 Rectangle displac.e_nt fae~rs (Note that

I
I
,,~

.,'
••
.~
0'",
·0) (Davis and Taylor, 19621.
I
.~

.~

ow
1

0
-
••
•
1

1
\
1

I
I

I
•
1

..
-- :!~~~~~m~~~§!
e" {'
• • "0
~.
'0
~ ~ .

.
-
~
H" •
m
.w

.-
o· o,L...,,;;;"'\;!! ow
.- O·Ql ~ ~ 0 •
.m.. )
~ ,,~
...... l

I.' Ib'

PIG.S.46 Rectangle displace~nt factors (Davis and TaylQr, 19621.

 111

TABLE 5.3
DfFWElCE VAUIES Izp~ Izp AND L
(Hi10~and Tournier, 1971)
(LIB) _ 1.fJfJ CentTe

'" _ 0.1$ '" - O.JO '" - 0.4$

h/B alB

0.00 1.000 0.441 1.000 0.549 1.000 0.638

0.10 0.974 0.310 0.738 0.974 0.425 0.739 0.974 0.520 0.7.40
0.20 0.941 0.214 0.544 0.943 0.308 0.545 0.947 0.391 0.548
1.0 0.40 0.837 0.040 0.276 0.842 0.113 0.275 0.855 0 .. 192 0.214
0.60 0.682 0.005 0.167 0.690 0.062 0.164 0.712 0.149 0.164
0.80 0.563 0.013 0.131 0.570 0.093 0.122 0.595 0.211 0.114
1.00 0.473 0.083 0.117 0.468 0.201 0.096 0.478 0.391 0.067

0.00 1.000 0.527 1.000 0.649 '1.000 0.166

0,.10 0.970 0.385 0.726 0.970 0.500 0.726 0.970 0.590 0.726
.0.20 0.931 0.261 0.521 0.931 0.355 0.522 0.931 0.446 0.522
0.40 0.802 0.061 0.236 0.802 0.122 0.236 0.804 0.181 0.237
2.0 0.80 0.462 -0.027 0.062 0.464 0.003 0.062 0.469 0.034 0.063
1.20 0.282 -0.023 0.033 0.286 -0.005 0.033 0.294 0.021 0.033
1.60 0.200 -0.005 0.030 0.204 0.020 0.028 0.215 0.057 0.025
2.00 0.157 0.027 0.028 0.155 0.067 0.161 0.132 0.01l
0.00 1.000 0.545 1.000 0.672 1.000 0.795
0.10 0.970 0.400 0.724 0.910 0.502 0.724 0.910 0.635 0.724
0.20 0.930 0.275 0.518 0.930 0.370 0.519 0.930 0.464 0.519
0.40 0.799 0.070 0.230 0.799 0.131 0.230 0.799 0.191 0.231
0.80 0.452 ·0.024 0.052 0.453 0.003 0.052 0.454 0.030 0.053
3.0 1.20 0.263 -0.025 0.020 0.264 -0.009 0.020 0.266 0.007 0.021
1.60 0.170 -0.018 0.013 0.172 -0.006 0.013 0.175 0.007 0.014
2.00 0.122 -0.011 0.012 0.124 0.000 0.012 0.129 0.013 0.012
2.50 0.091 -0.001 0.013 0.093 0.01l 0.01l 0.099 0.029 0.010
3.00 0.073 0.013 0.012 0.073 0.031 0.009 0.0076 0.063 0.004
0.00 1.000 0.555 1.000 0.684 1.000 0.811
0.10 0.970 0.432 0.723 0.970 0.521 0.723 0.970 0.625 0.723
0.20 0.930 0.282 0.517 0.930 0.380 0.517 0.930 0.476 0.517
0.40 0.798 0.016 0.228 0.798 0.138 0.228 0.798 0.200 0.223
0.80 '0.450 -0.020 0.048 0.450 0.007 0.049 0.450 0.034 0.049
1.20 0.258 -0.023 0,015 0.258 -0.009 0.015 0.258 0.006 0.015
5.0 1.60 0.162 -0.017 0.007 0.162 -0.009 0.007 0.163 0.000 0.001
2.00 0.110 -0.013 0.005 0.111 -0.007 0.005 0.112 0.000 0.005
2.50 0.075 -0.008 0.004 0.075 -0.004 0.004 0.077 0.001 0.004
3.00 0;055 ·0.006 0.004 0.056 -0.002 0.004 0.057 0.003 0.004
3.50 0.043 -0.004 0.004 0.044 0.000 0.004 0.046 0.006 0.004
4.00 0.036 -0.002 0.005 0.037 0.003 0.004 0.039 0.009 0.004
4.50 0.031 0.001 0.005 0.032 0.006 0.004 0.034 0.015 O.DO<
5.00 0.027 0.005 0.005 0.027 0.012 0.003 0.029 0.023 0.002
'.
122 rINIrE urn

TABLE 5.'
INFLUENCE VALUES Izp. I zp AND I nq
(Milovic and Tournier. 1971)
{L/BJ = 2.00 Centre
v _ 0.15 v _ 0.30 v _ 0.45
>Ill ,IB
I,. Irp 1=1 lap I I .... I I I ....
rp
'" '"
0.00
1.000 0.511 1.000 0.571 1.000 0.607
0.992
0.10 0.364 0.775 0.992 O.«~ O.77S 0.992 0.501
0.777
0.976
0.20 0.245 0.589 0.977 0.31" 0.589 0.981 0.3n 0.593
1.0 0.40 0.919 0.047 0.337 0.924 0.122 0.334 0.936 0.207 0.337
0.60 0.821 -0.006 0.233 0.827 0.080 0.226 0.841 0.193 0.224
0.80 0.732 0.020 0.198 0.734 0.130 0.181 ·0.754 0.291 0.165
1.00 0.651 O.llS 0.181 0.638 0.273 0.145 0.639 0.523 0....

0.00 1.000 0.656 1.000 0.731 1.000 0.796

0.10 0;985 0.502 0.754 0.985 0.545 0.755 0.985 0.620 0.764
0.20 0.963 0.32S· 0.552 0.963 0.390 0.552 0.964 0.449 0.554
0.40 0.877 0.084 0.271 0.878 0.138 0.212 0.880 0.189 0.274
2.0 0.80 0.615 -0.039 0.090 0.619 0.001 0.091 0.627 .0 .044 0.093
1.20 0.436 -0.036 0 •.058 0.441 0.000 0.057 0.455 0.046 0.057
1.60 0.334 _0.007 0.054 0.340 0.036 O.osa 0.356 0.100 0.046
2.00 ·0.271 0.048 0.052 0.269 0.1l5 0.038 0.277 0.227 0.020

0.00 1.000 0.691 1.000 0.772 1.000 0.848

0.10 0.982 0.508 0.751 0.982 0.580 0.752 0.982 0.675 0.752
0.20 0.961 0.350 0.546 0.962 0.418 0.546 0.962 0.482 0.547
0.40 0.872 0.102 0.261 0.872 0.156 0.261 0.873 0.207 0.263
0.80 0.598 -0.032 0.073 0.599 0.002 0.073 0.602 0.036 0.074
3.0 1.20 0.403 -0.040 0.033 0.405 -0.016 0.033 0.409 0.010 0.035
1.60 0.286 -0.030 0.024 0.289 -0.001 0.024 0.295 0.012 0.025
2.DO 0.217 -0.019 0.023 0.220 0.000 0.022 0.229 0.025 0.023
2.50 0.168 -0.002 0.024 0.171 0.020 0.022 0.180 0.055 0.020
3.00 0.137 0.024 0.024 0.137 0.059 0.017 0.142 0.1l6 0.008

0.00 1.000 0.710 1.000 0.795 1.000 0.879

0.10 0.981 0.525 0.750 0.981 0.605 0.750 0.981 0.702 0.750
0.20 0.961 0.366 0.544 0.961 0.436 0.544 0.961 0.505 0.544
0.40 0.870 0.114 0.257 0.870 0.170 0.257 0.870 0.224 0.258
0.80 0.594 -0.024 0.066 0.594 0.009 0.066 0.594 0.043 0.066
1.20 0.393 -0.036 0.024 0.394 -0.014 0.024 0.395 0.007 0.025
5.0 1.60 0.270 -0.030 0.012 0.271 -0.015 0.013 0.272 0.000 0.013
2.00 0.195 -0.023 0.009 0.195 -0.012 0.009 0.197 0.000 0.010
2.50 0.138 -0.017 0.008 0.139 -0.008 0.008 0.141 0.002 0.008
3.00 0.104 -0.001 0.008 0.105 -0.004 0.008 0.108 0.006 0.008
3.50 0.083 ~0.007 0.008 0.085' 0.000 0.008 0.088 0.011 0.008
'.00 0.070 ·0.003 0.009 0.071 0.005 0.008 0.075 0.018 0.008
4.50 0.060 0.002 0.009 0.062 0.012 0.008 0.065 0.029 0.007
5.00 0.053 0.009 0.009· 0!053 0.023 0.007 0.056 0.045 0.004
 123

TABLE 5.5
Th'FLUENCE VAWES Irp-I::p AND I u •
(Milovic and Toumier. 1971)
(LIB) - 5.00 Centre
\I - 0.15 v - 0.30 v _ O.~S

h/B 'fB
lap I"l' I=q Izi' I Iez I", I
:p IS

0.00 0.525
1.000 1.000 0.566 1.000 0.592
'"
0.10 0.996 0.365 0.796 0.996 0.425 0.796 0.996 0.462 0.797
0.20 o.no 0.252 0.610 0.981 0.303 0.608 0.983 0.358 0.609
1.0 0.40 0.920 0.050 0.367 0.922 0.117 0.360 0.930 0.200 0.358
0.60 0.830 O.OOS 0.271 0.832 0.081 0.257 0.843 O~199 0.246
0.80 0.753 0.022 0.239 0.751 0.138 0.212 0.760 0.307 0.183
1.00 0.... 0.121 0.221 0.672 0.288 0.171 0.665 0.50« 0.10S
1.000 0.715
0.00 1.000 0.745 1.000 0.760
0.990 0.505
0.10 O.7n 0.990 0.565 0.712 0.990 0.590 0.713
0.20 0.971 0.362 0.565 0.971 0.390 0.566 0.972 0.410 0.568
0.40 0.889 0.104 0.290 0.890 0.135 0.290 0.893 0.163 0.293
2.0 0.80 0.667 -0.040 0.119 0.670 0.004 0.118 0.677 0.120
0.039
1.20 0.524 -0.043 0.092 0.528 0.002 0.088 0.539 0.063 0.088
1.60 0.441 -0.008 0.092 0.443 0.054 0.082 0.455 0.144 0.012
2.00 0.385 0.068 0.088 0.311 0.162 0.064 0.319 0.310 0.032

0.00 1.000 0.-118 1;000 0.812 1.000 0.836

0.10 0.990 0.541 0.161 0.990 0.610 0.767 0.990 U.649 0.168
0.20 0.969 0.408 0.556 0.969 0.436 0.556 0.970 0.458 0.557
0.40 0.884 0.137 0.272 0.884 0.165 0.273 0.885 0.188 0.274
0.80 0.649 -0.027 0.089 0.650 0.000 0.089 0.653 0.026 0.091
'.0 1.20 0.489 -0.049 0.052 0.492 -0.022 0.052 0.498 0.008 0.05-4
1.60 0.391 -0.043 0.045 0.395 -0.015 0.... 0.404 0.020 0.046
2.00 0.329 -0.029 0.046 0.333 0.003 0.044 0.3« 0.046 0.043
2.SO 0.278 -0.002 0.049 0.281 0.0.38 0.043 0.292 0.099 0.038
'.00 0.241 0.042 0.047 0.238 0.102 0.034 0.242 0.198 0:016
0.00 1.000 0.819 1.000 0.859 1.000 0.895
0.10 0.990 0.603 0.765 0.990 0.642 0.765 0.990 0.70.3 0.765
0.20 0.969 0.442 0.511 0.969 0.473 0.551 0.969 0.503 0.552
0.40 0.8S1 0.164 0.264 0.S81 0.194 0.264 0.882 0.221 0.265
0.80 0.641 -0.010 0.075 0.641 0.015 0.075 0.642 0.039 0.076
1.20 0.474 ·0.0'40 0.033 0.475 -0.018 0.033 0.476 0.003 0.034
5.0 1.60 0.367 -0.041 0.021 0.368 -0.023 0.021 0.370 -0.003 0.023
, 2.00 0.294 .0.037 0.018 0.296 -0.020 0.018 0.299 -0.001 0.019
2.50 0.233 -0.029 0.017 0.2.35 '-0.014 0.017 0.239 0.005 0.011
'.00 0.191 -0.022 0.018 0.193 -0.007 0.0111 0.199 0.013 0.019
'.SO 0.162 -0.014 0.019 0.165 0.002 0.019 0.172 0.024 0.019
4.00 0.141 -0.006 0.021 0.144 0.012 0.019 0.152 0.040 0.018
4.SO 0.126 0.005 0.022 0.128 0.027 0.019 0.135 0.062 0.016
5.00 0.113 0.020 0.021 0.113 0.048 0.015 0.117 0.096 0.008

...
 125

TA!LE 5.7
INFWElI:E VAWES IZp' I.,;p ..,., I...,
(Mi1ovie and Tournier. 1971)
(LIB) - 2.00 Corner
\I _ 0.15 \I _ 0.$0 v - 0.45
h/B ,jB
I I I I,p I I I Irp I
'p ." Dp =p DP =p Dp

0.00 0.2S0 0.085 0.000 0.250 0.108 0.000 0.2S0 0.129 0.000
0.20 0.250 0.062 0.119 0.2S0 0.089 0.118 0.250 0.118 0.113
1.0 0.40 0.2S0 0.041 0.104 0.250 0.072 0.103 0.2S0 0.112 0.097
0.60 0.2S0 0.0.29 0.079 0.250 0.067 0.081 0.250 0.U8 0.078
0.80 0.248 0.030 0.061 0.244 0.076 0.069 0.240. O.lU 0.075
1.00 0.241 0.042 0.061 0.232 0.... O.oao 0.223 0.183 0.107
0.00 0.250 0.147 0.000 0.250 0.164 0.000 0.2S0 0.176 0.000
0.20 0.250 0.100 0.136 0.250 0.116 0.136 0.250 0.129 0.135
0.40 0.248 0.059 0.130 0.249 0.076 0.129 0.250 0.092 0.127
2.0 0.80 0.230 0.012 0.086 0.231 0.030 0.08S 0.234 0.051 0.082
1.20 0.205 -0.002 0.051 0.207 0.020 0.051 0.212 0.048 0.049
1.60 0.183 O.OOS 0.031 0.183 0.033 0.032 0.188 0.072 0.033
2.00 0.163 0.029 0.026 0.160 0.068 0.033 0.160 0.131 0.042
0.00 0.250 0.172 0.000 0.250 0.192 0.000 0.250 0.207 0.000
0.20 0.250 0.118 0.139 0.250 0.135 0.139 0.250 0.149 0.139
0.40 0.246 0.072 0.134 0.246 0.088 0.134 0.246 0.102 0.133
0.80 0.222 0.017 0.093 0.222 0.031 0.092 "0.224 0.045 0.091
3.0 1.20 0.1110 -0.00. 0.0511 0.191 0.... 0.058 0.194 0.024 0.057
1.60 0.162 .0.009 0.037 0.163 0.004 0.036 0.167 0.020 0.035
2.00 0.139 -0.007 0.023 0.141 0.007 0.023 0.146 0.026 0.022
2." 0.119 0.001 0.014 0.120 0.019 0.014 0.125 0.046 0.015
3.00 0.103 0.018 0.012 0.102 0.044 0.014 0.104 0.085 0.019

0.00 0.250 0.189 0.000 0.250 0.211 0.000 0.250 0.232 0.000
0.20 0.250 0.131 0.140 0.250 0.150 0.140 0.250 0.168 D.14O
0.40 0.245 0.083 0.135 0.245 0.100 0.135 0.245 0.116 0.135
0.80 0.218 0.023 0.095 0.219 0.037 0.095 0.219 O.osa 0.095
1.20 0.183 -0.001 0.062 0.184 0.010 0.062 0.184 0.021 0.061
1.60 0.151 -0.009 0.040 0.151 0.000 0.040 0.152 0.010 0.040
5.0 2.00 0.124 -O.OU 0.027 0.125 -0.003 0.027 0.126 0.006 0.026
2.50 0.099 -0.010 0.017 0.100 ·0.003 0.016 0.102 0.005 0.016
3.00 0.081 -0.008 0.011 0.082 -0.001 0.011 0.085 0.007 0.010
3.50 0.068 -0.005 0.007 0.069 0.002 0.007 0.073 0.011 0.007
4.00 0.059 -0.002 0.005 0.060 0.006 0.005 0.064 0.017 0.005
.4.50 0.053 0.002 0:004 0.053 0.011 0.004 0.057 0.026 0.004
5.00 0.047 0.008 0.003 0.047 0.020 0.004 0.049 0.040 0.005

'.

I
 ,I
lZ6 FINnE LAYER
,
)

,I
I
TABLE 5.8 II
INFLUENCE VAiUEs I,,,, Izp AND" I:&2P
(Milovic and Tournier, 1971) I
v ... 0.15
(LIB] = 5.00 Corner ,I
n/B ,I.
\I ~ 0.30 v ... 0.45 'I
I I I I
I
I:r;zp I,p I,p
'p %p "? I=p zp I=p
1
0.00
0.20
0.250 0.082 0.000
0.250
0.250 0.103 0.000
0.124 0.000
0.062 0.118 0.250 0.088 0.117 0.250 0.120 0.113
0.250
j
0.041 0.103 0.250 0.072 0.103 0.250 0.114 0.098
1.0 0.40 0.250
0.60 0.250 0.029 0.079 0.250 0.067 0.081 0.250 0.120 0.080 1
0.80 0.247
1.00 0.239
0.030 0.061 0.244 0.076 0.069 0.242 0.143 0.017
0.042 0.060 0.233 0.100 0.081 0.226 0.185 0.109 1,
1
0.00 0.250 0.146 0.000 0.250 0.154 0.000 0.250 0.158 0.000
0.20
0.40
2.0 0.80
0.250
0.247
0.230
0.101
0.061
0.012
0.135
0.120
0.086
0.250
0.247
0.230
0.112 0,134 0.250
0.073 0.138
0.121
0.248- 0.087
0.029 0,085 0.232 0.050 0.082
0.133
0.126 1,
1.20 0.207 -0.001 0.052 0.208 0.020 0.052 0.211 0.050 0.050
1.60 0.188 0.006 0.032 0.188 0.035 0.034 0.190 0.077 0.036
2.00 0.172 0.030 0.028 0.168 0.072 0.035 0.166 0.136 0.046

0.00 0.250 0.177 0.000 0.250 0.182 0.000 0.250 0.184 0.000
0.20 0.249 0.124 0.138 0.249 0.131 0.137 0.249 0.136 0.137
0.40 0.245 0.077 0.133 0.246 0.086 0.133 0.246 0.093 0.132
0.80 0.224 0.019 0.093 0.225 0.029 0.092 0.223 0.040 0.091
3.0 1.20 0.197 -0.004 0.060 0.197 0.008 0.059 0.199 0.022 0.058
1.·60 0.173 ·0.010 0.038 0.174 0.004 0.038 0.176 0.022 0.037
2.00 0.lS5 -0.008 0.025 0.156 0.009 0.025 0.159 0.032 0.025
2.SO 0.139 0.002 0.016 0.138 0.024 0.017 0.141 0.056 0.018
3.00 0.126 0.022 0.014 0.123 0.053 0.018 0.123 0.100 0.023
0.00 0.250 0.203 0.000 0.250 0.209 0.000 0.250 0.214 0.000
0.20 0.249 0.146 0.139 0.249 .0.153 0.139 0.249 0.158 0.139
0.40 0.245 0.095 0.135 0.245 0.102 0.135 0.245 0.109 0.135
0.80 0.221 0.031 0.096 0.221 0.038 0.096 0.222 0.045 0.096
1.20 0.191 0.002 0.064 0.191 0.010 0.064 0.192 0.018 0.063
1.60 0.164 -0.009 0.043 0.164 ·0.001 0.043 0.166 0.009 0.042
5.0 2.00 0.142 -0.012 0.030 0.143 -0.004 0.030 0.145 0.006 0.029
2.50 0.122 -0.012 0.020 0.123 -0.004 0.019 0.125 0.008 0.019
3.00 0.107 -0.010 0.013 0.108 -0.001 0.013 0.111 0.012 0.013
3.S0 0.096 -0.007 0.009 0.097 0.004 0.009 0.101 0.019 0.009
4.00 0.088 -0.002 0.007 0.089 0.010 0.007 0.092 0.028 0.007
4.50 0.081 0.004 O.OOS 0.082 0.019 0.006 0.08S 0.042 0.007
5.00 0.075 0.013 O.OOS 0:075 0.032 0.007 0.076 0.062 0.008
 RECTANGULAR AREA 127

TABLE 5.9
INFLUENCE VALUES I zq I%q AND I%zq
(~fi1ovic and Tournier. 1971)

(LIB) - 1.00 Corner

" = 0.15 " = 0 .30

0

" = 0.45
hlB zlB
I IUJq I I oI:r:q I I I I
zq %zq zq %Zq zq %q %Zq

0.10 0.157 0.496 0.223 0.157 0.507 0.223 0.157 0.515 0.096
0.20 0.152 0.303 0.200 0.151 0.313 0.200 0.151 0.321 0.104
1.0 0.40 0.142 0.126 0.157 0.143 0.136 0.155 0.146 0.146 0.076
0.60 0.130 0.053 0.126 0.131 0.064 0.123 0.135 0.077 0.051
0.80 0.118 0.022 0.108 0.118 0.038 0.102 0.123' 0.059 0.037
1.00 0.108 0.019 0.100 ,0.105 0.045 0.090 0.105 0:086 0.044
0.10 0.155 0.527 0.217 0.155 0.537 0.217 0.155 0.547 0.217
0.20 0.150 0.328 0.188 0.150 0.337 0.189 0.150 0.346 0.189
0.40 0.133 0.146 0.135 0.133 0.153 0.135 0.133 0.159 0.136
2.0 0.80 0.089 0.033 0.069 0.089 0.037 0.069 0.090 0.041 0.069
1.20 0.057 0.007 0.042 0.058 0.010 0.041 0.060 0.013 0.041
1.60 0.040 0.001 0.033 0.041 0.005 0.031 0.044 0.010 0.028
2.00 0'.031 0.006 0.029 0.031 0.013 0.024 0.032 0.027 0.017
0.10 0.155 0.531 0.216 0.155 0.543 0.216 o. 155 ' 0.553 0.216
0.20 0.150 0.332 0.186 0.150 0.342 0.186 0.150 0.351 0.186
0.40 0.132 0.150 0.131 0.132 0.156 0.130 0.132 0.163 0.131
0.80 0.087 0.036- 0.061 0.087 0.039 0.061 0.087 0.042 0.062
3.0 1.20 0.052 0.009 0.031 0.052 0.011 0.031 0.053 0.013 0.032
1~60 0.032 0.002 0.019 0.033 0.003 0.019 0.033 0.004 0.020
2.00 0.022 0.000 0.015 0.022 9.001 0.015 0.023 0.002 0.015
2.50 0.015 0.000 0.014 0.015 0.001 0.013 0.017 0.003 0.011
3.00 0.012 0.002 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.006
0.10 0.155 0.533 0.215 0.155 0.545 0.215 0.155 0.556 0.215
0.20 0.150 0.334 0.185 0.150 0.344 0.185 0.150 0.353 0.185
0.40 0.132 0.151 0.129 0.132 0.158 ' 0.129 0.132 0.164 0.129
0.80 0.086 0.037 0.058 0.086 '0.040 0.058 0.086 0.044 0.058
1.20 0.051 0.010 0.027 0.051 0.012 0.027 0.051 0.013 0.027
1.60 0.031 0.003 0.014 0.031 0.004 0.014 0.031 0.005 0.014
5.0 2.00 0.019 0.000 0'.009 0.019 0.001 0.009 0.020 0.002 0.009
2.50 0.012 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.001 0.006
3.00 0.008 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.005
3.50 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.000 0.005
4.00 0.004 0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.004
4.50 0.003 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004
5.00 0.003 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002

'.
 TABLE 5.10
Th'FWENCE VAlUES I zcp I:&q AND I;:zq
(Milovic: and Tou:rni.er. 1971)
(LIB) - 2.00 Comer

h/B z/S
I zq
\l""

I zq
0.15

I",q I
zq
\l -

I zq
0.30

I =zq I zq
\l _

I zq
0.45

1_
0.10 0.158 0.509 0.230 0.lS8 '0.51S 0.229 0.lS8 0.517 0.229
0.20 0.155 0.312 0.210 0.155 0.318 0.208 0.155 0.323 0.207
1.0 0.40 0.147 0.132 0.172 0.148 0.140 0.168 0.150 0.149 0.165
0.60 0.139 0.056 0.145 0.139 0.068 0.139 0.142 0.082 0.132
0.80 0.l31 0.024 0.128 0.130 0.042 0.119 0.133 0.066 0.018
1.00 '. 0.125 0.022 0.121 0.120 0.051 0.106 0.118 0.096 0.089

0.10 0.156 0.552 0.222 0.156 0.556 0.224 0.156 0.558 0.223
0.20 0.151 0.348 0.195 0.151 0.352 0.195 0.151 0.354 0.196
0.40 0.137 0.160 0.145 0.137 0.163 0.145 0.138 0.165 0.146 1
2.0 0.80 0.100 0.039 0.084 0.100 0.042 0.083 0.102 0.045 0.084
1.20
1.60
2.00
0.071
0.055
0.045
0.008
0.001
0.008
0.058
0.049
0.045
0.072
0.056
0.045
0.011
0.007
0.019
0.OS7
0.045
0.036
0.074
.0.059
0.046
0.016
0.015
0.037
0.056
0.041
0.025
I
0.10 0.156 0.560 ·0.220 0.156 0.564 0.220 0.156 0.568 0.221
0.20 0.151 0.355 0.191 O.lSl 0.359 0.191 0.151 0.362 0.192
0.40 0.136 0.166 0.138 0.136 0.169 0.139 0.136 0.172 0.139
0.80 0.096 0.043 0.072 0.096 0.046 0.072 0.097 0.048 0.072
3.0 1.20 0.064 0.012 0.042 0.064 0.013 0.042 0.065 0.015 0.042
1.60 0.044 0.002 0.030 0.044 0.004 0.029 0.045 0.006 O.Q30
2.00 0.032 0.000 0.025 0.032 0.001 0.024 0.034 0.003 0.023
2.SO 0.024' 0.000 0.023 0.024 0.002 0.021 0.026 0.006 0.019
3.00 0.019 0.003 0.022' 0.019 0.008 0.017 0.020 0.016 0.010
0.10 0.156 0.563 0.219 0.156 0.568 0.219 0.156 0:572 0.219
0.20 0.151 0.358 0.189 0.151 0.362 0.189 0.151 0.366 0.189
0.40 0.136 0.168 0.135 0.136 0.172 0.135 0.136 0.175 0.135
0.80 0.096 0.045 0.066 0.096 0.048 0.066 0.096 0.050 0.066
1.20 0.063 0.014 0.034 0.063 0.015 0.034 0.063 0.016 0.035
1.60 0.041 0.004 0.020 0.041 0.005 0.020 0.042 0.006 0.021 1
5.0 2.00 0.028 0.001 0.014 0.028 0.002 0.013 0.028 0.002 0.014
. 2.50 0.018 0.000 0.010 0.018 0.000 0.010 0.019 0.001 0.011 1
3.00 0.013 -0.001 0.009 0.013 0.000 0.009 0.013 0.000 0.009
3.SO 0.009 -o.och 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.009
4.00 0.007 0.000 0.009 '0.008 0.000 0.009 0.008 0.001 0.008
4.50 0.006 0.000 0.009 0.006 0.001 0.008 0.007 0.002 0.007 1
5.00 0.005 0.001 0.009 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004
1

-
 129

TABLE S.l~

INFLUENCE ~AUJES I~q' I:q AND I qg

(MUon and Tournier. 1971)
(L/BJ .. S.OO Comer

v .. 0.15 '01_0.30 \I - 0.45

'. '.
h/B 'fB
I I
=.
I
=. I
I=.
=.
I'
I,. I=. I=.

0.10 0.158 0.510 0.231 0.158 0.514 0.230 0.158 0.516 ".0.229
0.20 0.155 0.211 0.155 0.318 0.209
0.312 0.155 0.322 0.207
1.0 0.40 0.148 0.132 0.174 0.148 0.140 0.169 0.150 0.148 0.164
0.60 0.140 0.056 0.141 0.140 0.067 0.140 0.1-"3 0.082 0.131
0.80 0.133 0.024 0.131 0.132 0.042 0.120 0.135 0.067 0.106
Loo 0.127 0..022 0.123 0.122 0.052 0.107 0.120 0.098 0.087
o.io 0.156 0.555 0.224 0.156 0.556. 0.224 0.156 0.555 0.224
0.20 0.152 0.351 0.197 0.152 0.352 0.197 0.152 0.351 0.198
0.40 0.138 0.162 ·O.ISO 0.138 0.163 0.149 0.138 0.164 -O.ISO
2.0 0.80 0.102 0.039 0.091 0.102 0.042 0.090 0.103 0.044 0.089
1.20 0.074 0.008 0.068 0.075 0.011 0.... 0.077 0.016 0.061
1.60 0.059 0.001 0.060 0.060 0.007 0.053 0.063 0.016 0.046"
2.00 0.051 0.009 0.055 O.osa 0.021 0.043 0.051 0.041 0.027
0.10 0.156 0.567 0.221 0.156 0.567 0.222 0.156 "0.567 0.222
0.20 0.151 0.316 0.193 0.151 0.361 0.193 0.151 0.361 0.193
0.40 0.137 0.170 0.142 0.137 0.171 0.142 0.137 0.171 0.143
0.80 0.098 0.046 0.078 0.098 0~046 0.078 0.... 0.047 0.079
3.0 1.20 0.067 0.013 0.050 0.068 0.014 0.050 0.068 0.015 0.050 "
1.60 0.048 0.002 0.039 0.049 0.004 0.058 0.050 0.005 0.038
2.00 0.037 -O.DOI 0.036 0.058 0.'001 0.034 0.039 0.004 0.032
2.50 0.029 0.000 0.035 0.030 0.002 0.030 0.031 0.007 0.026
3.00 0.025 0.004 0.033 0.025 0.011 0.025 0.025 0.021 0.014
0.10 0.156 0.572 0.220 0.156 0.573 0.220 0.156 0.573 0.221
0.20 0.151 0.366 0.190 0.151 0.367 0.191 0.151 0.367 0.191
0.40 0.136 0.175 0.137 ·0;136 0.175 0.137 0.136 0.175 0.138
0.80 0.097 0.049 0.069, 0.097 0.050 0.070 0.097 0.050 0.070
1,20 0.065 0.016 0.039 0.065 0.016 0.039 0.066 0;016 0.040
1.60 0.045 0.005 0.025 0.045 0.005 0.026 0.045 0.006 0.027
S.O 2.00 0.032 0.001 0.020 0.032 0.002 0.020 0.033 0.002 0.021
2.50 0.023 0.000 0.017 0.023 0.000 0.017 0.023 0.000 0.018
3.00 0.017 -0.001 0.017 0.017 0.000 0.016 0.018 0.000 0.017
3.50 0.014 -0.001 0.017 0.014 '0.000 0.016 0.014 0.001 0.016
4.00 0.011 -0.009 0.017 0.012 0.000 0.016 0.012 0.002 0.015
4.50 0.010 0.000 0:017 .0.010 0.001 0.015" 0.011 0.004 0.013
S.OO 0.009 0.002 0.017 0.009 0.004 0.013 0.009 0.0.07 0.008
 I
)
130 FINIn LAn:R

5.3.2 SMOOTH RIGID BASE

The corresponding case for a SIlIOOth rigid base "/0
o o• ' <><
has been considered by Sovine (1961). A layer of
finite lateral extent rather than one of infinite oe~
extent is considered by Sovine, but the calculated
values of stress and displacement are for a layer of
sufficiently large lateral dimensions that they may o· • ...- v/ ~. --..-?~
..-
,
be considered as applying to a layer of infinite /,s:.• y /
"V
lateral extent.

The distribution of vertical stress oz' beneath

IV / .
the centre of the rectangle is shown in. Figure 5.49 ;''y.! I ... I

.. f--+----~ =
for various layer depths. f-
, B e-
li/. .0-5
Values of az/p at various points beneath the L A.Lta
rectangle, abstracted from values tabulated by ----II/l,1 V.O"S
Sovine (1961). are shown in Table 5.12. -'l-L,2'5

Influence factors for vertical displacement Pz II/, :....,..

,.•
at various points on the rectangle are shown in t. (BcussiNs<lI.
Figure 5.50. In all cases, v-O.5.

I"IG.S.49 Vertica1 stress benu:th centre of

rtC~angle (SOvine, 1%1).

TABU; 5.12
VERTICAL STRESS BE.'fl:Anf A RECTANGLE ON A FINITE LAYER lI'rnt Sl-tJ01H BASE
(Sovinc, 1961)
Values of azlp

Centre centre of Centre of Comer

LIB hlB short I:dO lpng edge
zjh;=().S 1 zfh-:'O.S 1 z/lPO.S 1 zjJp>(J.S 1

1 1 .7835 .5616 .4571 .3835 .4571 .3835

2.5 .2498 .1217 .1938 .1105 .1938 .1105
5 .0744 .0325 .0695 .0317 .0695 .0317 .0616 .0282

2 1 .8808 .7410 .4412 .3&42 .5359 .5110 .2678 .2636

1 •5097 .3219 . .2923 .2197 .3881 .2804 .2256 .1921
5 .1333 .0622 .1050 .• 0564 .1242 .0606 .0988 .0552

5 2.5 .4847 .3459 .2032 .1675 .3930 .3199 .1826 .1541

5 .2294 .1346 .1239 .0894 .2094 .131~ .1205 .0875
12.5 .0526 .0246 .0406 .0214
 131

o 0'25 0·5 1·25

IL I

3
'" \\, '~
!--+~b· =
p. pB
e=fey -
L/B =1--'
~\5
.
<$

l~
-:; -:;
-:; -:; ~ ~
51--~f_--+---+~ - - +\--+- \ & ?>

6
&
~---1---+--"';~: I - - ~;+--t--?~
S \
- 6
~;"
n
o
~
a
0
iii .:.a
~ ~ ~ II) Ol
III
III
.II> I
7'--_--1._ _...1-_ _.1.-.................._ ......._ ...... 7

(a) (b)

fC fO
o 0'25 0'75 1'0 1·25 o 025 0-5 0·75

~ I L
I ~ L
'I
~
r'-. I' I '"
2
~ 1- +-j}- 2
\~ ~ I--+--n~
\ pB \ \ 1\ Po = f o
pB
E

L/B=1 ,5 P=fcT 3

<$
L/ =1
e ~
\
:5
It\-\\
n Ii (\
... - ~t-
\ &
[~
6
9 ~~\\ 6 c!-
0
ff,-
0 ..A

~ '" ~
7
~ ~ \~
7

(c) (d)

FIG.S.50 Vertical surface displacement at various points on

reetanqle. V:().5. (Sovine, 1961).
132 FINITE LAYER

5.4 Vertical Loading over Any Area

5.4.1 "NEWMARK CHARTS"
Burmister (1956) has presented charts for the 1 .1
horizontal stresses Cj:z: and Cjy~ the shear stress
7::z:y and the shear stress 7:z:z:. These charts are
S4e:tor' InflulIllCIJ Rxtas
1· o Vlll"tlcol Surfca I ~ r--......
Olsploolmcmt Pz
J/
used in conjtmction with tables giving influence fac-
tors for various depths in the layer.
of 0.2 and 0.4 are considered.
Values of 'J o· 9 -
o· e
P ph. 681.
z· 2ltE
A ~/
- "--

5.4.2 SECTOR CURVES

0'7
//
Sector curves for the normal and shear stresses,
and the vertical and horizontal surface displacements, 0'6 'l . <>..Y-"" ............
have been presented by Poulos (1967b) and are repro- Is
W /1 "-

- \
./
duced in Figures 5.51 to 5.72. The use of the 0'5 0'5.
sector method is described in Section 1.7.3 •.
0'4
J1 ' / ./
'-
'-
In all caSes, the· stress beneath ·the sector is
0'3
Ii ~ / \\
given by

~
'/
0'2 -
Cj = 'E:.2i. • r 8
2n
.•• (5.11)
0'1
~ \
and the displacement by

p = ph.06. r
where 06 is the sector angle

.•• (5.12)
o0
" 0 1 0 2

FIG. 5.51
0'3 0'4 0'5
2'0

Sector curves for

0'5

p •
\
o

2'lTE 8 z

5.4.3 ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR GENERAL

PLANE STRAIN CASES
For any generalized surface loading, Holl (1939) 1·2
gives expressions for the stresses at the rough rigid I I I I /V-
base, the maximum shear stress on the axis, and the 1'0 S4e:tor' InflllClnClZ Foc:tcI"s
vertical surface displacement.
0·8
Radlol Sur10cII
_ DlsplocIImIInt
Ph. P.h 681.
Ph 1/
0·6
2ltE V
0
/
~~
V
./

~ ...-
0'4
~
./
0'2
Is ~ ~ I-""" 0'4

-0'2
o
o":!i
~ '" "\ \

-0'4
'\ \
-o·e
\ "'
-0'8
1\
-1'0 \
-1'2
o 0'1 0'2 0'3 0'4 0'5
\
2'0 0'5 o
~

FIG. 5. 52 Sector curves for Ph.

 SEC10R CURn'S 133

., ,., I
·0 ,- 0
•f--+-I--~'.v1/1//
V VI W V /V/
<> • 0-

o •• *II
0" 1/ II/, o·•
II 1/ II/I
o·7 1/ I 1// 0- 7

o~ V
I, o·~1 / VI
o·0
o< I IV
1/ t6~ 1'/
<> 3
/ )ij
·0 """'_ .......
""Wrtlall Stress Oi
<>
, ]L0 ••0

~'tii:,
o
o 03 <>< <>
o '-0 0-0 o
'*.
FIG.5.S3 Sector curves for az;" ....:>. FIG.5.S4 Sector curves for a ' v-Q.2.
z

,., ,.,
~
,. ,.0 I
0
V V/ V P" ;, V VI
o· • 0"

V VI
o·• 1/ '/ 1/
o·•
II 0"/ / 1// 1/ 0<1/ / /
o·7 <> 7
If V/ 1/ I / II
o·
I.
• II ~o/ II ~
<> • I 0-"'" '/
•
o·0
o· •
/ n.~ /
1/ 1/ /10
O·

0"
/ I 1/
1/ 'I I~:"
o· 3
o· , / IV
r~
.... 0·4 """'--
~I Stnl:s$ ~
'~-
0- 3

O·
,
'~
I/'~
/ V'/ ---
vruc:al stta5 "i
v.O,~ ~.

0-

0 0
'li 01
~
1'~ '-0 ()o~ o
0-

0 0 O-t 0'0
'-0 0'0 o
~. ,,'}.

'.
nc.5.,55 seCtor. curves for a ' V-O.4. FIG.5.56 Sector ~ for a ' V'<l.5.
z z

I....
134 FINI'l'E LAYER

--K
I I
Soctor lnllucmc:« Facta's
0'3 r- Radlol Stras CTr
v.a t
V
rx-
0'2

0·1
1/ o/,
/oi
rlV'
/
~
\ \...
0·7 r---r--r--"--r-'--r--.,---.,--"'T'"-"

Is
o V
V
""
//
~
/ ~ .0 ~
-0'1
I'

-- ._-
,j -- I.
0'4

0'3

0·2

-0'2
\ 0"

~ 0~*=:;F~=F-+--1-+-t--I

-0"0 0,' 0'2 0·3 0'4 0'5

1-5 1-0 0'5 o r 0'2 1-5 o
~h
~,

FIG.S.S7 Sector curves for a.

r
v=o. FIG.s.S8 Sector curves for a.
r
V=O.2.

2'0
--
-r
--;;O'~
1'8 Soctor [nI11llZnOl1 Fbctors
Radial StNss CTr
"6 r--..-.......-r--..--r--..,.--...,...--r--, 1.6 !-~g:;L_.- -- --
sezctor Jnfluanc:« RlctorS4--t---t---f-+.;;r\ 1'"
"4 - Radial 5tnzss CTr
v·0·4
1.2 ~-I-~-+--t--t--I---th -+---,"!r7"',
.1.
HZ
l6JI ~e
I, .
1'0 .-:..... V 1///
1'0 I l'V
_i. V f r
0'81-+-t 0'8
Is 0'3- / In
0·61--I--+--t-........,~-1--h't
.~,-,,=,::......~ 0'8
v ~V
V ~V
0-4 - -

0'2
V": I/::: -.,~O-6

0 oa l>, 0·2 0-3 0'4 0'5

0 0-1 0-2 0'3 0-4 0·5
rs 2'0 '-5 "0 0'5 0 r"h 2-0 "5 1'0 0'5 o
rh !Jr, !Ir.
FIG.S.s9 Sector curves for a
r
. v=O.4. FIG.S.GO Sector curves for a.
r
V=O.S.
 13'

3 3
In~ra: AIc1crs
5fKtI:r r SIJdct"~F~
T~I $lI'nS ere Tonglln1Jlll StNs$ 0'&
'.0 V.0·2 /'
2 2

/ * V
, o -I /'
o * ,-0 1/ o
~ - V
/'
O~

\"- "- ~" j ~

o-!.-/
-0 -, "'- -2
-0- , ---
"- "- i'--- -,
-,
"- ./
"- "'-- y-
-0· 20 2
0-1
,-, 02 03 04 O!5
,-,
0-' o
-" 2-0 o

nG.5.61 sec;:tor ~I!I for OS' v-Q. . FIG-.S.62 Sector curve. for as" \/-0.2.

I -0
I I,
0-
• ..,.. """""'" I"""""I ./
0- 8~~1 Stnass O'e
V.O·S I
t I
0-
, I
0- , 0- , I-
/
0- , seeto" 1nI~. RlctOrs
T~ Str1l:M ae ..... V o -, I I I /

,
v.0·4
I I 0- , ! .r- 1-/
0- , , I .L
" I 0- 3
1/ /
, ;) I I,
0- 2
/ 0-
/' /
0-
I, i/ V- / V 0-
0- 2

, V ~
0- I
--:::.....; ,
0- o ~'

~
o -E
0-
-0- , i, '---
0-'
....... J
-0 , I ,
0-'
0
f
-0- 2
! r-..-
-0 2
I I 0

"- -0- , /
f-/
-3 -04
02 03 04 0 '
2-0 l·S '·0 0-5 0
o 0' 0'" O!5
2·0 1-5 o
-" ~-, I
I
PIG.5.63 Sector c::urves for FIG.S.64

---+
 .,
,. , / 1'\
,., I, I......

,. I ,,
0
L
• / II'l j\
0.0
i ~o/ V rJ
I /1, I. I ,.•
•, i II 1/ i'l ,. , v
" • !, I 1/ I ,., ..~~ V / If
III 0"
'A
• i;! 1/0. II I I ~
,. 0
II v W
I
O·
• t#'
, I ! .~ o••
0,'

!/ jl v/
~...
~Ol" l/llIUenCll: Rlc\QrS sector" 1nf1_ F«ten
I e
o., o· ,
Qulk sn:ssS, Qullr. StNss
'.0 Y.0·2

~
A/ Jh: II
o·
'I.,W '1/ ~
02 0-3
,.• "0 o. o
0 0 0-1 0-2 03 04 0-,
.... 0<, ..
, ,,0
!%.,
o. o

FIG.5.65
'""
seCtor curves for
"" 8. ..-0. f'XG.5.66 sector eu.rves for e. \1"0.2.

,·0 ,
,
Ir L
I
, ''.. I
,., ,"

,., i I I/, ~
~~
,.,
, , , /
.•
·0 '0
if//,
, •• /

, V ", 1/ f/
•• I / rl
,., , " ., L
•
/
", 1/ AI I 0,' V/j
I W 'I I) f/
.
o
o

o
,
/1/ ~
~o~
0"

1/ ~/
f/
__ e
s.:-~~La.

'1.0'"
o
o
o
o
·,~
I
1/';"}j V
~
O·
,/,
VI' iI'"
_-
................. e
v.o-~ r--

o'I.~~
I .I
o 0' 02 03
'J;,
,.• 1-0 0-, o
0
o 0'
"0 o. o

. FIG.5.67 se:etor curve. for

"e." V-O.4. FIG.5.68 sector ~ s fot"
~
"
9. '-""0.5 •
 J31

,. 0
o · s.ao- ~
o• ~
o,
-........
I I I
..,.0
Foetorl

1-17 k:::: - - --
>.
......
....... V
I
•:: "l-'r:l.J~J..
o8
o, ' 1 - -
- "'Ify"
- \/.0-2- i-? L -
- -- - -
- ""-_..
......

t.
O~ fL- / o
....., ~
O·
o
•
, 1/ 0·'
/
/
/ ' t;::
'. o,
o
/ •
y
, / r
/
.. /

o ., •.,- - V ~ •. -
o,
o .,
I ./
f
/ .A,
1/o· /'
../ /'
/.
I-
•.,-
o, . / v··, £
£ - 1-7
o oo
/ ./ ,,0
0
••
,,''.
~1 0-2 D-3 1>4 o-S 0-1"
'.Yo '-0 (l-S o

J>lG.S.69 sector C'UrvlIIS for PIG.5.70 Sector curves for T rz '

,.•
.
,., -
,.
,. ,
1~~Rk:t:li
- - -- -- --
It
,.
o· : ...............
. 1,1-1.---
_ --. -- ..-
..... In
.-t.
,. y.0·5 _.

•• - _. _. -
0-
~~t~~
.. . .. .
-- _.- - - --I
II-

o·sf- "'00-" V' 1/ o •

o , I.
o , ,/ r
....• I J 1/ I
t.
o·
o· .-
•
,- f- V -
1 - - .-
~
I?"
o•
o· •
, /
- V
/"

f I -

~
o·
17 ••
o· ,- o· , O·
I'L ... .- '-
7 7 V
o·
o· , O·, f / /7 /
-
/ 0
~ o· , / h V
o·
'/ / ••
'0
o 0'
J>.
"0 o. o
• 0 0' 0-2 0-3

...
'.
0' 00
"0 ..
, ',0
!!,
0·. o
'. '.
FIG.5.71 Seetor curve. for T ' V-O.4. FIG.S.72 sector curves tor T ' V~.5.
rz zz
 Chapter 6
SURFACE LOADING OF.
MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS

a perfectly smooth interface between the layers are

6.1 Two-Layer Systems tabulated in Table 6.2 (Fox. 1948a).

thiess othenoise stated, the results given in

this chapter are for adhesive interfaces between
layers.
6.1.1 UNIFORM VEmCAL
AIIEA (Fig.6.1)
LO~ING ON A CIRCULAR h---,
-,
_gO

~~-'~t I Yp1jcg! atrm

I
cr. ~2

\-+~t-+-i1~::¥1--+--t'-l~T ~
1-
L

,
I,
1- FIG.6.2 Vertical stress in unifonl _ss
layer system (Fox, 1948&l.
FIG.6.1

Contours of vertical stress all in a two--layeT

syst_. with EtiEt-l0~ Vt.-uz-o. S and h!al"'l, have
been obtained by Fox (1948a) and are sbown in Fig.
,,.
...., ....
"I
6.2. These contours are cOlIIPared with those for tile •
Boussinesq case (EllE:t-l).

The influence of the ratios BilE: and h/a on

the vertical stress on the interl'ace. obtained by Fox
.,
'"
.... "
0;0
(1948a). are shown in Fig.6.3. ~
• '"
The variation of vertical stress
axis at the interface, with
shewn in Fig.6.4.
EtlE2
0% on the
and r/h. is
."
t5l...
4O
.,
t·>o
••'-0

...
• ·2-0

Values of az and (arO!") on the axis (Fox,

1948a) are tabulated in Table 6.1. It should be
noted that all the above stresses are for a perfectlY
'., ,., .
£'/£1
...
rough interface between the layers.
FIG.6.3 Vertical interface stress on axis
Corresponding values of a,a and (ararJ for (Fox, 1948&).

-lJ8- -
 139

The complete distribution of stress within the ~

~. . ..
two layer system, obtained by Fox (1948a), is shown
in Figs. 6.S(a) to (e) for the case alh=1 and for ~
three values of El/Ez. . 1 -.....::
..........
It should be noted that in Figs. 6.3 to 6.S,and
in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, vl=Vz=O.5. '0
:::t:J.Ul11I I

1! ! ! 1
.............
....
/'" 1/ i--'" --- .........

-- ....- . ,... .... .,. ...... ... •• ••

••

--
·...i· 'lA'. :~
.
00

'1llO •
"" ..... •
.
... ... ·
.'{i ...
,
oO ., ., ,
I
~

.. v'" tw:\.. .... "'[

"7~~~A _f!> ." ~ ~ : !~ _/

1. .• .... ... .. .. .. •
~
\0 "" ~ •
•• I..... ~l.. 0" '00 '000

'1..7[. .... "'l.....

..-,. ooJ,_
'~
I
~t'"
• v' ..f"

.. . IT ...... • •
•• oO
i"

... .... .. .... ... ...

oO

·.
-~o

.'
-.a:¥
I

. ., ./... , .. oO

T
oO oO
FIG.6.4 Vertical stress alone; interface for
h/a 2 1 (Fox, 1948a).
.......
._.0, .... . .1···· T .. ...
•, • } .o' ..!... .,

...,,. -.... ,.",-.... -... .. 'T... .... ·

0 oO
•...a
..... .. loa

... ..... . • .., .... ...·

.....r· ~
"ro oO' "i"
.. !of
I o ,. 0 .,
10 I ,• • .. • . 'oO

-t-, EYE2 - 2
v, -v2 - 0'5
(0)

lllll il J 1!
.100 -\GlI 0 0 0 0 0 0 gOO

.....•
'

I••
.oJ' 0' 0 ..
.

..
·.0 "'0
....».

...
...~ . . . . . .tI~·· -7 ........ 00

~~..
....0 .'7rt ...
~ ~
-I
~
-1-' 00
_. ..
.. 0
of -t
"S 0 ' "
.f. .of ..
...
.1••
. . -
...
:11 • ., .;. of,.

I
.,1....
....,0 - ..," . , .1
""rT'"
-'0 -, 0 0
. ,0 ·.0 ·.0 ".'" ... , ~ . .. ,
.. . -.
.... -, '" 0

.,1/ 0' 0

.. .
.,1", ., 0 .'0
•• 0 ·.0 ·.0 .. 0

.,
-. .

-tOO .-tOO ·10 .... -7-' ..too, ....., -'-t ·.0

•J 0

.. .
.J 0 .J 0

...
.:1 0 .oJ 0

-:I 0 ....,
.....
%-, E'/E2 -'0 %-, El-1:2 - '00
v, -v2-0'5 v, _ v2- 0'5
(b) (c)

FIG.6.S Stresses in two-layer system (Fox, 1948a)

Note: tension positive

140 MULTI-LAYER SYS7'EMS

TABLE 6.1
PERFECTLY ROUGH INTERFACE
AXIAL STRESSES az AND az-aZ' AS PERCENTAGE OF APPLIED LOADING,
IN THE LOWER LAYER OF A TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (Fox, 1948a)

az az-aZ'
E1 /E 2 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
Depth
below a/h =~
..J,.nterfac:e
0 28.4 10.1 2.38 0.51 26.8 7.6 1.26 0.160
h 8.7 4.70 1.58 0.42 8.6 3.93 1.02 0.185
2h 4.03 2.78 1.17 0.35 4.00 2.48 0.85 0.195
3h 2.30 1.84 0.91 0.31 2.29 1.70 0.71 0.190
4h 1.48 1.29 0.74 0.28 1.48 1.23 0.61 0.185
alh =1
0 64.6 29.2 8.1 1.85 53.0 18.8 3.6 0.54
h 28.4 16.8 6.0 1.62 26.8 13.5 3.8 0.71
2h 14.5 10.5 4.6 1.43 14.1 9.2 3.3 0.79
3h 8.7 7.0 3.6 1.24 8.6 6.4 2.8 0.76
4h 5.7 5.0 2.9 1.10 5.6 4.7 2.4 0.73
alh =2
0 91.1 64.4 24.6 7.10 53.7 30.4 8.4 1.50
h 64.6 48.0 20.5 6.06 53.0 34.6 11.8 2.52
2h 42.4 34.0 16.5 5.42 38.4 28.2 11.4 2.90
3h 28.4 24.4 13.3 4.80 26.8 21.5 10.2 2.92
4h 20.0 18.1 10.8 4.28 19.2 16.6 8.8 2.82

TABLE 6.2
PERFECTLY SMOOTH INTERFACE
AXIAL STRESSES az AND az-aZ' AS PERCENTAGE OF APPLIED LOADING,
IN THE LOWER LAYER OF A TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (Fox, 1948a)

az az-0Z'

EtlE2 'I 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000

Depth
below a/h =~
interface
0 31.0 10.5 2.41 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
~ 14.5 4.49
h 14.1 6.3 1.83 0.45 11.5 4.32 0.96 0.i6
2h 6.4 3.67 1.36 0.38 5.9 3.03 0.91 0.18
3h 3.46 2.35 LOS 0.33 3.32 2.08 0.79 0.19
4h 2.12 1.61 0.83 0.29 2.07 1.37 0.66 0.18
alh =1
0 72.2 30.5 8.2 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 O:Otl
1il 34.2 12.7
h 43.7 21.7 6.8 1.72 33.1 14.2 3.41 0.59
2h 22.5 13.6 5.25 1.51 20.2 11.0 3.47 0.74
3h 12.8 8.9 4.09 1.33 12.1 7.8 3.05 0.77
4h 8.1 6.2 3.26 1.17 7.8 5.7 2.61 0.75
alh =2
0 102.5 67.7 24.9 6.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
h 86.9 57.6 22.5 6.3 52.6 32.0 9.9 1.96
2h 59.6 42.1 18.6 5.7 48.3 31.7 11.6 2.68
-
 ... .!I!!..~
FIG.6.6 Blrmister layered ayst_ ~eory.
Vut1e.l cU.s~~ ... t <:e.atn of circle.
~ \11-0.2, '0)1-0.4. (Buraister, 1962).

~
"
~
0"

I
I
0-00
0· . .

• 0·00

... ,,0 ,.. "0

FIG.6 ..7 Buxmister layered systaa theory. VU'tie&1

displa~nt:. at centra of circle.
Vl~I-o.S. (B~ter, 1945).

,'0 ,,0 0..,

...

,.o~
o'0 _

o ·s ...... ~

0·"
'-~R!'-~
... FIG.6.8 VutiC&1 displaee.nt at centre of circle.

'~'~~~h VI-Vl-o.].5. ('fbam de ae.no&. 1966).

0"
'J:'.... ..

0"
PI·~r
" . ~:--,, ~ ['-
'.

~ 1"----.
o
o
,·v.,".00 ......
,
0" 0' 0-4
.,
(HS 1>81'0 '0
147

Influence factors for the vertical surface dis~ 6.1.2 UNIFORM lIlRIZONTAL LOADING ON A
plaeellen't at the centre of the circular area are shewn CIRCULAR AREA (Fig. 6.10).
in Fig.6.6 for the case \ll.-o.2~ '0)2.-0.4 (Burmister,
1962).in Fig.6.7 for 'the case vl-vz-o.5 (BurDister.
1945) and in Fig.6.S for \11'""2....0.35 (TItenn de
Barros, 1966). An alternative inteTpretation of the
results in Fig.6.7 has been given by Ueshita and
Meyerhof (1967). who plot an equivalent value of
Young's modulus (Ee ) ....hich may be used with the dis-
placement influence factor for the centre of a cir-
cular area on a semi-infinite mass (see Section 3.3.1).
The variation of Ee/E2, with h/a and EilE: is
shown in Fig.609.

, PrfIldJy od~

I, lnUr'1occ .
........
Ez,va GZ-ZlhVtl

FIG.6.10
1
This problem has been considered by Westmann
(1963). A polar diagram showing contours of inter· \I
face nOTaaI stress are given in Fig. 6.11 for
EUE1=o.5~ \11=\'2><0.5 and h/=J. Influence factors:
for the vertical stress 0".1 at the interface are
given in Figs. 6.12(a) and 6.12(b) for two ratios of
G2IG1 and for \11='\.12=0.5, and for various h/a values.

Influence factors for the shearing stresses Tzr

and 'ze are given in Figs. 6.13 and 6.14.

Influence factors for the vertical surface dis-

placement Pz are given in Fig. 6.15 and for the
0'5f-P-J-++-f-J horizontal tangential displacement Pe in Fig. 6.16.

0'2
A comprehensive series of solutions for the
stresses, strains and displacements at selected points
within a two-layer system have been obtained by
Gerrard (1969), for the same codlinations of var-
iables as outlined in Section 6.1.1. As well as
uniform horizontal loading, the case of a linearly
increasing inward shear load. from zero at the centre
FIG.6.9 Equivalent lllOdUlus E of two-layer syst...
to a 1IlaXi._ at the edge, has been evaluated.
VlaYt-o.S. (Deshita andeMeyerhof. 1961).
~
Pz. - E
e ''',-,.---,--..,---,.--.,---,
e·f

A COIIprehensive series of solutions for the -%

stresses. strains and displace-ents at selected
points within a two-layer system has been obtained by
Gerrard. (1969). The following combinations of var-
iables have been considered:
e.o
E1I'E:. 2. 5. 10 00' "0 "0 "0 5'0
hlo 0.5. 1. 2. 4 ,
~

v, 0.2. 0.35. 0.5

FIG.G.ll COntours of interface ve~cal, stress
v, 0.2. 0.35 •. 0.5 .(weS'l:IIlIlnn. 19631.
 3<>
: I, I I I , I
2'5
~
I II J ,,g.
I
I I i I,
'I crt <~ .e.h). 0'
f
0

I
I
0 COS <e) 10'.
0

'

I
~)(
2·0

1'5
1
1\
h
"'0 r~,
"'10
,
'Y,. Y2" 2 ~.t'::2
I,' i i1 ,I IIT";!.;' 1
I I I ii'
hi. '
i

I .....

g
If!,' \ :=:4-%
< 02
1 I i I (0)
~
!
'100
~.!!:.,: I lzel!:-a.e.h)"~slnle)ll.e I
()O5
Ql . •
&:
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i ,~G'i"2
~ I,
I II I
, ~
~ o ,
:Q

'4 I ! I I I I ! 1(0) III

i:i
I 12 / ! 2 'I
0 ,. J.! Ii' I
!; ' I ,
-0'5
0 - 23456789~
r/o ~
12 V,.VZ' J.
2 , !
I . , ' ~;
2 0 .!1 I ~

H ' ,*~.'- 1<41 I i i i

-w-"I
10 Y
iii i

, 1 I 1 • G2' 2
121 I : !I
8
i Z 101 I I
I J
I
1u• xl0
I Ii\-H I I " . 0iii cos <e), I
cr.<"'a.e.h)
1
12
6
! I 0'. I 1 )(

4
I . ! ~
!
- 0'
'tzel!:o'a.e. h ).. ~ s,n I~)I;..
.

2
I I !
Ib) lID)
0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 345678910
~ %
FIG.6.12 Influence factors for interface vertical FIG.6.13 Influence factors for interface shear
stress (Westmann, 1963). stress T (Westmann, 1963).
ze

...
""'"'
 ....
::

14

12
I I
26
. G~'
~~-~ h ~
~ G lit
~

.·
22
- t\1 VI-V2-t
I
-r-
I I.
f-r'
12
M
16
I , lk-r 1 I TI J
I--
l(
8

~ ~:-lk·t ~ coste) I,..

S2 .. 6
l( 14 ~
.:", e hl _
)10 J
4 Tt
zr. , 4
U ~r-"-1 .I
6 J I~ -t\--2
>pr -4!~..l
2 (0) o 234 5 678 9 ~
./
o %
~
1 .2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YcJ ~
~
14 i I I I iii i i i i I I
14

12
!
I
GVG,-l
I,U~1 1
h.l.~_r
121 I 1 I _I I. I 1 I _I I I
~
I I I
10 ! r~ r--
101 !II

~
V G"V,

~~.I
) l- 2-
... S
M
S2
l(

.!'
6
6 r-- '- ,.·1
~a
~-t
1" - Jtzr(J:o,e.h) _a cos (ell,..
I
S2

~
l(
.
h/o''''Z
--'-/---1----1-1-1
h/0 -I
I 1 1--1
P.(';-o,9,O I· ~ co. (Slip•
m
... 4
,v 1~-1
h/o ·"2
2 hJ2
-
I-'" - ~ IOJ (b)
(bl
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 678 9 ~

%
°
FIG.6.14 Influence factors for interface shear FIG.6.1S Influence factors for surface vertical
stress Tzr (Westmann, 1963). displacement (Westmann, 1963).
 'Z'llREE-LArER SYS'Z'EBS 145

6.2 Three-Layer Systems

6.2.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING ON A CIRCULAR
AREA (Fig.6.l7)

P/unit CII"lIQ

6 G~~,= ,t,1 FIG.6.l7

1\ "'=V2=t I~
hL~_r
1'--..' ~~·i I' Gz +-

\ l~ 9-.' - - Pe(~a.e.o,l¥~n(e>Ipe-1----
r-,.\ Stresses
i'-... h I An extensive tabulation of the

"t::- R::: ~
2 stresses at the layer interfaces, on the axis of the
circle, has been presented by Jones (1962). Peattie
(a) (1962) has presented these stresses graphically to-
gether with factors for the horizontal tensile. strain
2345678910
r/a
at the first interface. Mitchell and Shen (1967)
extended Peattie's graphs to include the horizontal
stress at the first interface in layer 2 and the hori-
zontal tensile and compressive strains at the lower
26 interface.
G~I_l J

w
22

~~.i
G,- 2
Vl=Vz=~ hi

'toi ,/
~- -
-
1-
An extensive tabulation of the radial stresses
within the uppermost layer is given by Kirk (1966) for
a wide range of elastic modulus ratios and for various

~
2 z
x
_0.
.. 14

10
~~.1
,,--1 h - -,-
rl 0 I I
Pe(:la. e. OI·Gza sir!(&)!P e -
values of " in the layers.
The tables of stresses presented by Jones (1962)
~ 5. 2
6
are reproduced in Tables 6.3 to 6.30. Again
~~ "1=V2=V'=O.S. In these tables,
2 (b) al a/h2
o 234 5 6 7 8 9 10
r/a H hl/h2
kl = EI/E 2
FIG.6.16 Influence factors for surface tangen~al k2 = EvE,
displacement (Westmann, 1963).
The organization of these tables is as follows:
Stresses for all values of al appear in a
block, each table containing four blocks in ascending
order of k 2 •
The tables are for ascending values of k l , and
each set of four tables are for ascending values of
H.
In all cases, the stresses are expressed as a
fraction of the applied stress p.

The first three columns of stresses in the tables

refer to the upper interface; the last three to the
lower interface.
Comp:rel;si.ve stresses are positive.
 J«lLrZ-LArER srSttJIS

TABLE 6.3
(Jones, 1962) B - 0.l25
kl- 0.2
a, •" • 31 -<>1'1 •ZI-• • • iI:-<>J'; a -<>

0.1 0.66045 0.12438

1't

0.62188
"
0.01557 0.00332
" "
0.01659
0.2 0.90249 0.13546 0.67728 0.06027 0.01278 0.06391
kt 8 0.2 0.' 0.95295 0.10428 0.52141 0.2U82 0.04430 0.22150
0.8 0.99520 0.09011 0.45053 0.56395 0.10975 0.54877
1.6 1.00064 0.08777 0.43884 0.86258 0.13755 0.68777
'.2 0.99970 0.04129 0.20643 0.94143 0.10147 0.50736

0.1 0.66048 0.12285 0.61424 0.00892 0.01693 0.00846

0.2 0.90157 0.12916 0.64582 0.03480 0.06558 0.03279
0.' 0.95120 0.08115 0.40576 0.12656 0.23257 0.11629
k:t. - 2.0 0.8 0.99235 0.01823 0.09113 0.37307 0.62863 0.31432
1.6 0.99918 -0.04136 -0.20680 0.74038 0.98754 0.49377
'.2
0.1
1.00032

0.66235
-0.03804

0.12032
-0.19075

0.60161
0.97137

0.00256
0.82102

0.03667
0.41051

0.00183
j
0.2 0.90415 0.11787 0.58933 0.01011 0.14336 0.00717 I
0•• 0.95135 0.03474 0.17370 <1.03838 0.52691 0.02635
k; .. 20.0
0.8
I.'
0.98778
0.99407
0.99821
-0.14812
-0.50533
·0.80990
-0.74358
-2.52650
-4.05023
0.13049
0.36442
0.76669
1.61727
3.58944
5.15409
0.08086
0.17947
0.25770
j
'.2
0.1 0.66266 0.11720 0.58599 0.00057 0.05413 0.00027
0.2 0.90370 0.10495 0.52477 0.00226 0.21314 0.00107
0.94719 ~0.01709 -0.08543
ROO.O 0.'
0.00881 0.80400 0.00402
kt -
0.8 0.99105 ·0.34427 ·1.72134 0.03259 2.67934 0.01340
1.6 0.99146 -1.21129 -6.05643 0.11034 7.35978 0.03680
'.2 0.99332 -2.89282 -14.46408 0.32659 16.22830 0.08114

TABLE 6.4
(Jones, 1962) H - 0.l2S
k 1- 2.0

"' Gil, GiI ,-aJ'l GZ ! -GJ'? GZ ? GZt -G1'2 C1z?~C1J'l

kt - 0.2
0.1
0.2
D••
0.8
I.,
0.43055
0.78688
0.98760
1.01028
1.00647
0.71614
1.01561
0.83924
0.63961
0.65723
0.35807
0.S0780
0.41962
0.31981
0.32862
0.01682
0.06511
0.23005
0.60886
0.90959
0.003S0
0.01348
0.04669
0.11484
0,.13726
0.01750
0.06741
0.23346
0.57418
0.68630
I
!
'.2
0.1
0.2
0.99822

0.42950
0.78424
0.38165

0.70622
0.97956
0.19093

0.35303
0.48989
0.94322

0.00896
0.03493
0.09467 . 0.47335

0.01716
0.06647
0.00858
0.03324
I
kt - 2.0
D.•
0.8
0.98044
0.99434
0.70970
0.22319
0.35488
0.11164
0.12667
0.36932
0.23531
0.63003
0.11766
0.31501
1
I.'
'.2
0.99364
0.99922
-0.19982
-0.28916
-0.09995
-0.14461
0.72113
0.96148
0.97707
0.84030
0.48853
0.42015

0.1
0.2
0.43022
0.78414
0.97493
0.69332
0.92086
0.34662
0.46048
0.23297
0.00228
0.00899
0.03467
0.13541
0.00173
0.00677 1
0.' 0.46583 0.03392 0.49523 0.02476
k:. - 20.0 0.8 0.97806 -0.66535 -0.33270 0.11350 1.49612 0.07481 I
1.6
'.2
0.96921
0.98591
-2.82859
-5.27906
·1.41430
-2.63954
0.31263
0.68433
3.28512
5.05952
0.16-426
0.25298 I
0.1 0.42925 0.67488 0.33744 0.00046 0.04848 0.00024
0.2 0.78267 0.85397 0.42698 0.00183 0.19043 0.00095
0;4 0.97369 0.21165 0.10582 0.00711 0.71221 0.00356
kt .. 200.0
0.8 0.97295 -1.65954 -0.82977 0.02597 2.32652 . 0.01163
I., 0.95546 -6.47707 -3.23855 0.08700 6.26638 0.03133
'.2 0.96377 -16.67376 -8.33691 0.26292 14.25621 0.07128
 rBMS-LlInR srs:r13lS ,<7

TABLE. 6.5
(Jones, 1962) H - O.23S
k t - 20.0
a, a a2:1 -<>1"1 aII -<>1"; an a, ; -o'n an-o'rl

0.1
"
0.14648 1.80805 0.09040 0.01645 0.00322 0.01611
0.2 0.39260 3.75440 0.18772 0.06407 0.01249 0.06244

I..
0.' 0.80302 5.11847 0.25592 0.23135 0.04421 0.22105
k; • 0.% 0.8 1.06594 3.38600 0.16930 0.647<41 0.11468 0.57342
1.02942 1.51603 0.09080 1.00911 0.13687 0.68436
3.2 0.99817 1.75101 0.08756 0.97317 0.07578 0.37890

0.1 0.14529 1.81178 0.09059 0.00810 0.01542 0.00771

0.2 0.38799 3.76886 0.18844 0.03170 0.06003 0.03002
0.' 0.78651 5.16717 0.25836 0.11650 0.21640 0.10820
k, • J.O 0.8 1.02218 3.43631 0.17182 0.34941 0.60493 0.30247
I .• 0.99<l6O 1.15211 0.05761 0.69014 0.97146 0.48573
3.2 0.99893 -0.06894 -0.00345 0.93487 0.88358 0.44179

0.1 0.14447 1.80664 0.09033 0.00182 0.02985 0.00149

0.2 0.38469 3.74573 0.18729 0.00716 0.11697 0.00585
0.' 0.77394 5.05489 0.25274 0.02710 0.43263 0.02163
let. - :uJ.O 0.8 0.98610 2.92533 0.14627 0.09061 1.33736 0.06687
I .• 0.93712 -1.27093 -0 ...06355 0.24528 2.99215 0.14961
3.2 0.96330 -7.35384 -0.36761 0.55490 5.06489 0.25324

0.1 0.14422 1.78941 0.08947 0.00033 0.04010 0.00020

0.2 0.38388 3.68097 0.18405 0.00131 0.15781 0.00079
0.' 0.77131 4.80711 0.24036 0.00505 0.59391 0.00297
kz • %00.0 0.8 0.97701 1.90825 0.095-41 0.01830 1.95709 0.00979
I .• 0.91645 -5.28803 -0.26440 0.06007 5.25110 0.02626
3.2 0.92662 -21.52546 -1.07627 0.18395 12.45058 0.06225

TABLE 6~6
(Jones, 1962) H·0.12S
kt= 200.0
a, a a2'1 -a1"1 a2'1 -<>r; a., a2; -ar; a%; -a,r,

0.1
"
0.03694 2.87564 0.01438 0.01137 0.00201 0.01005
0.2 0.12327 7.44285 0.03721 0.04473 0.00788 0.03940
k; • 0.2 0.' 0.36329 15.41021 0.07705 0.16785 0.02913 0.14566
0.8 0.82050 19.70261 0.09851 0.53144 0.08714 0.43568
I .• 1.12440 7.02380 0.03512 1.03701 0.13705 0.68524
3.2 0.99506 2.35459 0.01177 1.00400 0.06594 0.32971

0.1 0.03481 3.02259 0.01511 0.00$49 0.00969 0.00485

0.2 0.11491 8.02452 0.04012 0.02167 0.03812 0.01906

I..
k z • 2.0 0.' 0.33218 17.64175 0.08821 0.08229 0.14286 0.07143
0.8 0.12695 27.27701 0.13639 0.27307 0.45208 0.22604
1.00203 23.38638 0.11693 0.63916 0.90861 0.45430
3.2 1.00828 11.87014 0.05935 0.92560 0.91469 0.45735

0.1 0.03336 3.17763 0.01589 0.00128 0.01980 0.00099

0.2 0.10928 8.66097 0.04330 0.00509 0.07827 0.00391

I..
k z • 20.0 0.' 0.31094 20.12259 0.10061 0.01972 0.29887 0.01494
0.8 0.65934 36.29943 0.18150 0.07045 " 1.01694 0.05085
0.87931 49.40857 0.24704 0.20963 2.64313 0.13216
3.2 0.93309 57.84369 0.28923 0.49938 4.89895 0.24495

0.1 0.03307 3.26987 0.01635 0.00025 0.02809 0.00014

0.2 0.10810 9.02669 0.04513 0.00098 0.11136 0.00056
1c; • 2/JD.D 0.' 0.30639" 21.56482 0.10782 0.00386 0.43035 0.00215
0.8 0.64383 41.89878 0.20949 0.01455 1.53070 0.00765
I .• 0.84110 69.63157 0.34816 O.OS011 4.56707 0.02284
3.2 0.86807 120.95981 0.60481 0.15719 11.42045 0.05710
148 HULTI-LAYER SYSTEHS

TABLE 6.7
(Jones; 1962) H = 0.25
k 1= 0.2
a1 c:s c:s -c:s c:s -c:s 0 c:s -0 c:s -c:s
Z1 Z1 %'1 Z1 %,z Zz Zz %'z Zz %'g
0.1 0.27115 0.05598. 0.27990 0.01259 0.00274 0.01370
0.2 0.66109 0.12628 0.63138 0.04892 0.01060 0.05302
0.4 0.90404 0.14219 0.71096 0.17538 0.03744 0.18722
kz = 0.2 0.8 0.95659 0.12300 0.61499 0.48699 0.09839 0.49196
1.6 0.99703 0.10534 0.52669 0.81249 0.13917 0.69586
3.2 0.99927 0.05063 0.25317 0.92951 0.11114 0.55569
0.1 0.27103 0.05477 0.27385 0.00739 0.01409 0.00704
0.2 .0.66010 0.12136 0.60681 0.02893 0.05484 6.02742
0.4 0.90120 0.12390 0.61949 0.10664 0.19780 0.09890
kz = 2.0 0.8 0.94928 0.06482 0.32410 0.32617 0.56039 0.28019
1.6 0.99029 -0.00519 -0.02594 0.69047 0.96216 0.48108
3.2 1.00000 -0.02216 -0.11080 0.95608 0.87221 0.43610
0.1 0.26945 0.05192 0.25960 0.00222 0.03116 0.00156
0.2 0.66161 0.11209 0.56046 0.00877 0.12227 0.00611
0.4 0.90102 0.08622 0.43111 0.03354 0.45504 0.02275
kz = 20.0 0.8 0.94012 -0.07351 -0.36756 0.11658 1.44285 0.07214
1.6 0.97277 -0.40234 -2.01169 0.33692 3.37001 0.16850
3.2 0.99075 -0.71901 -3.59542. 0.73532 5.10060 0.25503

0.1 0.27072 0.04956 0.24778 0.00051 0.04704 0.00024

0.2 0.65909 0.10066 0.50330 0.00202 0.18557 0.00093
0.4 0.89724 0.04248 0.21242 0.00791 0.70524 0.00353
k z = 200.0 0.8 0.93596 -0.24071 -1.20357 0.02961 2.40585 0.01203
1.6 0.96370 -1.00743 -5.03714 0.10193 6.82481 0.03412
3.2 0.97335 -2.54264 -12.71320 0.30707 15.45931 0.07730

TABLE 6.8
(Jones, 1962) H = 0.25
k1= 2.0
a1 c:s
Z1
c:s
Z1
-c:s c:s
Z1
-c:s aZz c:s -a aZz -a%'g'
%'1 %'z Zz %'z
0.1 0.15577 0.28658 0.14329 0.01348 0.00277 0.01384
0.2 0.43310 0.72176 0.36088 0.05259 0.01075 0.05377
0.4 0.79551 1.03476 0.51738 0.19094 0.03842 0.19211
kz = 0.2 0.8 1.00871 0.88833 0.44416 0.54570 0.10337 0.51687
1.6 1.02425 0.66438 0.33219 0.90563 0.14102 0.70510
3.2 0.99617 0.41539 0.20773 0.93918 0.09804 0,49020

0.1 0.15524 0.28362 0.14181 0.00710 0.01353 0.00677

0.2 0.42809 0.70225 0.35112 0.02783 0.05278 0.02639
0.4 0.77939 0.96634 0.48317 0.10306 0.19178 0.09589
kz = 2.0 0.8 0.96703 0.66885 0.33442 0.31771 0.55211 0.27605
1.6 0.98156 0.17331 0.08665 0.66753 0.95080 0.47540
3.2 0.99840 -0.05691 -0.02846 0.93798 0.89390 0.44695
0.1 . 0.15436 0.27580 0.13790 0.00179 0.02728 0.00136
0.2 0.42462 0.67115 . 0.33557 0.00706 0.10710 0.00536
0.4 0.76647 0.84462 0.42231 0.02697 0.39919 0.01996
kz = 20.0 0.8 0.92757 0.21951 0.10976 0.09285 1.26565 0.06328
1.6 0.91393 -1.22411 -0.61205 0.26454 2.94860 0.14743
3.2 0.95243 -3.04320 -1.52160 0.60754 4.89878 0.24494

0.1 0.15414 0.26776 0.13388 0.00036 0.03814 0.00019.

0.2 0.42365 0.63873 0.31937 0.00143 0.15040 0.00075
0.35810 0.00285
k z = 200.0 0.4
0.8
0.76296
0.91600
0.71620
-0.28250 -0.14125
0.00557
0.02064
0.57046
1.92636 0.00963
1.6 0.88406 -3.09856 -1.54928 0.07014 5.35936 0.02680
3.2 0.89712 -9.18214 -4.59107 '0.21692 12.64318 0.06322
 rlUUE-LUE:RS srS'rE1fS ,..
TABLE 6.9
(Jones. 1962) H _ 0.25
kl- 20.0
G, G G ... o:II ...Z01 o:11 -0t",
'. %1 1"1
G
"
CJ
21
-4
Z01

0.1 0.04596 0.61450 0.03072 0.01107 0.00202 0.01011

0.2 0.15126 1.76675 0.08834 0.04351 0.00793 0.03964
0.4 0.41030 3.59650 0.17983 0.16337 0.02931 0.14653
kt. - 0.2
1..
0.8
3.2
0.85464
1.12013
0.99676
4.58845
2.31165
1.24415
0.22942
0.11558
0.06221
0.51644
1:01061
0.99168
0.08771
0.14039
0.07587
O.·U8S4
0.70194
0.37934

0.1 0.04381 0.63215 0.03162 0.00530 0.00962 0.00481

0.2 0.14282 1.83766 0.09188 0.02091 0.03781 0.01891
0.4 0.37882 3.86779 0.19339 0.07933 0.14159 0.07079
kt. - 2.0
1..
0.8
3.2
0.75904
0.98743
1.00064
5.50796
4.24281
1.97494
0.27540
0.21213
0.09876
0.26278
0.61673
0.!H258
0.44710
0.90115
0.93254
0.22355
0.45058
0.46627

0.1 0.04236 0.65003 0.03250 0.00123 0.01930 0.00096

0.2 0.13708 1.90693 0.09535 0.00488 0.07623 0.00381
0.4 0.35716 4.13976 0.20699 0.01888 0.29072 0.01454
kt. - 20.0 0.8 0.68947 6.48948 0.32447 0.06741 0.98565 0.04928
1•• 0.85490 6.95639 0.34782 0.20115 2.55231 0.12762
3.2 0.90325 6.05854 0.30293 0.48647 4.76234 0.238U

0.1 0.04204 0.65732 0.03287 0.00024 0.02711 0.00014

0.2 0.13584 1.93764 0.09688 0.00095 0.10741 0.00054
0.4 0.35237 4.26004 0.21300 0.00372 0.41459 0.00207
kt. - 200.0
1..
0.8
3.2
0.67286
0.81223
0.82390
6.94871
8.55770
10.63614
0.34743
0.42789
0.53181
0.01399
0.04830
0.15278
1.46947
4.36521
10.93570
0.00735
0.02183
0.05468

TABLE 6.10
(Jones. 1962) H ... 0.25
kr"" 200.0
G. . °:11
0
'.-Gr. o21 ...1"; 0''%1
0
Zt
...
t"z
o ...
:lz 1",

0.1 0.01139 0.86644 0.00433 0.00589 0.00090 0.00451

0.2 0.04180 2.71354 0.01357 0.02334 0.00357 0.01784
0.4 0.14196 6.83021 0.03415 0.09024 0.01365 0.06824
Jet. - 0.2
1..
0.8
3.2
0.42603
0.94520
1.10738
13.19664
13.79134
2.72901
0.06598
0.06896
0.01365
0.31785
0.83371
1.10259
0.04624
0.10591
0.08608
0.23118
0.52955
0.43037

0.1 0.00909 0.96553 0.00483 0.00259 0.00407 0.00203

0.2 0.03269 3.10763 0.01554 0.01027 0.01611 0.00806
0.4 0.10684 8.37852 0.04189 0.04000 0.06221 0.03110
kt. - 2.0 0.8 0.30477 18.95534 0.09478 0.14513 .0.21860 0.10930
1•• 0.66786 31.18909 0.15595 0 ..42940 0.58553 0.29277
3.2 0.98447 28.98500 0.14493 0.84545 0.89191 0 ..44595

0.1 0.00776 1.08738 0•.00544 0.00065 0.00861 0.00043

0.2· 0.02741 3.59448 0.01797 0.00257 0.03421 0.00171
Jet. - 20.0
0.4 , 0.08634 10.30923 0.05155 0.01014 0.13365 0.00668
0.8 '0.2313"7 26.41442 0.13207 0.03844 0.49135 0.02457
1.6 '0.46835 57.46409 0.28732 0.13148 1.53833 0.07692
3.2 0.71083 99.29034 0.49645 0.37342 3.60964 0.18048

0.1 0.00744 1.19099 0.00596 0.00014 0.01311 0.00007

0.2 0.02616 4.00968 0.02005 0.00056 0.05223 0.00026
0.4 0.08141 11.96405 0.05982 0.00224 0.20551 0.00103
kt. - 200.0 0.8 0.21293 32.97364 0.16487 0.00871 0.77584 0;00388
1.• 0.40876 82.77997 0.41390 0.03234 2.63962 0.01320
3.2 0.56613 189 •.37439 0.94687 0.11049 7.60287 0.03801
150 IlUL'Z'I-UrER SY$'rEJIS

TABLE 6.11
I
(Jones, 1962) H ,. O.S I
a,
k,zO.2
I
az, °ZI ""01"1 0'.21""Or2- a" °z:-01'2- O'Z2 -G r !

0.1 0.07943 0.01705 0.08527 0.00914 0.00206 0.01030

1
0.2 0.27189 0.05724 0.28621 0.03577 0.00804 0.0402(1
0.4 0.66375 0.13089 0.65444 0.13135 0.02924 0.14622
k2 "" 0.2 0.15514 0.77571 0.38994
0.' 0.91143 0.08369 0.41843
1.6.
3.2
0.96334
0.99310
0.13250
0.06976
0.66248
0.34879
0.72106
0.89599
0.13729
0.12674
0.68647
0.63371 l
0.1 0.07906 0.01617 0.08085 0.00557 0.01074 0.00537
0.2' 0.21046 0.05375 0.26877 0.02190 0.04206 0.02103
0.4 0.65847 0.11770 0.58848 0.08222 0.15534 0.07767
k:t" 2.0 0.26429
0.' 0.89579 0.11252 0.56258 0.47045 0.23523'
1.6 0.94217 0.04891 0.24486 0.60357 0.90072 0.45036 ,
3.2 0.99189 0.01380 0.06900 0.91215 0.94385 0.47192

0.1 0.07862 0.01439 0.07196 0.00175 0.02415 0.00121 1,

0.2 0.26873 0.04669 '0.23345 0.00692 0.09519 0.00476
111: - ZO.O
0.4
0.'
0.65188
0.87401
0.09018
0.01260
0.45089
0.06347
0.02676
0.09552
0.36008
1.19151
0.01800
0.05958
j
1., 0.89568 -0.24336 -1.21680 0.28721 2.95409" 0.14770 I
I
3.2 0.95392 -0.53220 -2.66100 0.66445 4.86789 0.24339
l
0.1 0.07820 0.01243 0.06213 0.00041 0.03682 0.00018 )
0.2 0.26803 0.03912 0.19558 0.00163 0.14576 0.00073 I
k%
0.'
200.0 0.8
0.64904 0.06006 0.30029 0.00643 0.56051 0.00280 I
::z 0.86406 -0.10447 -0.52234 0.02436 1.96771 0.00984
1., 0.86677 ~0.67154 -3.35768 0.08540 5.77669 0.02888 I
3.2 0.89703 -1.86126 -9.30628 0.26467 13.63423 0.06817

TABLE 6.12
B .. 0.5
j
(Jones. 1962)
kr= 2.0 I
a, aZ, a21 -ar, O'ZI -Ort a" O"Zt-O"rz O"Zt-"r,
i
I
0.1 0.04496 0.08398 0.04199 0.00903 0.• 00181 0.00906

k t ,. 0.2
0.2
0.4
0.'
0.15978
d.44523
0.83298
1.05462
0.28904
0.72313
1.03603
0.83475
0.14452
0.36156
0.51802
0.41737
0.03551
0.13314
0.42199
0.00711
0.02634
0.07992
0.03554
0.13172
0.39962
I
1.6 0.85329 0.13973 0.69863
3.2 0.99967 0.45119 0.22560 0.94506 0.10667 0.53336 \
0.1 0.04330 0.08250 0.04125 0.00465 0'.00878 0.00439
0.2 0.15325 0.28318 0.14159 0.01836 0.03454 0.01727
k, • 2.0
0.4 0.42077 0.70119 0.35060 0.06974 0.12954 0.06477 \
0.'
1., 0.75683
0.93447
0.96681
0.70726
0.48341
0.35363
0.23256
0.56298
0.41187
0.85930
0.20594
0.42965 I
3.2 0.98801 0.33878 0.16939 0.88655 0.96353 0.48176 1
0.1 0.04193 0.08044 0.04022 0.00117 0.01778 0.00089
0.2 0.14808 0.27574 0.13787 0.00464 0.07027 0.00351
0.4 0.40086 0.67174 0.33587 0.01799 0.26817 0.01341
k:. .. 20.0 0.' 0.69098 0.86191 0.43095 0.06476 0.91168 0.04558
1.'
3.2
0.79338
0.85940
0.39588 0.19794
-0.41078· -0.20539
0.19803
0.49238
2.38377
4.47022
0.11919
0.22351

0.1 0.04160 0.07864 0.03932 0.00024 0.02515 0.00013

0.2 0.14676 0.26853 0.13426 0.00095 0.09968 0.00050
0.4 0.39570 0.64303 0.32152 0.00374 0.38497 0.00192
~ :::> 200.0 0.' 0.74947 0.37474
0.67257 0.01416 1.36766 0.00684
1., 0.74106 -0.02761 -0.01381 0.04972 4.08937 0.02045
3.2 0.75176 -1.88545 -0.94273 0.15960 10.25631 0.05128'
 rllREE-l.AYDt srS'r£JfS 151

TABLE 6.13 H';' 0.5

a,
0.1
a
'!

0.01351
a%1 -a1"1

0.16526
a -a
*1

0.00826
1"1
a .,
(Jones. 1962)

0.00596
a -a
&z

0.00098
1"Z
k l - 20.0
a -a
%2

0.00488
n
0.2 0.05079 0.58918 0.02946 0.02361 0.00386 0.01929
kz- 0.2
.,
0.4
0.8
3.2
0.16972
0.47191
0.97452
1.09911
1.66749
3.23121
3.54853
1.21334
0.08337
0.16156
0.17743
0.06361
0.09110
0.31904
0.82609
1.08304
0.01474
0.04967
0.11279
0.09527
0.07369
0.24834
0.56395
0.47631

0.1 0.01122 0.17997 O.OOgoo 0.00259 0.00440 0.00220

0.2 0.04172 0.64119 0.03239 0.01028 0.01744 0.00872
kz- 2.0
.,
0.4
0.8
3.2
0.13480
0.35115
0.70221
0.97420
1.89817
4.09592
6.22002
5.41828
0.09491
0.20480
0.31100
0.27091
0.03998
0.14419
0.42106
0.82256
0.06722
0.23476
0.62046
0.93831
0.03361
0.11738
0.31023
0.46916

0.1 0.00990 0.19872 0.00994 0.00063 0.00911 0.00046

0.2 0.03648 0.72264 0.03613 0.00251 0.03620 0.00181
kts' 20.0 0.4
0.8
.,
3.2
0.11448
0.27934
0.50790
0.70903
2.19520
5.24726
10.30212
16.38520
0.10976
0.26236
0.51511
0.81926
0.00988
0.03731
0.12654
0.35807
0.14116
0.51585
1.59341
3.69109
0.00106
0.02$19
0.07967
0.18455

Je1- 200.0
0.1
0.2
~::
..,
0.00960
0.03526
0.10970
0.26149
0.45078
0.21440
0.78493
2.44430
6.23424
14.11490
0.01072
0.03925
0.12221
0.31172
0.10574
0.00013
0.00054
0.00214
0.00831
0.03070
0.01355. 0.00007
0.05395
0.21195
0.79588
2.67578
0.00021
0.00106
0.00398
0.01338
I
3.2 0.51074 29.95815 1.49791 0.10470 1.61451 0.03801

TABLE 6.14 H - O.S

., a
zt
a -a
%1 rl
a -a
*1 r1
a.,
(Jones. 1962)
a -a
%z rz
kI_ 200.0

a -a
" "
0.1 0.00363 0.22388 0.00112 0.00256 0.00033 0.00163
0.2 0.01414 0.81903 0.00410 0.01021 0.00130 0.00648
k1- 0.2 0.4 0.05256 2.52558 0.01263 0.04014 0.00506 0.02529
0.8 0.18107 6.11429 0.03057 0.15048 0.01844 0.09221
1.' 0.53465 10.82705 0.05414 0.48201 0.05399 0.26993
3.2 1.04531 9.34212 0.04671 1.00671 0.08624 0.43121

0.1 0.00215 0.26620 0.00133 0.00094 0.00128 0.00064

0.2 0.00826 0.98772 0.00494 0.00373 0.00509 0.00254
k1- 2.0
.,
0.4
0.8
3.2
0.02946
0.09508
0.27135
0.62399
3.19580
8.71973
20.15765
34.25229
0.01598
0.04360
0.10079
0.17126
0.01474
0.05622
0.19358
0.52912
0.01996
0.07434
0.23838
0.54931
0.00998
0.03717
0.11919
0.27466

0.1 0.00149 0.31847 0.00159 0.00023 0.00251 0.00013

0.2 0.00564 1.19598 0.00598 0.00094 0.01025 0.00051
O.~ 0.01911 4.02732 0.02014 0.00372 0.04041 0.00202
k z- 20.0 0.8 ... 0.05574 12.00885 0.06004 0.01453 0.15452 0.00173
1.' 0.13946 32.77028 0.16385 0.05399 0.53836 0.02692
3.2 0.30247 77 .62943 0.38815 0.18091 1.56409 0.07820

0.1 0.00133 0.37065 0.00185 0.00005 0.00381 0.00002

0.2 0.00498 1.40493 0.00102 0.00022 0.01544 0.00008
kts' 200.0
.,
~::

3.2
0.01649 4.86215
0.04553 15.33902
0.10209 45.93954
0.18358 128.13051
0.02431
0.07610
0.22970
0.64065
0.00086
0.00340
0.01315
0.04854
0.06118
0.23698
0.86345
2.80877
0.00031
0.00118
0.00432
0.01404.
 TABLE 6.15 B - 1.0
(Jones. 1962) KI_ 0.2
., a a .Ill -crl a -c1) a
'. a .; -cr, a z; -c:1',
" %1

0.1 0.02090 0.00464 0.02320 0.00541 0.00128 0.00638

0.2 0.08023 0.01773 0.08865 0.02138 0.00503 0.02515
0.4 0.27493 0.05976 0.29878 0.08125 0.01903 0.09516
kz- 0.2 0.8 0.67330. 0.13818 0.69092 0.26887 0.06192 0.30960
1., 0.92595 0.15978 0.79888 0.60229 0.13002 0.65010
3.2 0.95852 0.09722 0.48612 0.82194 0.14348 0.71742

0.1 0.02045 0.00410 0.02052 0.00356 0.00687 0.00343

0.2 0.07845 0.01561 0.07805 0.01410 0.02713 0.01357
0.4 0.26816 0.05166 0.25828 0.05427 0.10351 0.05175
K2.. 2.0 0.34703 0.17351
0.8 0.65090 0.11111 0.55555 0.18842
1.' 0.88171 0.10364 0.51819 0.48957 0.79986 0.39993
3.2 0.94153 0.06967 0.34835 0.81663 0.99757 0.49879

0.1 0.Olll81 0.00306 0.01529 0.00118 0.01S91 0.00080

0.2 0.07587 0.01145 0.OS726 0.00471 0.06310 0.00316
0.4 0.25817 0.03540 0.17702 0.01346 0.2~396 0.01220
kt"" 20.0 0.8 0.61544 O.OSI63 0.25817 0.06839 0.86114 0.04306
1., 0.78884 -0.07218 -0.36091 0.21770 2.36054 0.11803
3.2 0.82936 -0.25569 ·1.27847 0.53612 4.28169 0.21408

0.1 0.01952 0.D0214 0.01068 0.00028 0.02412 0.00012

0.2 0.07473 0.007n 0.03883 O.DOllO 0.09587 0.00048
Kt- 200.0 g:: 0.25368
0.59853
0.02076
-0.00538
0.10382
-0.02690
0.00436
0.01679
0.37417
1.36930
0.00187
0.00685
1., 0.73387 -0.28050 ·1.402S0 0.06020 4.23805 0.02119
3.2 0.70248 -0.90965 -4.54826 0.19189 10.36507 0.05183

TABLE 6.16 B - 1.0

., a
"
a %1 -crl °ZI ~1)
(Jones. 1962

°z; a Zt -cr;
k
l
_

a Z; -cl',
Z.O

0.1 0.01241 0.02186 0.01093 0.00490 0.00096 0.00478

0.2 0.04816 0.08396 0.04198 0.01943 0.00378 0.01890
0.4 0.17203 0.28866 0.14433 0.07496 0.01448 0.07241
Kt- 0.2 0.8 0.48612 0.71684 0.35842 0.26193 0.04924 0.24620
1., 0.91312 0.97206 0.48603 0.67611 0.11558 0:S7790
3.2 1.04671 0.60091 0.30046 0.95985 0.12527 0.62637

0.1 0.01083 0.02179 0.01090 0.00241 0.00453 0.00227

0.2 0.04176 0.08337 0.04169 0.00958 0.01797 0.00899
0.4 0.14665 0.28491 0.14246 0.03724 0.06934 0.03467
Kt- 2.0 0.8 0.39942 0,71341 0.35670 0.13401 0.24250 0.12125
1.' 0.71032 1.02680 0.51340 0.38690 0.63631 0.31815
3.2 0.92112 0.90482 0.45241 0.75805 0.97509 0.48754

0.1 0,00963 0.02249 0.01124 0.00061 0.00920 0.00046

0.2 0.03697 0.08618 0.04309 0.00241 0.03654 0.00183
0.4 0.12805 0.29640 0.14820 0.00950 0.14241 0.00712
KIl- 20.0 0.8 0.33263 0.76292 0.38146 0.03578 0.51815 0.02591
1.6 0.52721 1.25168 0.62584 0.12007 1.56503 0.07825
3.2 0.65530 1.70723 0.85361 0.33669 3.51128 0.17556

0.1 0.00925 0.02339 0.01170 0.00013 0.01319 0.00007

0.2 0.03561 0.09018 0.04509 O.OOOSI 0.05252 0.00026
0.12348 0.31470 0.15735 0.00202 0.20609 0.00103
k z- 200.0 ~:: 0.31422 0.83274 0.41637 0.00783 0.76955 0.D0385
1., 0.46897 1.53521 0.76760 0.02874 2.53100 0.01265
3.2 0.51161 2.76420 1.38210 0.09751 6.99283 0.03496
 THREE-LAYER SYS'l'EHS 153

TABLE 6.17 H = 1.0

(Jones. 1962) k1= 20.0

a1 '1 '1 -(1 '1 -(1 '1 '1 -'1 a -'1

21 21 2'1 21 2'2 22 22 2'2 22 2'3

0.1 0.00417 0.04050 0.00202 0.00271 0.00039 0.00195

0.2 0.01641 0.15675 0.00784 0.01080 0.00155 0.00777
k 2= 0.2 0.4 0.06210 0.55548 0.02777 0.04241 0.00606 0.03028
0.8 0.21057 1.53667 0.07683 0.15808 0.02198 0.10991
1.6 0.58218 2.77359 0.13868 0.49705 0.06327 0.31635
3.2 1.06296 2.55195 0.12760 1.00217 0.09906 0.49525
0.1 0.00263 0.04751 0.00238 0.00100 0.00160 0.00080
0.2 0.01029 0.18481 0.00924 0.00397 0.00637 0.00319
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.03810 0.66727 0.03336 0.01565 0.02498 0.01249
0.8 0.12173 1.97428 0.09871 0.05938 0.09268 0.04634
1.6 0.31575 4.37407 0.21870 0.20098 0.29253 0.14626
3.2 0.66041 6.97695 0.34885 0.53398 0.65446 0.32723
0.1 0.00193 0.05737 0.00287 0.00024 0.00322- 0.00016
0.2 0.00751 0.22418 0.01121 0.00098 0.01283 0.00064
k 2= 20.0 0.4 0.02713 0.82430 0.04121 0.00387 0.05063 0.00253
0.8 0.08027 2.59672 0.12984 0.01507 0.19267 0.00963
1.6 0.17961 6.77014 0.33851 0.05549 0.66326 0.03316
3.2 0.34355 15.23252 0.76163 0.18344 1.88634 0.09432
0.1 0.00176 0.06733 0.00337 0.00006 0.00478 0.00002
0.2 0.00683 0.26401 0.01320 0.00022 0.01908 0.00010
0.02443 0.98346 0.04917 0.00088 0.07557 0.00038
k2= 200.0 g:: 0.06983 3.23164 0.16158 0.00348 0.29194 0.00146
1.6 0.14191 9.28148 0.46407 0.01339 1.05385 0.00527
3.2 0.22655 24.85236 1.24262 0.04911 3.37605 0.01688

TABLE 6.18 H = 1.0

(Jones. 1962) k 1=200.0

a1 '1 '1 -(1 '1 21 -(12'2 '1 '1 22 -(12'2 '1 -'1
21 21 2'1 22 22 2'3

0.1 0.00117 0.05507 0.00028 0.00097 0.00010 0.00051

0.2 0.00464 0.21467 0.00107 0.00388 0.00041 0.00203
0.4 0.01814 0.78191 0.00391 0.01538 0.00160 0.00801
k2= 0.2 0.8 0.06766 2.38055 0.01190 0.05952 0.00607 0.03037
1.6 0.22994 5.57945 0.02790 0.21214 0.02028 0.10140
3.2 0.62710 9.29529 0.04648 0.60056 0.04847 0.24236
0.1 0.00049 0.06883 0.00034 0.00029 0.00035 0.00017
0.2 0.00195 0.26966 0.00135 0.00116 0.00138 0.00069
0.4 0.00746 1.00131 0.<00501 0.00460 0.00545 0.00273
k2= 2.0 0.02647 3.-24971 0.01625 0.01797 0.02092 0.01046
0.8
1.6 0.08556 8.92442 0.04462 0.06671 0.07335 0.03668
3.2 0.25186 20.83387 0.10417 0.22047 0.21288 0.10644

0.1 0.00027 0.08469 0.00042 0.00007 0.00062 0.00003

- 0.2 0.00104 0.33312 0.00167 0.00028 0.00248 0.00012
0.4 0.00384 1.25495 0.00627 0.00110 0.00985 0.00049
k2=:" 20.0 0.S-',,0.01236 4~26100 0.02130 0.00436 0.03825 0.00191
1.6 0.03379 12.91809 0.06459 0.01683 0.13989 0.00699
3.2 0.08859 36.04291 0.18021 0.06167 0.45544 0.02277

0.1 0.00021 0.10075 0.00050 0.00002 0.00087 0.00000

0.2 0.00082 0.39741 0.00199 0.00006 0.00347 0."00002
0.00298 1.51234 0.00756 0.00025 0.01381 0.00007
k2= 200.0 g:: 0.00893 5.28939 0.02645 0.00100 0.05403 0.00027
1.6 0.02065 17.01872 0-.08509 0.00392 0.20250 0.00101
3.2 0.04154 52.23615 0.26118 0.01505 0.70098 0.00350
m HUL'rZ-tA'nR SYS't'BJfS

TABLE 6.19 R - 2.0

., 0

"
0

" "
... o%, ...rz
(Jones. 1962)

0
"
0
"
...,.,
kl- 0.2
o ...
Zt J"J

0.1 0.00540 0.00121 0.00604 0.00242 0...... 0.00302

0.2 0.02138 0.00477 0.02386 0.00964 0.00240 0.01202
0.' 0.08209 0.01821 0.09106 0.03770 0.00919 0.04695
k.t- 0.2 0.8 0.28150 0.06106 0.30531 0.13832 0.03422 0.17112
I.'
3.2
0.68908
0.93103
0.13660
0.12899
0.68299
0.64493
0.40830
0.73496
0.09826
0.15705
0.49131
0.78523

0.1 0.00502 0.00098 0.00494 0.00180 0.00339 0.00170

0.2 0.01986 0.00389 0.01953 0.00716 0.01350 0.00615
0., 0.07630 0.01485 0.07449 0.02815 0.OS288 0.02644
k2.- 2.0
0.8 0.26196 0.04977 0.24875 0.10523 0.19467 O.O!il733
1.6 0.63535 ·0.10924 0.54641 0.33075 0.57811 0.28905
3.2 0.87025 0.12296 0.61462 0.68388 1.00199 0.50100
I
0.1
0.2
0.'
0.00444
0.01756
0.06706
0.00056
0.00221
0.00819
0.00282
0.01105
0.04097
0.00065
0.00260
0.01030
0.00825
0.03286
0.12933
0.00041
0.00164
0.00647
I,
k:_ 20.0 0.8
1..
0.22561
0.51929
0.02431
0.03070
0.12153
0.15352
0.03956
0.13743
0.48595
1.55804
0.02430
0.07790
1
I
'.2 0.65700 -0.00926 -0.04632 0.37409 3.39883 0.16994

0.1 0.00414 0.00032 0.00160 0.00015 0.01234 0.00006

0.2 0.01635 0.00124 0.00621 0.00058 0.04922 0.00025
0.06231 0.00436 0.02180 0.00231 0.19450
kl- 200.0 ~:: 0.20757 0.00955 0.04774 0.00905 0.74256
0.00097
0.00371
1.6 0.455SO -0.02112 -0.10861 0.03363 2.52847 0.01264
3.2 0.48642 -0.15589 -0.77944 0.11105 6.6!J3SS 0.03349
 THREE·LAlZR srS'nJIS 155

TABLE. 6.21 B _ Z.O

(Jones, 1962) k l - ZO.O
a, a a ~ a2:, ~1't a.12 ~l"z a .II, -<11',
" ~'J n °.It

0.1 0.00134 0.00968 0.00048 0.00108 0.00014 0.00068

0.2 0.00533 0.038.39 0.00192 0.00429 0.00055 0.0027.3
k:t.- O.Z
...
0.'
0••
3.2
0.02100
0.07950
0.26613
0.67882
0.14&45
0.52414
1.41720
2.38258
0.00741
0.02621
0.07085
0.1191.3
0.01702
0.06576
0.;2.3186
0.63006
0.00216
0.00820
0.02740
0.06334
0.01078
0.04101
0.1.3698
0.31919
0.1 0.00059 0.01219 0.00061 0.0003.3 0.00051 0.00025
0.2 0.00235 0.04843 0.00242 0.001.30 0.0020.3 0.00101
0.' 0.00922 0.18SS7 0.0094.3 0.00518 0.0080.3 0.00401
k.t- Z.O 0•• 0.03412 0.68.382 0.0.3419 0.02023 0.0.3093 0.01547
1•• 0.10918 2.04134 0.10207 0.07444 0.10864 0.054.32
3.2 0.29183 4.60426 0.2.3021 0.2.3852 0.30709 0.15.354
0.1 0.000.33 0.01568 -0.00078 0.00008 0.00094 0.00005
0.2 0.00130 0.062.36 0.00312 0.00031 0.00374 0.00019
k2.- ZO.D 0.'
...
0 ••
3.2
0.0050.3
0.01782
0.05012
0.11331
0.24425
0.90594
2.91994
7.95104
0.01221
0.04530
0.14600
0.39755
0.0012.3
0.004&5
0.01862
0.06728
0.01486
0.05789
0.21190
0.67732
0.00074
0.00289
0.01060
0.03.387
0.1 0.00027 0.01927 0.00<196 0.00002 0.001.31 0.00001
0.2 0.00106 0.07675 0.00384 0.00007 0.00524 0.0000.3
0.00406 0 •.30182 0.01509 0.00028 o 020SS
k2.- 200.0 g:: 0.01397 1.1.3555 0.05678 0.00110 0.08180
0.00010
0.00041
1•• 0.03538 .3.8.3254 0.1916.3 0.004.31 0.30676 0.0015.3
3.2 0.06182 11.5540.3 0.57770 0.01644 1.04794 0.00524

TABLE 6.22 B _ Z.O

(Jones, 1962) k1- 200.0
a, °aJ
a z, ~1', a.II -<11't a2:2 a.It -<11't a.It -<1r ,

0.1 0.00036 0.01.350 0.00007 0.00033 0.00003 0.00015

0.2 0.00144 0.05.366 0.00027 0.00130 0.00012 0.00058
k 1 - 0.2
...
0.'
0 ••
3.2
0.00572
0.022.31
0.08215
0.26576
0.20911
0.76035
2.29642
5."28589
0.00105
0.00380
0.01148
0.02643
0.00518
0.020.38
0.07675
0.254&4
0.00046
0.00180
0.00649
0.01912
0.00232
0.00901
0.03244
0.09562
0.1 0.00011 0.01737 0.00009 0.00008 0.00009 0.00004
0.2 0.00045 0.06913 0.00035 0.00033 0.00036 0.00018
k:_ Z.O
...
0.'
0.•
3.2
0.00119
0.00685
0.02441
0.08061
0.27103
1.00808
3.27590
9.02195
0.001.36
0.00504
0.016.38
0.04511
0.00131
0.00520
0.02003
0.07248
0.00142
0.00553
0.02043
0.06638
0.00071
0.00271 .
0.01021
0.03319
0.1 0.OOD05 0.02160 0.00011 0.00002 0.00014 0.00001
0.2 0.00018 0.08604 0.0004.3 0.00007 0.00058 0.00003
0."'-. 0.00071 0.3.3866 0.00169 0.00030 0.00229 0.00011
k1- JO.D 0•• 0.00261 1.27835 0.006.39 0.00119 0.00901 0.00045
1•• 0.00819 4.35311 0.02117 0.00467 0.03390 0.00110
3.2 0.02.341 1.3.26873 0.06634 0.01784 0.11666 0.00583
0.1 0.00003 0.02581 0.00013 0.00000 0.00019 0.00000
0.2 0.00012 0.10.310 0.00052 0100002 0100075 0.00000
0.00041 0.40616 0.00203 0.00001 0.00.300 0.00002
k1- 200.0 g:: 0.00165 1.54951 0.00n5 0.00026 0.01183 0.00006
1•• 0.00445 5.43705 0.02119 0.00104 0.04515 0.00023
3.2 0.00929 17.58810 0.08794 0.00409 0.16107 O.OOO~1

-
256 ltULTI-LAYER SYS'I'VIS

TABLE 6.23 B ... 4.0

(Jones, 1962) Ie l - 0.2
a, a a%1 -<>1'1 a%1 -<>1': •" • -<>
'"
• %: -<>1'1

0.1
"
0.00139 0.00028 0.00141 0.00086
"
0.00023 0.00114
0.2 0.00555 0.00112 0.00562 0.0034S 0.00091 0.00454
Ie:- 0.2 0.4 0.02198 0.00444 0.02220 0.01371 0.00360 0.01801
0.8 0.0&435 0.01686 0.08428 0.05323 0.01394 0.06968
1., 0.28810 0.05529 0.27641 0.19003 0.04909 0.24545
'.2 0.70014 0.11356 0.56778 0.51882 0.12670 0.63352

0.1 0.00123 0.00026 0.00131 0.00071 0.00130 0.00065

0.2 0.00491 0.00104 0.00S21 0.00283 0.00518 0.00259
Iez... 2.0 0.4 0.01942 0.00412 0.02059 0.01126 0.02057 0.01028
0.8 0.07447 0.01574 0.07869 0.04388 0.07911 0.03989
1., 0.25449 0.05311 0.26554 0.15904 0.28357 0.14178
'.2 0.62074 0.12524 0.62622 0.45455 0.75651. 0.37825

0.1 0.00087 0.00018 0.00090 0.00028 0.00325 0.00016

0.2 0.00346 0.00072 0.00358 0.00111 0.01298 0.00065
kt"" 20.0 0.4 0.01361 0.00283 0.01411 0.00443 0.05159 0.00258
0.8 0.05201 0.01089 0.05444 0.01141 0.20134 0.01001
1., 0.11361 0.0319Q 0.18949 0.06525 0.73322 0.03666
'.2 0.39955 0".10841 0.54203 0.20965 2.13666 0.10683

0.1 0.00069 0.00019 0.00097 0.00006 0.00487 0.00002

0.2 0.00274 0.00078 0.00389 0.00024 0.01941 0.00010
k2* 200.0 g:: 0.01079
0.04074
0.00309
0.01199
0.01544
0.0~995
0.00095
0.00378
0.07752
0.30432
0.00039
0.00152
1., 0.13117 0.04352 0.21758 0.01456 1.13373 0.00567
'.2 0.26403 0.14445 0.72224 0.05161 3.59608 0.01798

TABLE 6.24 B = 4.0

(Jones. 1962) k 1- 2.0
a, •z, •" -<>" • <'.:1
-<> rt •" •z. " -0 • %t -<>rs

0.1 0.00103 0.00128 0.00064 0.00078 0.00014 0.00071

0.2 0.00411 "0.00511 0.00256 0.00312 0.00057 0.00284
k 2... 0.2 0.4 0.01631 0.02022 0.01011 0.01241 0.00226 0.01129
0.8 0.06319 0.07722 0.03861 0.04842 0.00877 0.04384
1., 0.22413 0.25955 0.12977 0.17617 0.03133 0.15666
'.2 0.60654 0.58704 0.29352 0.50917 0.08500 0.42501

0.1 0.00057 0.00141 0.00074 0.00034 0.00065 0.00032

0.2 0.00228 0-.00587 0.00293 0.00137 0.00260 0.00130
0.4 0.00905 0.02324 0.01162 0.00544 0.01032 0.00516
k2- 2.0 0.8 0.03500 0.08957 0.04479 0.02135 0.04031 0.02015
1.' 0.12354 0.31215 0.15608 0.07972 0.14735 0.07368
'.2 0.34121 0.81908 0.40954 0.25441 0.43632 0.21816

0.1 0.00030 0.00201 0.00101 0.00008 0.00128 0.00006

0.2 0.00119 0.00803 0.00402 0.00034 0.00510 0.Op026
kt- 20.0 0.4 0.00469 0.03191 0.01596 0.00134 0~02032 0.00102
0.8 0.01790 0.12427 0.06213 0.00532 0.07991 0.00400 '
1., 0.06045 0.45100 0.22550 0.02049 0.29991 0.01500
'.2 0.14979 1.36427 0.68214 0.07294 0.97701 0.04885

0.1 0.00023 0.00263 0.'00131 0.00002 0.00180 0.00001

0.2 0.00091 0.01050 0,00525 0.00001 0.00720 0.00004
0.04179 0.02090
k2- 200.0 g:: 0.00360
0.01360 0.16380 0.08190
0.00029
0.00115
0.02870
0.11334
0.00014
0.09057
1., 0.04409 0.60898 0.30449 0.00451 0.43251 0.00216
'.2 0.09323 1.98899 0.99449 0.01705 1.49306 0.00147
 THREE-LAYER SYSTEMS 157

TABLE 6.25 H = 4.0

(Jones. 1962) kl= 20.0

al a a -a a -a a aZ:a -ar2 aZ2 -arg

Zl Zl rl Zl r:a Z2
0.1 0.00042 0.00233 0.00012 0.00037 0.00004 0.00021
0.2 0.00166 0.00932 0.00047 0.00148 0.00017 0.00085
k:a= 0.2 0.4 0.00663 0.03692 0.00185 0.00588 0.00068 0.00340
0.8 0.02603 0.14242 $>.00712 0.02319 0.00266 0.01331
1.6 0.09718 0.49826 0.02491 0.08758 0.00983 0.04914
3.• 2 0.31040 1.31627 0.06581 0.28747 0.02990 0.14951
0.1 0.00013 0.00312 0.00016 0.00010 0.00015 0.00007
0.2 0.00054 0.01245 0.00062 0.00039 0.00059 0.00029
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.00214 0.04944 0.00247 0.00154 0.00235 0.00117
0.8 0.00837 0.19247 0.00962 0.00610 0.00924 0.00462
1.6 0.03109 0.69749 0.03487 0.02358 0.03488 0.01744
3.2 0.10140 2.09049 0.10452 0.08444 0.11553 0.05776
0.1 0.00005 0.00413 0.00021 0.00002 0.00025 0.00001
0.2 0.00021 0.01651 0.00083 0.00009 0.00099 0.00005
k2= 20.0 0.4 0.00083 0.06569 0.00328 0.00035 0.00396 0.00020
0.8 0.00321 0.25739 0.01287 0.00138 0.01565 0.00078
1.6 0.01130 0.05622 0.04781 0.00542 0.05993 0.00300
3.2 0.03258 3.10980 0.15549 0.02061 0.20906 0.01045
0.1 0.00003 0.00515 0.00026 0.00000 0.00033 0.00000
0.2 0.00014 0.02056 0.00103 0.00002 0.00131 0.00001
k2= 200.0 0.4 0.00054 0.08191 0.00410 0.00008 0.00524 0.00003
0.8 0.00206 0.32231 0.01612 0.00030 0.02077 0.00010
1.6 0.00683 1.21587 0.06079 0.00120 0.08034 0.00040
3.2 0.01590 4.14395 0.20720 0.00468 0.28961 0.00145

H = 4.0
TABLE 6.26(Jones. 1962) k1= 200.0
a1 a a -a a -a az:a aZ:a -0r:a aZ:a -arg
Zl Z1 r1 Zl r:a

0.1 0.00010 0.00334 0.00002 0.00010 0.00001 0.00004

0.2 0.00042 0.01333 0.00007 ·0.00039 0.00003 0.00016
k2= 0.2 0.4 0.00167 0.05295 0.00026 0.00157 0.00013 0.00065
0.8 0.00663 0.20621 0.00103 0.00625 0.00051 0.00256
1.6 0.02562 0.74824 0.00374 0.02427 0.00195 0.00975
3.2 0.09166 2.25046 0.01125 0.08799 0.00660 0.03298
0.1 0.00003 0.00437 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001
0.2 0.00011 0.01746 0.00009 0.00009 0.00009 0.00005
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.00042 0.06947 0.00035 0.00036 0.00036 0.00018
0.8 0.00168 0.27221 0.00136 0.00142 0.00144 0.00072
1.6 0.00646 1.01140 0.00506 0.00560 0.00553 0.00277
3.2 0.02332 3.28913 0.01645 0.02126 0.01951 0.00975
0.1 0.00001 0.00545 0.00003 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000
0.2 0.00003 0.02178 0.00011 0.00002 0.00014 0.00001
0.4-. . 0.00013 0.08673 0.00043 0.00008 0.00054 0.00003
k2= 20.0
0.8 . 0.00050 0.34131 0.00171 0.00031 0.00215 0.00011
1.6 0.00186 1.28773 0.00644 0.00124 0.00833 0.00042
3.2 0.00612 4.38974 0.02195 0.00483 0.03010 0.00150
0.1 0.00000 0.00652 0.00003 0.00000 0.00004 0.00000
0.2 0.00002 0.02606 0.00013 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000
0.00007 0.10389 0.00052 0.00002 0.00068 0.00000
k:a= 200.0 g:: 0.00025 0.40997 0.00205 0.00007 0.00269 0.00001
1.6 0.00086 1.56284 0.00781 0.00027 0.01049 0.00005
3.2 0.00225 5.48870 0.02744 0.00107 0.03866 0.00019
 H/lL'rr-LAYER SfSTEHS

TABLE 6.27 H - 8.0

(Jones. 1962) 1u- O. a
a, 0
z, o z, -<>,.. oz, -<>,.. 0
z, CfZt-G'rz o z, -<>...

0.1 0.00035 0.00006 0.00028 0.00027 0.00007 0.00036

0.2 0.00142 0.00023 0.00113 0.00108 0.00028 0.00142

I..
0.' 0.00566 0.00090 0.00449 0.00432 0.00113 0.00567
k 1- 0.2 0.02240 0.00354
0.8 0.01769 0.01711 0.00449 0.02246
3.2
0.08589
0.29318
0.01335
0.04270
0.06673
0.21350
0.06610
0.23182
0.01725
0.05907
0.08624
0.29533
1
0.1 0.000.30 0.00008 0.000.38 0.00023 0.00041 0.00021
0.2 0.00120 0.00030 0.00152 0.00091 0.00165 0.00083

I..
0.' 0.00479 0.00121 0.00606 0.00.364 0.00660 0.00330
k 1- 2.0 0.01894
0.8 0.00480 0.02.399 0.01446 0.02616 0.01308
0.07271 0.01841 0.09206 0.05601 0.10080 0.0504Q
'.2 0.24933 0.06307 0.31534 0.19828 0.35008 0.17504
0.1 0.00016 0.00010 0.00049 0.00009 0.00105 0.00005
0.2 0.0006S 0.00040 0.00198 0.00037 0.00421 0.00021
0.' 0.00260 0.00158 0.00790 0.00149 0.01679 0.00084
k 1- 20.0 0.8
1.6
'.2
0.01026
0.03926
0.13335
0.00629
0.02463
0.09123
0.0.3143
0.12314
0.45615
0.00594
0.02320
0.08510
0.06664
0.25871
0.92478
0.00333
0.01294
0.04624
I,
0.1
0.2
0.00009
0.00036
0.00015
0.00059
0.00074
0.00294
0.00002
0.00008
0.00162
0.00648
0.00001
0.00003 I
I..
0.00145 0.00235 0.01176 0.00013
~:.:
0.00032 0.02587
k 1- 200.0 0.00573 0.00938 0.04690 0.00127 0.10287 0.00051
0.02160 0.03710 0.18549 0.00503 0.40238 0.00201
'.2 0.06938 0.14226 0.71130 0.01912 1.48097· 0.00740

TAIlLE 6.28
(Jones. 1962)
B ~ 8.0 j
k l - 2.0
0, 0
z, o z, "",.. Cfzl-G'rt °z, Cf Zt -G'2't o .:1:1-<>rl

0.1 ·0.00028 0.00028 0.00014 0.00024 0.00004 0.00022

0.2 0.00113 0.00111 0.00056 0.00096 0.00017 0.00087
],:1- 0.2 0.' 0.00451 0.00444 0.00222 0.00384 0.00069 0.00347
0.8 0.01786 0.01752 0.00876 0.01522 0.00275 0.01373
1.6 0.06895 0.06662 0.03331 0.05900 0.01060 0.05298
'.2 0.24127 0.22014 0.11007 0.20949 0.03693 0.18466
0.1 0.00013 0.00039 0.00020 0.00010 0.00020 0.00010
0.2 0.00053 0.00157 0.00079 0.00041 0.00078 0.00039
0.' 0.00213 0.00628 0.00314 0.00164 0.00311 0.00156
k1- 2.0 0.8 0.00844 0.02487 0.01244 0.00653 0.01237 0.00618
1.6 .0.03269 0.09597 0.04798 0.02556 0.04802 0.02401
'.2 0.11640 0.33606 0.16803 0.09405 0.17188 0.08594
0.1 0.00005 0.00061 0.00030 0.00002 0.00037 0.00002
0.2 0.00019 0.00242 0.00121 0.00010 0.00149 0.00007
],:1- 20.0 0.' 0.00076 0.00967 0.00484 0.00040 0.00596 0.00030
0.8 0.00300 0.03845 0.01922 0.00159 0.02369 0.00118
I .• 0.01154 0.15010 0.07505 0.00630 0.09274 0.00464
'.2 0.04003 0.54942 0.27471 0.02409 0.34233 0.01712
0.1 ~.OOO03 0.00082 0.00041 0.00001 0.00052 0.00000
0.2 0.00011 0.00328 0.00164 0.00002 0.00206 0.00001

I..
k _ 200 0 0.4 0.00042 0.01310 0.00655 0.00008 0.00825 0."""
1 • 0.8 0.00167 0.05216 0.02608 0.00034 0.03287 0.00016
0.00629 0.20491 0.10245 0.00135 0.12933 0.00065
'.2 0.02020 0.76769 0.38384 0.00527 0.48719 0.00244
 THRE'E'-Lilya SYSTEJfS 159

TABLE 6.29 B _ 8.0

(Jones, 1962)

.
k 1- 20.0
a, 0 o4, ..,., o ...
%1 rZ
0
4, ., ,..
o .. o4, ..,..

0.1 0.00012 0.00056 0.00003 0.00011 0.00001 0.00006

0.2 0.00047 0.00223 O.COOll 0.00044 0.00005 0.00025
k z- 0.2 0.' 0.00190 0.00889 0.000« 0.00176 0.00020 0.00099
0.8 0.00754 0.03522 0.00176 0.00701 0.00079 0.00393
1.. 0.02947 0.13569 0.00678 0:02746 0.00306 0.01528
3.2 0.10817 0.47240 0.02362 " 0.10145 0.Oll05 0.05524
0.1 0.00003 0.00079 0.00004 0.00003 0.00004 0.00002
0.2 0.00013 0.00316 0.00016 0.00011 0.00016 0.00008
kz- 2.0 0.' 0.00050 0.01260 0.00063 0.00043 0.00064 0.00032
0.8 0.00200 0.OSOO7 0.00250 0.00170 0.00253 0.00127
1.6 0.00786 0.19496 0.00975 0.00673 0.00993 0.00496
3.2 0.02944 0.70709 0.03535 0.02579 0.03678 0.01839

0.1 0.00001 0.00106 0.00005 0.00001 0.00006 0.00000

0.2 0.00004 0.00425 0.00021 0.00002 0.00025 0.00001
kz- 20.0 0.' 0.00014 0.01696 0.00085 0.00009 0.00100 0.00005
0.8 0.00056 0.06751 0.00338 0.00037 0.0039'8 0.00020
1.6 0.00217 0.26466 0.01323 0.00147 0.01565 0.00078
3.2 0.00791 0.98450 0.04922 0.00576 0.05892 0.00295

0.1 0.00000 0.00133 0.OQ007 0.00000 0.00008 0.00000

0.2 0.00002 0.00531 0.00027 0.00000 0.00032 0100000
k~ 200.0 0.4 0.00006 0.02122 0.00106 0.00002 0.00128 0.00001
0.8 0.00025 0.08453 0.00423 0.00008 0.00509 0.00003
1.. 0.00096 0.33268 0.01663 0.00032 0.02009 0.00010
3.2 0.00319 1.25614 0.06281 0.00125 0.07660 0.00038

TABLE 6.30

. . ..,.,
B - 8.0
(Jones, 1962) kl- 200.0
a, 0 0 o ..
%1 rZ
0
4,
o ..
%Z rZ
o ..
%Z r,

0.1 0.00003 0.00083 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.00001

0.2 0.00011 0.00330 0.00002 0.00011 0.00001 0.00005
kz- 0.2 0.' 0.00046 0.01320 0.00007 0.00044 0.00004 0.00018
0.8 0.00182 0.05242 0.00026 0.00175 0.00014 0.00072
1.. 0.00720 0.20411 0.00102 0.00693 0.00056 0.00282
3.2 0.02751 0.74013 0.00370 0.02656 0.00212 0.01058

0.1 0.00001 0.00109 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000

0.2 0.00003 0.0043!S 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001
kz- 2.0 0.' 0.00010 0.01748 0.00009 0.00009 0.00009 0.00005
0.8 0.00041 0.06956 0.00035 0.00038 0.00037 0.00018
1.. 0.00162 0.27262 0.00136 0.00149 0.00145 0.00072
3.2 0.00625 1.01322 0.00507 0.00584 0.00547 0.00273

0.1 0.00000 0.00136 0.00001 0.00000 0".00001 0.00000

0.2 0.00001 0.00546 0.00003 0.00001 0.00003 0.00000
kz- 20.0 0.4, 0.00002 0.02181 0.00011 0.00002 0.00013 0.00001
0.8 0.00010 0.08681 0.00043 0.00008 0.00052 0.00003
1.. 0.00039 0.34202 0.00171 0.00032 0.00204 o.ooeno
3.2 0.00149 1.29190 0.00646 0.00127 0.00777 0.00039

0.1 0.00000 0.00163 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000

0.2 0.00000 0.00654 0.00003 0.00000 0.00004 0.00000
k.t- 200.0 0.4 0.00001 0.0261.3 0.00013 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000
0.8 0.00003 0.10417 0.00052 0.00002 0.00063 0.00000
1.. 0.00013 0.41121 0.00206 0.00007 0.00249 0.00001
3.2 0.00047 1.56843 0.00784 0.00027 0.00957 0.00005
160 MULTI-lAYER SYSTEMS

Di.,spZacements Further influence factors for vertical displace-

ment at the centre of the circle have been presented
Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) have evaluated the by Thenn de Barros (1966). The following parameters
vertical surface displacement at the centre and edge have been conSidered:
of the circle. Influence factors have been computed.
for the following parameters:
2, 5, 10, 20, SO
EI/E2 = 2, 10, 100
2, 5, 10
E~E3 = 2, 10, 100
VI = V2 = V3 = 0.5
~/a = 0.5, 1, 2, 4 Influence factors F are tabulated in Tables
6.31 to 6.35.
hl/~ = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0
The actual centre displacement of the circle is
The symbols are defined in Fig.6.17. The influence given by
factors are shown in Fig.6.l8. The centre displace-
ment is given by 1.7SSpa F .... (6.3)
E3
p = 1.Spa F (6.1)
c E3 co

The edge displacement • •• (6.2)

1-() . . . - - - , - - . . . , . . - - - , - - . , . . . . , . , . . . . ,...

.. 0-04
......
~ 0-<>2
°0 1_01--+--1--+--Ih,,..,.-/
.....
O-'I--+---+~..-i---l--===l
o·os ('.1).(~,~)I+--~ __--l-_--I
0-06
_ (b) f·'
0-040 ~-2 0-4 0-6 o-s ,-o.!!L
T
I ! ( I I
1-0 o-s 0-6 0-4 0-2 0 "tl
T
I ( ( I I
o 0·25 0-67 1-5 4-0 ~
Thid<Mss Ratio

FIG.6.lS Deflection factors F and F

co ce for a
three-layer system (Ueshita and Meyerhof,l967).
 T1lREE-LAYER srs'nHS 161

TABLE 6.31 TABLE 6.32

DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F
nl =2 (After Thenn de Barros. 1966) nl =5 (After Thenn de Barros. 1966)

nz ~
hz/a 0.156 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5 nz ~
hz/a 0.15~ 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5

0.312 0.858 0.789 0.662 0.510 0.394 0.312 0.830 0.733 0.556 0.372 0.246
0.625 0.777 0.717 0.616 0.489 0.387 0.323 0.625 0.745 0.669 0.522 0.359 0.242 0.174
2 1.25 0.669 0.633 0.560 0.460 0.375 0.319 2 1.25 0.648 0.593 0.476 0.339 0.235 0.172
2.5 0.564 0.508 0.428 0.360 0.314 2.5 0.528 0.430 0.313 0.224 0.168
5 0.470 '0.400 0.343 0.306 5 0.394 0.289 0.211 0.163
0.312 0.747 0.651 0.505 0.352 0.240 0.312 0.713 0.598 0.427 0.268 0.162
0.625 0.601 0.537 0.438 0.324 0.231 0.171 0.625 0.572 0.497 0.378 0.250 0.157 0.101
5 1.25 0.449 0.416 0.359 0.284 0.215 0.166 5 1.25 0.429 0.387 0..312 0.223 0.148 0.0989
2.5 0.320 0.287 0.240 0.194 0.158 2.5 0.299 0.249 0.188 0.134 0.0944
5 0.235 0.202 0.172 0.148 5 0.202 0.155 0.116 0.0871
0.312 0.664 0.559 0.415 0.274 0.174 0.312 0.626 0.508 0.350 0.211 0.122
0~625 0.500 0.436 0.346 0.246 0.165 0.112 0.625 0.469 0.401 0.301 0.195 0.118 0.0712
10 1.25 0.344 0.315 0.267 0.207 0.150 0.108 10 1.25 0.325 0.291 0.236 0.168 0.109 0.0691
2.5 0.221 0.198 0.165 0.130 0.100 2.5 0.206 0.174 0.134 0.0954 0.0649
5 0.149 0.128 0.108 0.0903 5 0.130 0.102 0.0779 0.0579

TABLE 6.33 TABLE 6.34

DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F
nl = 10 (After Thenn de Barros. 1966) nl = 20 (After Thenn de Barros. 1966)

nz
~
hz/a 0.156 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5 nz
~
hz/a 0.156 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5

0.312 0.811: 0.687 0.483 0.298 0.181 0.312 0.789 0.629 0.411 0.239 0.136
0.625 0.729 0.630 0.457 0.290 0.178 0.116 0.625 0.711 0.583 0.394 0.234 0.135 0.0809
2 1.25 0.634 0.561 0.420 0.275 0.174 0.115 2 1.25 0.621 0.523 0.365 0.224 0.132 0.0802
2.5 0.499 0.379 0.255 0.166 0.112 2.5 0.465 0.331 0.209 0.127 0.0788
5 0.346 0.234 0.156 0.109 5 0.300 0.191 0.120 0.0764
0.312 0.689 0.553 0.369 0.217 0.123 0.312 0.662 0.501 0.313 0.175 0.0953
0.625 0.553 0.467 0.334 0.207 0.121 . 0.0720 0.625 0.535 0.433 0.290 0.169 0.0939 0.0528
5 1.25 0.416 0.367 0.281 0.187 0.115 0~0706 5 1.25 0.404 0.345 0.250 0.157 0.0909 0.0521
2.5 0.284 0.225 0.160 0.105 0.0679 2.5 0.267 0.202 0.136 0.0846 '0.0506
5 0.181 0.130 0.0912 0.0629 5 0.161 0.112 0.0742 0.0475

0.312 0.601 0.467 0.302 0.172 0.0946 0.312 0.573 0.419 0.254 0.139 0.0740
0.625 0.405 0.376 0.267 0.163 0.0924 0.0525 0.625 0.434 0.349 0.232 0.134 0.0729 0.0396
10 1.25 0.312 0.275 0.214 0.144 0.0876 0.Q514 10 1.25 0.301 0.260 0.193 0.123 0.0703 0.0390
2.5 0.195 0.159 0.117 0.0782 0.0489 2.5 0.184 0.145 0.102 0.0645 0.0377
5 0.117' 0.0885 0.0642 0.0442 5 0.106 0.0779 0.0542 0~0348
 I
HULTZ-LAYER SYSreJ!S'
1
TABLE 6.35
DISPI.ACfMENT FACTORS F
(After ThCTV1 de Banos, 1966) o. o. •

-
n1 '"' 50 00 0' 0' 0·' 0 0'
I~
I'll
~
h:v'a 0.156 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5
, / ~ \

f'~~
~
.,{- J
0.312 0.538 0.324 0.178 0.0960
0.744
,f 2/ ~!l" I .,

I\N
0.625 0.677 0.508 0.314 0.175 0.0953 0.0532
2 1.25 0.594 0.461 0.297 0.170 0.0940 0.0528 • I I I , J", I
2.S 0.411 0.211 0.161 0.0915 0.0522 I! I 11 \.10 I.
5 0.245 0.148 0.0868 0.0509
• ,, ,,, ,,, ,,,
, I I , I

0.312
0.625
0.612 0.244
0.421
0.507 0.378 0.233
0.131 0.0687
0.128 0.0681 0.0364
,, ,, , ,
• ,, ,,, ,,, ,,, t·,
~ I
5 1.25
2.5
5
0.387 0.311 0.209
0.241 0.173
0.137
0.122
0.110
0.0667 0.0361
0.0637 0.0354
0.091S 0.0575 0.0338
"
'I" ,, , I i\"\ ~
0.312 0.524 0.348 0.197 0.104 0.0539 1I.
0~62S 0.410 0.305 0.187 0.102 0.0534 0.0280 FIG.6.19 Factors Fl and Fz tor Steinbrenner 1
l.25 0.288 0.237 0.164 0.0966 0.0523 0.0277 approxi:ha.te lllethod of calcu1atinq vertical
" 2.5
5
0.169 0.128 0.0847
0.0926 0.0664
0.0496
0.0436
0.0272
0.0258
displacement (Steinbrenner, 1934).
I

6.3 Four-Layer Systems

Steinbrenner'S lllethod for a single layer may be
extended to any number of layers as follows:

for the vertical surface displacelllent of

!
SCDe solutions for a four-layer systeM, subject- a rectangle on n layers:
ed to unifonl vertical loading over a circular area,
have been obtained by Verstraeten (1967).
of the major, inter=ediate and udnor principal
Contours

stresses and the IllaXi.IIIUIII shear stress for a particular

,• . pB{
n-1 (Ipi.+1 - Ipi)
I
i=1
+ l pn }
Ei En
geometTY and various lllOd.ular ratios have been liven.
A brief ex_nation of the influence of unifo1'lll hori-

""' ..
zontal loading on the radial stress has also been

where Ei, Vi are the elastic para-

.•• (6.5)

Meters of layer i
6.4 Approximate Solutions for Multi-
is the vertical displace-
Layer Systems ment influence factor (Fig.
6.19) corresponding to a
6.4.1 STEINBRENNER'S ME'llI)() depth factor hf./B, where
This _thod, first suggested by Steinbrenner hi, is the depth below the
(1934),enables the vertical surface displacement of a gTOtmd surface of the top
loaded area to be estiJllated on the assUlIIption that of layer i.
the stress distribution within the layered system is
identical with the Boussinesq distribution for a The _thod can be adapted to the calculation of
hOlllOgeneous sellli-infinite mass. It was originally displacements in directions other than the vertical
applied to the probleM of a single layer underlain "by and for loadings other than vertical.
a rough rigid base, and for the case of a unifoTJllly
loaded rectangular area, the resulting approximate Investigations of the accuracy of Steinbrenner's
influence factors for vertical surface displacelDent JDethod have been tnade by Davis and Taylor (1962) and
at the corner of the rectangle on a layer of depth h Poulos (l967b), who concluded that, for a single layer
are shown in Fig.6.19. The displacellleflt at the underlain by a rough rigid base, the vertical displace.
corner is given as ment. is underestimated by about 10\ except for very
thin layers for v-O. S, when this IIlethod overestimates
the vertical displacement considerably.
1£,
'. E ,
(6.4)
Davis and Taylor (1962)" have also shown that
Steinbrenner's method cannot accurately be applied to
where I " (1_,":1 JP l+(1-v-ZV 2)Pz. the calculation of the horizontal surface displacement
p of a layer due to vertical loading or the vertical
B '"' shorter side of rectalJ.gle.~_...J~lacementof a layer due to horizontal surface
 APPROXIHA'rE SOLU'rIONS 163

loading. For horizontal displacement due to horizon-

tal loading the method gives reasonably accurate pz = ••• (6.10)
solutions.
Steinbrenner's approximation is most satisfactory .
for layered systems in which the modulus increases
where Fco = F +F +F
C03 CO2 COl
rather than decr~ases with depth.
1
F
C03 = [1+ N3'2 (~) 2]~
6.4.2 PALMER AND BARBER'S METIIOD
For a general two-layer system, Palmer and
Barber (1940) assume that the upper layer, of thick- F ~ 1
. ness h, modulus El and \)=\11, may be replaced by an
C02 E2 [1+N 2'2 (~) 2]~
equivalent thickness he of lower layer material
(modulus E2, \/--\12) as follows:
- [1+N~2 (~) 2J~}
••• (6.6)

The vertical surface displacement is then obtained by

F
C01 = & {I -
E1 [ l+Nl\ (T~a 2)~}
adding the vertical displacement of the equivalent
layer between z=O and z=he to the vertical dis-
placement at a depth he in a semi-infinite mass.
Nl = 0.9 !!.L
For example, for the case of a circular footing T
(radius a) on a two-layer system having \11=\1270.5#
the vertical displacement PI at depth he is
0.9 hi' (!L. &) 1/3
T E3 E.in
1.5 pa2
PI ••• (6.7)
E2[a2+ h2(Elp/3]!~
E2 0.9 fu. (&&)1/3+ 0.9!!z.
T E 3 Em T
The displacement withill. the upper layer, P2 is

P2 = &. {~- PI} ••• (6.8)

El E2

The vertical surface displacement pz=Pl+P2

~[ a (1 _ &'J + &]
E2 [a2+h2 (El} 2/3]!~ El El
'8 2
• •• (6.9)

Comparisons between the above approximate solut-

ion and the correct solution given by Burmister (see
Section 6.1) show excellent agreeme~t.
and Em = an equivalent modulus of elast-
Palmer and Barber's method can be extended to icity of the composite under-
multi-layer systems·by repeated replacement of over- layer.
lying layers by equivalent thicknesses 'of the lower-
most material. The value of ;3
is determined by solving the
last equation iteratTvely. Fco may then be
6.4.3 ODEMARK'S METIIOD determined.
This method, developed by Odemark (1949), may Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) show that Odemark's
be used to estimate the vertical surface displacement method is in good agreement with rigorous analysis if
of a three-layer elastic system in which \11=\12=\13= E3<E2<El' However, if E increases with depth,
0.5. Odermark's method is unsatisfactory. Steinbrenner's
method is preferable under these circumstances.
For the centre of a uniformly loaded circle, the
displacement pz is (refer to Fig.6.17)
"4

6.4.4 lIESHITA AND MEYERH:lF'S MEnllD z - depth from surface to base of

. layer 71.
This _tholl, proposed by Ueshita and Meyerhof
(1968). u.y be used to calculate the vertical surface
displacement. of a uniforaly loaded area on a two-
layer systea in which the lower layer is stiffer than
the upper layer.
For a uniformly loaded circle. the centt'e dis-
()i $' i.a FOdIcr l",
pla.ce_nt. Pzc, and the edge displacement. Pz~
are Jiven by
o 0' 02 03 ():.4 os oe 07 oe c» t·O
,o
P,e - 2(1-\J]2)

E,
pa 'ee • ... (6.11)

~:i
•

-
i5t-.IP~ ~Elln
Z(I~\J1Z.}
p. . pa'.. • (6.12)
E,

,FIt. 8 ..

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. • "
, •
~
~1-=_

2(1- V t2.)
I
.. "•
+. k(O.6J? -
•
E, nG.6.20 A ~ t e dbpl.aea-ent f ...etors fer
1.Jyerad sy*u. (Vesie. 1963).

are displaee.ent influence

factors for me centre and
edge respe~ively of a
unifo:naly loaded circle on
a roough rigid base (s"ee
Section 5.2). 6.4.6 APPROXlMA,TIONS FOR EQUIVALENT KJDUWS OF
UPPER LAYERS
Excellent arreelllent. vas found between approximate
values of displacellent. calculated from. the above ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) _
equations, and accurate solutions obtained by Ueshita For. general two-1ayer system, the equivalent'
and Meye:rilof. modulus of the systelll, which is now considered to be
a uniform semi-infinite mass, is plotted in Fig.6.9.
6.4.5 VESIC'S ~~D Thenn de Barros (1966) -
Vesic (1963) has prepared charts silililar to those For a three-layer system, the upper two layers
of Steinbrenner (Fi,.6.19) for both a uniform circular are replaced by a single layer. of thickness h 1 +nz.
load and a rllid circular plat.e. These charts are and having an equivalent modulus
shown in Fi,.6.20 and are based on the Boussinesq
stress distribution for a unifom seai~infinite lIllSS.
A convenient fOnl of the equation for vertical surface
displac:eM:nt is:
hi :-Z1 + h z )Fa )' ••• (6.14)
h 1+ h t

P, - (6.13)
The three-layer systeJI is thus reduced to a two-layer
systetl. whence the displac:eaent aay be determined
either fr<a the solutions in Section 6.1. or n-o. one
where Pa • vertical displaee.ent of the of. the approximate lIlethods described in this section •
centre of ·the unifODly loaded
un There seems no reason why this approadl should
. not be extended to DIOre than three layers.
p • uniformly distributed load
cz • radius of circular loaded area
'IIrt • Poisson's ratio of layer
In. • displaee.nt factor of the 71 th
layer. corresponding-to-z/cz
 Chapter 7
RIGID LOADED AREAS

7.1 Infinite Strip on Semi-Infinite lbskhelishvili (1963) derives the faliowing

solutions:
Mass
Rotation .. . .. (7.2)
7.1.1 SYIoNETRICAL VERTICAL LOADINC OF SMX1I1I
STRIP (Fig.7.1)
"" H 1
- w hi" 04-1)%
,
_~b'-·I_~b,-~, I Awrogc applied ... (7.3)

I p....:ss....c

.0.;/'" "..
where X = ~+3u

).,11
'+.
are Lallie'S parameters.

j, 7.1.3 SYMMETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING OF

ROUGH STRIP
(See Fig. 7 .1).
FIG.7.1
Muskhelishvili (1963) derives the following
solutions for the distribution of vertical and shear
stress at the base:
,
8orowieka (1939) obtained the following solution
for contact pressure at the base, when the base is
(1 • 2pav
A_~rf
l+X
7;
C08 "'X 1+ iiz J
!-'n--
slIOOth:
.l: .. ZI 1- b

., '" (7.1)
(7.4)

7.1. 2 I1lMENT LOADING OF SKlOTII STRIP

(Fig.7.2l
... (7.5)

where X

' .. are Lame's parameters.

It will be observed that when
tile above expressions for 0% and Tzz reduce to
those for a s-ooth strip (Section 7.1.1). i.e. rough-
'01=0.5 and X"'1,
I.
ness has no effect. _~_~ -'~~.
165
'66
7.1.4 NltEHT LOADING OF ROUGH"STRIP The distribution of a. beneath the ci~le,
(See P11.7.2) obtained by Muti (1961), is shown in Fig.7.3.
NUskhelishvili (1963) derives ~he following
solution for base ~tation The coaplete distribution of stress, strain and
displace.ent .ay also be obtained fro. Appendix 8 .

••• (7.6)
On the axis depth '.
" 1+3(!.)t
wbere X. A+3}1
- '''' •• - p

T" l'{l+(;;tlt
]
(7.10)

A,V are ta.e's

• .!'!If.
.
pa~ters.

. ----,--
I
-- -----
I

--1---- -1----
,01--t--~\i--t--I--II---t:l-i'0
0-'
7.2 Circle on Semi-Infinite Mass
7.2.1 sntETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING o~ ~;-
This case is • particular case of the ellipse on , /0-8
• se-!.infinite ..ss considered in Section 7.4. The
followin, special results are quoted:

Vertical contact pressure distribution within

the. circle: o

.•. (7.7) ·z·O '-0 ,.

FIC.7.3 Vertical str.ss distribution beneath ri9id
where r _ radial distance from centre circle (ltUki, 1961l.
a - radius of circle
Pav - averase applied pressure 7.2.2 IORIZONTAL LOADING
_ P/lI'a~ Muti (1961) derives general solutions for st~sses
.and displace.ents for this problem.
P • toial load.
The horizontal displace~nt P.r for an applied
Vertical surface displace.ent of circle: average stress p% in the % direction is given by
Bycroft (1956):
,, .
Other stresses and displacements may be obtained
froa Section 7.4 for an ellipse with zero eccentricity
... (7.8)
'.. (7-8v) (l+V}P%~

16(1-v}E
·(7.11)

The ca.plete distribution of stress, strain and

(e-O) • displace-ent ..y also be obtained from Appendix B.
Sneddon (1946) obtained the following solution
,
., .
for vertical stress o in the .ass:
7.2.3 IOreHT LOADING
(Fig.7.4)

(7.9)

where

FIC.7.4
 CIRCLE ON SEHI-INFINI'l'E H1ISS 167

Borowicka (1943) obtained the following solution 7.3 Circular Ring on Semi-Infinite
for the rotation $:
Mass
This problem has been considered by Egorov (1965) •
••• (7.12) (1965) •

For the particular case of the contact pressure

beneath the base with coordinates (r, 0, e),

.cose (0 ~~~ 1) '" (7.13)

{1-C-!/
a

The complete distribution of stress. strain and

displacement may be obtained from the results in
Appendix B.
FIG.7.6
7.2.4. TORSION LOADING
(Fig.7.S)

The contact pressure distribution is expressed

as follows:
y

--+--:::"....++--+.;~-:x:

••• (7.15)
where
FIG.7.S
p
Pav =
1TR~ f1-n 2 J
1T/ 2

Reissner and Sagoci (1944) give the following

Eo(kJ =
1o /f1-.k 2 sin 2 6Jd6

solution for angular rotation 6:

= complete elliptic integral
6 = 3T(l+vJ of second kind
'" (7.14)
BEa 3

The complete distribution of stress, strain and

displacement may be obtained from the solutions given m = O.Bn for 0 ~ n ~ 0.9.
in Appendix B. increasing to 1 for n=l
(note that n=0 -is the
case of a circle).
Contact pressure distributions for various
values of n are shown in Fig.7.7.
168 RIGID LOADED AREAS

H5
.......

l.---'" > /

1'0

o 0-2 0'6 1-0

0-5

I
0-4 -n-O
n-0-3
~pav I I
n-0-6 n-O-g

0-6
( '1 tS:: ~ II 2
L
9
4 6 8 10

I ~\
'\ \\ FIG.7.S Coefficient S for rigid rectangle
(Whitman and Richait, 1967).

FIG.7.7 Contact pressure beneath rigid circular

ring (Egorov, 1965).
7.4.2 HORIZONTAL LOADING
It has been found that for ~O.9, a rigid ring Barkan (1962) gives the following approximate
behaves essentially as a rigid strip foundation (see solution for horizontal displacement Ph due to a
Section 7.1). ·load Q in the direction of B:
The vertical displacement of a rigid ring may be
expressed as ••• (7.18)

P = P(l_v2.) wen) ••• (7.16)

z ER2.

Values of wen) are tabulated in Table 7.1.

TABLE 7.1
VALUES OF wen) FOR RIGID RING
(Egorov, 1965)
n 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.95
wen) 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.57 0.60 0.65

7_4 Rectangle on Semi-Infinite Mass

In all cases below, the rectangle is smooth.
7.4.1 SYJ.f.IETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING.
The following approximate solution for the vert-
ical displacement Pz is quoted by Whitman and 7.4.3 MOMENT LOADING
Ric~art (1967):
Lee (1962) gives the following approximate sol-
ution for rotation $ of the base of the rectangle
••• (7.17) due to moment M applied in the direction of B:

••• (7.19)
where P = total
vertical load
B~L = rectangle dimensions Ie is a function of LIB and is
Sz = factor dependent on LIB given in 'table 7.3•.
and plotted in Fig.7.8.
Solutions quoted Whitman and Richart (1967) for
 ELLIPSE ON SENI-INE'INI'nI MASS 169

pcrt)k { e 2+ (1_2VJk 2 (1+Z;2)2 _

oy (l-ZVJ}
TABLE 7.3 2e 2 k(1+Z;2) [O+k 2 Z;2) (1+Z;2)]-t
VALUES OF Ie
(Lee. 1963; Whitman and Richart. 1967) ••• (7.23)
LIB 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 CD

Ie 1.59 2.29 3.33 3.7 4.12 4.38 5.1

7.5 Ellipse on Semi-Infinite Mass For e=O. the ellipse reduces to a.

7.5.1 SY!oMITlUCAL VERTICAL LOADING circle.
(Fig.7.9)
The distribution of these normal stresses along
the axis is plotted in Figs. 7.10 to 12 for various
values of e and for fOur values of v. It should
be noted that Oz is independent of v. For the
limiting case e=O. the solutions are identical with
those for a rigid circle (Section 7.2).

UZ/
Pav
-()or1_ _TO_.....;O:,..1~_O;.-=2_....:.0.,.:3_-=O..:.4:....-=~_.::O:.,.6
b
b

2
FIG.7.9
3

4
P

This problem has been considered by Schiffman and

Aggarwala (1961).
The contact pressure distribution is given by
t·S
5

-w- I x

~
6

••• (7.20)
7

This distribution is similar to that of a rigid

. circular footing. except that points of equal contact
pressure form an elliptical curve similar to the
bounding contour of the elliptical footing.
8

9
-$-
Paya
P
"iiiii

On the axis at depth z below the surface. the e:r.1- b 2/a2

normal stresses are as follows: 10
t aZ / b

= pcrt) {(-1+Z;2H1+k 21;2)+;2 (1+k 2Z;2 )+1<1;2 (1+1;2)} 11 L.._...L_ _..L-_.....I_ _...L.. J

°z 2 [(1+k2Z;2) (1+z;2)] 3/2

FIG.7.10 0 alonq axis of riqid ellipse
(Schiffman and Aqqaxwala, 1961) •
••• (7.21)

0= = pcrt) { . e 2• (1_2VH1+k 21;2)2 + (1-2V)} Displacements are not evaluated by Schiffman and
2e 2 k(1+k 2z;2)[(1+k 2Z;2J(1+z;2)]% Aggarwala. but general expressions are given. Way
(1940) gives explicit expressions for the horizontal
••• (7.22) surface displacements inside and outside the ellipse.
170 RIGID LaArED AREAS

-0·1 o 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5 0·6 -01 o

o o
~ ~
~
..--:::;
~::4~ .....-:: ~
0·6 1
/l~~
~~
fA ",j
V '1 I 0·8
0·9
2 -
~::t~. 2

3 3 ~
y.o 1/ ,y.0-2
4 4

I
6

7 7

8 8

10 10

11 11
(b)

CTX / Pov
-()01
0
o 0·1 0·2 0·3 -001. o 01 02 03 04 05 .
06
...-." . ~

1
~~ .........-: ::::::=:::::::: ~
1

'/~ ~
~? 7' ~.O~~
~
V

2
~ 2 ~( :/
'10-£(
3
{10;95 V 3
'h9
'/0-'
V/

,!~1e Y.0·4
~o.~~ y.()o5
4

5
/ 5
4

II
t·!b
6
t·~b

6
I
7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10
, ......... ........ ............•. ....... .•...•.... ....••...

11 11
 ELLIPSB ON SEHI-INFINITE HASS 171
-0" o 001 0-4 0·6
-001 o 0·1 005 o
° ~ .-' ~ - 1.00-'

~ ......
...--::~
K0-0
I~
./ ~
=-- g-O_
i'.0'99
I
'j
t:2: r'-0'95
0-99
0-6
f-

2 ~
0'9

2
II

3 to- --- _._.- ,,_._. 3 ~ - - --- - - - - --_." ---

V-0'2
v-o
4
4 f--

I--

7
7

8
8

9
9

'0
10

11
11
(a)

a1~
/~aY

-0-' o 0-1 02 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 -0-1 o 00'

0
-I
g-~
- ~

-
0

- ....-..::
g~::J...-o'"
~
~

1
,;/,V U
•
99
-
~ 1

i/
/-"""0.99

2 2

3
rl f--- -- 3--
'/
--- ~- -- - - - -f--
V.0·4 V-0-5

4 4

5 5

t·~ t·~
6 6

7 7 --

8 8--- - - - - --- - - - - - -

9 9

i, I I ..... I
10 10

11 tt
(e) (d)
1'J2 RIGID LOADED ARrAS

7.6 Infinite Strip on Finite Layer

•
FIG.7.13

The problem of a rough strip, on a finite layer

underlain by a rough rigid base. and subjected to StNsses on Aria
inclined eccentric loading. has been studied by a._a <f.
Milovic et al (l970) using a finite element analysis. The stresses
no expressed as
znd
':. on the axis

Co71tact StNssBS
The contact stresses beneath the strip are a.a f.K"•
B
(7.26a)
expressed as
f. K
a• • B (7.24a) <f. • Bf.K"• (7.26b)
•

a. - f.
B K• (7.24b)
'=
a a
• Bf.. X= ... (7.26c)

, • f. K ...
where

= B = (7.24c)
K"
• • K"za aa. , (7.27a)
where
Kz - KzJfO$o +Kzrin6+ fKzJFso (7.25a)
~ - K"", aaz' (7.27b)

K: - i K=Jf06o
K:dfC$o +Xdin6+ (7.25b)
K" .~ sin 0 + i X:a.H cos 6 ... (7.27c)
=
Xu - K=1F$o+K~n6+ i K=JfOso •.. (7.2Sc)
Values of these influence factors are shown in
Tables 7.7 to 7.9.
are influence factors for C"z.
CJ::and t=:. due to the vert·
ical component N of load p.
are influence factors due to the
tangential component T,
are influence factors due to
IIlODent ~e.

For h/B-l.Z and J and three values of v,

the values of these influence factors are given in
Tables 7.4 to 7.6.

~ ----------------

•
 STRIP ON FINITE l.U'ER 173

TABLE 7.4
COEFFICIENTS K FOR ~.1
(Milovic et al, 1970)
K K
= '= ==
8= K,a K=1 K"" K"" Z;x ';I( K:.a Kw: K;;;II

-0.45 1.3435 ~.5272 -6.5658 0.0357 -0.4321 0.1351 -O.lUl 1.2563 -0.8578
-0.35 1.0234 ..(l.1788 -3.6458 0.0262 -0.1502 -0.0060 -0.0735 1.0568 -1.3841
-0.2$ 0.9162 ..(l.0820 -2.2486 0.0172 -0.0869 -0.0168 '-0.0363 0.9420 -1.5228
-0.15 0.8682 -0.0368 -1.2488 0.0123 -0.0417 -0.1)104 -0.0172 0.&847 _1.5831
-0.05 0.8489 -0.0106 -0.4024 0.0101 -0.0126 -0.0027 -0.0051 0.8600 _1.6065
v-Q.OO5 0.0051
0.05 0.8489 0.0106 0.4024 0.0101 0.0126 0.0027 0.8600 -1.6065
0.15 0.8682 0.0368 1.2488 0.0123 0.0417 0.0104 0.0172 0.8U7 _1.5831
0.25 0.9162 0.0820 2.2486 0.0172 0.0869 0.0168 0.0363 0.9420 -1.5228
0.35 1.0234 0.1788 3.6458 0.0262 0.1802 0.0060 0.0735 1.0568 -1.3841
0.45 1.3435 0.5272 6.5658 0.0357 0.4321 -0.1351 .0.1841 1.2563 -0.8578
-0.45 1.4035 -0.3529 -6.7504 0.4360 -0.3914 -1.8714 0.03n 1.2349 -0.8397
-0.35 1.0010 -0.0417 -3.4908 0.3745 -0.2194 -1.2026 0.0476 -0.9327
1.. . . .
-0.25 0.9011 -0.0108 -2.1655 0.3567 -0.1113 -0.8131 0.0309 0.9459 -0.8730
-0.15 0.8557 0.0023 -1.1983 0.3439 -0.0569 -0.4620 0.01804 0.8910 -0.8511
-0.05 0.,," 0.0017 -0.3864 0.3387 -0.0175 -0.1506 0.0061 0.8673 -0.8398
""".300 D... 0.1388 -0.0017 0.3864 0.3387 0.0175 0.1~06 -0.0061 0.8673 -0.8398
0.15 0.8557 -0.0023 1.1983 0.3439 0.0569 0.4620 -O.OIU 0.8910 -0.8511
0.25 0.9011 0.0108 2.1655 0.3567 0.1113 0.8131 -0.0309 0.9459 -0.8730
0.35 1.0010 0.0417 3.4908 0.3745 0.2194 1.2026 -0.0476 1.0600 -0.9327
0.45 1.4035 0.3529 6.75<K 0.4360 0.3914 1.8784 -0.0377 1.2349 -0.8397
-0.45 1.5016 -0.2349 -7.1178 0.8455 -0.3369 -3.8359 0.2007 1.1714 -0.7384
-0.35 0.9178 0.1995 -3.0815 0.6547 -0.3986 -1.9297 0.1527 1.0629 -0.5468
-0.25 0.8982 0.1193 -2.1259 0.6255 -0.1705 -1.4746 0.0886 0.9556 -0.3142
-0.15 0.U43 0.0659 -1.1185· 0.6238 -0.1127 -0.7898 0.0526 0.9159 -0.2414
-0.05 0.8384 0.0149 -0.3801 0.6231 -0.0295 -0.2143 0.0164 0.8948 -0.1982
v-D.450 0.05 0.8384 -0.0149 0.3801 0.6231 0.0295 0.2143 -0.0164 0.8948 -0.1982
0.15 0.8443 -0.0659 1.1185 0.6238 0.1127 0.7898 -0.0526 0.91$9 -0.2414
0.25 0.8982 -0.1193 2.1259 0.6255 0.1705 1.(146 -0.0886 0.9556 -0.3142
0.35 0.9178 -0.1995 3.0815 0.6547 0.3986 1.9297 -0.1521 1.0629 _0.5468
0.(5 1.5016 .0.2349 7.1178 0.8455 0.3369 3.8359 -0.20Q1 1.1714 -0.1384
m RIGID LOADED AREAS

,
I
TABLE
COEFFICIENTS
7.5
K FOR ~-2
(Milovic et al, 1970)
I
K. K
• K
= j
••
-0.45
K..

1.4239
K""
-0.7483
K."

-6.7512
KzJI K", K."

0.1146 -0.4253 0.0510 -0.3470

KzzJI K=,!

1.3617
K_

-0.7322
-0.35 1.0265 -0.2419 -3.5061 0.0541 -0.1182 -0.0888 -0.1556 1.0542 -1.3336
-0.25 0.8991 --0.1244 -2.1507 0.0.316 -0.0640 ·0.0484 -0.0841 0.9145" -1.5062
-0.15 0.8379 -0.0608 -1.1867 0.0226 -0.030"4 ·0.0243 -0.0430 0.8487 -1.5864
-0.05 0.8123 -0.0185 -0.3813 0.0193 -0.0091 -0.0074 -0.0133 0.8206 -1.6184
\»:0.005
0.05 0.8123 0.0185 0.3813 0.0193 0.0091 0.0074 0.0133 0.8206 -1.6184
0.15 0.8379" 0.0608 1.1861 0.0226 0.0304 0:0243 0.0430 0.8487 -1.5864
0.25 0.8991 0.1244 2.1507 0.0316 0.0640 0.0484 0.0841 0.9145 -1.5062
0.35 1.0265 0.2419 3.5061 0.0541 0.1382 0·9888 0.1556 1.0542 -1.3336
0.45 1.4239 0.7483 6.7512 0.1146 0.4253 -0.0510 0.3470 1.3617 -0.7322

·0.45 1.5314 -0.5708 -6.9558 0.5532 -0.3380 -2.2374 -0.0315 1.3639 -0.8941
-0.35 1.0029 -0.1052 -3.3210 0.4239 -0.1511 -1.3476 ·0.0118 1.0593 _0.9192
-0.25 0.8732 -0.0592 -2.0582 0.3736 -0.0653 -0.8618 -0.0071 0.9125 _0.9116
-0.15 0.8090 ·0.0244 -1.1271 0.3463 -0.0328 -0.4765 -0.0029 0.8464 -0.9223
-0.05 0.7834 - 0.0074 -0.3623 0.3352 -0.0098 -0.1538 _0.0008 0.8177 _0.9260
v=<J.300
0.05 0.7834 0.0074 0.3623 0.3352 0.0098 0.1538 0.0008 0.8177 _0.9260
0.15 0.8090 0.0244 1.1211 0.3463 0.0328 0.4765 0.0029 0.8464 -0.9223
0.25 0.8732 0.0592 2.0582 0.3736 0.0653 0.8618 0.0071 0.9125 _0.9116
0.35 1.0029 0.1052 3.3210 0.4239 0.1511 1.3476 0.0118 1.0593 -0.9192
0.45 1.5314 0.5708 6.9558 0.5532 0.3380 2.2374 0.0315 1.3639 -0.8941

-0.45 1.6792 -0.5789 .,.7.3255 1.0095 -0.1877 -4.3289 0.1999 1.3350 -0.9264
-0.35 0.9214 0.1194 -2.9452 0.6800 -0.3207 -2.1602 0.1028 1.0818 -0.5444
·0.25 0.8606 0.0257 -2.0055 0.6645 -0.0879 -1.5451 0.0530 0.9330 _0.3927
-0.15 0.7782 0.0254- -1.0353 0.6090 -0.0734 -0.8089 0.0302 0.8750 -0.3594
-0.05 0.7607 0.0017 -0.3515 0.5985 -0.0141 -0.2773 0.0090 0.8460 -0.3393
\1=0.450
0.05 0.7607 -0.0017 0.3515 0.5985 0.0141 0.2773 -0.0090 0.8460 -0.3393
0.15 0.7782 -0.0254 1.0353 0.6090 0.0734 0.8089 -0.0302 0.8750 -0.3594
0.25 0.8606 -0.0257 2.0055 0.6645 0.0879 1.5451 -0.0530 0.9330 -0.3927
0.35 0.9214 -0.1194 2.9452 0.6800 0.3207 2.1602 -0.1028 1.0818 -0.5444
0.45 1.6792 0.5789 7.3225 1.0095 0.1877 4.3289 -0.1999 1.3350 -0.9264
 STRIP ON FINITE IAnR 175

TABLE 7.•
COEFFICIENTS K FOR ~-3
(Milovic et aI, 1970)
K K K

:
•
X·
:
=
XoN K Kz./f X", X", X:oN K"", X;;;II
ii ZT ~.

·0.45 1.3803 -0.7680 -6.5858 0.1231 -0.4642 0.0610 -0.3501 1.2635 -0.8359
-0.35 1.0382 -.0.3111 -3.6383 0.0714 -0.• 1952 -0.0447 -0.1753 1.0633 -1.4231
·0.25 0.9102 -0.1640 -2.2313 0.0468 ·0.0954 -0.0390 -0.0991 0.9415 -1.5959
·0.15 0.8480 -0.0827 -1.2339 0.0353 -0.0462 -0.0223 -0.0519 0.8793 -1.6750
-0.05 0.8224 -0.0255 -0.3966 0.0308 -0.0140 -0.0072 -0.0163 0.8522 _1.7081
v-O.OO5 0.05 0.8224 0.0255 0.3966 0.0308 0.0140 0.0072 0.0163 0.8522 -1.7081
0.15 0.8486 0.0827 1.2339 0.0353 0.0462 0.0223 0.0519 0.8793 -1.6756
0.25 0.9102 0.1640 2.2313 0.0468 0.0954 0.0390 0.0991 0.9415 ·1.5959
0.35 1.0382 0.3111 3.6383 0.0714 0.1952 0.0447 0.1753 1.0633 -0.4231
0.45 1.3803 0.7680 6.5858 0:1231 0.4642 -0.0610 0.3501 1.2635 -0.8359

-0.45 1.4974 -0.5944 -6.8039 0.5253 -0.3641 -1.9598. -0.0679 1.2624 -0.9291
-0.35 1.0223 -0.1690 -3.4673 0.4187 -0.1987 -1.2399 ·0.0233 1.0708 -1.0719
·0.25 0.8815 -0.0930 -2.1247 0.3758 -0.0943 -0.8292 -0.0156 0.9404 -1.0451
-0.15 0.8132 -0.0441 -1.1652 0.3499 -0.0461 ·0.4619 -0.0081 0.8nI -1.0«5
~0.05 0.1854 -0.0135 -0.3740 0.3387 -0.0141 ·0.1519 -0.0026 0.8491 -1:0438
v-0.300 0.05 0.1854 0.0135 0.3740 0.3387 0.0141 0.1519 0.0026 0.8491 -1.0438
0.15 0.8132 0.0441 1.1652 0.3499 0.0461 0.4679 0.0081 0.8771 -1.0445
0.25 0.8815 0.0930 2.1247 0.3758 0.0943 0.8292 0.0156 0.9404 -1.0451
0.35 1.0223 0.1690 3.4613 0.4181 0.1981 1.2399 0.0233 1.0708 -1.0719
0.45 1.4974 0.5944 6.8039 0.5253 0.3641 1. 95518 0.0619 1.2624 .. 0.9291

·0.45 1.6568 -0.5677 -7.2166 0.9636 -0.2111 -3.9620 0.1266 1.2195 -0.8907
-0.35 0.9450 0.0544 -3.0324 0.6555 -0.3436 ·1.9615 0.0920 1.0805 -0.7488
-0.25 0.8649 0.0490 -2.0553 0.6494 -0.1152 -1.4760 0.0438 0.9448 -0.5554
.-0.15 0.7713 0.0064 -1.0615 0.5978 -0.0821 -0.7812 0.0252 0.8920 -0.5115
-0.05 0.7556 0.0063 -0.3592 0.5812 ·0.0182 -0.2702 0.0072 0.8636 -0.4831
v-0.450 0.05 0.7556 -0.0063 0.3592 0.5872 0.0182 0.2702 -0.0072 0.8636 -0.4831
0.15 0.7773 -0.0064 1.0615 0.5918 0.0827 0.7812 -0.0252 0;8920 -0.5115
0.25 0.8649 -0.0490 2.0553 0.6494 0.1152 1.4760 ·0.0438 0.9448 -0.5554
0.35 0.9450 -0.0544 3.0324 0.6555 0.3430 1.9615 -0.0920 1.0805 -0.7488
0.45 1.6568 0.5677 7.2166 0.9636 0.2111 3.9620 -0.1266 1.2195 -0.8907

'.
 I,
116 RIGID LOADED ARE'AS 1
1,
TABLE 7.7
COEFFICIENTS If' FOR ~"'1 (Milovic et
TABLE
COEFFICIENTS
7.8
If' ~Z>2
(Milovic
et aI, I
, al, 1970)
,
FOR
1970)
• I,
B ~ ~ if'=!l ~
_1.6065
•
0.03
<N .;, x:a K:r zH
\
0.05 0.8489 O.OlGl 0.8600 0.8123 0.0193 0.8206 ~1.3336
O.lS 0.8396 0.0107 0.8113 -1.6103 0.10 0.7952 0.0421 0.7963 -1.3936
0.25 0.8322 -0.0065 0.7296 -1.5571 0.17 0.7811 0.0503 0.7503 -1.2549 J
0.35 0.8225 -0.0307 0.6390 -1.4322 0.23 0.7692 0.0457 0.6892 .1.0799
0.45 0.8085 -0.0518 0.5578 -1.2608 0.30 0.7580 0.0322 0.6211 -0.9403
v-O.OOS 0.55 0.7903 -0.0645
-0.0670
0.4938
0.4479
-1.0710
-0.9059
0.31
0.43
0.7459 0.0143
0.7319 -0.0045
0.5529
0.4896
-0.8379
-0.1617 1
,,
0.65 0.7699 0.50 0.7158 -0.0222 0.4335 -0.7018
0.75 0.7491 -0.0593 0.4175 -0.7622 0.57 0.6982. -0.0375 0.3853 -0.6520
"

0.85
0.95
0.7287 -0.0414
0.7089 -0.0133
0.3993 -0.6557
0.3906 -0.5963 \)<:0.005
0.63
0.73
0.87
0.6794-
0.6503
0.6129
-0.0503
-0.0635
-0.0748
0.3448
0.2965
0.2502
-0.6084
-0.5505
-0.4815
I
I
0.05 0.8388 0.3387 0.8673 -0.8398
0.15 0.8528 0.2919 0.8051 -1.1035 1.00 0.5782 -0.0795 0.2193 -0.4205
0.25
0.35
0.8654
0.8684
0.2331
0.1794
0.7084
0.6047
-1. 2304
-1.2154
1.13.
1.27
0.5474
0.5205
·0.0793
·0.0754
0.1991
0.1862
-0.3671
-0.3211
1
0.45 0.8600 0.1419 0.5139 -1.1073 1.40 0.4974 -0.0685 0.1784 -0.2823
v"0.300 0.55 1.53 0.4776 -0.0587 0.1740 -0.2505
0.1266 0.4423 -0.9639
0.65
0.8421
0.8184 0.1316 0.3891 -0.8268
1.67
1.80
0.4606
0.4458
.0.0460
-0.0298
0.1719
0.1712
-0.2256
-0.2082 1
0.75 0.7917 0.1564 0.3497 -0.7232 1.93 0.4324 -0,0093 0.1712 -0.1989 1I
0.85 0.7626 0.2010 0.3193 -0.6738
0.95 0.7304 0.2673 0;2933 _0.7026 0.03
0.10
0.7834
0.7823
0.3352
0.3236
0.8177
0.7901
-0.9260
·1.1267·
)
0.05
0.15
0.8384
0.8703
0.6231
0.5189
0.8948
0.8032
-0.1982
-0.6603
0.17 0.7893 0.2949 0.7376 -1.2856 1
0.23 0.7944 0.2545 0.6688 ·1.3805
0.25 0.9001 0.4205 0.6849 -0.9208 0.30 0.7964 0.2093 0.5935 -1.4008
0.35 0.9097 0.3397 0.5680 -0.9867 0.37 0.7932 0.1652 0.5197 -1.~803
0.45 0.9052 0.2927 0.4702 -0.9293 0.43 0.7843 0.1259 0.4527 -1.3138
v=0.450 0.55 0.8864 0.2775 0.3936 -0.8204 0.50 0.7707 0.0930 0.3947 ·1.2226
0.65 0.8606 0.2944 0.3348 -0.7174 0.57 0.7534 0.0665 0.3460 _1.1280
0.75 0.8299 0.3407 0.2856 -0.6571 0.63 0.7338 0.0460 0.3059 -1.0293
0.85 0.7945 0.4179 0.2385 -0.6713 v=0.300 0.73 0.7022 0.0263 0.2590 -0.8848
0.95 0.7518 0.5302 0.1858 -0.7999 0.87 0.6606 0.0113 0.2150 -0.7214
1.00 0.6216 0.0073 0.1860 -0.3445
1.13 0.5867 0.0113 0.1668 -0.4797
1.27 0.5561 0.0215 0.1539 -0.3959
1.40 0.5294 0.0371 0.1447 -0.3318
1.53 0.5058 0.0580 0.1375 -0.2853
1.67 0.4845 0.0848 0.1308 _0.2552
1.80 0.4644 0.1188 0.1233 .0.2425
1.93 0.4439 0.1618 0.1134 -0.2500
0.03 0.7607 0.5985 0.8460 -0.3393
0.10 0.7741 0.5489 0.8047 -0.6830
0.17 0.7962 0.4860 0.7385 -0.9609
0.23 0.8123 0.4116 0.6565 _1.1449
0.30 0.8239 0.3394 0.571'2 -1.2366
0.37 0.8252 0.2730 0.4900 -1.2494
0.43 0.8182 0.2177 0.4191 -1.2093
0.50 0.8043 0.1736 0.3596 -1.1388
0.57 0.7860 0.1397 0.3112 -1.0533
0.63 0.7649 0.1145 0.2723 -0.9634
\1'"0.450
0.73 0.7311 0.0919 0.2280 -0.8228
0.87 0.6867 0.0765 0.1878 -0.6679
1.00 0.6454 0.0752 0.1618 -0.5386
1.13 0.6068 0.0843 0.1445 ·0.4353
1.27 0.5769 0.1017 0.1320 ·0.3559
1.40 0.5490 0.1266 0.1216 -0.2979
1.53 0.5241 0.1~94 0.1112 -0.2600
1.67 0.5008 0.2011 0.0988 ·0.2427
1.80 0.4775 0.2540 0.0823 _0.24'86
~.93 0.4521 0.3211 0.0593 _0.2835
 STRIP ON FINITE LolInR m

TABLE 7.' (Milovie Displacements and Rotation

~"'3
et aI,
Jf
...
FOR The vertical and horizontal. displacelleJlts

•
OJEFFICIENrS

...
-"' ...
-"' -"'
1970)
-"'_ """ P:e and the rotation II) are given as "
"if
P
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.8224
0.7927
0.7693
0.0308
0.0657
0.0680
0.8522
0.7974
0.7029
-1.7081
-1.7265
-1.6960
'. 0
E /JO (7.28a)

whe", "0 0
/JON COB 6 (7.28b)
0.35 0.7483 0.0491 0.5937 -1.5951
0.45 0.7251 0.0222 0.4905 -1.4445
0.55 0.6981 _0.0038 0.4032 -1.2757 P
0.6683 -0.0254 0.3338 -1.1117 '. • E 11.0 (7.29a)
0.65
0.75 0.6374 _0.0418 0.2801 -0.9635
0.85 0.6066 _0.0537 0.2391 -0.8348 where "0 0
uOT sin IS

-"
0.95 0.5771 .0.0620 0.2079 -0.7253
\1=0.005 -0.5923 P
1.10 0.5360 -0.0687 0.1742 (7.30a)
0.4890 -0.0727 0.1455 -0.4586 tan 1110 BE
1.30
1.50
1. 70
0.4498
0.4176
-0.0721
-0.0688
0.1287
0.1190
-0.3619
-0.2912 where ~ !IJO ". 2weH i COB
,
1.90 0.3913 -0.0634 0.1138 -0.2386 (7.30b)
2.10 0.3698 -0.0564 0.1114 -0.1991
2.30 0.3522 -0.0478 0.1108 -0.1695 Values of and "eM are given in
uOT~ /JON
2.50 0.3376 -0.0372 0.1113 -0.1478 Table 7.10.
2.70 0.3252 -0.0241 0.1121 -{J.1322
2.90 0.3142 -0.0076 0.1128 -0.1255

0.05 0.,7854 0.3387 0.8491 _1.0438 7ABLE 7.10 (Mi1ovie

0.15 0.7849 0.3186 0.7888 -1.3201 et aI,
OJEFFICIENt'S lJ. ur /JON AND "eN 1970)
0.25 0.7885 0.2651 0.6838 -1.4685
•• 35
0.45
0.7861
0.7725
0.1992 0.5650
0.1377 • 0.4556
-1.4738
-1.3790
•"if "or "ON "eM
0.55 0.7485 0.0881 0.3657 -1.2371
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
0.1178
0.6842
0.6501
0.6171
0.0513
0.0253
0.0077
-0.0039
0.2963
0.2440
0.2050
0.1760
-1.0855
-<1.9429
-<1.8167
-<1.7087
\lZO~005
..I..
1.0
,
2.0
1.2346
1.6164
1.9778

1.4607
0.7900
1.1959
1.5015
0.6684
2.8185
2.9272
3.1253

2.7698
\>'00.300
1.10 0.5714 ..{).0130 0.1454 -0.5710 \1=0.300 2.0 1.8527 1.0685 3.0127
1.30 0.5192 -0.0170 0.1199 -0.4375 3.0 2.2334 1.3523 3.1900
1.50 0.4761 -0.0141 0.1051 -0.3401
~.0068 0.0962 I..
,..
1.70 0.4407 -0.2689 1.4908 0.4170 2.2435
1.90 0.4118 0.0038 0.0907 -0.2164. V-O.450 2•• 1.8888 0.7618 2.6090
2.10 0.3879 0.0174 0.0871 -0.1780 2.2246 0.9940 2.7486
2.30 0.3678 0.0344 0.0840 -0.1506
2.50 0.3504 0.0554 0.0806 -0.1329
2.70 0.3344 0.0815 0.0758 -0.1247
2.90 0.3185 0.1145 0.0685 -<1.1273

0.05 0.75$6 0.5872 0.8636 --0.5312

0.15 0.7744 0.5135 0.7843 -0.9543
0.25 0.7994 0.4132 0.6627 .1:2385
0.35 0.8072 0.3074 0.5323 -1.3257
0.45 0.7994 0.2195 0.4179 -1.2779
0.55 0.7752 0.1519 0.3268 _1.1605
0.65 0.7426 0.1049 0.2591 -1.0232
0.75 0.7061 0.0729 0.2096 -0.8898
0.85 0.6691 0.0522 0.1738 -0.7705
v"0.450
0.95
1.10
0.6335
0.5851
0.0395
0.0297
. 0.1478 -0.6686
0.1210 -0.5287
1.30 0.5303 0.0267 0.1004 -0.4023
1.50 0.4855 0.0325 0.0881 "0.3086
1.70 0.4493 0.0439 0.0807 -0.2402
1.90 0.4200 0.0599 0.0754 -0.1906
2.10 0.3958 0.0802 0.0705 -0.1557
2.30 0.3753 0.1053 0.0647 -0.1330
2.50 0.3570 0.1366 0.0568 -0.1217
2.70 0.3392 0.1758 0.0453 "0.1227
2.90 0.3201 0.2256 0.0282 -0.1386
l78 RIGID LOADZD AREAS
j
1
7.7 Circle on Finite Layer
7.7.1 SYMoIETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING

I
(Fig. 7.14)

1
,. ,
1
,
FIG.'.I4 ,. 0
1
V .0.5
.. 1i!t.
Solutions for the contact pressure distribut:ion
for various values of h/a, obtained by Poulos
(1968a), are shown in Fig.7.IS for \1:JIQ.4.
influenc.e of v is shown in Fig.7.16.
The o· o ,
0
p

0 ..
I
,.• FIG.7.16 Effect of v on Contllct pressure
(hi_I).

,. Comparisons between the distribution of stress

along the axis of a rigid and a uniforlDly loaded
circle are shown in Fig.1.1? for Oz and in Fig.'.IS
for bulk stress e.
I
,.•
"
. ..
,
"
I
h/a-
\ .

,. n, 0--.
0·'
0
,/ I
0·' -....JIJ 0·'
---RIg~

---i-
,
FlbitH
,/

V 0·0
'.<>5 / d1J~.o:;
o· • - 0·0
/; ~ ., ----.1
~·t·
/ /1 1/

0
o , ,.. <>6 CO ,~
nc. 7.17 Vertical streSliI along axis.
'I.
FIG. 7.15 Effect of layer depth on contact pzessure
(\)-0.4).
 7.7.2 )Q£N'I' LOADING
(Fig.l.2D)

0
o , , , •
, //- -V
-"
-- .... 1//
/1

I~
o· /
I
, •
.....
- - - FJ.xtiII: I
/
o· •
1

l.-J £.,
I ,
I
~.o-s
\..
r;:-M
o· • ~.2 -
o· • \ , 1;-
,
\ \ \
\ , ,
\ '~
,,0
,
PIG.7.IS Bulk stress .1009 axis.
FIG.7.Z0

Influence factors for the vertical displacement

obtained by Poulos (196h.). are tiven in Fir·7.19.
Ye,orov and Nichiporovich (1961) give the follow-
ing approxilllate solutions for rotatiOD • and
conuet: pressure distribution p:

,.. (7.31)

,.• I~
. .. (7.3.1.)

,., Iii
r;
"
"0

o· •
P.'~·I
• £ ,
)<, ..,
•. !/,
O~f l-
!f

IV: V
i
O' and 41 and a. are given in Table
0·. 1.11.
y) 1/
o· •
I} I 1/ 1/
TABLE 7.11
1/ l/.
o· , I) J FACTORS FOR RIGID CIRCLE SUBJECIED TO IOENT
(Yegorov and Nichiporovich, 1961)
It V. 1/ h
a, a,
•
'"
o01"21-4 -e ·s

nG.7.a I n f l _ f~~ for 'ftrtied disph.,...,t.

1 -s -e ...
%
-2 0
0.25
O.S
4.23
2.14
-2.33
-0.70
1.0 1.25 ·0.10
of rigid eirele. ..S 1.10 -0.03
2.0
3.0
"04
1.01
0
0
~ 5.0 1.00 0
 I
\
lBO RIGID LaAnE'D AREAS )

7.8 Rectangle on Finite Layer 7.9 Rigid Areas Embedded Within a 1

\
Semi-Infinite Mass
7.8.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING 7.9.1 VERTICALLY LOADED CIRCLE
1
Solutions for the vertical displacement of a
rigid rectangle on a finite layer with a smooth
friedonless interface at the base, and for \>'=0.5,
tance
For a rigid circle of radius a embedded a dis-
(! below the surface of a semi-infinite ass,
Butterfield and Banerjee (1971) have presented solut-
j
have been obtained by Sovine (1969) and are show in ions for the vertical ~tress Oz below the centre
Fig.7.2l. and edge and the vertical displace.ent pz. Solut-
ions for az are shown in Figs.7.23(a) and (b) for
\)I::lI().S. In these firures, z is the distance below
0-" the circle. az is not greatly affected by",
decreasing slightly as " decreases. Solutions for
., . ...¥- .\
Pz are shovn in Fig.7 .24 •

f--'--<
,
, 0''''
~IID
c>. -,
,
0
,
o 0" 0-' 0·'

e»
0-'

D )
0-' a.
.....,
'no ,
0-" , DO
0

~
'0
, "'"
~
,., ,-, ,
'-0 .... '-0
c , .... o·~

FIG.7.21 Vertical displaceJllent of rigid reet:anqle •

(SOvine, 19691.
,
•
la)

7.8.2 ~ ~ LOADING
Solutions obtained by SOvine (1969) for the a./P/.OI
rotation e of a rigid rectangle, for v-O.5. are o 01 02 03 0" C>5 o-e 0-7 0-8 09 1.Q 11
shown in Fig.7.22.
- ~
0
II.

\- ,
(0)

0:"",
~M.

1,
J.cp..~
~'

V
E
",,,,j .
\.

• ,·~r

"'.00
C ..
v.0·5

..
~
'lo
:tit...
'
,
0

,-, , ... a 0-5

H)
t V
,s •
~
y V- ,
V
lo' ,
o· ,-, •
s~v- ,
,
(.,
'" FIG.1.23 Vertical st:ress beneath elIlbedded riqid
o 0 0,' 10
'<
1 !5
'0 " circle
(a) beneath centre
(b) beneath edqe
FIG.7.22 Rotation of riqid rectang'le (SOvine, 1969). (Butterfield and Banerjee, 1971).
 18l

.. 0
o 0"

• y.o-s
," .. (f:/ I-

, 'I
o·
/ .--- , I
• 1.7
,~
o/t).
y .O·S
,
o , , • , • ,
FIG.7.24 Vertical displllCelllllIlt of embeddec! rig'id
•
circle (Butterfield aod BaDerjee, ·1971). (b) Beneath corner
FIG.7.25 Vertical stress beneath embedded rig'id

o
.,/.,.
rectanqle (Bu~terfield a.Qd Bu1erjee. 1971)•

oi----O-'T'...,.rr--,i'or.·'""--,,...."or.. __
~ ,O.,.
1.9.2 VEmCALLY LOADED REcrANGLE
Butterfield and Banerjee (1911) have given solut-
ions for CIa and Pa beneath the centre and comer
of a rigid rectangle, axb, embedded c belOIt the
surface. For values of alb of l/Z and 1/6. the
centre and comer is given in Fip.7 .25 (a) & (b) and
1.26 (a) & (b). z is the distance below the rectangle.
Butterfield and Banerjee give further solutions for
alb • 1~ 1/3 and 1/4.
'la 2 f----flItfH'--f---t----j
Solutions for vertical displacement Pa of the
rectangle are shown in Fig.1.21. It should be noted
that the decrease in P3 due to embeddMnt could
also be estiaated by applying the Tesul ts of Fox
(1948)(see Fig.4.S) to the surface displace.ent of a 'I---/if
surface rectangle (Fig.1.2l).

•
rr./Pfob
o°r-__....:°T·''-,rr.....cOT~'-....,,....cOT~:.... __..:,
(a)

../ ....
Beneath CVI~

o
..r---;~Ot·,~:.;;~~O~~~:::;:::~~§:::~:09~'

~2I---,W1W'----J--..,...+----1
'lo 21---ffh<f+-.,..--+---f----1
,
,
•
(al Beneath centre .L....IJ"'----l_ _--'-_ _- ' - _ - - '
(bl Beneath coner
FIG.7.26 Vertical stress bf!D. .th ~ rigid
recangle (Butterfie14 ud Banerje•• 1971).
16Z RIGID LQUl£D AR&IS

- '1.0-:5
--- y·O o ]
- - - '.0
,•
O/~

/""", P"'"
~'-
'/.

\ \
- --
--
~ .=--
~-

-
__1
---
.--0-
-",

•
:==- F---\ ' - - --
r~..&'

?~
00 , • •
nG.7.27 Vc.rtic&l 4bpb~~ of UIbedded rigid
reetang'le (Bgturfie14 and knerjee. 1971).

7.10 Approximations for Vertical

Displacement of Rigid Areas
It is well kncnm. (fox,l948b) that the vertical
displacement of • vertically loaded rigid area llay
be approxiaated by the lIlean vertical displaee.ent of
a uniforaly loaded flexible area of the same shape.
The following approxi_uons are quoted by Davis and
Taylor (1962) for vertically loaded areas:

Cil"riLs and StriF:·

PngW = -t[pCftltre +P6dge] t:-e:ribUJ

(7.33)

..• (7.34)
 Chapter 8
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS
IN CROSS-ANISOTROPIC MEDIA

8.1 Concentrated Loading on a Semi- The various elas~ic para.cters arc defined in Section
1.5.
Infinlle Mass
TI~ solutions arc as follows:-

lli>+eCC .:: ••• (8.2a)

8.1.1 ·VERTICAL SlRFACE POINT l,OAD 0% -
(r 1+z1CJ)!t
(Fig.2.2)
This p~bic. bas been solved by Koning (19S7) and ().+lda+wcB O.+u)b-k.lfC
de Urena ct al (1966). nlC notation of the latter 0
r ~ % + %
paper will be used here, the stress-strain relation- (r 2 +:: 28)"3h fr 1 +:: 2 C)Jh
ships beine expressed as follows (the notation of
Section 1.S is shown'in brackets below): + ),oJ::
l"2 (7'2+%28;.1;
.+ >.b%
r 2 (rl+.z1C)'~:
... (8.2b)

0: '" o..+pJC:r: + PElf + IIlEz (8.101)

a
y
• lie.,;' + (),+WC
y
+ IIlCz (S.lb) r2 {1,2+;:2C/1i

(8.1e) + paof<lX?B z + Wtwre

1
%
('1'1+::28)2/2- (r +;:2C)J/t
(8.2c)
'r
yz
• Dc
y.::
(8.111) oi(a-th O
0
Z(b-f)r
, I';: = -(~r'~+-%~'.-)~,"/~t + (pl+.::2Cl Jh
(8.2<1)
(8.le)

(a •.lf) ••• (8.2e)

P:; a

where ).
P cz boll

..
... (8.2f)
l' a r{l't+zt B)~ + l'{rt+ztC)~
'+1' • ( )

(l+]I)P=!I!{IJHO)
where • • pO

+ !,rlt-'-+}l-J-P--.-(",,-8J-J~'-_-.-~-+-
• •
•. , v
E
(ac)
ptot p
l-\Ih-·"hv E
h

p • (od) c·
-~
p

". {l+V }(1-v -2Vll "t "t"~ }

(.v)

II ll

~v (-!)'---,.,-----'-----
- 18J ------1
I
184 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC HASS

S.1.2 VERTICAL SURFACE LINE LOAD

a = L r6-20B) .,!Br6-2pC) (Fig.2.7)
41T r2tJ*6) 6prB-C) de Urena et al (1966) give the following
solutions:
b = _L r8-2pB) ICr6-2pC)
41T r2tJ*6) 6prB-C) (S.Sa)
e = L {Br6-2pC)
41T 6prB-C)

f =- L !Cr6-2pB)
41T 6prB-C)
't' = E. =IBCr=: [- 1
-2--2- + - 21
- 2 -] ••• (S.3c)
:z:z 1T yB-yC : +a B :z: +z C
An indication of the influence of anistropy on
the stress distribution is given in Fig.S.l (Koning,
1957) which shows the distribution of crz for the where B, C are defined in Section
isotropic case and two anisotropic cases. S.1.1.

8.1.3 TANGENTIAL SURFACE LINE LOAD

(Fig.2.9)-
de Urena et al (1966) give the following
sOlutions:
o·s ,
,,/\-0
,, cr
a 2& [
- 1
- - - + -1 - -]
:z:2+z 2C :z:2+z 2B
... (S.4a)
I

,"I \ 'I
// \' b cr: = 2&[_C__ _ B_ ] ... (S.4b)
0-3
!I fI :2+z 2C :z:2+Z 2B

IIf ~\
<Ii !.2
P
't'
:z:z
2Rz[ _ _C_+_B_]
:2+a 2C :2+z 2B
... (S.4c)
0'2

0-' J
JI \~
where R -
-
JL
21T
2PC-6
r2tJ*6) rlB-lC)

~ ~
and B and Care defined
in Section 8.1.1•
.....",

2 0 2 3
rIa
Eh 8.2 Strip on Semi-Infinite Mass
Curve 6
Ev "hv "h Ev Gerrard and Harrison (1970a) have given complete
solutions for the stres~ displacement and strain dis-
a 1 ~ ~ 0.67 tributions within the mass. This paper is reprinted
in full as Appendix A. It contains solutions for the
(isotropic) ,
b 2 .
~
if
,
0.S9 following cases:
C 3 ..
~
if 1.2S (a)
(b)
uniform vertical pressure
uniform vertical displacement
(c) linear vertical pressure
FIG.S.l Influence of anisotropy on vertical stress (d) linear vertical displacement
due to point load (Koninq, 1957). (e) uniform lateral shear stress
(f). uniform lateral shear displacement
(g) linear lateral shear stress
(h) linear lateral shear displacement.
Barden (1963) derived solutions to this problem
based on earlier solutions by Michell (1900). However,
as pointed out by Dooley (1964), Barden made the
implicit assumption that the shear modulus for a pair
of axes inclined at 45° to the :z-axes is the same as
that in the direction of the :- and a-axes. The
validity of Barden1s solutions is therefore limited.
 CIRCLE ON SEKt-INPINUE HASS us

8.3 Circle on Semi-Infinite Mass

Gerrard and Harrison (1970b) have given complete
solutions for the stress, displaceDent and strain dis-
tributions within the .ass. This paper is reprinted
in full as Appendix B. It contains sOlutions for the
following eases:

(al uniform vertical pressure

(bl uniform vertical displaceaent
(0) linear vertical pressure
(dl linear vertical displace.ent
(el linear radial shear stress -a
(f) linear radial shear displacement --a
-c
(.l linear torsional shear stress
(h) linear torsional shear displacement
(i)
(j),
uniform unidirectional shear stress
uniform unidirectional shear displacement.
2
0 2 , •,•
Eh , .
SoIllO indication of the effects of anisotropy on
Ev "vh "hv "h Ev
the distribution of vertical stress and vertical dis-
placement beneath a uniformly loaded circle is given
by the results of Koning (1960); reproduced as Figs.
,
A 1 ./._I· ./. V. 0.67 (Boussinesq)
8.2 to 8.4. SWlar results for a rigid circle are
shown in Figs. 8.S to 8.7. It should be noted that
the d.fstribution.of vertical contact stress in the C
2
4 1/16
-/--/- ./.
V' 0.89
l.28
latter ease is unaffected by the anisotropy.
FIG.S.J Distributions of vertic:al displac:eIlent of
• =hce ()(Qninq, 1960) •

o -~

2
....,. .-
r- ---,
/1
•
{
,
~
, •
•• --- • •
a
- ac , \
~,.. 2 1'---
.....
0
o .
o. 060'8.10

.,. •
,
Ev "vh "hv

./.
"h Ev o ... .
../- ./../.
1 '/' 0.67 (Boussinesq)
A
a 2 '"
-I'
'.
0.89
E
h
r· 4~ V vh"" 1/11 Vhl1 - '/", Vh "" 1/•
c 4 1/11 /- l.28 v.
FIG.S.4 Mean displacement of circle (Koninq. 1960).
FIG.8.2 Vertical stress on azis of circle
{koni1'l9, 19601.
 i
o

, _---"t- -- I-~ 1
\

•
/ ? ,
• I
-- C

• ,,II
f - •c A A
G
"
, , ·V 1
E~
J
•, 0

I
'0
o ., ..
0.'
'
o. o• , .1

-.-~

E.
E. ".. ..
,j,
"
".
•j. 0.67
•
E.
(Boussinesq)
o ,
E•
, •
0 1 ./0 r.
B 2 ,j' ,j- ,j. 0.89
C. 4 3/1& ,j- ,j. l.28

nG.8.S Vertical suess on axis beneath rigid

circle (koning, 1960) •

•
,
,
./ ----- ---
,
i
o. . . . Q-6
... 1-0 '·2 1'. "6

'.'.
- ... 4~
E.

l
FIG.8.G Vertical displae..ent of rigid circle
(xoning. 1960).
 lfULU-rArER SYSnlCS "7

8.4 Loading on Multi-Layer Systems

For aeneral loadin, of an Winite strip or a
circle on the surface of a half space consisting of
any nuaber of anisotropic layers. mathematical solut-
ions. (without nuraerlcal evaluation). for stresses
and displace.enu. are riven by Gerrard and Harrison
(1971) .

8.... 1 VERTICAl UNIFORM LOAD [!Ii ON STRIP

lhis problea hu beeD considered by Gerrard
(1967) who obtained a limud Jl.UIIber of solutions
indicatin, the effect of anisotropy on the s"tress dis-
tribution beneath the strip. The cases considered by
,.eo
Gerrard are sl.mlUised in Tahle 8.1. All cases
inyol ye one or t1lO layers overlyina: a rough rigid base
at a toUl depth of 6b (see Fi,.8.8). ...
The coaplete pattern of stresses for Cases Z and
3 are shown. in FilS.I.9 and 1.10. indic:atin, the
effect of insertin, a softer oyerlyin, layer in case
3. PIG.8.a
The distributions of nonlll stress along the
axis are shown in Fi,s.8.11(a) to (c).

TABLE 8.1
CASES COOS[DEREO BY GERRARD (1967)

•
.
Layer A Layer
H H, (E,) A
PROBLEM GEOMIITRY LOADING NO. OF A
IlI>4BU '"'''' T T (EV',
E
h
Ev
L
E.
v.
'n
V
hv
V
vh
3..
E
L
E
V
h
V
hv
v
.h
v v

Plane Unifonl
1 Strain Normal 1 6 . 1.5 0.' 0.25 0.3<> 0.20
Stress
(P)

2 " " 1 6 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.' 0.30

3 " " 2 2
• 1/' 1.5 0.' 0.25 0.3<> 0.20 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.' 0.3

• " " 2 2 2 • 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.' 0.3 1.5 0.' 0.25 0 • .30 0.20

5 " " 1 6 - 1.0 0.7 0 ...3 0 ...3 0...3

(Isotropic)
 CRDSS-ANIstYrROPIC /lASS
1
I

"" ""
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3

100.0 130.&
0
0.0 03.1 Sur ace

.5 ~37.5 &7.11 32 . 7 49.S~

0.0 88.0 16.4 81.6 33.& 47.&
76.& 1.0 2.9 10.&
1 .0 69. 5.3 3.7

51.21-i·j 39.5 3.1 20.2 10.5 9.1 11.9

2 0.0 4 • 14.2 35.9 14. 1 .2 9.0 9.4

3&.3IM· S 3~.01291 22· g

10. !;O&S 13.2Ii2
8
3 0.0 .4 .1 2 .9 • 8.2 •8

22'~I~045 14·~19.53 ,zz·z •·zy

31.6 3.6 28.74.8
4 0.0 28.8 .4 26.3 •• •
6. 14.
27.7 10.5 25.7 10.8 20.9 11.3 15.1 11.3
5 3.0 24.2 19.9
0.0 5.' 5.8 14.7 figures given are

•• 9!i:'j
percentages of the
• 24.3 24.3
0.0 24.3
22.9 22.9
3.8 22.9 19'
•
14.6 14.6
8.0 14.6 loading suess. p

Ari'

Fig. 8.9 COmplete Stress Distribution for Case 2 (Gerrard, 1967).

"" 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3

"" ~&4.3
0 0.0 51.1
50.01 29 • 2
0.0 22.3 %:%1- 26 0
0.0 -6.5•
0.0\-19.5 0.01- 9 •3
0.0 -4.9 0.0 -2.3 SUi'faee
96.1 24.1
.S 0.0 35.0

1 &3·~li·20
O. 6.
15.1
1 ••
8·~113.6
8. 6.1
0.71 5 • 8
1.11.7
13.7 '.8 2.S
44.6 14.3 18.1 13.4 S.2 8.7 Interface
2 14.
•••
. 41.6
13. 7.2
11.7
.2 .2
S.'
Legend:
In general
45.6 1.5 31.7 4.5
3

4
0.0 4 .2

36.6/i j 5
0.0 .3
9.9 34.4
32.4 5.3
.829.1
{f
't:r:y ay

6
31.8Ilg.~
O. 2.

27.4 27.4
28.8 11.3
3. 2 .0

25.4 25.4 Low'"

At

·z
.
an interface
...
"zB
O. 4.8 S.4
Ari'

FIg. 8.10
-
cOIllplete Stress Disttibution for case J (Gerrard, 1967) •
·A L _
'"" _
.y'
figures given are
percentages of the
loading stress. p
 ~10 t 80 '00
ax;;
P'I, r
0, ,
20 "V
t
uu
t
gu
i
I\JV
]
or
10 20 40 60
'23
4-202
.. ,S, oF .( 1:::>:>7 >1 I
V5_

_..-.. _-- IntllMQCll

I IY / ~
2'01 j #,'>' 2·0m ]
'"' 2.01 i r } > >
tlterfacll
~
t
~
:a
.. , ~ 2 3 III
~
4'0~ I III 4'0\~\ ... o~ /I I 1/ ~
ili·

3b 6·0 I I " .LOWllr BOUndary Lowcrr Boundary 15.0 I II I I! LOWllr Boundary

~
(b) (c)
(a)

I
FIG.8.11 Stresses on axis beneath un1£o%1ll1y loaded strip on anisotropic layered system (Gerrard, 1967).

""
~
 I
190 CROSS-ANISO'tROPIC IlASS
j
8.4.2 LOADING ON CIRClJLAR AREA.
Gerrard (1967) has considered a limited nUllber
of cases involving uniform vert.ical stress and lin-
0
~
'0 .. '" eo ",,'
'.,
"I,
...

.
early varying inward shear stress on the circular
area. The cases considered arll summarised in Table
8.2. All cases involve a single layer of depth '·0
,
1.S:ro(rgscircle radiusJ overlying another layer
(generally softer) of infinite depth.
The vertical and radial surface displacements
, .. e • '0
lnt.rllle.

are shown in Fig.S.12. The distributions of no~l '·0

stress down the axis are shown in Fig.8.13.

'·0

J
!
4·0
lIro j
),.
., .... (.) I

o~

.....
~ ...
o. UrI, Or'" 0./10
, Oris Or'" a./~
t
, 3 t;/r. 'I, 0
·0
'" 40
'" eo
"" 149'&
"'£_---173.
•
.-
171·J
e.
,. • e e
·0

.,~
-37·

...
p"lE.,~ 6

0·'
-.,0 , , .. IIltaNo.«
I
I
I
I

PIIIE,,)layorr 6
v.
• '·0
i

FIG.8.l2 Surface deformation profiles for circle on '·0

layere!! anisotropic systeal (Genard. 1967).

4·0

(b)

FIG.S.l3 Stresses on axis of circle on layered

anisotropic systelll (Gerrard. 1967).
 PARrICVI.AR CASES or AJfIsO'n/Opr m

TABLE 8.2
CASES CONSIDERED BY GERIWID (1967)
Layer A Layer B
PROBLEM GBll4ETIlY LOADING N:l. OF H IHv'. H.
NOOlEIl L\YERS H.

t>dfam
B fEr/A.
H.
I
H. ". "Itt> ".h E.
E.
I
E.
". "Itt> ".h

6 Axis}'lll- Nomal 2 1.5r, • 5 1.0 0.' 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.0 0.' 0.25 0.35 0.175
metric Stress (Iso'tropic)
Ip}

7 " Linear 2 loS,., • 5 1.0 0.8 0.25 0.25 0.25 " " " "
Shear (isotropic)
"
Strys
(a - )
ro

• " UnifonD 2 1".5,., co 5 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.' 0.3 " . " " "
Nomal
Stress
Ip}

• " Linear
Sh.=
2 1.51-, • 5 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.' 0.3 " " " .. "
Strys
(8 - )
ro
10. " lbifon 2 1.5,., • , 1.0 0.8 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.0 0.8 0.25 0.25- 0.25
N<mU1 (isotl'Opic) (isotropic)
Stress
Ip}

••• (8.Sb)

8.5 Particular Cases of Anisotropy

8.5.1 REPEATED tAYER SYSTEMS
It can be shown that a uss of uteri&! consist-
.,. - ••• (8.Sc)

ins of an altematins systell of individually hOlllOgen-

eous layers is equivalent t.o one hOUlOgeneous lIIaSS of _ [(1-t) 12
cross-anisot.ropic material. provided the thickness of
.L
the rrouP of layers forminS the repeated syste. is
sull cc.pared with the SOVernins diJlensions of the
problell being considered. The anisottopic elastic
E. E,

+
..... 1 ... (8. Sci)
constants of the equivalent uteri&! in tems of the (1-,\)B
h
elastic constants and. thicknuses of the individ.ual
layers are Siven by Sahaon (1968). Further treat- .,.
.mt is &iVeD by Wardle and Genud (1972).

for the case of an isotropic.tvo-layer repeated

e"- 2 (H\lh)
... (8.Se)

s15tea, vith a layer I of thieJcnen h1 and .:lduli

Eh \11 and a layer 2 of thiclcness hI and _D:lduli
Ez... VI. the equivalent c::ross-anisotropic properties
are as follows:
2
G
•
- 2(1-t) (l+Vt)
E,
+ 2t(1+V1)
H.
... (8.5f)

.m". t-~
+
tB'1\l1
I
0[fl-t)E1I + ~1 1 hl'M1
1-\11 1-\11 1-\11
•.. (8.5a)
 "2 CROS$-ANISurROPIC IfASS

8.5.2 REINFORCED MATERIAL

A special case '0£ the repeated layer system is
a
• - ,.
2(1-vJG
(l-2vJ
& ... (8.8a)
r
that. of only two repeated layers, one of which is very
thin but has a high Young's modulus so that it forms
a reinfordng sheet. In terms of equations (8.5).
if layer 2 is the reinforcing layer. the special case
T.. - '"
G("') ... (8.Sb)

is obtained by putting f;+(} and £:.-, and letting

tEz!El*K. which is in general a finite quantity
(Harrison and Gerrard, 1972). The C'Oss.anisotropie
material equivalent to the JIlaterial with the reinforc-
T"" - '"
G(~) ... (S.Sc)

ing layers has only four independent elastic constants

"instead of the usual five. where G i , the shear modulus.

8.5.3 'mE WESTERGAARD MATERIAL

Thus, vertieal displacement
direct integration of a•• '. may be obtained by
,
Westergaard (1938) considered the particular case
in llhith the semi-infinite aass is assumed to be homo-
geneous but reinforced internally such that no hori-
zontal displacements can occur. Harrison and GerraTd
1
(1972) show that this material is equivalent to a re-
inforced material having K (Section S.5.2) equal to ~

infinity. The Westergaard =terial is equivalent to

a cross-anisotropic material with only three independ-
.«
~
ent constants. The following solutions apply for (1;;:
.=
(i) Surface point load P (See fig.2.2). ••
.~
,
••
.•• (8.6) ••
,'.
0'.

,'.
(ii) Surface line load p/unit length, and of
length y. For a point in plane of end of load,
,'.

.•. (8.7) '0' ,

•• l

--
~
,~

~ ~

n-/~ ~

and v .. V1, Poisson I s ratio of

the material between
the reinforcement.
~

~
-,~

Influence factors for G;; due to point loading

have been plotted by Harr (1966) while influence
factors for (1;; due to line loading of finite length
have ~een plotted by Fadua (194S). . "
-
~

FIG. 8. 14 Vertical suess beneath comer of rectangle

Influence factors for the vertieal stress G;; on westerc;aard . .terial (Fadaa, 1948).
beneath the comer of a uniformly loaded rectangle
(fadum, 1945) are shown in Fig.8.14 for the case of
v-o.
It should be noted that since lateral strains and
displacements are zero, the stresses on a horizontal
plane are functions of vertical displacement only,
viz.
 Chapter 9
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS
IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS
ELASTIC MASS
Two limiting cases lIlay be recovered froll the
9.1 Semi-Infinite Mass with Linear general expressions for ~.s:
Variation of Modulus
(1) 1IFQ (f7-) Le. constant ~(O) with depth.
This is the classical ~geneous case.
9.1.1 UNIFORM STRIP LOADING (ii) C(OJ-o (f3r:oO). This is the case of a
linear increase in G with depth, starting
This problell has been solved by Gibson (1967) who
considered an elastic half-space where Poisson's ratio
remains constant but the shear lIOdulus G increases
from %8ro at the surface. , ,-
Considering the vertical displacement Pz for
linearly with depth as follows (Fig. 9.1): each case, it is found that for case (i). the acUJaI
displace.ent is infinite (see Section 3.1). but the
G(:) • G(O) + 1U ••• (9.1) difference between the displacement of a point and the
central surface displacement is finite, and equal to

1>3(O.01-p/=.:) - h:~O) l:t(l+ p in [Z2+~)21

+" t(l- ~ in {%2+(b_=)2 j +!. tan-"1 (~

b b2 b Z

._. (9.2)

Values of (P.a(O.. OJ-P.a(z,t.aJ) are plotted in

Fig.9.2(a) •

For case (ii). the vertical displaceJAent is now

I finite, and given by

·cr~\~\',I
y • ',I
;---',,""_ _~"'_-:;;..~ G(~)
Values of Pa for this case are plotted in Fi••
'" (9.3)

9.2(b).

It is noteworthy that the stresses are identiea.t.

for both cases (i) and (ii) Le. non-ho.:l.eneity has
no influence on the stress distribution. This
result sugests that stresses for finite values of a
, may not differ appreciably from. the values for the
limitin. cases. provided v-Q.S.

An important conclusion reached froDl a study of

PIG.9.! case (ii) is that a material whose JIOdulus varies
linearly with depth froa zero at the surface behaves
as a "Winkler" uterial Le. the vertical displaceJlent
at any point on the surface is directly proportional
-----n3~-- ------il-
194 NON-HOHXENEOUS MASS

to the intensity of vertical stress at that point.
This may clearly be seen from the curve for zjb=O in
Fig.9.2(b). The coefficient of subgrade reaction kg
in the Winkler material is related to m as ks =2m.
It should be noted that the above conclusion is
exact only for v=O.5.
The conclusion regarding the identical behaviour
of an incompressible (\1=0.5) mass whose modulus
varies linearly with depth from zero at the surface,
and a Winkler medium, remains valid for this type of
loading and indeed. for any type of surface loading.

0·251----+-----1.,t~

P.lrorl
0'50
P.I"OI

0;751----l---::IFl-I----+----+----1
1'0 L_~;;;:E::::::::...,:::::::.L _l L _ ___.J

FIG.9.3 Surface displacement profiles for \1=0.5

(Brown and Gibson, 1972).

(a) Relative displacements of strip on uniform mass.

\1-0.5. G=G(O).

0'25
3
0'50 P.lr'rl_I ·-¥,~~--I_---+----1
~
~ - 10- p. 1" 01
z/~
~ 0·751-----1--....-,,;1.:,11-----1-----11----1
l - ~:~-1
'14
I---- va ',0 L_IllllliEi~~:::::~ ...L_ ___..l_ __ J
I--
0
1- --
FIG.9.4 Surface displacement profiles for \1=1/3
(Brown and Gibson, 1972);

(b) Displacement of strip'on mass with linearly

increasing G. \1=0.5. G(O)=O.

FIG.9.2 (Gibson, 1967)

9.1.2 UNIFORM LOADING OVER CIRCUI~R AREA.

Profiles of vertical surface displacement in
terms of the value at the centre have been obtained by
Brown and Gibson (1972) for three values of \I and
arc shown in Figs. 9.3 to 9.5. In these fi gures, l'
is the radial dist:mce from the centre, a is the
radius and B is as defined in I:ig. 9.1.
FIG.9.5 Surface displacement profiles for \1=0
The variation of central surface vertical dis- (Brown and Gibson, 1972).
placement· pz(1'=O) with B and \I is shown in Fig,'
9.6.
 GENERAUZED lJOOSSINESO 'nlEORY ,.5
where Eo12 aedulus at unit depth

A. n.J .1_ a•
•

" V.O......::
~
-- When n-J, >.-0 and vo=O.5. the above solutions reduce
to the classical Boussinesq solutions for v-Q.5.
When nm4. W and V-1/3.
linearly with depth.
the modulus E varies
Thus, this case corresponds to
that considered by Gibson (1967) (Section 9.1) except
that Gibson considered 'IJ=O.5. .

Ih ;y Pzovided the above restrictions on

ulus v.ariation are observed the generalized Boussinesq
\I and 1IlOc1-

,~ V
solution may be used to study the stress distribution
in a non-hollOgeneous mass for all types of surfac"
loading.

,6' '/ 9.2.2 HORIZONTAL POINI' LOADING ON SURFACE

,.."-. , -, -,
-
" "
PIG.9.6 Centl:'al sUl:'faee displl.c_nt of cil:'eular;
area. (Bl:'OWD and. Gibson, 1972). p
p • applied. pl:'essure
• •
a • l:'adius

..
9.2 Generalized Boussinesq Theory lor ,
Non-Homogeneous Semi-Infinite
Mass FIG.9.7

9.Z.1 vemCAL POINI' LOADING ON SURFACE

fi311 (1940) d.eve1oped & general form of
SOussinesq t s classical equations, based 011 earlier
solutions of Griffith (1929) and Frohlich (1933). The
solutions for a vertical point loading (Fig. 2.2) are:

"p,"
Holl (1940) gives the following solutions (refer
a. • ..• (9.4&) Fig. 9.7):
..I!'"
n(n~2lP C!Os M1.:> sin, cose .-. (9.6&)
ar •
nP3n~2r:

:aJf+2
..• (9.4b) a. •
...' ...
0g ., O.
_nPz n- 11' '-
(9.4c)
...'
a. • n(n-2lP cosn-l, sin', cosJe . (9.6b)

Tn" 2TrIf+2
(9.4d)
...
ay • n(n-2lP cosn-1, sin'.:>
'
cose sin:e (9.6c)

The above solutions are valid for n>2 and

satisfY equilibrium and compatibility requirements for
the following restricted class of lI&terial:
'y. ...
0 n(n-2lP C!OB n, sin:, sine case
'
n(n-alP cos n, sin:, cos:e
(9.6d)

(9.6e)
2'rr2 z
'",

'.. ...
•• (9.S)
0 n(n-alP cosn- 1, sin', sine cosze . (9.6f)
' ~-
296

Note that the s. . restrictions on the relationship

between ~us variation and v apply in this case
as in the case of a vertical point load (section
TABLE '.1
K venus
"
9.2.1).

"
, 4 S
•
(Holl. 1940)
7 8
9.2.3 LINE LOADING
(Fil. 9.8)
(Ii SURFACE.
K
2
., 8
r.
15 ,.
r.
SS
• 16 32

9.2.4
......
UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING OVER CIRCULAR

Betteat.h the centre of a circle of radius a,

• ~' .
loaded nth a unifora surface stress p per unit:

• .• (9.9a)

(1 .. coon•• )]
••• (9.9b)

nG.9.8
Values of a. are tabulated in Table 9.2 for
n-4 and 5. tbll (1940) also gives expressions for
a. and c;. due to parabolic vertical loading.

(.) Vert-leal LoadiDl TAIlLE 9.2 '

GENERALISED BOUSSINESQ PROBLEM
c, 0 i- x oo.Ml~ (9.7.) VALUES OF c.Jp BEhU1H CENTRE
lbifom Vertic:a.l Loa.ciiJ:lg
c, ,
£OK coin-I, ain 2 • ('.7b)
(After Hur, 1966)

-
0

Rect.angle

..
Circle
... Infinite
T 0 ;X oo.n. oint (9.7el " • Radius
• _1 -, ",." _10
Strip

Values of K are tabulated in Table 9.1. 0 1· 1 1 1 1 1

0.25 0.996 0.942 0.950 0.957 0.970 0.984
4 0.' 0.960 0.792 0.824 0.852 0.876 0.884
(b) Horizontal Loadinl 1 0.750 0.426 0.547 0.581 0.603 0.625
1.S 0.518 0.255 0.372 0.404 0.437 0.457
c, 0 (n-2)1 i n
co. •• in. (9.8a)
,,
2 0.360 0.142
0.109 0.074
0.077 0.025
0.230 0.281 0.316
0.135 0.175 0.214
0.048 0.063 0.125
0.357
0.245
0.150
c, - (n-2)X ; coil - 2 • rinl~ (9.8b) 0
0.25
1
0.998
1
0.984
1
0.987
1
0.988
1
0.991
1
0.993
T. . 0 (n-2)X i ee."-1 ~ .i:n z• (9.8e) , O.S
1
0.982
0.817
0.as9
0.508
0.830
0.625
0.902
0.651
0.922
0.676
0.925
0.686
1.S 0.591 0.298 0.404 0.443 0.480 0.S10
Values of K are tabulated in Table 9.1 (sue
as for vertical loadin,).
,,
2 0.429
0.229
0.164
0.089
0.249
0.150
0.294
0.192
0.333
0.243
0.411
0.282
0.096 0.032 0.062 0.088 0.141 0.162

(~with peJJlUSilX1 of 1'IeGRv Bill Book CO.)

 GENERALIZED BOUSSINESQ 'lHEORr 197

9.2.5 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING OVER 9.2.6 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING OVER
REcrANGULAR AREA REcrANGULAR AREA
(Fig. 9.9) (Fig. 9.10)

Uniform prassura
p/unit arltQ

x
Unltonn stl'OSS Q/unit Qraa.
-r--I'::-----~-~----x

z
z

z z

FIG.9.9 FIG.9.10

Beneath the conter of the rectangle, for n--4~ For n--4,

[~ (1 + ~ arctan £. ~[arctan £. - !.(1 +

2
0a = 1L 0:z; = a2.) arctan £. _ a bz]
21r A 2A2. A 'If z A 2A2. A 2A 2 C2.
.•• (9.11a)
+ £. (1 + ~ arctan ~
B 2~ B
~ r
-..arctan -b - -z arctan -b - ba (1
- - -1)]
+ aha2. (L + l:1l ••• (9.l0a)
2'If a A A B2. C2.
2c!- A2. B2. ... (9.11b)

.!L[arctan- -a - -z arctan -a + -
arg2. a2.+b 2
T
:z;y = l - - --31
2'1f z B B Z A2 C2
••• (9.l0b) ... (9.11c)

T:z:a = 1L [arctan £. - £. arctan £. + bZ(! - ~] . Holl (1940) also quotes solutions for n=S (homo-
4'1f Z A3 A B2. A2.rr genous case,see Chapter 3) and n=5.

(9.l0c) The values of T:z;~ Tya and Oz for a horizontal

'. loading correspond to the values of O:z;, T:r;y and T:z;z
for a vertical loading, multiplied by the factor
T
=!I
= (9.l0d)
(n-2).

Holl (1940) also quotes expressions for n

values of S (homogeneous mass, see Chapter 3)~ 5~6~7
and 8.
for n--4 and 5 , given by Harr
rel)roduc:ed in Table 9.2 for varioUs
198 NON-HOWJGENEOUS MASS

9.3 Finite Layer with Linear Variation

of Modulus (Fig. 9.11)

This p~b1em has been considered by Gibson, Brown

and Andrews .(1971). Profiles of vertical surface
displacement due to uniform strip loading are shown in
Fig. 9.12 and due to uniform circular loading in Fig.
9.13. In both figures, G(O)=O and V=O.S. In
this case the vertical displacement of the loaded area
is strictly uniform only when h/b or h!a=«>; as the
layer thickness decreases, the non-uniformity of
settlement, inside and outside the loaded area,
increases.

-0·5
~b'l'O)
" --r--... -
--
\'\. •• 0;_

x/b
\ '\ 500.... --= FIG.9.12 Surface displacement profiles
~IQ, ,~ ~2" 0-5.....

- r----~ K<
0 0'5 100 due to uniform strip loading
o
~h/b·- 1·5 2·0 2-5 (Gibson et at, 1971) •
........
005

"'"~
---
L.....
-.!$--.
1·5

2·5

5'0
h/b %.,..

-0·5

~~J.0-5
~~ 0'2
7a C>~'" ~ "- Hr..

-N~'\
FIG.9.13 Surface displacement profiles
o 0 0-5
-. 100
"'h/Q • oo
1·5 200 2·5 due to uniform circular loading
(Gibson et al, 1971).

-~
~ ~
10Q ~
2·5
-
h/g:.oo
 Chapter 10
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS
IN EMBANKMENTS AND SLOPES

10.1 Embankment on Rough Rigid Base Thus the observed displacements may be calculated
from the "single-lift" displacements for embankment
(Fig. 10.1) heights of hand z and therefore in this section,
all solutions' for displacements refer to the single-
lift values. The stresses are unaffected by incre-
mental construction.
Stress and displacement contours for a 30 0
embankment having V=O.3 are shown in Figs.lO.2 to
10.6. Five embankment heights are considered.
Influence factors for the vertical displacement
...--------,,.., on the axis of the embankment are given in Figs.lO.7

rzt ,.~ , ,'. ' ..., to 10.12, for three embankment slopes (20 0 ,30 0 and
40 0 ) and two Poisson's ratios (0.3 and 0.48). The
relationship between displacement influence factor I
H and relative height of the point above the base,. a/l/,
are plotted for five values of relative embankment
height h/H, where H is the maximum possible height
of the embankment. The actual displacement is

FIG.IO.I ••• (10.2)

where y unit weight of embankment

material.
This problem has been studied by Clough and Wood- The observed settlement v(z/H.h/H) may be calculated
ward (1967) and Poulos, Booker and Ring (1972~. It from'equation (10.1).
is important to distinguish between the classIcal def-
inition of displacement, which is referred to a fixed For a particular enmankment (Fig.lO.13), Clough
datum and assumes the embankment to be created and Woodward (1967) give contours of stress, displace-
insta~taneouslY, and the displacement of a.poi~t in ment and strain factors. These are shown in Figs.
the embankment which would be observed durIng Incre- 10.14 to 10.16. The effect of incremental construct-
mental construction of the embankment. These dis- ion on displacements is shown in Fig.lO.lS; with
placements are termed. the "single-li~t" and '.'observed" incremental construction, the "observed" displacements
displacements respectIvely. ReferrIng to FIg.IO.l, are zero at the top of the embankment, whereas the
for a ,point Z, height z above the base of the "single-lift" value of vertical displacement is a
embankment of height h, the "single-lift" displace- maximum at the top.
ment is denoted as p(z~h) and the "observed" dis-
placement as v(z.h). These displacements are Clough and Woodward also investigated the effects
related as follows: of departures in v and side slope from those of
their "standard case". The results of this investig-
.•• (10.1) ation are presented as multipliers for the stresses,
v(z.h) p(z~h) - p(z.z) strains and displacements for the standard case, and
are shown in Fig.lO.17.
where p(z~z) is the single-lift
displacement of the point Z
when the top of the embankment
is at the level of Z, i.e.
z above the base.
 g

Contours orC2 VOIUC2S 01 ~

~ I-~
~ It ---.-2 '3
(0)
. h .0'2
H
'4

'!l

-:==r '7

~ I:~
(d)~.o.e

I
~

(b) ~.0'4
o
~
'I til

·2 ~
tl

II::~
'3

'4

=== '!l

=- .< , , £ { { r,C
---J-6
'7
ze=.I-e
(e) .h. 0'6
H.
(12) ~.1'0

FIG.10.2 Contours of vertical stress for various embankment heights.

30° slope, Vm o.3 (Poulos at al, 1972).
 Contours or" IIOIU<Js 01 ~
YH 0

~
'O~

I:g~
0

(0) ~ • 0'2 .83 ·10

'1~

·20
'2~

I
·30

~~ I-~
(d) h .0·8
H

~
2
i!:
(b)~' 0'4 f.lt:i

5
~ 1'~4

~I~ (e) .!!. .0·6

H
(,,)~ .1'0

FIG.10.3 Contours of horizontal stress for various embankment heights.

300 slope, v-o.3 (Poulos et al, 1972).

g
202 EHBlINKHENTS AND SI.OPES

~
.
III
.<:
D'
'r!
If) GI
6 <;> .<:
': ~
.e1.I: .elI I:

~ ~

tGI

§,.:
ON
.r! ...
... en
~--:
.e.......
nl
~
III GI
III
GI III
tI 0
1II;f
0
~e
HI I
.:~ 11111M
"0 'WO
iii
o ~
CO
;2
0
III
~
o
.
.
>

L
N
goo.
'Of
0 ..0·
1O
~8'
8
1: ....
Gl

6 6 oso· ~
..
0

L
:>
.elI 910· .ei~ .elI ~~
• PI
III

0
;: 0 n ~ ....0
II
u 13
H
ra.
 PE
ContOlrS oro valuos of ~

.c<;:_~~~~~;;;=I·0149
a. (a)
'012 0'2 '006

~(Wa r
::fi
(d) -It. 0'8
I
>i

~
'315
~
.0'4 ~
t:i

L < "137
m

/~t Ii - "15

(e) ~ • 0-6 lcl)~ .1·0

FIG.1O.5 Contours of vertical displacement for various embapkment heights.

30° slope, V-0.3 (Poulos et al, 1972).

2
 2

PxE
Contours orll volulIS 01 Y HZ

~3 (o).!!. .0·2
I
H

4:0 I
(d) ~ .0'8

I
tJ
§
(b) ~. 0'4
~C1

h
(c) H .0'6 (II) ~.l'O

FIG.10.6 Contours of horizontal displacement for various embankment heights.

300 slope, V-0.3 (Poulos et al, 1972).
 0., i i i i A 048. i i i i i

0010 0'161 I I I Y .. I 0'16. i i i i i

30· Bonk V. 0'48

001"1 I I :V I: I 0'141 I I I / Iii

()o121 I I / I /' -,- I 0'12 I I I /I II I 0'12

_ 00101 I III I ! I I ;;x 0'10 I I I l I /" ! I I 0'10 I

qX
. N/-:r;
::; 000e1 1 /V I! I I -
ix
0'08 I I V / I ! I I .clx 0'08
i
'i
NI:r; ~
.
000e1 I H I 1 I 1 0'06 I I I l III I 0'06 ~
~
00041 III 7f II I I 0-041 III I 71i I I 0'04
~
0'02 I K J' I-Jt" I I I 0'02 1 HI 7' ~ I 7' I I I 0'02

o 0·2 0,,, 0'0 0'8 1'0 o 0'6 0'8 1'0 0 0'2 0'4 0'6 0'8 1'0
1
~ A H

FIG.10.7 Embankment vertical displacement FIG. 10.8' Embankment vertical displacement FIG. 10. 9 Embankment vertical displacement
factors. 40° slope, ",,"0.48. factors. 30° -slope, \1000.48. factors. 20° slope, \/000.48.

...
a
206 EJtBANXJtER'rS AND SLOI'I:S

1\-- ---~
•

\
1\" '-.,
~ ~\ " ,,
0
·
> r-..." ,,
• r---=::: ~\ i'.
0
,,
~ •o
Ii - ~ _\0
~\

:;• g
o •o 2
o
o

f---+~
•
~ ~
(~'~lt
 EllBANKJlEN'J' ON RIGID BASB 207

FIG.lO.13 Standard ubanJbent (Clough and Woodward.

1967).

FIG.10.IS Displa~nt factor contours for standard

eJlbanJaaent (Clough and Wooclward, 1967)
V
x or Px - 14.82 ~ Ipx

0 ..
0·8

~2_~
'·0

'.

o·

ax -
az -
YZ XX
1Z Xz
.•
,
t'xz - yz ltxz

PIG.IO.14 Stress factor contours for standa::r:d FIG.IO.16 Strain exmtoun: (in percent) for standard
elIlba:Ualent (Clough and WOOdward. 1967). embankment (Clough and Woociva:r:4. 1967).
 '01

•
~ ., ...
:• 1 •
,., I
:
~
,<> <0'
j I, •
.!; <, E and 'I soma fer crmtl<:itlkmllnt

•• / .. <. '" <,

lind 100000dlltiotl.

! .,. FIG.IO.IS

• V
y.,

•
inaccuracy in the resut ts of Perloff et al because of
the incorrect iDplicie as~ion in their analysis
'that the biharmonic equation is invariant for confor-
.!; '" 1---+-+-H'-1''''--+-
, j 1/ lUI transfomations.

Contours for the vertical nress O'~!l' horizontal

1°'8 VUW stress 0':. shear stress 't=a and llaXiaum shear
stress "[/!lIZ!: within the eabanlallent and foundation are
.,..,f--h'--+-+-t--f-- shown in Figs.lO.19 to 10.22 for the ease a-4So,
"'+--f''''-t--t--t--+-..., L/Bz3. These figures show that the ''no:nu.l loading
approximation" may considerably overestwte all the
1\'Ii",f--t--+:",--+-...,
; ."f----l-'<
stresses and that consequently, displacements will
generally also be overestimated.

Figs.lO.19 to 10.22 are all for v-O.3, except

i! .1-+-+-WI..'9l--""''---t----'-1
H)r that Fig.10.21 shows some contours for Tn for
V=O.S also. The vertical stress 0% is h~ver
• J 17
o·.'f--f-+-t---1--+--+--I virtually independent of \l.
influence of \l on u=
An example of the
is shown in Fig.lO.23, where
~ jP. I
the distributions of ur with depth beneath the
centre and the edge of the elllbankment, for both \10=0.3
i o..+--ff--+-+-t--I----1 and 0.5. The effect of \l is lIOst pronOUDCed for

~
sllla1l values of L/lI.

"".':-'-"-,l,--,l--,l:-'-"-,l,---JI,---J
.I
oe
..... Distributions of Uz and Tn along the base
0-2 0-3 l><l 0'2 1-0 1-2
POIs5On $ RoUo """ of the embankment, for various values of L/H and
slope angle a, are shown in Figs. 10.24 and 10.25.
FIG.IO.I' Hultiplying factors for depM'tu:t"es from
standard emba.r!k;ment (Clouqh and Woodward. Distributions of uz ' or and Tn along select-
1967). ed vertical sections have also been obuined for var-
ious slope angles and values of L/H, and for
v=O.3. These distributions are shown in Figs.l0.26
to 10.30· (ozJ~ Figs.lO.3l to 10.35 (a=) and
Fig.lO.36 (.~).

It should be emphasized that in all the above

solutions, the foundation is assumed weightless and
10.2 Embankment on Elastic Foundation only the effect of the embanlalent is considered.
10.2.1 SEMI.INFINITE FOUNDATION The stresses in vicinity of a cutting of trapez-
(Fig.lO.lS) oidal shape: can also be obtained fro. the above
This problem has been considered by Perloff et al SOlutions by considering the uterial above the level
(1967), who have colllpared the stresses within the of the base of the cutting to be a pair of wide
syste1ll, due to the weight of the embankment, with embankments.
those obtained by assuaing the embankment to apply a
purely vertical stress, proponional to the embankment
height, to the surface of the foundation. Stresses
£rca this latter procedure, termed the ''norzal load-
ing approximation", have been discussed in Chapter 3.
----Yerruijt-Cl969)-has-observed tha-rthere is-soae';;C'-'-'---
 u 0 45 0
'100·3
L/Ho 3

u 045"
f L/H 03
H
I

I
'100·3

;!j
\"~ J
0·2

2t
:9.15__ ~ ~

E
Z/H:~~~ )}] ~
0

11
5t-

6
I
~-"'

...
....... - '\.
. .' \
........

.........
------ ...
I
I
~

7
13
e' , I I I' -,, I I ,

o 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 o . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x/H x/H
FIG.10.19 Contours of vertical stress a FIG.10.20 Contours of horizontal stress a
(Perloff et al, 1967). Dashed lines z (Perloff et al, 1967)·. Dashed lines x
show "normal loading" approximation. show "normal loading" approximation.

~
 ~
()

-1~~
Li_ ~ I
-11 ~ I
(l "45"
" I
L/H " 3 o
o

2
2

4 4

Z/H
5

7
I
~
8 ~
9 ij
~
10

11. • .>r 11
"" 0 '3
" "0'5
12l- \ \\ Normal Loading 12
.. Approximation
13t 13

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 o 2 3 4 5 6 10

'lH x/H

FIG.10.21 Contours of shear stress Txz FIG.10.22 Contours of maximum shear T

(Perloff'et al, 1967). (Perloff et al, 1967). Dashed max
lines show "normal loading"
approximation.
 L

01 > 7 7 > I

01 ::;»= :::;a: :> 7 i

2 !
2

3
'lH
3 I
~
4
%/H 4

5
E
~
5 11

6
Edger . 6
1 1/ , Cerntrer
~~
7 7
~
8' ,. 'e ~
~0-2
I , I

- Qo2 0 0'2 0'4 0-6 0-8 0 Qo2 0-4 0-6 0 0'2 0-4 0-6 0-6
UX/ YH
UX/ UX/
YH YH

(al \/0(). 5 (bl \/0(). 3

FIG.10.23 Influence of \/ on horizontal stress ax in foundation (Perloff et al, 1967).

~
212

o I--------....:::~
0·. .

(.)

FIG.1O.24 Distributioo. of vertieu

stress at base of .....N:went fer
v&rioUS' slope: &Dg'le. a aDd. LIJI
ratios (Pulof! et at. 1967).
000

"/y.
0'75

"0
~~L :J
/
-----_-/
/ /
•• 3d
V.0-3

o , 3 , , • ,
'/.
lb)

'/.
.M)

-0'
>
,.. ,
/H .5-0
r
•
0

0·... /
/
a./YH 0" / a • <15°
/
V .0-3

.
0-75
I
, ---....I
0 , 3 , , • ,
'/.
(e)

-~

\\, \;. .....

~~ ~
i
I
•
, I, ,, ,
,
••
I , ,, ..
---! .
~
jJ
,
;, .0<>
••
.•
'
,
•
• • .;:.-
~

• • •
(.)
 EKSANlOIEN'r ON ELAS'l'IC l'OUNlJA'l'ION 213

-H)
Z/H
-0-5

0'1

'tu /,YH 0-2

11.15"
0-3 V.0·3

0-4
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9
x/H
(a)

-1-0
Z/H
-()O5

0 FIG.10.25 Distribution of shear stress

Txz at base of embanlaDent for var-
0'1 ious slope anqles a and L/H ratios
(Perloff et al, 1967).
0-2
't··/YH
0-3
11.0'3

0'4
0 2 3 4 5 6 7

0-5
0 2 3 .4 5 6 7

'lH

(c)

-1'0
Z/H
-0-5 0'5 100 3.-0 L/H .5-0
0

0-1

0-2

~YH 0-3
11 • 60·
0-4 II .0'3

x/H
(d)
214 EHBANKHENTS AND SLOPES

~~ x/H
x]H .<L;Hcot a'>72HT

r: ~ ~~
1'2 '2
.1

" L/H. 0:> (L.H eatal/2 • LlH .0:>

1'0 ·0
I
2/H ~
'l"---. r--- ·8
~
........
r-. f' r-.
5 I-- l':
l.i 1\ \ I':~ 5

0'4
1..4 NI\.
t\,.1\
o '4
I)
II
~
,
~ r-. ~
0'2
..... ~~ 0'5 ...... 1:;::;
III
o'2 ......r:::: I' "
',(". t:;t::,.

0'5 1·0 2'0 5'0 10 20 50 100 0-5 1'0 2·0 5'0 10 20 50 100
10tH lt H

(a) (b)

xtH.3(L.Hcot etf{2 H
b:i=(H.<L·Hcot etl/7
,,2 ~
~'I"
x/H

3(L.~·
. I
(L.H eatal/H • 1 , I 1·0

2/H 2/H

0'4
~'5 0'4

~ L H.
0-2 0'2
~ ~ 10.;:
5 ~
:No..

./ 1'Ti (, ,p'§" :r II
00'1 0'2, 0-5 1'0 2'0 5'0 10 20 50 100 0'5 1·0 2'0 5'0 10 20 50 100
2/H l/H

(c) (d)

FIG.10.26 Vertical stress along selected vertical sections.

C£=lSo, v=O.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
 EHBANKHENT ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 215

~III ~WjCjf~2H
J H ./H
~~ H
L/H ..... ~ 'l.I. 'L.H cotal/2H_ L/H ....

-
Z{H . r-.... "0 H
.........
o·a r-..
I'\.
""
....... 1,\1"\
1'\.1\
5
O"yYH
O'S
~.......

'\ 1'\.1'.
5

~r.I
~ t\
, "-
\.
I'\.
0·4 'I 1'\ 1\
,, I'\.
"-
I'-..
0'2 0·2 r-...
...o!!i ~ 0'5 :1-::::-... ~~ .....
II r- 10' r---:: ~
0'5 1-(l 2'0 5'0 20 50
o
0'2 '0 '00 0" 0'5 1'0· 20() 5·0 10 20 50 100
%/H %/H

(a) (b)

,... x/H- (L·H cot ~l/~:I+-+++++++-++H+--+-+++H-l-H+H

"2 ILl 1'2 1.!:-1 ./H;t---+-++-t-+t+H-l-t---'H-H-t+H

~ +--+--++H-<f-H-I-Hf-HH-+-H+I
......:....,-_....-./H +-+-H-I+H-t+ftt-f-++t+t+t++tl
Hr""I
,,0 ..............., IH tti-t-+++-++++++tt+-l-t+l-t++l+ttl ,,0 . ~(L.
(L'Hcotal~ /H
o·a 2/H_...,..,..,J.H-H+I-~I+1+H-++Itf--+-1-++tt-++ttH o·al--t-+-t+~H+---+-t+++H++-+-I--t-t+++Hi
(TZ/YH I-+H++H-I+H+-f-+-H+t+++tI+-++-I-+tH+ttH OZ/'yH
O·sl-+-1H-H+++++++-+-iH-I-tt+t++tt-t-IH-I-tt+t++tl o 'St--t--t-t+~H+---+-t-t-++H++--t-I-+-t+++Hi

0'41--I-+-+-++H++H+-+-+++++++i'1U/H -5 +++H-H-!+H 0'4!--+-+-I-++tIH+--1--++++++++-+-I-+-I+++1-H

L/H-S
0'2 t--t--t-t+i+H+---+-t-t-+-t+

o
1>1 0'2 0'5 "0 2'0 50() '0 20 50 '00
%/H

(c) (d)

FIG.10.27 Vertical stress along selected vertical sections.

a=30o, V=O.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
 'EJlBANlCHENTS AND SLOPES J
\

::P"· , .. L/H. _

"'.Iv.
0"

0·. 3

'" "'"
Nil• •
0"

0 01 0-2 05 1·0 2<l

'I·
5-0 10 20 !50 100
1
(.) (.)

I
~~IH
l )c/H.3U..Hl{
\.2

~ ,.. I

""'.
o

o.
0" 0"

0' ., "0 "0 '1·"0 '" '" ""

0., .,
(e) W

FIG.10.28 Vertical stress along selected vertical sections.

a-45°, V-O.3 (Perlo!! et al, 1967l.
 EJI1JAJIXIIEN'r ON ~u.sTrC FOUNDATION 217

,., I-'- "/~'O• 00 "'H="'-~-

,. \ I'
0
L H._
.'"
'Yv, •
o· 0·.

•
O· " "yYH
O~

.,
~
o 0,'
I--
o·
'b , Q-2

o·
O·
00-1 O:/: 0-5 10 20 5-0 10 20 2-0 5-() 10 20

,.)."
'" >00 '" >CO
~,

la)

H> • ,,0

0-8 ~
~.ffcetaJ
o. '" .
''Iv><
0"

0"
"""" 0·6

0"
L"JH ·5
0,' 3 0,' .,
3
o
C>I C>2
'" '00
C>5 1-0 :/:·0
-(, 5"0. 10 20
'" >00

Ie) ")

FIG.1O:29 Vertical stress al.oD9 selected vertical se~ions.

a-60·, VooO.3 (Perloff et ai, 1967).

-----
 'EllBANlQIENT$ AND SUJPES 1
I

i
I J x/H' • (I;. al/2
I
~ "IH.O
-, I-Y .,..
'-0 -0
,~, L/H._
,,..
oy.",
0-.
0-
o
0"..,.
o
-.
(L·HCOl

") WIt
00 I
0-' o -, t.#
o I
'~
°a.1 0'2
'" '00
o
0-1 0-2 O~ 1~ 2-0
'I.
50 10 20
j
(., (b)

i
I
Ii
I

>c!Ho3(L·HCQt(l) /2M

'-2 r.!:...! "1M

0-.
a,lv.
0-

0-' L/Ho!> 0-'

,"
o o.l,,-l~o",llJ..L,<>1.!.l.U'"_0~2'O
'0 '00 ,,.. 5.0 '00

(e) Cd)

FIG.l0.30 Vutieal stress alonq sll!1eeted vertical sections.

a-7S·, V-O.J (Perloff et a1, 1967).
 ·'H
I
.0 .!:.I ."'.(L.HeotCOI
./H
H' '-0 ............... 1'
oHCllICaI/2M r
0-'
/H
0-' .J'
.0·8 ., 0-'
""'"... .
"yy"
0-'

0-'

0
·0·1
0' 0' 0-' '-0
0-'
o
-0- ,,
o 0'
~~~

O-~ 10
0'_ 20 ~-o 10 20 ,. >CO

,.) 'b)
."

J"l./".(L.... cctQ.J/H

.............. ,1'...
o..HCllICCU/H
0·8 t/tf

0 8

0""0-'
0

o.

0-' O~

o o
-0'1 -0-1001 0-2
O-~ 1-0 2-0 ~-O 10
'" 0'
'1' '" 0'

'e) ")

FIG.I0.31 HOrizontal stress along selected vertical sections.

0';'15-, ...-0.3 (Pedotf at &1, 1967).

_J
2:10

I
• ...
,.. ... "
,.
0·.

o·
......o.
3
0"

0
-o'J;;
c"
la)

I
lII,tto3Q...HCDt
I-"l
H' ~ I" .
•
3(LoM_al/Z"
0 ..
...
I
0 ..
0,"",
0,' 0,'
LIMoS

-
O~ 0"

o o
-0-\>1 0-2 0'5 H) 2-0 ,.0 '10 20
'" ... -0' '0-1 () , , '" ...
tel
'' (d)

FIG.IO.32 Bor1ulntal stre•• &1cDg selected '¥U'tieal seetiOlU.

0-30°, V-O.3 (Perloff et ai, 19671.
 EKBANKKEN'r ON E~IC FOUNDATION 221

~
_ JH x/H.IL.HCDtal/2H

H ~ xl

""'.
1·0 1-0 H

o-a lfH o·a L•............,.,

I/H
I"
0-6
CT'YYH - f- i\ L H.
i\ i\ "'-
0·4

0-2
- ~5
i\;

.......
1\
.....
0'2
"\

........
~~
~
~H.S

-
o-s 1·0 2·0 5-0 10 20 50 100 0-5 10 20 S-O 10 20 100
I/H 21H
(a) (b)

'xfH.(L.I-lci:ltal/H ~H'3IL.Hcotal/2H
\J.j X/~
~ 1H x~
~~
'0 1-0

o·e IL.HClOtal/H!
o-a 3IL.HClOtal/2H .
I /Ii
o~ l/H
Cl"yYH
o -4 L H.

o '2
r r--. 0-2 ~.S
f\) ...... r--. ..::~

0
0'5 .......... ::1: ::::-. / 1"--J
I I 0'5
-0 ·1()-1 0-2 1·0 2-0 5-0 20 50 100 0·5 1·0 2·0 5'0 10 20 50 100
I/H I/H

(c) (d)

FIG.10.:33 HoriZontal stress alonq selected vertical sections.

a0:45°, V=oO.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
222 EMBANKHENTS AND SLOPES

1-0
~'Ixl H

o-e
1'-
- '\ 1\
i\. L/H.s

i\3
3
0-2

o
i- '\1
0-2

0
- ..... 1
-5"- I-P -0-1
-0-10=1 0-2 0-5 1-0 2-0 5-0 10 20 50 100 0-1 0-2 O-S 1-0 2-0 5-0 10 20 50 100
2/H 1/H
(a) (b)

x/H. (L.HCDt 11l/'iH'-t-+++++--t+++++--+-+-+-t++-+-t+i+I xIH.3(L.Hcct al/2H

~ ~
1-0

08
:IIT" /H

r~~. ~+--t-+-l-+t-H+t+++-H-t-i-++-t-i-++tl
-++--+-+++++-+t+-+-+++++++++H
1-0

O-s
\ 1H
I
jX/H

3IL.Hcotal/2H l

O-S 0-6
iJH
U'YvH
U'YYH
o -4I-H-++-HH-H-+++--+-+++++-++++++-+-I-+4+I-+4+1+l 0-4
H_
L -s
0-2
/' 'X:~
" i:'- "'" ~3- I--..:
o I--t-+-+++++-+++H- ?-~~""R=:ta+-+++f1==++++-H-H-H-H o
I
,0-b-1 0-2 0-5 1-0 2-0 S-O 10 20 50 100 -0-10_1. 0-2 o5 10 2-0 5-0 10 20 50 100
l/ H l/ H

(C) (d)

FIG.lO.34 Horizontal stress along selected vertical sections.

11=600 , \1=0.3 (Perloff et aI, 1967).
 ElflWl1Cl!ENX ON EIASrIC t'OUNDATION '23

,
>clM o(LoHeuto.l/2H
I

-
0
o -8
o
-0

~
.- ,
"

/H.,
YYH

'" Q'YYH

I
0 o~ /H o 5

0-' o
0 o
,
'0-00:;
0' 00 '-0 '-0 5~ttttt 20 !SO '00
-0 t:, 0' '0 20 . 5-0 20 00

'I" 'i"

'" 'bl

~:"L" COl(lj'~ I x".... Jh.· HQOtC)/2

~ ...

""/y"
o
o
~
IT-·
\

I "'--i
: H
I

I
"YYH
,.o ""\
o·
o •
"
:HLoIf_ eul2H ' " I
o -. o~
o.,
~.,

• , I!Ht
~ ttttt
o

-0 , -
0-.
0

0' 0-5
I 10 20
I
5'0.0 20 !SO '00
'0
o
.,
0'1 0'2 0-5 10 20 .50 10 20
00 "'"
'I" 'I"
'el ldl

FIG.10~35 Horizontal 5treSS a1.oft9' selected vertical ••ctions.

a-1S" , v-Q.3 (Perloff et a1, 1967).
 0·'"

0·. . .. ,
'Q!v><
0-15

O·
,... 0·'"

..
O· 0·"

00' ... ... . . ><Xl 00' 0 •

'a' (b'

"l"4 0IL • 111lH , il/H.3tL.Hll2H

O'30~ • o·"fF~-...,..
0·'"
0.20 1M
"Yy"
0-15

0'10
0·"
O·

°cr1 0-2: ... "0 z-o s·o

'I" .
. . .. 0 .., 0·. '-0 2-0
'I"
5-0

'e} 'd)
FIG.lO.36 Shnr stress alcmq selected vertical ••eucos.
CP4S·, V-O.3 (PerloU et &1, 1967),
 EJlBANKHENT ON EIAS'l'IC FOUNDA'l'ION
225

"0 r--I---T--~I----"----"
10.2.2 FOUNDATION OF FINITE DEPTH
Clough and Woodward (1967) have considered the
particular case of an embankment-fotmdation system 0·8 t----+-----t-----+-
shown in Fig.10.37. While only one geometry is con-
sidered, the influence of varying the fotmdation mod-
ulus on the stresses and displacements are
investigated.

FIG.IO.38 Stresses at base of embankment (Clough and

Woodward, 1967).
Rougn Rigid

FIG.IO.37 Embankment on layer considered by Clough

and Woodward (1967).

The distribution of stress at the base of the

. embankment, expressed in dimensionless form, is shown
in Fig.10.38 for various values of E1IEz. It should
be noted that the vertical stress az is independent
of this ratio, according to the results of. Clough and -2 t--+--+--+--fl'~+:="""::-+--
IpIl
Woodward. This may not however be generally true.
-3 t--r-t--t-+~;f--+-+-h4--l
The distributions of horizontal and vertical dis-
-4 t--t----+--I---i---f-~1::::=~"4-_r-_;
placement at the base of the embankment are plotted in
dimensionless form in Fig.10.39.

Another case has been considered by Dingwall and

Scrivner (19S4) in which an embankment and a fotmd-
ation having identical elastic properties are consid-
-,
ered. and contours of average normal stress (a:r:#'{1z)/Z
and maximum shear stress 'tma:z: within the system are
given.
Ipz
An approximate method for obtaining the normal 2 t--r-t----t--t--t--+-~~I_.::::;:==l
stresses wi thin and beneath an embankment resting on
a semi-infinite mass or a finite layer, has been 3 t:::-:-==+::=:t:--~-t--+-+-:~-+--1
described by Mirata (1969). (b) ~rtlcal Displacczlnllnt

40!l-:,,-~,;---.;J.""";2-;0~'3;--;:t-A-0~
..,. ...-
;;:;'-*,--::l=--~=;l
..--:.......
\r<> ()'7 0'8

%
'.
FIG.IO.39 Displacements at base of embankment
(Clouqh and Woodward, 1967).
p. S.S51!!, I
El P
226 EHBliNKHENTS AND SLOPES

10.3 Infinite Slope St%'esses due to e:J:tema1. 7.oading:

a%, %'qo (a cos1jl+b sinw-c oos3W-d sin3lj1)

. •• (10.4a)

a %'qo (3a cos1jl+3b sin1jl+a cos31j1+d sin3lj1)

e
.•• (10.4b)

T%'e = %'qo (a sinw-b cos1jl+c sin3w-d cos3lj1)

o ••. (10.4c)

where a =

b
OA is vtlr-ticol 16oo8lj11sin~ljI1
OB is biS/lctor-
c = _ _-=1~_
16oos 3 lj11
1
FIG.10.40

This problem was solved by Fillunger (1912) in

terms of the more general problem of a semi-infinite
wedge (Fig.10.40). Solutions were obtained f.or
stresses due to the weight of the wedge and for
stresses due to external loading, increasing linearly .A"""I-------x
with radius, on one side of the wedge. SidIl SIOP/l cr: 1
(eh ~ • or-ctan 0)

S~esses due to ~eight:

Unit Wtllght. Y
z
a
%'
= Z'Y[{a+cosa)aosljl + (b+sina)sinljl
FIG. 10.41
-c oos3W-d sin3lj1] (lO.Sa)

ae = Z'Y[(3a+aosa)cosljl + (5b+sina)sinljl

+ a oos31j1+d sin3lj1] (lO.Sb)

T%'e = Z'Y(a sinW-b cosljl + c sin3lj1 - d cos3lj1) For the specific case of an infinite slope with
a horizontal surface (Fig. 10 .41). Gooduian and Brown
(lO.Sc) (1963) obtained the following solutions. in terms of
Cartesian coordinates:
where a = _ oosa Sin31/11
2(sinljl1+8in3lj11)

sine. oos31/11 0: =
b =

c =

d =-
••• (IO.Sa)
 INFINITE SLOPE 227

/I 0':
-jJ ()o
~

FIG.10.42 Vertical stresses in infinite slope

/. VIJ r/ (Goodman and Brown, 1963).
/ /. '/
'I / / 1
Q:3¥3 ~~ 213 ~
// I
/ I / / I I
/ /
-3.2 -24 -1-6 -()oS 0 O-S 1·6 2-4 3·2 4-0
X/
Z

T
1.~

I t'~
,.
----
()OS
.-....: ;;;..
.....-:: ~ ~ ;- " FIG.10.43 Horizontal stresses in infinite slope
a~ V ::;..- /" V ~ (Goodman and Brown, 1963).
Yz ,
/ ' /' r/' '/
1(/
V
?
Q.3~ ~
/ L, ' / I ~ L--
'-'- 3 ~ 2 ~ )/ A~
I / .~
/1/
I
-3·2 -2-4 -1-e -0 S 0 0·8 1"E, 2·4 3·2 4-0 ""
X/
Z

-J24
I
I
,!1~ ~~ ,. -()O20
FIG.10.44 Shear stresses in infinite slope
~ I (Goodman and Brown, 1963).
-()ole
(If
~
"- ~
~ -0-12
7 ~
...I,
IA '/ II " I I

11/

•
-
t2
~ 22I -~4

--
228 E1IBANlCNENTS AND SIIJPES

where A, lJ are Lame' s parameters

A = __'\l::~:....__
(l+v) (l-2V)
E
lJ = G = 2(1+v)

D~sionless plots of the stresses for various

values of slope a and dimensionless coordinates
=h obtained by Goodman and Brown are shown in Figs.
10.42 to 10.44. Note that the stresses are independ-
end of the elastic parameters.
Goodman and Brown suggest that the above solutions
may be used to determine the stresses in a slope which
is constructed incrementally. Referring to Fig.lO.4S,
the overall stresses at a point c after construction
(lO.Sc) of a layer (2) on the top of the original slope (1)
can be calculated, using coordinates (=2~Z2) of C
referred to the top of "layer 2. The original stress-
es at C can be calculated using coordinates (=hZl)
of C referred to the top of the original slope.
The stresses due to the construction of layer 2 may
then be obtained by subtraction of the original
stresses from the final values.

Using the above approach, the stresses (and hence

the displacements) due to construction of a slope in
+ az(:r:+az) (3A+2y) + (:r:+az)2 [H4a2+1) any number of increments may be detemined. Layers
2 (1+a 2 ) 2 (1+a2) 2 of.different densities may be considered also,
although the resulting solutions will only be approx-
imate as a variation of density implies a variation in
moduli, and such a variation would in fact render the
solution for a homogeneous slope invalid.

••• (lO.Sd) Coonlinatn or c ror original slopea{ x,. z,)

COOI'llincItlIs or C lor rlnal contiguraticln.(x2~Z2)

-------Xz
,.--4-------x,"
Original sIopc (t )

• (3-&:23 -4=) + z(:r:+az) [Hl+4a 2 )

2fl+a2 )
FIG.IO.4S Application of theory to incremental
Construction (Goodman and Brown, 1963).

+ (:r:+az)2[A(4a'++Sa 2+7)+2 lJ(2a'++3a 2+3) ]

2f1+a 2 )'-

a(3A+2u)(:r:+az)2 £n =2+32 }
2 (1+a 2 ) 2 (:r:+az)2
(lO.Se)
 Chapter 11
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS
AROUND UNDERGROUND
OPENINGS

11.1 Unlined Openings ••• (11.3)

Due to uniform horizontal loading P:r: per unit

11.1.1 CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS area,
(Plane strain) (Fig.ll.l)
P:r:( a \ P:r:( 3a~ 4a 2
OM
•
= - 1 - - J - - 1 + -~ - --ZJcos28
2 %,2 2 %' %'

(11.4)
P 2 P 3a~
~(1 + !L)+ ~(1 + -)cos2S (11.5)
2 %,2 2 %'~

••• (11.6)

It should be noted that the above solutions apply

--
'to the plane stress problem of a plate with a circular
hole as well as the plane strain problem of a tunnel.
Terzaghi and Richart (1952) have tabulated and
plotted the normal stresses along the :r: and z
axes. Stresses for three combinations of loading are
tabulated in Table 11.1 while stresses for N = p:r;Ipz
=0.25 are plotted in Fig.11.2. ,The influence of the
ratio N on the circumferential principal stress is
111Iftlti shown in Fig.ll.3 Stresses abo~e the tunnel along the
the line x=a are shown in Table 11.2.
FIG.ll.1 At any point, the vertical and horizontal stress
components are calculated as follows:

0 +0
0 2' + _ _ oS-a
0h = __ 2' cos2S + T osin26 ••. (11. 7a)
2 2 2'

Due to uniform vertical loading Pz per unit

area.
• •• (11. 7c)
Pz a2 Pz 3a~ 4a 2
2" (1 - %,2) + 2(1 + 7 - 7) cos2S

(11.1)
P 2 P 3 ~
2. (1 + !L\ _ ..l!.(1 + -!L\ cos2S
aS 2 %,2J 2 %,~J

229
230 UNDERGROUND OPENINGS

TABLE 11.1
STRESSES ON AXES OF CIRCULAR TIlNNEL
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952)

For pz==l.0~ p:c=O For P z=0 ~ p:r;=l. 0 For pz=1.0~ p:;;=O.25

(N=0.25)
Along z-axis Along z-axis Along z-axis Along :-axis Along z-axis Along z-axis
(8=0) (8= j1 (e=o) (8= jJ (8=0) (8= jJ
!. ar ae ar as a as ar ae av a a av
a :zo h h
1.00 0 -1.000 0 3.000 0 3.000 0 -1.000 0 -0.250 0 2.750
1.05 -0.034 -0.781 0.127 2.688 0.127 2.688 -0.034 -0.781 -0.002 -0.109 0.118 2.493
1.10 -0.042 -0.611 0.215 2.438 0.215 2.438 -0.042 -0.611 +0.012 -0.002 0.205 2.285
1.20 -0.013 -0.376 0.318 2.071 0.318 2.071 -0.013 -0.376 0.067 +0.142 0.315 1.977
1.40 +0.115 -0.135 0.375 1.645 0.375 1.646 +0.115 -0.135 0.209 0.276 0.404 1.612
1.70 0.315 -0.007 0.339 1.353 0.339 1.353 0.315 -0.007 0.399 0.332 0.418 1.351
2.00 0.469 0.031 0.281 1.219 0.281 1.219 0.469 +0.031 0.539 0.336 0.398 1.227
3.00 0.741 0.037 0.148 1.074 0.148 1.074 0.741 0.037 . 0.778 0.306 0.333 1.083
5.00 0.902 0.018 0.058 1.022 0.058 1.022 0.902 0.018 0.917 0.273 0.283 1.027

TABLE 11.2
STRESSES ABOVE A CIRCULAR TUNNEL ALONG =a (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952)
!. S a:zo ae 're ah a 'vh
a v
A. For vertical load only 0 90° 0 3.000 0 0 3.000 0
0.18 80° 0.042 2.781 -0.020 0.110 2.713 -0.427
(pz=1.0~ Pz=o) 0.36 0.132 2.221 -0.137 0.279 2.074
70° -0.550
0.58 60° 0.203 1.547 -0.352 0.234 1.516 -0.406
0.78 52° 0.229 1.071 -0.527 0.038 1.263 -0.281
1.00 45° 0.250 0.750 -0.625 -0.125 1.125 -0.250
1.38 36° 0.324 0.463 -0.634 -0.192 0.978 -0.262
1. 73 30° 0.422 0.328 -0.568 -0.141 0.891 -0.244
2.75 20° 0.661 0.160 -0.384 -0.028 0.849 -0.133
5.67 10° 0.899 0.045 -0.181 0.009 0.935 -0.024
... 0 1.000 0 0 0 1.000 0

B. For horizontal load 0 90° 0 -1.000 0 0 -1.000 0

only 0.18 80° -0.012 -0.810 0.020 -0.007 -0.796 0.111
0.36 70° -0.015 -0.337 0.137 0.035 -0.388 -0.001
(p =o~ P =1.0) 0.58 60° +0.047 0.203 0.352 0.391 -0.141 -0.244
z z 0.78 0.550 0.812
52° 0.150 0.527 -0.113 -0.321
1.00 45° 0.250 0.750 0.625 1.125 -0.125 -0.250
1.38 36° 0.331 0.883 0.634 1.296 -0.081 -0.067
1.73 30° 0.328 0.922 0•.568 1.265 -0.016 0.027
2.75 20° 0.222 0.957 0.384 1.118 0.062 0.058
5.67 10° 0.071 0.985 0.181 1.020 0.009 0.004
... 0 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0

For biaxial loading 0 90° 0 2.750 0 0 2.750 0

C. 0.18 0.039 2.578 0.109
80° -0.016 2.514 -0.399
(pz=1.0~ pz=O~25) 0.36 70° 0.129 2.136 -0.103 0.• 288 1.977 -0.552
0.58 60° 0.215 1.598 -0.264 0.332 1.480 -0.467
(N=0.25) 0.78 0.267 1.209 1.211
52° -0.395 0.241 -0.362
1.00 45° 0.313 0'.938 -0.469 0.156 1.094 -0.313
1.38 36° 0.406 0.684 -0.475 0.132 0.958 -0.279
1. 73 30° 0.504 0.559 -0.426 0.176 0.887 -0.237
2.75 20° 0.716 0.399 -0'.288 0.251 0.864 -0.118
5.67 10° 0.916 0.291 -0.136 0.264 0.944 -0.021
... 0 1.000 0.250 0 0.250 1.000 0
 UNLINEb OPENINGS 231

5·0
lllll ay

I
aOY =Pz ot:-\i ay
all
_
JC
FIGal.2 Stress distribution around a circular
tunnel. N-o.25. ('l'erzaghi and Riehart, 1952)~
3·0
~ I

2·0
\ I 2·0
1\
a \
~ IPz '''''~y
·0
o er 1'y 0",.
z
Pz, o
L~- 'r
JC o~.o
,0:

2·0 3·0 4'0 5'0

~...I
x
Q
"',""wr

11 III 11erov= Pz

~
ah The f0!l0wing expressions for displacements are
quoted by Obert and Duval (1967) for combined uniform
C ay vertical and horizontal loading:
o , A
x
1 2 P+P 2
radia7.. displacement p = ~~..~{(~) (%' +£ )
%' E 2 %'

2
+' (p:zrpz,\
- - J %'
(
- -
a,.. + 4a :1 "e} '- -
-JCOBc.
v(1+v)
--
12-0 2 ~,%' E
I/
8·0
/
"J~ / ••• (11.8)

~
V 1_V2 ,'{(Pz-Pz~
4·0 tangerrtia7.. displacement Pe =
2·0
--...
-/' -- i7
~'I.

:-- ~ -irt
~= 3'N
• (%' + 2a + a"~sin2e} ._ V(1+VJ.[(PZ -P:!lJ
2

E
E

2
2

o ~
~ l' %,3
/' r--
2'0
o 0-5 1'0 1'5 2·0 2·S 3'0 3·5 4'0 ••• (11.9)
N

FIG. 11. 3 Circumferential principal stress at surface At the surface of the tunnel (za=a)
of circular tunnel as function of N
('l'erzaghi and Richart, 1952). 1_v2 { ,
P_
.... = - E a(p +p ) + 2a(p -p )cos2e}
Z Z Z Z
(11.10)

(11.11)
 11.1.2 CIRCULAR lUNNEL IN A. SOO.INFINllE Mo\SS
(Fig.I1.")
.- oosla - cosB
••• (11.12b)

and A. ., c tanha t
., a sinha t

• where 01 is the value of a correspond-

ing to the boundary of the
turmel.
, a~ ., coshat ••• (1l.12c)

ca.. I
On the circular boundary (cPal).

Oiotnet.. D • 2a
1
•
_ (?-!N) oosS +2,,~lcos8
- oOthc 1
FIG.U.4 4(l-v) ft.Mo l

..• (11.13)

where R ., N -J'lB- 710 1

n n
Mindlin (1940) considered the above problem for
three cases of applied loading: .. -nat (sinhnaJcoshJoot.nsiMatClOSM1)
l'l£'

Caa. I: at depth .2 (rellOu from the tUMel). Nn rinhZna1_nZsinhZQJ

P ., w.a
z
The distribution of 06 .Iround the tuDnel is
""-wz shown in Fig.ll.S fOr two values of Ql.

i.e. isotropic gravitational pressure The variation of oty\olD at the highen point of
where w. unit weight of 1IlUS. the tunnel (e-al.a--J with the rat.io cIa is shown
in Fig.I1.6. This" figure shows that the disturbing
influence of the upper free boundary is only effective
cu. II: at depth .2 (relllOte froIll tunn/el). i f cla<l.S.

as
I
Pz "" In Values of around the tunnel are t.abulated
in Table 11.3 for three values of ". It should be
Ph ., ...::L. 1;)2 Dot.ed that for v-o.S. Cases I and II are ident.ical.
1-.
In this cue. there is no lateral
de~tion re.)te fro. the tunnel. Ccuu II cmd III
For these cases. the solution for [agle-a
is obtained by adding the solution for Case I to t
CaJI. III: at depth 2 (remote froa tunnel). the following expression:
Pz ., 1;)2

•
I.e. no lateral restraint of the IlaSS
remote f~ the tunnel.
+ 4riMa l _. r r n CO$7lS} + 6'lJGAcacha l

The solutions obtained by Mindlin were in teras (11.14)

of bipolar coordinates 0 and 6. which are related
to the cartesian =
and 2 coordinates as fOllows:
where
A sinS
•• ooaha -COBB
... (11.110)---
 UNLINED OPENINGS 233

-4-0

-3-0

\
-2-0
""'- I' 11=0
-
" """-.
~
Vz,t

o
-2
(a)a,=0·4 (b) a,=2·0
v.O·5

nG.ll.5 Tangential stress around tunnel

( I'< ~ v=~

(Mindlin, 1940).
~
..
'0
30
~
o
::J ~
;;
> a)C~Il
4-0
o 4-0

r .........
It::- W:'" ~ I'--....
4
11=0
',0
( ::r ~ ;:-:~ I'-... 2-0
~
.~
v:o
~~
["...
........... ~
..........: ~
'-0
.~
v;;-
- ::::--t::::-
............ t"::: m
r--.... ~ (b)Casc

i'--.: ::: °, 2 3 4
vaJucl 01 ~

4-0
, 2 3 4
FIG. 11. 7 Variation of tangential stre13S at highest
point of tunnel vs. cia. Cases II and III.
Valuers ot t (Mindlin, 1940).

FIG.11.6 Variation of tangential stress at highest

point of tunnel vs. cia (Mindlin, 1940).
Case 1.

n(n2.-1Jsinhnal
Sn = The variation of O"sllJD at the highest point of
sinh2.na _n2. s inh2.a the tunnel (a.=ah ~-rr) with cia is shown in
1 1
Fig.l1. 7.

tp = sin- 1{sinhalsinS } , . Values of O"s around the tunnel are tabulated

COBha1-COBS in Table 11.4 for three values of v.

G = ~ for Case II
6 (1-v)
1
or G = for Case III.
8'
 VALUES OF e (See Fig.11.5) CORRESPONDING TO e FOR POlmS ON CIRCUMFERENCE

£.
e
U1
a 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0.2 1.020 0 121.0 149.4 160.4 166.5 170.4 173.4 175.8 178.0 180.0
0.4 1.081 0 83.6 123~1 142.3 153.5 161.2 167.0 171.8 176.0 180.0
0.6 1.185 0 62.4 102.7 126.5 141.7 152.5 160.9 167.9 174..1 180.0
0.8 1.337 0 49.8 87.6 113.3 131.3 144.6 155.3 164.3 172.3 180.0
1.0 1.543 0 41.8 76.4 102.7 122.3 137.6 150.1 160.9 170.7 180.0
1.2 1.811 0 36.4 68.3 94.1 114.8 131.5 145.5 157.9 169.2 180~0
1.4 2.151 0 32.5 62.1 87.4 108.5 126.2 141.5 155.2 167.8 180.0
1.6 2.577 0 29.7 57.5 82.0 103.3 121.7 138.0 152.8 '166.6 180.0
1.8 3.107 0 27.7 53.9 77.7 99.0 118.0 135.1 150.8 165.6 180.0
2.0 3.762 0 26.1 51.1. 74.3 95.5 114.8 132.5 149.0 164.7 180.0
 \
,I

236 UNDERGROVND OPENINGS

!
I
I

11.1.3 ELLIPTICAL nJNNEL IN All INFINITE MASS

(Plane strain) (Fig.II.S) I
1

-,
11111 ,
,
- •
..
,'I
:NPz

11111
l"

FIG.ll.S

Tenagtli and Richart (1952) quote the solutions

of Neuber (1937) lIhich are in terms of elliptical ..• (11.16e)
coordinates Q and a.
a and Ii are defined as
follows:
and the major and minor axes are
Casll a
Major axis of ellipse in :I: direction 3(:r:-()) ., " .. COSMO ell.1M)
(a>c)

:t ... COBM $inS (11.15a) %(Ff)) == a .. ltinha o (11.16e)

a ,. sinha ona ell. ISb)
Por Case a (a>e). and vertical loading p~
The equnion for the boundary of the hole _ l'. {Bin2. 2 S [coshZC+1_2Be·ZI1.C(1_1l·2Q))
°a 8 hI>
••• (11.15<:)
+ ~[eo8h2a+1_2Be-2.lJ_C(l_8-:za)1
h'
and the major and IIlinor axes are

%(zs()) 1:> Q; '"' coshao ell-ISd)

(1l.ISe) ••• (11.11)

3(#'0) - eo ... sinha,

ca.,b "B == £. {~[-sinhZC{l-cos2S} - Ce-:z.Cl{Hcoda}

8 h'
Major axis of ellipse in z direction
(a<e)
_ A + 2Be-ZC1{cosZIHl + si~:2B[(_COBhZa.:I
:e • ttinha BinS (11.16a)
z ... cosha cosl! (11. 16b)
• 1 + 2&-:(1 + C(l_s-tan
_-C- , - :-:--:--.
The equation for the hounda%)' of the hole
+ ~COSZi3{_008h2a--ce-2~ZBe-:la}
... Continued
 UNLINED OPENINGS 237

!!JJJ~Pz

~
100 tz ,/

~~ -
9'0 ! H11
O'Oy=Pz
~ O'h 2c: 0
O'p
x

O'y
O'h
8·0

7·0
2c:

'-.~
0
h x ~
,.gg.,
I
6·0 &
SoO
Of! fer N=0·25

\
4·0 2·0
\ I
3'0
~ 2·0 ' ........... ~
, 0'
.O~

(l~
2·0 '·0
0"
~ O'h
",
o x ~ 2·0 3·0 4°0 5·0 600 7·0 e·o
x
Q
0"0
.- ~
o '·0 2-0
Stnzss sC:QI~.
lSi
0'

FIG.ll.9 Stresses about elliptical tunnel (a/~) FIG.ll.10 .Circumferential principal stress· at
in homoqeneous stress fields (NaD.25). surface of elliptical tunnel (a/~).
(Terzaqhi and Richart, 1952). (Terzaqhi and Richart, 1952).

S·o S·O
I
4·0 4·0
tZ I -
O'v -

z
3·0
~

0'
3-0
-
- -~- -
I--
2c:

2
_
a" x_ f.-
.
ii p;
~\ 2·0
\ \
'-0
r---....ov
'°0
~I' r-.. La;,
2·0
0'
~,
,0C o
L ""'~-
X...J~'O 2·0
f--
3·0
~

4-0 s·o
~,- x

FIG.ll.ll Stresses abo~t elliptical tunnel (a/e-2.0)

in homogeneous stress fields (N-o.25).
(Terzaqhi and Ri~, 1952).
23' UNDERGROUND OPENINGS

••• (11.18)

T _ Eo {2Bin2Bl_ZSinh2a_4Be-tCl+2CB-ZCl]
a 8 hI - 2He- ta l + A + sinhza{l-cos2S}
_ Ce-2a{l+C082B}~.ZBs-taco.Z~]
+ sin28 [ainhZo.{1+cosh2a-2Be -ZCl
h'
~ 2si~6 [2si:nnZa+Z(C+ZB)e -tal}
. h
(11.24)
1 _ eta~ _ e·· zao
(11.19)
where A _
, ,
where A ,. -l-ooshZa,
S ... 1
~2ao+ 3
,a,
,_
2 4 .4
C = l + e ZClo and the distortion factor h is determined by
h t = sinhza + 8inZ~.
and the distortion factor h is determined by
hI... sinh 1 a+coS 2 S. As with the circular tunnel, the above solutions
also apply to an elliptical hole in a thin plate.
At any point of the surface of the ellipt.ical
hole, a is equal to ao, hence Stresses along the axes of the tunnel have been
tabulated and plotted by Terzaghi and Richart (1952)
for a/c=O.5 and Z.O, and are reproduced in Tables
(as) "" ..L[ainh2ao-l-e+tC°cos2BJ ... (ll.2o) 11.5 and 11.6 and in Figs. 11.9 to 11.11.
Zh'
a~,
To obtain the resultant stress produced by hori-
At the top of the hole, for which e-o, zontal and vertical s'tress fields at any point in the
material surroundina: an elliptical tunnel having a

...
(oS)"'-p, while on the z-axis, $=1r/2 and
-. span-to-height ratio of al/cl~ it is necessary to
solve the two component problems first. The stresses
are determined along the % and z axes for a tunnel

....,
(aaJ ""

~
p(l+ZcothaaJ - p(l+Z !!.)
. ••• (11.21)
having span-to.height ratio aJ!cl (ease a) and then
for the tunnel having this ratio _ cl/al(case b) •

For case b (a<c). and vertical, loading p,

2
8 {(si7l.
aa'" l' 26 4cos2S1
~-----p- ....... e -,a
. h"'"
11 -cos

+ C(l+e- tClJ] + sinh2a (2A+2B'inh2a-2Ce- tCl

'h'
+oosZe{_2sinhZa_4Be-ZCl_2Ce- ZCl})}
••• (11:22)

as '" £. {~ [-A-ainh2a{l-cosZS} + Ce -:(1

, h'

{l+oos2S}+ 2Be-::'Cl00828J+ ~C08h2a

4

• {I-cos2S} + Ce- ZCl{l+oo82S) + 2Be- 2Cl

.cod8]- 8i::26(1,,:, cosh2a+zs. -2Cl

_ ... (U·.23) _
 ,
UNLINED OPENINGS 239

TABLE U.S 11.1.4 A.NIWlLY RECfAHGt.TUR nn.NEL IN AN

mESSES ON AXES OF ELLIPTICAL ruNNEL INFINITE MASS (Fig.I1.I2)
a1t:/J1111O.S
pZ-l.O P.-<' pZ-l.O

r
pz""O p:e-1.O NeO.2S

!oor!.
'u ,. 'n 'u 'n
g a • "

DJ~
Ca) Stresses along the a-axis
2.00 0 -1.000 0 5.000 0 0.250
2.03 -0.042 -0.790 0.254 4.423 0.021 0.316
2.06 -0.565 -0.636 0.421 3.974 0.049 0.357
2.12
2.35
-0.039 -0.413
0.155 -0.102
0.630 3.281
0.746 2.155
0.118 0.408
0.341 0.437 I w, !
2.88 0.491 0.017 0.547 1.470 0.628 0.385
4.67
7.89
•
0.828 0.019
0.943 0.008
1.000 0
0.192
0.065
0
1.114
l.p3S
1.000
0.876 0.298
0.959 0.266
1.000 0.250
I'
nG.ll.U
(b) Stresses along the :-axis
1.00 2.000 0 -1.000 0 1.750 0
1.06 1.925 0.028 -0.900 -0.013 1.700 0.025
1.11 1.859 0.069 -0.814 -0.021 1.656 0.064 Obert and Duval (1967) sUllarize the results of
1.23 1.147 0.092 ·0.657 ·0.026 1.583 0.085 Brod: for the boundary stress around a square tunnel
1.59 1.416 0.166 -0.311 0.02.3 1.398 0.172 rith rounded comen. These results are plotted in
2.30 1.219 D.lBS -0.030 0.234 1.211 0.247 fie·Il.13.
4.33 1.043 0.099 0.055 0.660 1.057 0.264
7.70 1.010 0.038 0.028 0.875 1.011 0.257
• 1.000 0 0 1.000- 1.000 0.250
CTerzaghi and Riebart. 1952) •..--+.-,--r-,co,-'--'--'--'--'
TABLE 11.6
STRESSES ON AXES OF ELLIPTICAL 1U1fm..
ale-Z.O
pz-l.O p.-o pz:-1.0
p.-o p::-l.0 NaO.25

, , "
!.or E 'n 'u 'n " 'n
(a) Struses along the a-axis ~l
0.50 0 -1.000 0 2.000 o -0.500
0.53 -0.013 -0.900 0.028 1.925 -0.006 -0.419
0.56 -0.021 -0.814 0.069 1.859 -0.003 -0.349
0.61 -0.026 -0.657 0.092 1.747 -0.003 -0.221
0.80 0.023 -0.311 0.166 1.476 0.065 0.058
1.15 0.234 -0.030 0.188 1.219 0.281 0.274
2.17 0.660 0.055 0.099 1.043 0.685 0.316
3.85 0.875 0.028 0.038 1.010 0.885 0.280
... 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250

(b) Stresses aloDe the :-axis '.

1.00 5.000 0 ·1.000 0 4.750 0
1.01 4.423 0.254 -0.790 -0.042 4.226 0.243
1.03 3.974 0.421 ·0.636 -0.OS7 3.815 0.407
1.06 3.281 0.630 -0.413 -0.039 3.178 0.621
1.18 2.155 0.746 -0.102 0.155 2.129 0.785 rIG.ll.13 Boa:Dduy _tress uoUD4 sqaue openi.nq .,ith
1.44 1.470 0.547 0.017 0.491 1.474 0.670 ro1:IDC!ed comers ( ~ aZll! Dll9all. 1967).
2.33 1.114 0.192 0.019 0.828 1.119 0.399
3.94 1.035 0.065 0.008 0.943 1.036 0.301
... 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250
(T~ and Rieh.art. 1952)
 240 UNlERGROUND OPENIltGS

For a rectangular tunnel with rounded corners,

the IIllIxilllUlll stress around the t.unnel (obtained by O't - O'n - ap cosh2e oos2(n-B) + a Zp{(l_C042SJ
Heller, Brod: and Bart, 1958) is shown in Fig.l1.14
for various values of ro/Wo and 8ofT1o- • (oo82Tl-llsinh2F;-cosh2f; coda

+ cos2 (n-B) - coah2F; Bin2S sin2n)

•• _ (11.25)
,
,
~
• ~ 0--
., Q
W:"l Ho
II'

",=..j
.tn - .;pa sinhZ'; sin2(B-n)
+ -\pce"{sinh2F; sin2B{cos2ll-lJ
+ (l-eos2B)(coshZF;-lJsi1tZll)
• .... :::,:,~;·17... (11.26)
,
1 ,",-1f.."-r(O'WQbkl)-
~ WO~"l ~.1
where a . (cosh2(-eos2n)-1
, _ ~.2

and the elliptical coordinates are

, ~ ... related to the Cartesian
corodinates as
o o.
" .L
w.
0"
z - C oosh( oosn
11; "" c sinh( sinn
FIG.1l.14 M.Udmuar. suess fal:' uetangular openings On the surface of the cnck, (~ and
with rounded corners (Heller, Brock and Bart.
1958). For the case of a crack subjected to pure shear
q per unit area,
0, w q(cashZ(-lJ(a-azJsinln (11.27)

a = q [aZ ( cashZ(-lJ -atc08hZ(+1) JsinZTl

n (11.28)

'(n "" q[acoS2T}-az(l-coalnJJsinhZ( (11.29)

Il.LS FLAT ELLIPTICAL c:RAa
MASS (Fig.II.IS)
m AN INFINITE
For an uniaxial stress field p perpendicular
to the plane of the crack, the vertical displacement
at the surface of the crack is

p, w ••• (11.30)

11.1.6 SPHERICAL CAVITt IN AN INFINITE MASS

(Fig.ll.16)

,,
111110,
.. •
.'.,
FIG.l1.IS "',1
1 ,
,,,
I

,
For a unifom strus field p per unit area
inclined at an angle B to the plane of the crad:,

.. .
Jaeger and Cook (1969) quote the following results in "of
terms of elliptieal coordinates t and 11:
"0

a( + an - p oos25 + ap((l-cos25JsinhZ(
-----.:=..-::--- sinZ5 sin2rlJ- (n. 2 5 ) ' - - - - - PIG.1l.16
 UNLINED OPENINGS. 241

Terzaghi and Richart (1952) quote the following The stresses along the axes of the cavity are
SOlutions obtained by Neuber (1946) for uniform ver- given in Table 11.8 for v=O.2. The case of uni-
tical loading Pa per unit area: axial loading (pz=l~ P:;r;-Pif!J..) and triaxial loading
for N=O.2S (p~l~ p=--py=O.2S) are considered.
(8+a)C]. 26+ + 24B
aR = [ -P
Z
- -+---
36B
R5 R3
S1.n p -5- -
Z R
2A
R3 TABLE 11.8
STRESSES ALONG mE AXES OF A
• •• (11.31) SPHERICAL CAVITY (v=O.20)

Along the z-axis Along thei7-axis

(e=o) (a: -;)

Ii a-
••• (11.32) a ep

For the case pz-l. 0 ~ P=--py=O

acf>
= e SB
RS
+ 3(1-a)c] sin2e- 12B + :1. + (2a-l)C
R3 R5 R3 R3
(a)
1.00 0 -0.500 0 2.000 0
1.05 -0.025 -0.352 0.080 1.804 -0.020
••• (11.33) 1.10 -0.012 -0.245 0.130 1.654 -0.033
1.20 0.068 .-0.113 0.177 1.446 -0.044
24B (a-4)C] •
Tre = [ -Pz + R5 + R3 s1.necosEl; Teep=O;TRcf>=O 1.40 0.279 -0.004 0.179 1.231 -0.045
1. 70 0.530 0.031 0.133 1.104 -0.033
••• (11.34) 2.00 "0.688 0.031 0.094 1.054 -0.023
2.50 0.829 0.022 0.054 1.024" -0.013
in which 3.00 0.897 0.014 0.034 1.012 -0.008
R~ e~ and ep are the polar co-ordinates 6.00 0.986 0.002 0.005 1.001 -0.001
a = 2(1-v)
... 1.000 0 0 1.000 0

PZ= -the uniformly distributed vertical (b) For the case pz=l.O. p=--Py=O.2S (N=O.2S!
stress
A - (2+Sa) 1.00 o 0 0 1.875 0.375
- - 2( 4+Sa) Pz LOS 0.016 0.0940.094 1.711 0.343
1.10 0.053 0.158 0.160 1.584 0.320
B =...EL 1.20 0.156 0.238 0.238 1.407 0.289
4+Sa 1.40 0.368 0.293 0.248 1.219 0.262
1.70 0.597 0.298 Q.299 1.103 0.251
C= ...EE.z. 2.00 0.735 0.289 0.289 1.056 0.248
4+Sa
2.50 0.855 0.274 0.274 1.026 0.248
3.00 0.914 0.270 0.267 1.014 0.249
The results from the above equations for the uni- 6.00 0.989 0.252 0.252 1.002 0.250
axial stress field may be superposed to obtain the 1.000 0.250 0.250 1.000 0.250
results for biaxial or triaxial stress fields. It
should be noted that. in contrast to the plane strain (Terzaghi and Richart. 1952)
cases of a circular or an elliptical hole.· the stress-
es in this case are dependent on v. Stresses above the spherical cavity. along the
line z=a. have been tabulated by Terzaghi and Richart
The influence of v on the tangential stress ae (1952) ·for v=O.2. and are reproduced in Table 11.9.
has been evaluated by Terzaghi and Richart for a point
A on the equator. at mid-height of the cavity. and at The stresses above a spherical cavity for the
the centre C of the roof of the cavity. The case N=O.2S and ·v=O.2 are plotted in Fig.ll.17.
results are shown in Table 11. 7.

TABLE 11.7
INFLUENCE OF v ON STRESSES
AROUND SPHERICAL ,CAVITY

ae/pz ae/pz
at A at C

o 1.929 -0.214
0.20 2.000 -0.500
0.30 2.045 -0.682
0.50 2.167 -1.167
242 UNDERGROUND OPENINGS

TABLE 11.9
STRESSES ABOVE A SPHERICAL CAVITY ALONG THE LINE .:c=a (V=O.20)
(Terzaghi and Richart. 1952)
li !. a
R as alP Tl'e a
h
a
v T
vh
a a
(a) For the case 1.00 0 0 2.000 0 0 0 2.000 0
1.05 0.32 0.071 1.603 -0.051 -0.086 0.163 1.511 -0.375
Pz=1.0, P:::~y=0 1.10 0.46 1.324 -0.070 -0.193 0.183 1.261 -0.330
0.120
1.20 0.66 0.144 0.970 -0.065 -0.357 0.067 1.046 -0.242
1.40 0.98 0.228 0.626 -0.025 -0.496 -0.073 0.927 -0.189
1.70 1.37 0.393 0.402 0.009 -0.506 -0.082 0.877 -0.160
2.00 1.73 0.539 0.287 0.018 -0.460 -0.048 0.875 -0.121
2.50 2.29 0.705 0.182 0.016 -0.383 -0.015 0.901 -0.069
3.00 2.83 0.801 0.125 0.012 -0.323 -0.003 0.929 -0.039
6.00 5.92 0.959 0.030 0.002 -0.165 0.001 0.988 -0.003
CD CD
1.000 0 0 0 0 1.000 0

(b) For the case 1.00 0 0 -0.500 -0.500 0 0 -0.500 0

1.05 0.32 -0.015 -0.144 -0.310 0.086 0.023 -0.182 -0.032
P:::=1.0, Pz=py =0 0.46 0.013 0.084 -0.208 0.193 0.171 -0.074 -0.153
1.10
1.20 0.66 0.101 0.364 -0.092 0.357 0.510 -0.046 -0.260
1.40 0.98 0.230 0.601 -0.024 0.496 0.908 -0.077 -0.195
1.70 1.37 0.271 0.733 -0.011 0.505 1.054 -0.051 -0.064
2.00 1.73 0.242 0.799 -0.010 0.460 1.058 -0.017 -0.011
2.50 2.29 0.178 0.863 -0.008 0.383 1.034 0.007 0.009
3.00 2.83 0.129 0.902 -0.006 0.323 1.019 0.012 0.009
6.00 5.92 0.032 0.974 -0.001 0.165 1.002 0.004 0.001
CD CD
0 1.000 a 0 1.000 0 0

(c) For the case 1.00 0 0 0 2.000 0 0 0 0

1.05 0.32 0.080 -0.020 1.804 0 0.071 -0.011 0.029
py=1.0, P;r"'PX=0 1.10 0.46 0.130 -0.033 1.654 0 0.102 -0.004 0.062
1.20 0.66 0.177 -0.044 1.446 0 0.109 0.023 0.102
1.40 0.98 0.179 -0.045 1.231 0 0.069 0.065 0.112
1.70 1.37 0.133 -0.033 1.104 0 0.024 0.076 0.079
2.00 1.73 0.094 -0.023 1.054 0 0.006 0.065 0.051
2.50 2.29 0.054 -0.013 1.024 0 -0.003 0.043 0.025
3.00 2.83 0.034 -0.008 1.012 0 -0.004 0.030 0.013
6.00 5.92 0.005 -0.001 1.001 0 -0.001 0.004 0.009
CD CD 0 0 1.000 0 0 0 0

(d) For the case 1.00 0 0 1.875 0.375 0 0 1.875 0

1.05 0.32 0.087 1.560 0.320 -0.065 0.187 1.463 -0.374
pz=l.O, 1.10 0.46 0.156 1.337 0.292 -0.145 0.251 1.242 -0.353
1.20 0.66 0.213 1.050 0.274 -0.268 0.222 1.041 -0.281
P:::~y=0.25 1.40 0.98 0.330 0.765 0.277 -0.372 0.171 0.924 -0.210
(N=0.25) 1.70 1.37 0.493 0.577 0.282 -0.380 0.188 0.883 -0.157
2.00 1.73 0.623 0.481 0.279 -0.345 0.218 0.886 -0.111
2.50 2.29 0.763 0.395 0.270 -0.287 0.243 0.914 -0.060
3.00 2.83 0.842 0.349 0.264 -0.242 0.251 0.940 -0.034
6.00 5.92 0.968 0.273 0.252 -0.124 0.252 0.990 -0.003
1.000 0.250 0.250 0 0.250 1.000 0
CD
'"
 UNLIITED OPUDIGS

'·0 11.1.7 5PHERQlDo\L CAVITY IN AN INFINITE MASS

I

,.. 1
1
Detailed trea~nu of this problea have been
aade by Neuber (1937). S&doIfsty and Sternberc (19.7).

of '·0
. , ,.
1
I
1
Edwards (1951) and TeruJhi and Richart (1952).

Stresses are tabulated and plotted. by Tenaghi

and. Richart (1952) for two cases: a/~.O and

..
a/t:J-$().O (see Fig.ll.20 for definition of a and c).
f
, .. I In both-eases,: is the ..jor seai-&1is of the
ellipse and vaO.Z. Stresses on the z.axis are tab-

·'-O-o-!!i ... ',..,,..,

1 ulated in Table 11.10 vhile stresses above the equator
of the spheroid (Le. at :e-c) are tahulated in Tables
11.11 and 11.12.
The disuibution of stresses along various vert-
ical lines is plotted in Figs. 11.18 and 11.19.
The variation of eireuaferential principal stress
at the roof and at aid-height on the cavity with ale
is shown in Figs. 11.20 and 11.21 which also show the
stresses for th~ elliptical tunnel.

nG.ll.l1 stressu aIxwe a sphe.rlea1 c:e&vity. TABLE 11.11

11-0.25. ( T ~ and tich&rt. 1952). STRESSES APJ:NE EQUATOR OF SPHEROID (at D"<lJ
e• " S.D. v-D.Z

0. o
•
(a) For the loading 0 0 7.059 o
coDdi tions • 0.03 0.932 3.342 _1.185
TABU 11.10 p;r-l.O. 0.07 0.506 2.178 -0.690
STRESSES ALONG nIE z·AXIS ABOVE ,SPfEROID.\L CAVInES ~ 0.13 0.153 1.599 ·0.404
fv-tJ.20) 0.21 -0.063 1.279 ·0.375
0.30 -0.129 1.124 -0.334
For pZ-l.O; For pz"O; For F.-l.O 0.40 -0.150 1.028 -0.305
p,,-py-O P=-Py-J.O N=«). 2~ 1.05 -0.073 0.878 -0.166

'.
1.82 -0.015 0.909 -0.075
~ a o
a. a. a. a. • 0 1.000
• • -0.870 0
(b) For the loading 0 0
(a) ~ • •• 0) condit.ions, 0.03 0.039 -0.221 -0.129
0.20 0 ·0.655 0 1.326 0 -0.323
p,.o. " 0.07 0.518 -0.119 -0.153
0.30" ·0.012 -0.468 0.002 1.255 -0.007 -0.154 pr'Py"l.O 0.13 0.760 -0.113 -0.157
0.21 0.915 ~0.061 -0.061
0.40 0.008 -0.312 0.003 h193 0.009 -0.014 ·0.~2 -0.048
0.60 0.30 0.974
0.138 -0.101 O.OOS 1.105 0.139 0.175 0.40 1.004 -0.027 .0.024
1.00 0.536 0.031 0.004 1.028 . 0.537 0.288 0.013 0.018
1.30 0.763 1.05 1.022
0.025 0.003 1.010 0.764 0.278 O.OlS 0.015
1.82 1.008
• 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250
• 1.000 0 0
,
(b) ~. SO) (0) For the loading 0 0 6.842 0
ccmditions. O.O~ 0.970 3.2&7 ·1.217
0.02 0 .0.696 0 1.037 0 ·0.437 p;r-l.O, 0.07 0.635 2.148 -0.72&
0.10 ·0.001 -0.571 0.000 1.032 -0.001 ·0.312 0-0.25 0.13 0.343 1.570 -0.4«
0.20 0.007 -0.425 0.000 1.025 0.007 -0.169 0.21 0.166 1.264 -0.387
0.40 0.081 -0..188 0.000 1.015 0.081 0.066 0.30 0.115 1.113 -0.346
0.60 0.230 -0.045 0:000 1.008 0.230 0.207 0.40 0.101 1.021 -0.311
1.00 0.595 0.037 0.000 1.002 0.595 0.288 LOS 0.182 0.881 -0.161
1.30 0.793 0.029 0.000 1.001 0.793 0.280 1.82 0.237 0.913 -0.071
• 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250 • 0.250 1.000 0
tTerughi &nd 1U.cbart'1952) (Te~gh1 ani:! Rld1irt, 1952)
24. UNDERGROUND OPDiINGS

, .. ,.. ,. 0
1111 H.,.ol I 11111
,. • ./ 111~IPz
'·0 .\

~ J!"
N.O·25
%.5-0
,. 0
\'

%.
~
~c ~
~
I
I
I
I
v.0-2

o
• II
~lft,tor$p/'lerOjd
I
"'"'~I
"" lor t . - I

I"~
(H.O·2~)
I i'....
, o·
I
0'51'0 Pi -0'
• OhIOI' ""lWIro;d
N.-o2~~a.rn
',0 -1-0
"0 "0 "0 0-'0 '0 '0 '00
£!:!..!!
"
FIG.Il.lS Stresses above a spheroi~l cavity. FIG.ll.20 Cireuaferential principal stress 0h
a/c;-S.O (Terzaghi and Riehut, 1952). at eent%"e of :tOOl of cavity (Terzaqhi
and Richart, 1952).

,.. , ..
"0 .0 '000

H .0-25 tI III liz

"~.'--"
z ,-s f·50-0 '00

" v.0·2
:; =
"0 '0

0"

'" I
25
~
'-0
0"
tYh
.
00-25 ,-0
'"
,-0 ,'0
"0

MO
"0 "0
~

FIG.ll.l9 Stresses above a spheroidal cavity.

" FIG.ll.21 Circumferential principal stre.. a.
ale-SO (Terzagbi and Richart, 1952). at IIlid-heiqht of wall surface of cavity
(Terz_qhi and Richart, 1952).
 LINBD OPENINGS 245

This problem has been considered in detail by

TABLE 11.12 Burns and Richard (1964) and Hoeg (1968), and is
STRESSES ABOVE EQUATOR OF SPHEROID (at :x;=a) relevant where stresses are applied after tunnel
!! = SO~ . '.>=0.2 excavation.
c
The stress. and displacement solutions are as
follows:
0 0 63.537 0 (lb 2 lb"
-ip{(1+k) [l-all.;J ] - (l-k) [l-3a2 (pl
(a) For the loading
conditions, 0.01 1.081 4.787 -1.648
pz=1.0~ 0.04
0.31
0.317
0.000
2.580 -0.738
1.257 -0.267
(~2]COB26}
- 4as.:r ••• (11.35)
P:e--PY=°
1.03 -0.100 0.841 -0.147
.
2.43 0.000 0.948 -0.031
0 1.000 0 0'6 -ip{(1+k)[l-kZl(~2] + (l-k) [1-3a2(~"]COs26}
(11.36)
(b) For the loading 0 0 -0.987 0
conditions, 0.01 0.693 -0.142 -0.050 T:r6 = ~(1-k)[1+3a2(~" + 2a3(~2]sin26
Pa=O~ 0.04 0.950 -0.030 -0.046
0.31 0.973 -0.001 -0.010 (11.37)
p:rFPy=1.0
1.03 1.007 0.009 -0.001 p_ = -ip ~(l+k)(l-v) [1+ ~ (~) 2] _ (l-k) l-V
..
2.43 1.000
1.000
0.000
0
0.001
0
• M

•
1-2\1 :r 1-2v

[1-kZ2~)" + 4(1-v)as~2]COs26}
(c) For the loading 0 0 0 0
conditions 0.01 1.254 4.823 -1.661 • •• (11. 38)
pa=1.0~ 0.04 0.554 2.573 -0.750 ~ l-v (1-kJ. [1- a 2 (~)'"
N=O.2S 0.31 0.243 1.256 -0.269 P6 = l.....
7t' M 1-2\1 \10
1.03 0.152 0.843 -0.147
..
2.43 0.250
0.250
0.984
1.000
-0.031
0
+ 2(l-2v)as (~) 2]sin26 ••• (11. 39)

(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952) where v Poisson's ratio of mass

M one dimensional modulus of
mass
E(l-v)
11.2 Lined Openings =
(1+v) (1-2\1)

11.2.1 CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS Young's modulus and Poisson's

(Plane strain) (Fig.ll.22) ratio of material in tunnel
wall
D = average tunnel diameter = 2R
t thickness of tunnel wall
C compressibility ratio
1 (1-V0 )
2
1L (~
2 (l-v) Ec: t
A B
! F = flexibility ratio

._._._~_._._.
1 (1-2v) (l-v 2) 11. (~s
4 (l-v) C Eo t
kp kp
(Note that a system with both C and F zero
signifies a perfectly rigid tunnel wall).
c
i o The values al~a2.aS are constants which depend
on the boundary condition at the tunnel-mass interface.
Two cases are considered:
Notcz: BoundQriczs Qrcz fQr QWQY from tunnczl. (a) no slip (i.e. full adhesion) on interface,
for which
FIG.ll.22 (l-2v) (C-V
••• (11.40a)
(1-2v) 0+1
(1-2v) (l-C)F - i(1-2V)2C+2
246 UNDERGROUND OPENINGS

[1+(1-2v)C]F - ¥1-2V)C-2
a3 =
[(3-2V)+(1-2v)C]F+(~-BW6v 2 )C+6-Bv
(1l.40c)

(b) free slip on interface, for which

al = (1-2v) (C-l) (11.4la)
(1-2v)C+l

2F+1-2v
(l1.4lb)
2F+S-6v
2F-l
a3 = (l1.4lc)
2F+S-6v

The variation of the radial contact stress is

shown in Fig.11.23 for 6=0 and 90° and for both
no slip and free slip.

The variation of radial stress cr~ with radial

distance from the cylinder is shown in Fig.ll.24 for
F=10 and C=O.03.

The variation of radial deflection at the tunnel

crawn with flexibility ratio F is shown in Fig.
11.25.

Distributions of stress, displacement, maximum

moment and thrust around the tunnel have also been
presented by Burns and Richard (1964) for a nwnber of
specific cases. Krizek et al (1971) have summarized
the results of Burns and Richard's calculations, and
dimensionless plots of deflection, thrust, moment and
shear forces are shown in Figs. 11.26 to 11.29. The
sign definition is given in Fig.ll.26. In all cases,
the solutions are for a undirectional uniformly dis-
tributed pressure p acting at an infinite distance
from the opening, i.~. k=O in Hot:!g's notation, and
for c: small.
 LINED OPENINGS 247

1·8

--------
.............
.~ ""- N.S.
1·0
1-.
/'
::::... .....,,:::::. --1--- ~-- f - - _.-
.~
FIG.ll.23 Radial contact stress versus flexibility
ratio (Hoeq, 1968).
/' , F. S.
,.- N.S.
V /"
/'
0'2
oV
-0,2
'1:0-35 N.s.. No Slippage.
k-0·35 F. s.. FrQQ Sl ippage.
-0'6
C is small

-1,0 I
o 2 345 6 7 8 9
F1Pibillty Ratio F

I
N.s.l (~e=9d'
r-....
(~)e=90· 0·6
...... F.s. I FIG.ll.24 Variation in stress with distance frOlll
interface (Hoeq, 1968).
N.S. I
and
(~e=90·
0'2 p F.S.
(~)e=90· -0,2
,/"

-0,6
/ F= 10
C.·03
K .0-35
-1-0 I I v.0-35
o kR ~R i- R R ~R 2R iR 3R
Radial Distanclr from IntllMaClr

2·8
F.S.
10-
L,....- L.--
N.S.
2·0
...... ~ FIG.ll.25 Radial cylinder deflection versus
V ....-- ~ FTi.'-Pr-90·
flexibility ratio (Hoeq, 1968).

lu ,/
orC =0

l/ I
C is small.
0·8

0'4
I "-0·35
k.0·35

I
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fllrxibility RatiO F
 t

2·0. i i i 1111ii I I i I IJIii i i i Ililii i i i i 11111 i I Ii iilll 2·0

Full slip
N)SI'iP'
v=0·2
',6 ',6i 1/ .0~2
I
.1/.0'3
V'0'3
I j.J.j.~HII-"""'~'f~4 I
- - -- ---
-- V'0'4
',2 1·2
r----- .~,..~ I I
0:
~ ca
V-0·4 v-0·3 i'v_072
Full slip
..
II
-
~ 0·8 ';:' 0·8 Notcz: T/pR valuczs arcz for spring lincz
0':
Iljl-OWaluczs for crown IIncz '
0·41

O'
0.1
i I II

I h",

10 '0 3 10"
0'4

o
0·1 10
I r'~Ti
10
f i n by

10
~
llliii 104
MR3 M R3
-rr- Er
FIG.ll.26 Deformation versus flexibility (Kay and ,FIG.ll.27 Thrust versus flexibility (Kay and
Krizek, 1970). Krizek, 1970).
~
L1
~
~
f6
~
~
0'5
II IIII Ii Bcznding
~1 1111111 I 11111111 I
"0 , '"
Valuczs at ljI. 45
~J __ J til

. '""f-'IM'
momcznt at spring
.1 lor no Slip Cascz 1/.0'2
0·4 0'8

-J
V
0·3
_~lll Full Slip
v_O'2 II II 0'8 ,
I
, 1/.0'3
I--
! I iii ~0'3 Noslip l-
V
'"ca --~~:I
, .. " I,(
' v.0·2
v_0'3
II
L 'tr"'/p I--
II
~0'2 0'4
I!! 1~-O'4
~
~--_ ..-........ --_L..
i
~~'4 "P
II
..- 1/.0'4
0·1i
• i i; Ii; i ,
" I I
I'! IIi I
iii
I
I~ ...... Ii
0·2 f-- f--

o
0·1 10 102 '0 3
. 104
o
0·1 .=-
10
-_.
102
-_.
10' 10·
M R3 MR'
Ex- ET
FIG.l1.28 Bending moment versus flexibility (Kay FIG.ll.29 Shear stress versus flexibility (Kay and
and Krizek, 1970). Krizek, 1970).
 Chapter 12
RAFT FOUNDATIONS

where Ep. "p. • the danie tIlOduli of

12.1 Strip Foundations on a Semi-Infinite strip
Mass t l /1! _ I p • _~ of inertia of strip

E. • Young's ~us of soil

b • half-width of strip.
12.1.1 IlSMVIOUR. IN 'tRAHSVERSI DIRECTION

.....
(.) .both strip SUb;aded to Uttiform
.."..
The variation of !!luj• • shearing foree. uri• •
bendinC ...-nt and url • • differe:a:tial setUe.nt with
Bororieka (1939) has obt&iDed sOlutions for
the distrlbtttion of cotltact pressure p beDeath a
K is shcnm in FiIS.12.7. 12.8 and 12.9 respectively. r
strip subjected to uniforll pressure q. These solut- It should be noted that if vg-O.S. the. solutions
ions are shown in Fi,.12.1. The relative stiffness for a rouch strip are identical with those for a SlIOOth
K is defined as strip.

••• (12.1)

o
where Ep, \lp • elastic lIlGduli of strip
t • strip thickness
b
Be' v. •
• half width of strip
elastic UIOduli of mass.
I
'K_.
./~
(b) sm,oth Strip Subjected to CentMt
ll>
LiM Load
Borowiclta (1939) has obtained. the solutions
shown. in Fie.12.2 for the c:ontaet pressure distribut-
ion p beneath the strip. p~/2b where p. is
% 1·0

7f •
,.0 -

the line load per unit length. and K is defill,ed in

Equatioa (12.1). ,., i
!
(e)
..........
Rough Strip Subjeat4d to lhtiform

Lee (1963) obtained solUtions for the contae.t

nOma! &Del shear stresses and "the beDding ..-ettu and
the shear fones within the strip. For v•. of the
-
soil -<J. the contact: noraal stresses are shown in
Fi,.12.3. contact shear stresses in fig.12.4. distrib- rIG.12.1 Contac~ pr...ce clUtr1but.i= l:leMa~
utions of bendinllKlMllt in FiI.U.S. and distributions wUtom.ly loaded . - t h strip CBorowicka.19391.
of shearing foree in Fig.12.6. In these fi&ures the
relative stiffness K is defined as

c _
(12.1)
150

o
!
Rough strill
K.C).2.~.O.
ROtIgh strip
0·' jKo. 0·' Rough strip
K_~.O

'201"
, o
1h0' ..... Smooth sttill

.f"'--.. ,,.,
P/lla¥ '·0
ji /~ 0·'
"- ./ 1
!K'~
FIG.12.4 Contact shear stress beneath uniformly
,., loaded. rough strip (Lee, 1963).

'·0.,

FJ:G.12.J Contact pressure d.istribution beneath

SSIlOOth strip with line load. (Borowicka.• 1939).

0
1',.0 L..--
, K.0-02
W
. . s·o ~

O·
,
1(00;2_
II I I
,
~.O 1//
Ii.. . ""· Y2 (W' Smooth st,.ip 0-0
~+.- - ~~.o
,•
,
--
I
Rough striP
l;o.. •
V 1/
\K..o.O~'C ~ V j ,.,
...
.w
01' Stnoci'l.h strip
I I ~ 0-0 , -- V ~.O

1
IbIgh strip {KOOO2.\Is'O
KoO·2.vs 0O
V\\I <>0
•
I
I 1/
'V
,o ,
"'0 .
0·' 0.. '-0 0.. 06 0·' '·0
'I.
FIG.12.3 Vertical contact stress beneath unifontly FlG.12.S Bendinq III;lml!!n'ts in uniformly load.ed rougb
loaded rough strip (Lee. 1963). strip (Lee, 1963).
 STRIP FOUNDKrION ON SEJII-INFINI'l'B MASS 251
0-14
OE""""-~-~--..-J'-"""-""" I I I
Smooth 0-126 lor K-eo
(or rough with \Is = :.'2)

-+-- ---
0·04 J-......:H-......:~+---:-L--+---H
0·10 --
Rough\ls=O 0-092 lor K- ....

---- ---
0'06 J--~r--.j--:~-+--+-+1 ~
~
0-06

/
V
0-10 I---+-~~.---+--+I-+-l 0-04

0·12 1---+--+~-+-=---1-+--l 0·02

I
1/
0_141---+--+--J...,;::,=-~---I
o 0·2 0'4 0-6 0·8 1·0 1'2
K
0.16 L-_...J.._ _J..-_.....I._ _...J.-_-l FIG.12.8 Maximum bendinq IIIOJIIent in uniformly loaded
0'2 0'8 1·0 strip (Lee, 1963).

FIG. 12.6 Shear force in uniformly loaded rouqh strip.

Vs-O. (Lee, 1963).

0-22 I I
Smooth 0'210 lorK-....
(or rough with V~ =l2 )
0·20

".
....
" ....
~ ---
0·18

0-16 o-s

Rough 0·140 lor K-_ VS =0

0-14

-
0·4

0·12
V-
~
0'3
:\
\l
~b
0·10
V 0'2
\
I/ I~
t'---
---
0-08 0·1

I
~

r---
006

00Q4
j' '-.
.
o 0·2 0-6
K
0'8 ,,0

I
FIG.12.9 Maximum differential deflection in
uniformly loaded rouqh strip. vs-O- (Lee,1963).
0002

o 0·2 0·6 0-8 ,-0 1'2

K

FIG. 12. 7 Maximum shear force in uniformly loaded

252 RAn' FOUNDA~IONS

12.1.2 BEHAVIOUR IN LONGlnJDINAL DIRECTION C = 1.00 assuming constant reaction pressure

across width of strip
(a) Ve2'tica~and Moment Loading on
Infinite Strip (Fig.12.l0) or 1.00<C<1.13 assuming constant deflection
across width of strip

EpIp = stiffness of beam (Ip = t 3/12)

Es , \Is = elastic moduli of underlying mass

b = half-width of strip.
lnfinitcz strip P,M & V are per unit width.
Ep.Jp\
ao _ _ ' The functions ';0(::) etc. are given approximately
as follows:
Sczmi-infinltcz Es • Vs
(£1
mQSS
o. 587 -kc .
,;0 (=) - 1.370
cJ e (coskc s-mkc)
FIG.l2.l0 (12.l4a)
(~o. 333 kc
Jl(=) = 0.2441.:(;J e- sinj,:z; ••• o(12.l4b)
b 0·169 kc
J2.(=) = 0.332(? e- (eos/.z-sinj,:z;)
(12.l4c)
Biot (1937) obtained a solution for the maximum
bending moment beneath an infinitely long smooth strip
J3(=) = 2'1T e-kceosj,:z; ••• (12.l4d)
loaded by a concentrated load. Vesic (1961) b -0·155 j,:z;
extended Biot' s work and obtained the following solut- J .. (=) = 1.286 (;l e- (cos>.:J:+sinj,:z;)
ions for deflection, rotation,moment, shear and press- (12.l4e)
ure, for both vertical loading and for moment loading.
~ -0.360 kc
J5(=) = 0.269(';; e- sinj,:z;••• (12.l4f)
Concent'Z'a:ted Loading:
Pe 3 0.889 b 0.813
Def7,eetion p = --';0(=)
1TEpIp
(12.3)
where A= -b-(;J
Pe2.
Slope 6 = - - - ';1(=)
TrEpIp
(12.4)
(b) Concentrated Loading on Finite Strip
Pc
Moment M - ';2.(=) (12.5) For strips of finite length, Brown (1969c)
1T
gives solutions for the distribution of deflection
and bending moment due to a single concentrated load
Sheal' V = - f.';3(=)
Tr
(12.6) at various positions on the strip. These solutions,
for various values of relative stiffness K, are
shown in Figs.12.ll to 12.14 for bending moment, and
Pressure p L ,;.. (=) (12.7) in Figs.12.l5 to 12.18 for deflection. In this case,
C1T
K is defined as
Moment Loading: (12.8)
K = EpI p (l-Vs 2.)
Me2. (12.15)
Def7,eetion p = --';1(=) (12.8) 1TE a"
s
1TEp!p
Me where Ep = modulus of strip
Slope 6 = --,;2.(=)
1TEpIp
(12.9)
I = moment of inertia of
p strip section = bt 3/6
M
Mcrnent M = -';3(=)
1T
(12.10) Es,\ls = moduli of foundation
a = ~ length of strip
M
Shea:!' V = - -
C1T
,;.. (=) (12.11)
b = ~ width of strip.
M
P2'essure p = -2.- ';5(=)
e 1T
••• (12.12)
The average contact pressure q=l/4ba (for unit
In ~e above equations, applied load). Brown has found that the ratio alb
has a relatively small influence on the moments.
1/3 ••• (12.13)
e = [C(l-\ls2.)
 STRIP FOUNDATION ON SBNI-IPFTPlT'l'B BASS 253

0·3 .---t--:=-=-i1--Ir-t---J.---1

0'2
D
0·2 '"g. 0.11--1--,0..11+-*11-4-
,'"
C
co
0·1 o
-D ~
'"V" ~

~
0 -0.' I--+--~---==I==:JL~-+--I
1:
~
~
-0:1 -0'2

-0·2
0 0'8 2.0 o "6 2·0
Ya .
FIG.12.11 Moment in strip. FIG.12.12 Moment in strip.
a/b=25, K-4.1xIO-~ a/b=25, K-4.1xlO":'
(8rown, 1969c). (Brown, 1969c).

0'6
',00
0'5 0'5

0·04 0'04

0'3
0'3

D 0"
"'0
l7
'"
)..
"Eco
0
~ -0"

-0'2

'()'5l-_...L_ _.1-_...J.._ _..L-_-'

o 0'04 0'8 1·2 ',6 2·0
~a

FIG.12.1J Moment in strip. FIG.12.14 Moment in s~ip.

a/b=25, K=4.1xlO: 2 a/b=25, K=4.1xlO.
(Brown, 1969c). (Brown, 1969c).
25<

'1:/ ]j•
• •
•'~
•

1---+'-....,.-f!\\--1;;
o o • 0

C1b(rc,,-IlZ/'3 ~~I:lI(J

o
•
•
•
~ l/j •
-·
••
• V ~ •-
o

~ l>0 •-
k •
~
..-P'
• ~~
o

£!!S!1O -0
qb(r·... • ~HV·3 ~ UCl!PI'ljJl(J
 255

.•
(e) Unifort1l Loading on Smooth Fimu Strip
Brown (1969c) has obtaifled solutions for the
maximua moment, maximum differential deflection and -
central deflection of the strip. These solutions are
shown in Figs. 12.19 to 12.21 for 3 values of alb.
In all cases, v of the strip -0.3. The unifol'lll .i- •.0 0.1> .100
applied pressure ~/unit area. •
!
.@. 3- , -----
,;
0
........ I,n
0-0<
!-b'IO
00'
'0

I ,-0 I
'0 00001 0-001
,
()oOl 0.1

// , FIG.12.21 Central 4eflectiOD of uniforaly lO&dec1

~
strip (Brown, 1969c).

...,, II
V
~
, 0-' '"
12.2 Circular Ralls
FIG.12.19 Haxi.aua ~ t in unifonlly loaded strip
(Brown, 1969c). 12.2.1 CIRCULAR RAFT ON' SEMI·II~fINITE MASS
(a) Uniform Loading
This prable. was considered by Borowicka (1939)
and'llOre recently by Brown (1969b) (refer also to
Section 7.2).

Influence factors obtained by Brown for the

central vertical displacelDellt of the raft at the sur-.-
face are given in Fig.12.22 for Poisson'S ratio V
of 'the raft of 0.3. The relative flexibility of fhe
raft is expressed in terms of a factor X where

E ,
K • .:.2. (I-V 2.) r£\ ••• (12.16)
E • • ""
where E ~ Young's modulus of raft
p
t .. raft thickness
a .. raft radius
E v .. elastic moduli of soil
r 8

Distributions of contact pressure are shown in

Fig.12.23 for various values of K. Bending moment
distributions are shown in Fig.12.24 while the variat-
FIG.12.20 Differential deflection in unifonlly
ion of 1II&Xi_ IIIOIlent with K is shown in Fig.12.2S.
loOlded strip (Brown, 1969cl.
Tabulated values of radial and tangential moment per
unit width are given in Table 12.1. nUl variation
of maxi_ differential deflection is shown in fig.
12.26. In all cases, ~applied unifortll pressure.
I
------- ,
256

,.• " r-..

"s
\
1
,., \
,-.
,-s
"""
.,
,
"" '0 '00

FIG.12.22 Central vertical displacement factor

fo, circular raft (Brown, 1969bl

•• qaU-\l/1I

",

!.:,1O
0'0 , M,

006 ,. ,
""\ l".
~ f\ '\

~ \
\ ~\'\
,·os l\
,. "" \'\ ~
0-'s . --- V
rTJ
0·0,
K.O-1
... ~\
"' ~
,. " ----
0' 0'" (HI 08 '-0 0' O' 06
\'0 '10

FIG.12.23 Contact pressure beneath circ"uu raft. FIG.12.24 Bend.inq IIIOIllent distributions in circular
\lp'OO.3. (8:rown. 1969b). raft. \lp-O.3. (Brown. 196911).
 CIRCULAR RAF'rS 257

0"

0'08 " <>8 r--'"T--'--T'""-""

!i!
p .... ~
I
..
.:2. 0-6 t-~~---ir---+---f
VPOO.j ~15 .:
l(

r: 0'4 t---j--\'I:-;--+---f
~

~
I ~
g 0·2 t---t----"..--+---i
:2
../
-1
~ O::--7--:~-~-"""'!
J!-2 -1 0 2
2 3
is L0910 K

FIG.12.25 Maximum moment in circular raft (Brown, FIG.12.26 Differential deflection in circular raft
1969b). (Brown, 1969b).

TABLE 12.1
BENDING IDMENTS IN CIRCULAR RAFT ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS
Values of ~ for vp=O.3
(Brown, 1969b)
X 10 1 0.1 0.01

r. Mr Mt Mr Mt Mr Mt Mr Mt
a
0 0.0747 0.0747 0.0567 0.0567 0.0146 0.0146 0.0012 0.0012
0.1 0.0737 0.0741 0.0561 0.0564 0.0146 0.0146 0.0012 0.0012
0.2 0.0708 0.0724 0.0541 0.0552 0.0146 0.0146 0.0013 0.0012
0.3 0.0659 0.0696 0.0508 0.0533 0.0145 0.0146 0.0014 0.0013
0.4 0.0593 0.0658 0.0461 0.0506 0.0142 0.0144 0.0016 0.0014
0.5 0.0509 0.0609 0.0401 0.0472 0.0136 0.0142 0.0018 0.0015
0.6 0.0411 0.0551 0.0329 0.0430 0.0125 0.0136 0.0021 0.0017
0.7 0.0301 0.0486 0.0246 0.0381 0.0106 0.0127 0.0024 0.0019
0.8 0.0184 0.0415 0.0154 0.0327 0.0076 0.0114 0.0024 0.0020
0.9 0.0072 0.0343 0.0063 0.0271 0.0037 0.0095 0.0017 0.0018
1.0 0 0.0283 0 0.0222 0 0.0074 0 0.0012

,
258 RAFT FOUNDATIONS

(b) Concentrated Loading

Borowicka (1939) has obtained solutions for the
contact pressure p beneath the raft. These are ).,G parameters of the mass.
I~'lme's
shown in Fig.12.27. pav=P/na 2 , and the stiffness l' radial distance from point load
factor is defined as
Pz vertical displacement.
1 (1-V 2) E (! 3.
K = - 8.J? 1(;) ••• (12.17) For a uniformly distributed load, the displace-
6 (1-V 2) E ment beneath the centre is almost the same as that due
p s
to a concentrated loading provided that the radius of
where t raft thickness the loading is of the same order as the thickness t.
a = raft radius.

0..-----------.-----------. b.(~)~ r
0'102 0·5 1'0 2·0
0
0."

0-51-------:=--4---=---- N
,'" ·0·1
a:~
o In. ·1457
·1743
.0'2 ·1881
\ ·1911
·1925 (0)

----
o
'0209
>:0580
" -0'1 .- _.. ---

1'5 H - - - - - - - - - - - : l r l + - - - - - - - - I I
%I~
_iL
oin. -0'2
2324
C (Also
·1068

Q
n d 2w
d r2 whczn r 0 . and thlZ load
Is distributczd uniformly ovczr a circlcz

-1 radius o. (~)~ b)
(b)
"0062 ,'0195
FIG.12.27 Contact pressure distribution beneath o ..--r--r----,,.----:::=--~~=======~
circular raft with central point loadinq
V~
(Borowicka, 1939).
N
tilN -0'1 -17 '0988- --.-- ------- ---- - - - - - - -
-0
L
-0

Oln. ·1530 _--L.

. -0'2 '--''--'-_ ...... -'

(c)

FIG.12.28 Displacement, slope and curvature of

uniform thin raft with point loadinq (Hoqq,1938).

For a raft of infinite extent on a semi-infinite

elastic mass, and loaded by a point load p. 1I0gg
(1938) has obtained solutions for the displacement and
curvature of the raft. These are shown in Fig.12.28.
where
D flexural rigidity of raft
12(1-v/ )
12.2.2 RIGID CIRCUI.AR RAFT ON A FINITE LAYER
t raft thickness
l11is problem has heen considered by Egorov and
2GO.+2G) for perfectly rough plate Serebryanyi (1963) and Poulos (1968a).
R
).+3G

or 2G().+G) Influence factors for the displacement of the raft

for perfectly smooth pI ate have been given in Fig. 7.19 •
. ).+2G
beneath the raft·
 2"
For a raft having '7f':O.2S. the distributions of
radial and tangential benaing AIOlIents are shown in
Figs. 12.29 and 12.30 for a uniformly distributed load 0-08
over the raft and in Figs. 12.31 and 12.32 for a load
concentrated within zeD. la near the centre of the
- h/a .

raft. In these figures, Vs of the layer .{}.4.

The influence of varying Vs on the central IIOllent
for a uniformly distributed loading is shown in Fig.
12.33 for various values of layer depth h to raft
0-0

0-06
'-K' "'-
~ "-
radius a.

•
, ~
0-0 3
"'--- ~ ~
0-0 2 .,., "-...
r---.
.,'" r-.-..
,
""""-~
% 0-0
I ~oetlOn Solutlotll
~
~
."
\ I
0-06 0-2 04 0-6 0·8
~ 'I,
l\ FIG.12.30 'l'anqential bendi.nq IIKDeQt d!stributioa in

~ uniformly loaded rigid circular raft.

v -9.4. v -0.25.
• p
~
0-03
~ ~
"- 1\\
'~
0-•
.,02
.,-.- ~ '\ 1\ ,
_..::~
0-
,
0-0

o (Abo
0-3 ,
0-' H>
'I, 0-
M/....
•
!'IG.12.29 Radhl bendin9 IIIOlDent distribution in
unifor1llly loaded r191d circular raft. 0-
•

~
"s-o.4, Vp-o.2S.
0- 3 -

0-2
~ O'~I

1~
0- 1 (Abo SUtlgr'odor I
o~
''"''r SOMj' ~-
o0o-2~O
.. o· '-0
'/0
FIG.12.31 R&dhi bendinq IDOlIliIDt aistr1bution for
co:lc:entrated load within r-O.la.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-"V,.-<J.4, .Yp~.25.
260 RAF2' l'OUNDA2'IONS

'12.2.3 CIRCULAR RAFT OF ANY FLEXIBILITY ON

A FINITE LAYER (Uniform Loading)
This problem has been considered by Brown (1969a).
The relative flexibility of the raft is defined
by a factor K where

0'61---':1II--~f--+---J---1 K • •• (12.18)

O'~ I---I},l~--J:----+---+--I where t raft thickness

"%0' a = raft radius.
0'41---+-'
For h/a=l, distributions of contact pressure
beneath the raft are shown in Fig.12.34 for three
0'31---l--=~~~+---J---1 values of K.
The variation of central vertical surface dis-
0'21---1--~-~~~-+--1
placement with a/h is shown in Fig.12.35 for two
values of K.
0'1 I---I'--,---f TIle variation of differential vertical displace-
ment between centre and edge with K is shown in
Fig.12.36.
o0L..--O.l'2--":"Ol.'4---:0:.l'6':---:0~'8:---"':""0
For uniformiy distributed loading over the raft,
bending moment distributions are shown in Fig.12.37
for h/a=l. The influence of h/a on the bending
FIG.12.32 Tangential bending moment distribution for moment distributions is shown in Fig.12.38 for K=O.l.
concentrated loading within r=O.la.
vs cQ.4, vp =0.25. TIle variation of maximum (central) moment with K
for various h/a values is shown in Fig.12.39.

12.3 Rectangular Rafts

12.3.1 RIGIIJ RAI~r ON Sl!m-INFINITI! t.fASS

0·08 Gorbunov-Possadov and Serebrjanyi (1961) have

co obtained solutions for the moments, shear force and
pressure distribution within a rigid square slab
0·06 - - - - -.!/a - - - - subjected to a central concentrated load. Influence

--- ---
I

- ~
factors are shown in Fig.12.40.

--
Contact pressure P P'Pav (12.19a)
0'5
Sllecw force Nx Nx·a.Pav (12.19b)
--_. ,--- ~ ~._ .... -_._.
~
~~
- 2
Bmldill!l moment M Mx·a 'Pav (l2.19c)
X
0
o Torsional. moment lI - 2'
H:r;.a 'Pav (12.l9d)

-0,02
'\ where a
x

= '~ width of square

o 0·1 0·2 0·3 0'4 0·5
p
Pav = average applied pressure =~
P = total load.
FIG.l2.33 Influence of V
s on central bending moment.
Uniform loading. A rectangular slab (2a x2bJ can be considered as
rigid i f

'IIa 2bEs < (b>aJ '" (12.20)

D(l-v 2 J
s

where 0 is defined on p.25S

 CIRCOLAR RJlFTS 261
1·75
t
V... 0'3
V•• o-5
1·50
- - V•• O·S
----- V•• 0
N>"

-w
I

K.o-1 )
1·00

0·75
K.1
K.10
--- r---:..l6'i
x

--~-.

0'2 0'4 0-6 0'8 1'0 4

!jIa

FIG.12.34 Contact pressure distributions. h/a=l. FIG.12.35 Central deflection. V =0.3. (Brown, 1969a).
p
(Brown, 1969a).

.>
!
g- o·a

0'6
% - v.-o-s
----- v.-O
I
0·04

0'03
K·lO
Vr •.0'3
v•• 0-5

"":l- K.l
III
x
g 0·4 0·02
;;
u M/qa2
.!Z
a 0'2 0'01
K_0·1
:2
<:co
.
~
0 0

Ci 0'2

-0'~1 Q-1 1 10 100

- 0·01 0'----O.l.'2---o-L..4--0..L'6---0l...a--.J1'0

K
~
FIG.12.36 Differential deflections. V =0.3. FIG.12.37 Bendinq IIIOment distributions. h/a-l_
(Brown, 1969a). p (Br:own, 1969a).

0-08
--- -
co

I~
2
2

~ --- _.J:

J
",'"
/
/ h/a.1
__ Q-:i

M 0'010 t=:::j]M~r~~=;;i~::1~-1 0·02

t:'
//. V ..-
1,.,,"
~---

/qa 2 Mt

'0·005 r---+--+---+_.......::l\r-...::..~
o
A ~'
'
,/ .
--- -- -.--- -_..Q.:.~
o·s

-0-0050'----O.l..2---0-.l..4--o-.I.6---0.l..-a-.......I1-o
-0,02

-0·04
'"
---v._o·s
- - - - v._O
~
........
i'-.. 0·2

()001 0'1 10 100 1000

1/& K

FIG.12.38 B"endinq IIIOJIIent distributions. K=O.l. FIG.12.39 Variation of maximUIII IIIOment with K.
(Brown, 1969a). V =O.3. (Brown, 1969a)
p
262 RAFT FOUNDATIONS

where E8~"8 soil moduli

D flexural rigidity of slab.
The displacement and rotation of a rigid rectang-
ular raft are considered in Section 7.6.
1-----,-..--0·6
Distributions of contact pressure for two rect- 0'55
angles are shown in Fig.12.4l (Butterfield and _.£_).I--_.:......-_-----..:l.-_ _ ._~ _ _I . . . _ _ . L U _ J
Banerjee, 1971).
't (0) 6'4
i
Brown (1972) has obtained solutions for reaction,
shear force, bending moment and torsional moment in
rigid rectangular rafts. TIle raft proportions and Contours 01
the loading cases considered are shown in Fig.12.42. P • p/po•
Contours representing the solutions are shown in
Figs. 12.43 to 12.51. The shear force and moments
are expressed in terms of the values per unit width of
raft. In all cases. Poisson's ratio of the raft,
"r. is 0.15. In Brown's notation, the shear forces
in the x and y ~irections are denoted as QX and - If- 1-- ....I.-...L.._-1-_.J...UJ
Qy~ the bending moments as Mx and My~ and the
torsional moment as Mxy • TIle solutions have been £ (b) ~ ·H5
i
obtained by numerical integration of the hih:lrmonic
equation. FIG.12.4l Contact pressure distribution beneath rigid
rectangular raft (Butterfield and Banerjee,1971).

12.3.2 FI.HXIBI.I! nAI~I' ON SEm-INFINITE ~fASS

Gorbunov-Possadov and Serebrjanyi (1961) have
obtained solutions for contact pressure, vertical dis-
placement and moments in a large rectangular raft
subjected to concentrated load at the middle of the
edge. Influence factors are shown in Fig.12.52 •
Contact pl'eccU1'e p ... (12.2la)
_ (1-V/) P
VCl·tical- dicpl-accmcnt Pz w 8s
-L
(12.2Ih)

Moment ill x-dil'cction M =;:f P (12.2Ic)

x x
Moment ill y-dil'ection /of = MP (12.2Id)
Y Y

FIG.l2.40 Dimensionless reaction, bending moment, where L

torsional moment and shear force in rigid
square raft with central concentrated load x
(Gorbunov-Possadov and Serebrjanyi, 1961). T.
I) !L
[,

are defined in the

previous section.
 263

td
{Ql
I 2a 2a I

-ffl}8ill.
I I
2b[~' Yt=t=L
.
2a

• x
alb' 3

I 2a
uk:· I
2b . '+f""++'
Q
I b .10
J . x

FIG.12.42 Loading cases for rigid rafts (Brown,1972).

x
p .~ Q .~
p " p
264 RAF7' FOUNDlI.TIONS

4b
MlI:. Po

FIG.12.44 Torsional and bending moments for a rigid

square raft with central load (Brown, 1972).

o
·1- _

4b 4b x
o,..p O".p

FIG.12.45 Shear force distributions for rigid square raft

subjected to two loads (Brown, 1972).
 RECTANGULAR RJIF'l'S 265

My. ~
Po

FIG.12.46 Bending moments for rigid square raft

subjected to two loads (Brown, 1972).

FIG.12.47 Torsional lIIOIIIents for rigid

square raft subjected to two loads
266 RAF'r FOUNDA'rIbNS

ox .~
p

FIG.12.48 Shear force distribution for rigid

square raft subjected to four loads
(Brown, 1972).

FIG.12.49 Bending and torsional moments for rigid square

raft subjected to four loads (Brown, 1972).
 '"

..
. . . . "b
.~

,
M ,.
- .,.' Po

!'IG.1.2.50 Beb4v1o= of r1g1d r-.ft with canuu load•

.;b-J (Brew.. 1972).

FIG.U.Sl Behaviour of rigid raft with ~t:ral lolIA.

,v'b-1O (BnNn. 197:U. --------------
 ~
g:

11 11
2'0
/
'I
, I - t-
0·2 ...... )
0'1 ~
//
,{
2'
I
I
A..
v-o'0!l0 J:::. -et03
l~.
'.1
11 JJ Mt --.

\ f"'oo, P \;:0'1 02
l\ 1\ I\. 0·05 \
\ '\:0'10/ ~
1/ k:1. · I «=: I l.l -0'02 -0'01

1\' \ \. 1\ 1\ I ~.L
L r" t:::: -1- 0<l3 1
'II'" I_~
1'0
1\ \ 1\ 1'\ I, \ ( \ ,,~5 t:k::: , I .... -0'04 ,

.
~ 003 0'2 01 O<lS 0 0 \0<l5 \ 0
~-0'05"~I\,-I-:-+-H-n-lrnll I
01
\ \ 1\ I IL
\ to ""-:r:::: 'Po. ~·o06.. 1
\ \ ~ "b."q', _,7 11. ~
I
.1 J.
°
\ , \ ~iP.Jr1 -.1
'i

~~
00011 3'0 41
o·eo ~1'0 200 3'0
°~
4,(
O'S
~ I6X. 100 V IL ~ !L ~
/
.~- v~
100S 10 '4

//
/ I/O·3S.!.
0'30 /
/ W
t::::~
I

rr-
·1
""",I-"": ~
a (004
fP L
7 003 t-
4--tL4-HH"lATfl--lJ
I -l1/+L-t--yL'Dr:-
of L My I I I
~
~
yo
)
/
0'2;
/ 0'20 /
to-" .-0.02 .. tI;
~G
/ . / V ,/ ~lS -1t: 00 1f-1t-t---r- I
V r-- ~ ["
b....::
D c:::J. ~ c- .:::::
I I

...... "'" V
......
V ,/ 0'10 ....- . r---
--... ~!O~++++t-t--r'fJDU--l
"·~~o~':5
,~ ~~~~~~.,~7~+"""'~~~±±±Jtr:c!-w
1..__ . ,
V V V "-
V V °v Do
p. lOb to. r-
V ~ ~ 1'-ll.l..l j ~ ,
2'0
1-1-"
~ \ 2
r.-;:;'0'-'-0<61

1J 1J

FIG.12.52 Dimensionless reaction, bending moments and vertical displacement

for square raft subjected to concentrated load at edge (Gorbunov-
Possadov and Serebrjanyi, 19611.
 Chapter 13
AXIALLY LOADED PILES

13.1 Single Incompressible Floating Pile

This problem has been considered by Poulos and

Davis (1968).

The distribution of shear stress along the pile

shaft is shown in Fig.13.l for various Lid values
100
while the proportion of applied load transferred to
the base is shown in Fig.13.2.

..
co

t
Cl
(l) 75

pltdL
p- c:
~
\
O0r-_..:0:.;·2~5:..--..,;0::,·;::.5_.....::0::,,·7:,:5::-_--:,. 1~2::5~~"5 ... ~
Cl

-If-d
"tl 50
.".......
~
Cl
oS
"0
~,
g,
Cl

~ 25
.........
~
,
......,

~
~
co
II.

-
2
0-5 o

FIG.13:l Distribution of shear stress along FIG.13.2 Proportion of applied load transferred to
incompressible pile. base of incompressible pile.

Influence factors for the vertical displacement

are shown in Figs.13.3 to 13.6 for a pile in a finite
layer and for four values of Vs (Poisson t s ratio of
mass) •
The effect of having an enlarged base. diameter
on the is shown in Fig .13 •7 for base load.

269
270 AXIALLY LOADED PIlES

I I I I I I I I
ill rfr
p
DisIltocczmcrnt P " LE!!'--
3-0 I - - 3·0 I---
1---1f--4_Di_OS_P+I,O_C_CZIl'lCZ-+n_t_p...."_L_PE_;t-lP__
-j
.. h ...l L/d

j~~: L~I
2u 2·S I---
{l ~ ...- 200 L-- ...-
...- -
200 -~

0/
-~
~

- - 100

50
L--
I---
I...---

-
-
1

c
E
~ ,-0
1/V- V
I----
2

10 ~ -
I-- t---
.. 0·5 1//
o S
is.
Q
V- I----
I~I--: ~
..... 2
1 -
t---
-
0, l-a 2
l-a 2'0
O·S 0-4 0-3 0-2 0-1 0 o-S C>4 0-3 C>2 0-1 o
L/
h
L/h

FIG.13.3 Displacement of incompressible pile in FIG.13.4 Displacement of incompressible pile in

finite layer. \Is = o. finite layer. \Is" 0.2.

Displacczmcznt p"
-+--1--+ Lk I -+---,--t---I
&;I p
I-- rt I
Ltd
I I
Displacczmcznt p" - ·lp
LE s
IP

2
200
2·SI--I----..,--+~::::lo-_t====---+-+--=:!:==-i
.
t 2·S ,L~:
- ~
200_ f-- l---
1--

u
{1.
~
. 200
.g / V
{1.

. 1/ 200 ",
------ --- -
10-
~
'In
I--

- - -
---
~

--
.a ~
:s ~ I--
:s HS J.L-..,.i~--+---t=_l_--:=F:::..+-+--_t_-t_-; 1·5
/
. 0 -
C
/ 10 I---

--- -
~

-
1·0 h"'-!---b_;c:::=+--t-
~.. 1/ / ~
c
I~ ~
.....
~
- 2
1 '--
-....
j
0, l-a 2 0,
1-2 l-a 2
Qo5 C>4 0-3 0-2 0-1 o Qo5 0-4 0-3 0·2 0·1 o
L/ L/
h h
FIG.13.5 Displacement of incompressible pile in FIG.13.6 Displacement of incompressible pile in
finite layer. \Is" 0.4. finite layer. \Is" 0.5.
 S:lNCLE COKPRESSIBIZ PIU

13.2 Single Compressible Floating Pile

,
p
/
0

60

'"
tr
"<0,"-
L.{jo ~/

/ /
/
/
The compressibility of the pile in relation to
the soil is expressed by a pile stiffness factor X
where
K • ••• (13.1)

0
v.. 0 · 5 / / / Epo Young's llIodulus of pile
E• • Young's 1IIOdu1us of soil mass
/ / RA· area of pile 'd'
seetion/~

0
/ / ,y The influence of K on the shear stress distrib-

/ 1/ / /'
ution along the pile is shown in Fig.13.9 while the
proportion of load transferred to the base is shown in
Fig.I3.10. The difference between the t.op and tip

1/ / / p/ displacement of a pile haVing L/&-25 is shown in

-
Fig.I3.II. Influence factors for displacement of the
pile top are shown in Fig.13.12. In all the above

0
V/ ~ '"
eases, the layer is of infinite depth. The influence
of finite layer depth is shown in Fi,.13.13.
I-- '00
Influence factors for the vertical displacement
0 , of a point within a semi-infinite mass, at depth H
below the surface and radial distance r fro. the
axis. due to a pile are shown in Figs.13.14 .to 13.27
for various values of LId and K. These factors
FIG.I3.7 Effect of enlarc;ed. base em proportion of have been ob'tained by Poulos and Mattes (1971a).
load tnnsfene4 to pile bue.
0
,,
o ., \ I . r 1.--
\
V
0 o· , ./

, ~r--"
,. o.,
,/
"

•
\1.\1\" 1'.. o.,
L/c,.25

i!:':~ o· ,
,\ "- II I

t
• I
•
00
f~o. •
"'.005
\ 1\ o· , ,
I
J
J
1
I
s'
.-
:::! \ \
III/A o. , o., I
I
-H-.
• • I
I
•
o·
,
I
\
'1•• 0----
FIG.U.S Effect of en1U9ed base on pile displaee- V•• Q05
\
o.,
Illent•• '0<- \1(.!5000
I '"
\
~. ,
-0
0 ~. '-0 , .• >0 ,.. ,-0 , ..
The behaviour of piles of non-unifo~ cross- p.1t"L.
-p-
section is considered by Poulos (1969) while the
behaviour of piles having a rigid cap resting on the FIG.13.9 Effect of pile compressibility on shear
_ _ _-"'u~r~f~ace is ex8lll:ined by Poulos (l968b). _ sae.s distribution (Mattes and Poulos.~19691._ _
m ..urAur LaUED I'ZtZ5

'00
The dbplace.ent. p is ctven by
- Cl·t)I,
...".
•
• • 2-,
L E • •
••• (13.2)
".. ~

~
~
" ---- 1'--,.
The solutions are for Va-O.5. but "- eene:rally
bas a relatively ...11 effect on 1p. For 7'/f;>O.S.
the displac_nt due to the pile, is within t3\ of the
value due to a point load P act.inC on the axis at • • .~ I'--..
~~
I'-
K ----
disunce 1£13 "low the surface.
'. f--

---
I
N
·,
'"/do 1
I", ___ ~.o-s
~.o

/ , '0 ,
E
1'0 // --- 0·'
,
-
~~
•
§ ..
--
~
•, o ,
"• "• • "• •
'" •
i~, /
/'
'",. FIG.IJ.12 Displace_nt. laUuenee factors for
ee-pre••Jbla floating pile (HAttea and
'"
r
-- J.e:"----- 50-
---25 Poliioll, 1969).
0 "'"
" ,
FIG.IJ.IO Effact of pile ~e.slbl11ty on load
transferred to pile base (Matte, and Poulos,
19691.

•
•r--- l
, -...
,
"'-'.
•
P·-·l,- -
'.'
'-.t".25
- .. ------

'\
"

~\:-. -------_. --_.

1'1/. . ' -

• , ... __ . .
--
'. • ,, ._--- -
11,.0-5
'.0

, .~ -_._- - o~,-,,~.•,--~,.~.,~,~.-t,.;;.-'l.-..l._..l._..l._..l._J
, ", "A 0'5 ()O. ()oJ 0-2 0-, o
~ -
'A.
, -----
---~-
;;.~ ~>
..
.--- FIC.ll.JJ Effect ot tlnJte 1.yer deptb on ptle
dlsplece-ent (Hattes end Poulos, 1969)
0 , ,,' o· ,,'
•
FIG.}).II Top and tip diaplace.enta of eoapressible
flOll.t1ng pile (Katt. . and Poulos. 19691.
 10 - 10 10
lid .100 1= 5,
LA! .100 -1= lid' 100 ~
s
5 _
v•• 0'5 f-- V•• 0·5 1== 5 \
I--
I--
Va' 0'5
~
H K .20,000 f-- HIL K .1000 ~ f-\ H/l
K ." 100
10-

~ ill
!'((
~..o Nt
J==fl
. ~
i=s 1
~1
~~t,'25
0'5 0'5~- 1·25 0'5'~
....::::
1=1'1'525 eB
--
1'5 ~ 1-1.5
Ip ~ 2
,. Ip 1= ~2 Ip :::: 1-2 ~
~
-
~ ~ ~
3
0'1
"I
- 0·1
"I
0·11==
3
I
0'05; 0'05, QoOl5 B
Ii:
~
~
0·01 ~
o 0·1 0·2 0-3 (}4 0'5 0'01 0 ()Ol ()O2 0'3 0'4 0'5 0'0. 0 ()Ol ()O2 0·3 (}4 ()O5
2 1'5 1 0'5 0 2 1'5 1 0'5 0 2 1-5 1 0'5 0
'it rA r/l
llr llr l/r
Factors for displacement due FIG.13.lS Factors for displacement due FIG.13.l6 Factors for displacement due
to pile. Lid - 100, X-20000. to pile. LId. 100, X-lOoo. to pile. LId - 100, X-IOO.

I'\)

i:l
 ~.

"

10, - 10 e-= ~ 10
I-
-- ~ ·2~ 1= - L/cl.25
t== LId' 25 I:=:
~ l-
l-
~
-- "•• O·~
F
I--
5
- ".' O,~ I-
f--
5
110. 0 '5 ~
I--
K.l0oo K.loo
~
_I _ K .20,000 H/L
-
~ HI.L
l.D ~1
~ \' L I ~
~
o·~
~1
=1'
1'25

i-- 2-
::...

~
:;;::
0'5 '::::::-1'25
Si'5
~2-
=-l -
-
--
0-5
---
I=:S too..1
1'25
1'~ ~
lp I-- ..
-
~

~
Ip

I~
1- i - t--:
T -~
Ip =
~
2
~

~
l::
"<

i
5 5
o·'1 -
= I--
--
0'1 0'1
l§l t
0'05'\ I - - 0'05 - 00()5i t :j

-
I
l I I , I I I I I -.J I I I
-
--' 0-0,
~
0'0'0 0'1 0'2 0'3 0'4 0'5 0'01 0 0-1 0-2 0-3 0>4 0-5 o 0-1 0-2 0-3 04 OS .
2 1'5 1 0'5 0 2 1'5 1 0-5 0 2 1'~ 1 0-5 0
'1L r/L L/r
r/L
L/r L.t,.
FIG.13.l? Factors for displacement due FIG.13.l8 Factors for displacement due FIG.13.l9 Factors for displacement due
to pile. Lid - 25, K-20000. to pile. Lid .. 25, K..1000. to pile. Lid" 25, K..100.
 10

to--
~lft
.LM·l0
V•• 0'5
K .2QPO(
1==
I-
I-
10

I-- H/
L
LIcJ .10
V•• 0-5
K .1000
F=
~
--
-
00_
5
I I I
~.,~ ~
V•• 0'5
K .100
I I I I
=l:::

0-5
"""
~'25 0'55~
1
1'25~ ~
f= 1-5
I-- 2 - 1'5
f.2' ~
~ lp ~ lp o
--1 't

~ 5 ~ ~ ~
" ~
~~~~~~§~~~!~~~
0-1 O'
0-05 0'05 0'05~
0-1
~
'- &:
~
0'0, - 0'01
l;;
0'01 0 (H 0'2 0-3 0-4 0'5
2 1'5 1 0'5 0
o 0'1 0'2 0'3 0-4 0'5 o 0'1 0'2 0'3 0-4 ()O5
r/L ~{ 2
1'5 1 0-5 0
'i 2 1'5 1 0'5 0
L/r L
L/r L/r

FIG.13.20 Factors for displacement due FIG.13.21 Factors for displacement due FIG.13.22 Factors for displacement due
to pile. LId .. 10, K..20000. to pile. Lid .. 10, K..1OOO. . to pile. LId" 10, X-1OO.

I\)

~
 '"
~

'-0 c:=---------------,--, "0 i!6 i i i i 1-0~

L;d" 5
lyd" 5
", " 0-5
V • O'S
K • 100 E
I I
I I • :a
Ip

3
Ip
Ip

I II at:
'<:

1
3
I g
0'1~$~
liJ
0-'/ 5 ----- "\'
, I 0" J 5 _ i, ! 1-=:" I '='
~
!
i I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I'
I
I

I
E
~oo' I 0-05' I I I i i , 0.05' ! i I I I I
o 0-2 ()4 0'6 0-8- o 02 0-4 0-6 08 . o 0-2 0-4 08 08
0-8 0-6 0-4 0-2 0 0-6 0-6 04 0-2 0 0-8 0-6 04 02 0
'i'L Lj,.
"/L L/,.
"/L
L/,..
FIG.13.23 Factors for displacement due FIG.13.24 Factors for displacement due FIG.13.2S Factors for displacement due
to pile. Lid = 5, K=20000. to pile. Lid = S, K=lOOO. to pile. Lid D S, X-1OO.
 "0 "0
I
I
, I

Lid' 2 f-- , LId" , f0o-

; ;
V•• 0'5 f-- V.' 0'5 "--
I
= I i
\.. H'
.., YL_ i
K ~'OO f--
I
i
t
K ~'OO -
0.5 0'5
-.... ~O I I (I.H/L

-o:::::~~1 ~ !II

~
Ip
~!~ ~ I I Ip
~~~ &;
n

~\
'3
--+-~
3· .
'~ ~- r--.... ~
r-~~ I lsi
:u
~
0,' ,
s11 0"
~
,! ~
i

I ; I
,
I I .......
I ;

!
I

i I
"{
I
!
! I '" :!l
&;
0.05
I 1 I I·" 0005
! I I ""'"
I I I I I I I
o 0'2 004 0'6 0'8 o 0'2 0'4 0'6 0'6
<>e <>e ()04 002 0 0'8 0'6 0'4 0'2 0
'i'L L/r 'it L
/r

FIG.13.26 Factors for displacement due FIG.13.27 Factors for displacement due
to pile. LId. 2, K:?: 100. to pile. LId. 1, K:?: 100.

::i
278 AXIALLY LOADED PILES

13.3 Single Compressible End-Bearing

Pile
This problem has been considered by Poulos and
Mattes (1969a).
For a rigid bearing layer, the distribution of
axial load within the pile with depth is shown in
Fig.13.28 while the proportion of load transferred to
the pile base is shown in Fig.13.29. The displacement _
of the top of the pile is shown in Fig •.13.30.

- - 1 1•• 0-5
o L- ---- vs·O ...J..---l
0..---,..--...----,.--...,.---,.,.. -"-

100 1000 '0.000

K

FIG.13.30 Displacement at top of end-bearing pile.

0'4 1---+--4"~-+----t~";'+-H

0·6 I---++-.F-+---+++--:++--H
13.4 Negative Friction in a Single End-
o'a 1--++--!--++--Hf--+-1 Bearing Pile
This problem has been considered by Poulos and
Mattes (1969b).
Load in For a layer tmderlain by a rigid base which is
subject to a vertical displacement which varies
FIG.l3.28 Load distribution in end-bearing pile. linearly from So at the surface to zero at the base
(z=L). Influence factors for the maximum load PN
induced in a pile (at the tip) are shown in Fig.13.3l.
Distributions of load along the pile are shown
in Fig.13.32.

~ "0 """",.....,--....--....---,.-....,.---,...~...,..-...,
o 0'7
ell
a 5

.
; o·al+-\-Jt--P-:-+--+--+---...--+---1
0'6 ---§.----
.
L-
L-

~ 0'6 Hr--iT-~+--+--~-+--+--+---1 10
~ O·S
"0

~ 0·41--+-1--\-+~:-+-+-+-~:--t--I
0'4
o IN
c
~ 0·2
L- 0'3
a
l 0·2

FIG.l3.29 Prqportion of load transferred to base 0,'

--11•• 0
of end-bearing pile. ----11•• 0·5
0
100 '000 10000 100.000
K

FIG.l3.3l Influence factors for downdrag load at

 219

13.5 Floating Pile Groups

13.5.1 Ufi'ERACfION BEilIEEN TWO ID£HTICAL PILES

The increase in vertical displacement of a pile
P.I N"E s"So'L due to an adjacent identical pile has been considered
by Poulos (1968c) and Poulos and Mat'tes (1971b) in
L/d· 2 :1
'terms of an interaction factor a where

a • ratio of inerease in displaceaent

due to adjacent pile to displacement
of single pile only.

- The variation of a with centre-to-centre pile

spacing sid is shown in Fig.!3.3! for two incOlllpress-
ible piles in a finite layer. An example of the
effect of va on a is shown in Fig.13.34. Curves
of a liS. sid for two compressible piles in a semi·
infinite mass having vrD.S are shown in Figs.
nG.l3.32: Distribution of downd:raq load along' pUe. 13.35 (a) to (c) three values of LId.

For compressible piles with a rigid circular cap

resting on the surface, interaction curves are given
by Davis and Poulos (1972).

,.
o~
nG.l3.33 Interaction factors for two inoooprcssible
piles in a finite layer.
8

8
"
\~\: ~ IlA.
"- ,
drll
L~:::::
• ~
-.... r-- 1.4:1. 25
........ ",_0"5
-

'·2
2

0
o 2 ,
• , ~
0·2 015 001 o
'I. %

o·8

"'....
,

6 .. ~

• o· '-, ~ b.. ,..,

l./d· 2 :1

---v".0
"•• o-s FIG.13.34 Effect of v on intencticm factors for
two floittin!J pile: in it seai,-infinite mass.

-- --- --- F.::.: -_......

•
'b- '-
'"
'--
.,
2

0
o 2 ,
-- t'.::-....,

~2 ~, 0
%
280 AXIALLY LOADED PILES

1'0 r--:----r---~-.,._-_r--,....-_r--.,._-...,

0'8 k-~+--+--+--+-+--+---:---'---+---t
L/d ·l0
" •• <>5
0-6 ....,..:-'......-'~:t--+--+-+--t--..,.--;----t (a) Lid. 10
a.

0'21--~-t--F

oOL_!.-'-';2L-.J3L_4L_5L_-L_ _C::::::t:~-..J
0'2 0-15 0'1 o
sid
dis

(b) Lid· 25

4 5
0'2 0-15 0-1 0~5 0
dis

1'0 .
"
......'Volucls
\
of K
0'8 '
....:
I

(c) Lid. 100

a.

°0~-!--2!:--3~-~4--:5~-...I---.L.--"""-"';
0-2 0-15 Q-1 005 o
~d d ys

FIG.13.35 Interaction factors for two floating piles in a

semi-infinite mass.
 PILE GROUPS 2Bl

13.5.2 ANALYSIS OF GENERAL PILE GROUPS 13.6 End-Bearing Pile Groups

The two-pile interaction factors in Figs.13.33
and 13.34 may be used to analyze the displacement and
load distribution in any general pile group by using
the principle of superposition, which has been found For two identical piles resting on a rigid base,
to apply closely for pile groups. interaction factors a are plotted against centre-to-
centre spacing in Figs. 13.36(a) to (c).

For any pile i in a group of k piles, the As for floating pile groups, superposition may
displacement is be used to analyze any general pile group. Typical
solutions for the displacement of load distribution
k within groups of end-bearing piles are presented .by
p. = PI (I P. a .. + P.) .•• (13.3) Poulos and Mattes(197lb).
1. j=l J 1.J 1.
j,H,

where PI = displacement of single

pile under unit load
a ..
1.J
= interaction factor for
spacing between piles
i and j
P• = load in pile j.
J

If the above equation is written for all the

piles in the group, and use is made of the equilib-
rium equation

k
Pa = I P. . •• (13.4)
j=l J

where Pa = total group load,

the reSulting equations may be solved for two limiting
cases:

(i) equal displacement of all piles. This

corresponds to a rigid pile cap, and the
distribution of load and the uniform dis-
placement of the group may be computed.

(ii) equal load in all piles. This corresponds

to a uniformly-loaded flexible pile cap, and
the distribution of displacement in the group
may be computed. .

Typical solutions for the settlement and load

distribution in various pile groups are given by
Poulos (1968c) and Poulos and Mattes (197lb).

Similar solutions for pile groups having a pile

cap resting on the surface are given by Davis and
Poulos (1972). •
282 AXIALL~ WADED PILES

0'8
I
Lid .10

0·6
I v._ 0·5
(a) Lid = lO
a \
\
,
IVaIuczs ot K

0'4 200
" '~
0·2 ..:::...... 50
l5~ )Q

._---~I..l:::" t::--- .....

----
--- 4 5
0·2 0·15 005 o

1'0

I
I
0'8
I L/d ·25

0'6
\ I V.-05
(b) Lid = 2S
a \', FIuczs of K

0'4
'.. . . . . '~ I
---&~ ~
--~
0'2

-r -
1OOO
500

2 3 4 5
()02 o
sid

\
0'8 \

', ot
.......... Val~s K Lhl- 1OO
V.-05
0'6 ~ [;:-10 (c) LId - lOO
a
0'4 --'-. ~~ ........
~ 500
-----1000 --.::
--
-
0'2
~ ....
"""" 4 5
02 ()o15 0·1 005 0
dis

FIG.l3.36 Interaction factors for two end-bearing piles

resting on a rigid bearing stratUIII.
 Chapter 14
PILES SUBJECTED TO
LATERAL LOAD AND MOMENT

14.1 Single Floating Pile For the free-head· pile, the horizontal displace-
ment p at the pile top is given as

••• (14.1)
14.1.1 HORIZONTAL JoDVEMEN!S AND ROTAnONS
(Fig.14.1)
..,here I pB and I pM are plotted in
Figs.14.2 and 14.3
against KR~ where
KB = pile flexibility. factor
EI
~ ....R...2. ••• (14.2)
E L'
•
!pIp = pile stiffness
" Es " soil modulus.

L
-. i.
The rotation e at the top of a free-head pile

1-.
.L ,. ••• (14.3)
FIG.I4.l
is plotted against KR
in Fig.14.S
- I pN (fig.14.3).

Fo~ a fixed-head pile, the displacement at the

pile top is

This problem has been

(1971a).
cons~dered
".
by Poulos
•• IL
"'E,L
.•• (14.4)

Influence faetors for the displacetDent and rotat-

ion at the top of a pile in a unifora seld-infinite where I pp is plotted against X
R
elastic uss are given in Figs.14.2 to 14.5 for two ip. Fig.14.4.
cases:
(1) a free-head pile i.e. free rotation In Figs. 14.2 to 14.5, V of the soil is 0.5.
at the top,
This p&raetel' has a relatively SIIlall effect on
____...:.....:.._a
(ii) a the pile_tQP_·
pile i.e.
fixed~head no rotation --, the displacement and rotation factors. -1
284 LATERALLY LOADED PIUS

50

~ ValullS of t r---r--r----r--r---..,--......,r---...,
r-::
20 \000

10
- ~~ 25

~I~
~
IPH 100 I-=--lo::,.....:.~ ~:=-+--_f_--f--_f_-__1

~
'-.: I

Vs ·0·5
"'" "-- 10

10 1~6 ~5 1~ ~3 ~2 ~ 10
KR

PIG.14.2 Influence factor I pH for free-head pile. FIG.14.3 Influence factors for free-
head pile.

50 .....-...,----,....--...,.--.....,--...,.---..,.----.

Vs·O·S

fO ......=---P~~+_-_1_--_I_-_1---I--~

5.--+-......j.:~~~-+--+--+--I

21---I---I---+-----l~~~--I----l

"0-6 ,()""5 'O-~ 10-3 10-2 10" 10 10

KR

PIG.14.4 Influence factor IpF for fixed-head pile. FIG. 14.5 Influence factor I for free-head pile.
eM
 pL,3
~ M
H
o 100 200 300 400 500 600 ._--
1000 o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

I~ r
0200 -100 ~

o ~

I
~
~

KR-l0~ -4
0-2 I KR-l 0'2! _K R ·10 KR -l

~
I I t- 25 - 25
Vs ·0'5
0-4I Vs-O-S 0'4I

T
z I FNll2 Hezad PIIl2
z
L
Frl2l2 Hl2ad PIIl2

0-6i
! I I
0'6i
1 I
0-8I
I I') jHWT ....·I On
.'-
f--- 0'6i f - - I ----
I
(b) MOfTl(Iflt Only
/ J
1-0
.,,/
1'0
I I I el
iti
,t;

~~
.E!:,.2 ~
£H
6200 -100 o 100
H
200 300 400 ---
!500 600
0 50 o --
50 100 150 ---
200 --
250 ---
300 350 a
~ T l
, ~
---
/~

0-2
I / 0'2
KR-l I KR -10
I

, /J:. _
I '/ ,X I
t- 1C , d
50
I ~
t
0-4I

0-6i
il KR-O-Ol
V.- 0-5
z
T
0'4I

0-6I I - - -
I'
i
Vs

I
- 25
-0-5

0-8I
/
(C) HorIzontal Load I Only- FNIl2 Hl2ad PlIl2

0'6I
I
i
(d) Flxl2d Hl2ad PlIl2 - Horizontal Load Only

1-0
lJ/ 1-0
) \
' ...
FIG.14.6 Typical horizontal pressure distributions al~ng laterally loaded piles.

t.)

~
286 lATERALLY LOADED PILES

14.1.2 HORIZONTAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION

~
60-6 -0-5 -0-4 -03 -02- -01- o 0-1
Typical horizontal pressure distributions are
given in Figs.14.6(a) to (d).
0-2
" ' ...
' ... I
4
r\
' ....
KR·l "-,,-
KR.l0~
14.1.3 MOMENTS IN PILE "- ""'l
"-
Typical moment distributions along a free-bead
pile are shown in Fig.14.7 and along a fixed-head pile z
0-4
"-, I
in Fig.14.8.
T
"
+.25
The maximum moment in a free-head pile subject vs '0-5 '\
to horizontal load only is plotted against Ka in \
\.
Fig.14.9. For a pile subjected to moment only, the 0-8
maximum moment always occurs at the pile top. \"\
The variation with KR of fixing moment at the 1-0
top of a fixed-head pile is shown in Fig.14.l0.
FIG.l4.8 Typical IIDment distributions along a fiXed-
head pile.

Mz
HL
0-10 0-15 0-20

0-2 ~+---+---~~-t---1

I
FIG. 14. 7 Typical IIDment distributions along a free-
head pile
o -6H---+--¥--'''-:---1 (a) subjected to horizontal load only
(b) subjected to IIDment only.
o -8t----;.+-

(a)

Mz
"iii
0 0-2 0-4 0-6
0

0-411---.;---+---t7'--+--';
..L
L
0-611---+-_f---+---+---1

MorNnt Only

(b)
 287

14.2 Tip-Restrained Piles

o." For a pile whose tip rests on a rigid base and
does not move horizontally, infiuence factors fOT the
o.", displacements and rotation at the top of the pile are
to
o.", YOluuct-t
1/ / ' given in Figs.14.II 14.14. The actual displace-
and rotations are again given by equations
lIlents
(14.1) to, (14.4). Two boundary conditions at the top

o .",
""'/ :" I of the pile, free-head and fixed.head, and two
boundary conditions at the pile tip, a pinned tip (no
displacement. free rotation) and a fixed tip (no dis·

0-00
7/ 7- placement, no roution) are considered. These figures
show that the tip boundary condition does not influence
displacement or rotation unless XR>l~l.

o·
'/ For fixed head piles. the fixing -.ent at the
pile head is shown in Fig.I4.IS.
II 1/ / MoXinum Momont I n _
F,.. Head Pilt
For fixed dp piles. the fixing IDOllel'lt at the
pile tip is shown in ~ig.14.16 for applied horizontal
~ '// HQrizontOI L.oacI Only load and in Fig.14.17 for applied .ament.
o·02
(5, For free-head piles. the maxi_ IlDment in the
pile is plotted against Z3 in Fig.14.18 •.

",'

'.
,," The force at the tip is shotm in Fig.14.19 for
free-head piles and in Fig.14.20 for fixed head piles.

FIG.14.9 Maxi_ IIDlReI:It along a fre.-bead pile

subjected to horizontal load only. -0·

6 J"051
-0· !5 i - - F"oMIg _
I
CIt IImd CIt
I~

-0·
•
Ilxlld·hggd P ....

I VI
M-
Ho:
-0· , I / 1/
~-~t Jill
,
-0·

-0· ,
'
p,V
'0

o ,0
'0
-- be V
'0
'. '"
'0
'"
FIG.14.10 F1Jtinli IDment. at head of ... fizecl-head pile.
 1
218
1

~
~lulIll Of t \
'00

'-
jJ.
~
'00

- ~

t---~~"
-.... '"
, ,
I
0 , '0
, ~
, -....: '",

'...
,
I
,
,
~
•
'...
,
-_."
--
\
-~.\Ip
......,.~

~
- - - I"'".--tip
M .

o· , P'EsL~
• o· , p. E;Lz IpM

e.~ I~

'., , .. ., , ., ., , .. ., ., .,
'" •• '" '"
FIG.14.12 Influence fa~s IpM IUd X for
FIG. 14. 11 Influence.factor t"H for free-head pile.
free-head pile.
ea

'00

Volws 01 t
'0
'00 . .
,oof-+-t--
"
',.. .~~
,ot--t--+-+-t-

'\ \ \
--~.tip

- - - FlucI-tlp

-"_.", e.~lp04
M

o·,- ___ "Ix.Hip

P"f;L°lpl \
\
\\
\ ,
0... . , ~
. . ,
'"
F1G.l4.13 1ll1Naac:e (KlDJ fpC (Of f'ixc6.bead pile.
 'l'IP-ItBSTlIAINBD PIUS 2.9

-O·"f-+-f-~
,
FIG.14.lS F1.xin<; _ t at head. of fi1led.-head pile.
MIll
-0·.f-+--l-+-4~=l=..j
\
"'HL \\
\' ,

,.0
, _' .. L ' ..;.. -
- - "'_-IIliad.F1Qd-tlp
- Fil«td. ·.. 1
,,
0·"
.;.. 1
"
lAO
I FIG.14.16 Fi:ldng _ t at tip due 'to bodzontal load
O· • I
I,
ol1ly.

f', '"
0·. .
(I.
~
o -, -. '" , - -
'" '0

'.'" '" '"

,. 0
Fru-_. "'--Itip ~/
O·
•
~1.100 _~/~
.-, • FIG.14.17 Fixing - . n t at tip due 'to appUed
O·
• I
a:oeqt only.
I
I
O·
• I

O· ,
I
/
o --..' . \
-0· .. '"-. '\ '"'.1/
'"
-
'" " '0
-, '0
290 IJl7'BRALLl' LOADED PILES

0·2.--,....-,...--,...--.,--..,---,

0·151--;---t---I7''-7''-+--t----i 0'51--+---1-

0·051--+-7'-7'1--+---+--+---1 -0'5

10 10

(a) (a)

1·0.--,....-,...--.,.....--r--..,--::::::~

0·8

0·61--+--;--;--++--t----1

0-41--;---t--+-..Ht---t----i

o o21--i--;--+r.f--t---t---j

(b) (b)

FIG.14.l8 Maximum moment in free-head pile subjected FIG.14.l9 Tip force for free-head piles.
to horizontal load only.

1·0.--,...--.,.....--rI---r---,--,
- Fixc:CI-hClOCl. FixC2C1-tip.
--- FixC2C1-hCIOCl. PinNCI-tip.
Oo51--r---r----'r--r--1I---t

- 0'51--+---1

FIG.14.20 Tip force for fixed-head piles.

 PIU GROUPS

14.3 Pile Groups 14.3.2 ANALYSIS OF GENERAL PILE GROUPS

As with floating axially.loaded pile groups
(Section 13.5.2). the principle af superposition llay
14.3.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO IDENTICAL PILES be used tagether with the two-pile int:eraet:ian fact:ors
(Fig.14.21) to comput:e the laads and displaceaent within the group
for the cases of equal displaeeJDent of all piles. or
equal loads in all piles.

The horizontal displacement: af a pile i in a

group af k piles is given (far the ease of free-
head piles) by:
L k
, , (r H.ap~,"H.)
j=1 OJ " ..OJ 1.
jFf.
k
(r M.a,w,+H.)
j_I J ~ ....., 1.

i# •.• (14.5)
FIG.14.21
where H " horizontal load in pile j
j
a"..... - value of UpB for spacing
_ ..J and value of B bet:ween
This problem has been considered by Poulos piles i and j.
(1971b). Increases in displacement: and 1'Out:ion of
the top of a pile due to the presence of an identical PH - horizontal IDOvement of
adjacent: pile can be. as with axially-loaded piles. single pile due-to unit
expressed in t:erms of an interact:ion fact:or a where applied horizonul load
a ,. ratio of increase in displaceDIent (or H ,. IIDllent in pile -j
rotat:ion) due to the adjacent pile to j
the displacement (or rotation) of a a"w: • ,. values of apH for spac-
single pile. ~"J ing and values of S
between piles i and j

PH ... horizont:al aoveaent: of

Five interaction factors are considered: single pile due to unit:
applied lIlOIIIent.
a H - interaction fact:or for displacement due t:o
P horizontal load only
A si.Jllil~ expression _y be written for 'the rot-
apM" interaet:ion factor for displacellent: due to ation of pile i. ar for the displacement: of pile i
IllOWleDt only for a group of fixed-head piles.
aeB - interaction factor for rotation due to Application af the above equation to all piles
horizontal load only fa M ,. a~ in the group. t:ogether with the equilibriUIII equations
a " interact:ion factor for rotation due to
enable solutions t:o be obtained from the laad and
eM IIDlDent only maaent distributions and the displacement and rotation
af a group for the equal displacement case, or far the
(the above factors apply to free-head piles) displacement and rotation distributions in a group for
the equal laad (and IllOmen~) ease. For llIOID.ent loading
apr ... interaction factor for displaceaent of the effect: of the axial' pile laads ElSt be considered.
fixed-head piles. '
Typical solut:ions for the displacement: of a
fixed-head group of piles. for the equal displacement
Values of apH' 0pJ.I. aeM and upp are plotted case. are given by Poulas (1971b).
against di.aen.sionless pile spacing sid in Figs.
14.22 to 14.31 for various values of KR and LId.
Interaction factors are plotted for values, of S (angle
between the line of the piles and the direction of
loading) of O· and 90·. For other values of S.
it is sufficiently accurate to interpolate linearly
between the curves for O· and 90·.

I
 ,.0 ,.0
o·• o· , I I
v,.0-5
o· • v." o-s o· • ValUol$ 01 t
o· ,
:I' G1UIU 01
,~
,-
• ----
__ p.O'
~. "';' o· ,
\,,~O(

, I~\ ~ i:'. ....... IKlloo·,1

-jl.O·
- j l . SlO"
I I
o· • o·
,~
o·
~
" IK1I"16!1!
.," , 1\\:,, ~
O·
.......
"" o·•
o ·3
,,, ~
,,
i\,. t'---
I'---.. • 0-

O· 3
, , ,,",
"-
", .... " ~ .......
-" ~ ~, ,\ '"
" ........ I""-......

o .,
o .,
~ ~
'~"~ ~~,
- -: ----~~
""'-
" , O·

O· ,
"

.,
"- i'-...
" '" ,
,
,
-'-
•
)
·, 0'2 0-15
+
~-..::-

0-' o-OS 0
2
t
3
0-2 0-15 0,'"
-1-
0-5
"
o

FIG.14.22
~
Interaction factor
_ 10- 5 "ps. FIG.14.24
~
Interaction
- 0.1
f~r

,. 0
I I
0·' v•• 0'5
o· • ~"'~IUU of t
v•• 0-$
_jloO'
II • O' o·
l~ ~ ,
- - - lJ .!ilO" --jl.W
o·, ,, I
I 10'"31
~ I
'"
WlMs 01 1:. Kit'
11(11 010
0- •
0·. o· •
i:'. .,.,I , ", '';'' I-......
0·'
.
,,::--::: aPM O'
,~ " ........
"" o·• l':'
\
"- ~ "-...
o· •
1"<,
,
" .... I'..... ~
"
t'---' '\
o· 3
...., "'- o· 3
.... , -, J:::,..
o· ,
h
'::::;;"'" I-...." ~ l\ '"- o· 2
-'- , I", 1\
o· ,
, 3
"
• 0·',
- h",
j:~ L" ~
o· ,
2 3 •
t-... ~ 1\
",~,
•• o t 0-15 0-1

+
0-05 0

FIG.14.2J
Ita - 10-'
1ntera~lon factor
"_10
FIG.14.2S Inter&Ction faetoz QPB.

-------
 PILE GROUPS 293

1· 0 1·0

o· 9 O·g
I Vs .0-5 I
13 ·0' Vs ·0-5
O· 8 0·8

O· 7
--- P .90'
I 0·7
1\\ - - 13
--- P .90'
.0'

O' IK R .10-51f--- 0'6

f\\\ ~alUtlS Oft
1t--
~ YalUtlS of i- SS, ~ IKR.0- 1
S
I\\~ , ""
[\' ~
'"
\
'\
O' 4
\~,
, " .... l\.. 1......~ ~ ...........
K
0- 3 0·3
\
....
" '~
.......
\ '...., I'--. ~5" .... ~ '\
o· 2
O' 1
\
".1( ~.L
10"
~"
"- i'-
1'-_
---
~
..........
f'.....
~-- ~
0·2

0
I
''''~-
-- --- "",
........... ~
...
.\ ""'l::
~,
-~ ~\
2 3 4 5 0 2 3 4 5
: 0-2 0·15 0'1
d
T
0'05 0 .L
d
0'2 0-15 0-1
f
0'05 0

FIG.14.26 Interaction factors a and a eH • FIG.14.28 Interaction factors a pM and a eH .

~ .10- 5 PH ~ .. 0.1

1·0 1·0

O·g Vs
I
·0-5 o·g
I
+I
vs ' O·S
0·8 13 • o· YalUtlS of I

~100
--13 .900 13 .00
---9 o goo
0'7 I 0·7
~\\ ~ "- IK R 10 I
0·6
~
K ·10
R 0·6
"\, ~ ~ i'-....
0

0·5
1\ ~
~ YalUtlS -¥ ~
"'"
100
of
'
""'"
\ ~. ~, r-......
~ ...... ~ "
0·4 0·4
~"\ ~
\

"""
; \ ,25
0·3
, ~~
1"." 1.~
r-..-..I'-- 0·3
I', I'-~ , ~ ~ ...
0'2 -.... 0'2 "

--'"
~ ~ 1':::.- '~~ ...... "- ~... ~ .\
O' 1
\, 2 - r=::::, ..._-
......~~ 1---
2
s
3
--
!"""'=o:
1:::.==== 1::.--
4 5
0-2 0·15
~
0·1 0-05 O·
0'1

2
s
3 4 5
0-2 0'15
~--. ~ ~\
0·1 0-05 0
cr cr
.l!.
s f
FIG.14.27 Interaction factors a and a eH • FIG.14.29 Interaction factors a and a eH .
~ • 10- 3 PH PH
~ -10
'lU

,. 0 ·0

o ., o ., I
.... 00-5 ..... 0-5
o •• o ••
P .c- ' • o'
o ., t - p .... o ., ~ Vo~dt- I - - p ....
I
YaIW$ 01
\\ J'\-.lo IKR'WJ~I Kt!. 0<,1
o •• , o •• ""
cPl'" O. , ,\\ I\~ o ., ~~·tS~
~~ 1'-. '. t-::
,, \.'-f!." ~"' 1'--- ~,
\ CO' r---;
o., o .,
o ., " .' o
,
, j-..

-- ---
:-..,
',,-,
"' ~\
o.,
., , 23,"' I"" I'" ~
o , " ,
o.,
~" ~ l'-. K . . , 1\ o ., '- ,\
"
- -- --'!->..\
,
~ -'-'
, , ~
, , , , 0'2 0-15 0'1 0'00
~

0
t t :
factor a ..
p••
FIG.14.32 Interaction
"a. - 0.1

,-0 ',0

o· , , o· , I
• I\. ~"I\-.- f - -
v, '0-5
Vs • 0-5
O·
• I -1'·0'
o· " • O·
, • flO"
o· , ---".~. o· >
~votua '011- \~ ~ 110"010 I
o· • ,\~ "" GaK".1O o· • " '~~~~
. ..... f""":: t--....
O· , o· ,
CO' CO' ~

-
O· ,
,
''"" ~f" ,
" ...-""{~~
!'- I--.
25...... " ~
....... r--.., o· ,
,
,<l-_ " t--~
- , 1--."
...... ~I\
o·
O· ,
,
">0
"c
, ~
-.... r-... o·
,
"
-
'"
.........
'-" ~

-- --.
o· .
......... 1\
o· ,
~
O· , ,,
, , , , --~
-- , , , , ,
~ 0-2 0-15 0-1 o-os 0
• t :
1'1G.14.33 Intenction factor
C
oF • . . -10
Cp" •
 PILB ca¥:JUl>S 295

,. 0 '-0 r-'-,-,-T-r-,--,--,-
o -. v." 0'5
o -e -- II ·0'

0- , - jJ .eo·
IKRoiOSI
o
.... 0- ....
o -.
0- 3

o· 2
,t
, ' \VOI..- of
.00

o· ,
~
1"\
-~
'I""- - "- I-'::: t--
2 3 • ,
--
t
0-2 0-' 0'00 o
f
FIG.14.36 Interact10n factor a eH •
"eM. ~ • 0.1

t· 0 ,. 0

o· • o· • 1
v. "0'5
0- , v.' 0'5
o.,
- 13·0" \'\ , 13 "0"
o· , o.,
-- p.go" Volues of ---I3·eo"

, IKlloIo-JI , '''-'00 I !<stolO I

o· o·
, "\'\ ~
\'\ 1\ ~; ~
o·
o· 3
• o· •
o ·3
,,
, " ~ --- '-
.... '"--I'--... ,
o· 2
V"luors of t o· 2
1'\, ~ -
,
"" ~ o· , --
'0 ........
1"- 1\~~
-+
o·
[": --- ---
-
1-_'
-'-~--
2
7
3 • •
0'2 0'15 0'1 0'05 0
2
7
3 • •
0'2 0-15 0" 0'0!5 0
:
..
1"IG.14.35
-
F1G.14.37
,,-le
Interaction factor
14.4 Battered Plies HoNcmtal. atspz.a.c..n-t of ~h44d pile:

~ -
1
B L{V.Ipy + H.In } (14.9)

This preble-. has been considered by Poulos and

•
Madhav (1971). For norul baner miles. it: is where I py - (I -I~.in; co"
found that the axial displaCCllent: due to the mal
coaponent of load on a battered pile are al.8:ln In - Irlin~ I~l.
ic!eDtieal with the vertical displacelllltnts due to ver-
tical load on a vertical pile (CtapteT 15). Si.ai.lar-
ly. the no~ displace.ent due to the DOrstl coJllPOn- In equatiQftS (14.6) to (14.9)
mt of load on a battered pile ay be taken as approx-
~te1y equal to the horizontal displacaent due to
hori:z:cm.Ul load on a vertical pile (See-dons 14.1 and
14.2).
•• angle of batt:er of pile he.
ver't:ieal (positive ba:tttt is in
the direction of the horlzonUl
load or -.en.t)
[ f the smplifyinJ • .ss~dOD is .ade that the
nomal load bas a ne,li,ible effect on axial displace- displaCelleDt influence factor
.ent and that the axial load has a negligible effect for ~ally loaded pile, e.g•
on noraal displaeeaent. the following expressions -.ay Figs. 13.3 to 13.6. Fig. 13. 12
be derived for the vertical and horhonul displace.:nts
and the rotation of a battered pile subjected to a Ip11' I rN laIr ISH' IpI'
vertical load Y. a horbmtal load H and a _ent
H at the surface of the ass: • horizontal displacaaent and
rotation influence factors for
laterally loaded pile (see
sections 14.1 and 14.2) •
••• (14.6)

r~l1· (Ip-IpaJrint cos.

I", • -I"""",

HOrUontat disp~t of fi'a.h44d piZ4:

.. . / L{V.lhT + B.rha + ~ oIhH }

•
•.• (14.7)

where I hv - (Ip-IpB)sin' costjl

1M - I p.in2.tjI + lrif eo8~

I hH - [PH C08'4J
Rotation of free-h_ piu:

•.. (14.8)

where leV - -res sin.

rea - reN cos.
Ie.-,-I 9N
 Chapter 15
'.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

15.1 Thick-Wall Cylinder in Triaxial 15.2 Cylinder With Rough Rigid End
Stress Field (Fig. 15.1) Plates (Fig. 15.2)

FIG.1S.l

az = Pz ••• (lS.la)

a 2b 2 (p -p.) p.a 2_ p b2
o 1- 1- 0
(lS.lb)
ar =- b2_ a 2
(b 2 _a2)r2

a 2b 2 (p -p.) p.a2_p b2
o 1- 1- 0
••• (lS.lc) Moore (1966) has obtained solutions for the
ae =+
(b2_ a 2)r 2 b 2_ a 2 stresses and displacements within the cylinder for
various values of v, H/D and al/a30 For unconfined
compression (a3=O), these solutions are given in
Tables 15.1 and 15.2. For no axial movement (b--o)~
't = 0 ••• (lS.ld)
re the solutions for H/1>=2 are shown in Table 15.3. In
Tables 15.1 to 15.3, the vertical displacement pz is
taken as positive when directed towards the centre of
the cylinder, al and a3 being compressive •
••• (lS.le)
The relationships between the apparent and true
Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus of the cylinder
are shown in Figs.1S.3 and 15.4.

The solution for any ratio of all03 can be der-

ived from a combination of the solution for unconfined
compression (Tables 15.1 and 15.2), with the solution
for 03/01 = 'IJ / (1-v). This latter solution can be
(15. If) calculated straightforwardly since there are no radial
strains throughout the cylinder in this case, Le.
0;r-al, 0r-a3 and the roughness of the .plates has no
effect.
= O. (lS.lg)

297
 MISCELLANEOUS PROBtEHS
'" IS.1 TABLE
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS FOR tniCONFINED COMPRESSION. BID _ 1
(/obore. 1966)

"IV 2l!'ID
.o/ll
• 0.25 0.50 0.75
• 0.25 0.50 0.75 1

''/' (0uf:t..ltzzW)
'r"
1
0.75 •• •
0.015 •
0.032 •
O.OS4
•
0.08S
O.SOO
0.39.
0.500
ll.393
0.500
0.392
0.500
0.38S
0.500
0.351

..•" •••
0.50 0.026 0.053 0.084 O.l1S 0.211 0.270 0.266 0.251 0.240

.
0.032 0.06" 0.096 0.127 0.U7 0.131 0.134 0.12S 0.121
~ _ 0.1.5
o.on 0.067 0.099 0.130
• • • • •
.~ 1:../01 0/01
'IV _1
1
•• 0.048 0.101 0.113 0.686
••
0.192 0.893 0.898
•. m
0.952 3.130

.....
0.15 0.039 0.076 0.092 0.980 0.982 1.022 0.n4
'.50 • 0.020 0.030 D.018 1.059 1.038 1.0:33 1,006 0.908

• ••
0.25
•
0.007
•
0.000
• •• 1.065
1.072
1.059
1.""
1.058
1.057
0.993
0.989
0.925
0.933

o./al 0e!ClI

1 0.291 0.298 0.299 0.311 1.043

••
0.291 0.298
.....
0.299 0.311
.....
LOU
0.15

..•'.50"
0.177
0.013
0.030
0.014
0.170
0.016
0.026
0.011
0.146
0.053
O.OlS
0.005
.....
0.082
0.018

0.001 ••
0.177
0.083
0.030
0.014
0.174
0.079
0.027
0.011
0.163

0.017
0.003
0.138
0.041
0.003
·0.007
O.aos
.0.011
·0.017

,,/, (~tI.J<l:r'dIJ)
'r"
1
••
0.75 •
0.029
•
0.060
•0.101
•
0.154
0.500
0.420
0.500
0.419
0.500
0.416
0.500
0.406
0.500
0.359
0.50
• 0.041 0.099 0.152 0.203 0.299 0.291 0.291 0.275 0.246

• •• ,
0.25 0.051 0.116 0.172 0.221 0.155 0.153 0.141 0.131 1l.126

y. 0.40.
0.061 0.121 0.177 0.226
• • • •
"s-0 td"l ",/al
BID. 1
1
••
0.75
0.50
••
o.on
0.061
0.029
0.165
0.119
0.042
0.210
0.142
0.021
1.236
••
0.862
,."'"
1.092
0.IS9
1.002
1.086
..... .....
0.8S3

1.066
0.175
1.025
6.975
0.811
0.&24
0.25
• •
0.008
• ••
0.007 -0.005
• •• 1;127
1.136
1.114
1.120
1.071
1.069
0.985
0.981
0.167
0.815

,,/al ael"l

.....
1 0.574 0.512 0.569 0.513 4.650 0.574 0.572 0.569 0.583 4.650
0.75
0.50
0.313
0.154
11.320
11.140
0.274 0.156
0.037 •• 0.333
0.1.54
1l.:S:Z:5
0.1'4
0.297
0.112
0.233
0.053
11.048
·0.033
0.25
•
0.055
0.025
0.047
0.020
0.021
0.010
0.009
0.003 •• 0.055
0.025
0.046
0.018
0.023
-0.002
.0.012
·0.028
·0.049
.0.051

,,/, (Qu:t-.:a",ct.J
'r"
, •• • • • • 0.500
0.434
0.500
0.H4
0.500
0.431
0.500 0.500
0;367
0.75 0.035 0.073 0.120 0.180 0.419
0.50
• •
0..25
0.059
0.071
0.119
0.140
0.182
0.206
0.239
0.262
0.315
0.164
0.314
0.163
0.307
0.157
0.288
0.146
0:254
0.130
• • C.014 0.146 C.202 0.268
• • • • •
y _
, 0.4~

.~

'IV - 1
1
••
tn''''
.....
0.091 0.188 0.315· 1.378
••
..... 0.858
",/01
C.843 0.853 11.%6
0.75
0.50
0.25
• •
•• .....
0.032

• •
..... 0.133
0.049
0.161
0.026
·0.005
• ••
1.021
1.120
1.160
1.171
l.C17
1.UO
1.143
1.152
1.Cll
1.081
1.090
1.090
1.016
1.'"
0.986
0.985
0.757

.....
0.190
0.845

,,/al aelas
1 0.707 0.702 0.690 0.698 9.191 0.707 0.102 0.690 0.691 9.791

••
0.75 0.406 0.390 0.334 0.201 0.406 0.394 0.356 0.273 0.032

..•'.50" 0.189
0.069
0.034
0.173
0.059
0.027
0.124
0.035
0.012
0.051
0.011
0.003 ••
0.189
0.069
0.034
0.175
0.1l58
0.024
0.134
0.027
-0.003
0.060 ·0.053
.0.020 ·0.068
-0.039 -0.069
 CYLINE£R JII'l1l RIGID END P1A'rES m
TABU; 15.2
sntfSSES AND DISPlACEl£NTS FOR UNCONFINED ctWRfSSION. BID - Z
(Moo~. 1966)

arID arID
W>
0 0.25 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1
,.........,
0."

',I' ',/0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500

0.875 0 0.007 0.015 0.026 0.012 0.448 0.418 0.4"7 0.443 O.4:MI
0.750
0.625 ,
0 0.012
0.015
0.025
O.OMl
0.035
0.014
0.017
0.056
0.062
0 ....
0.389
0.325
0.260
0;381
0.324
0.259
0.336
0.322
0.257
0.311
0.318
0.312
0.313,
0.500 0 0.016 0.012 0.254 0.252
0.375 0 0.016 0.03.3 0.018 0 .... 0.194 0.194 0.192 0.191 0.190
0.250 0 0.016 0.03.3 0.049 0 .... 0.129 0.129 0.128 0.127 0.127
0.125 0 0.016 0.012 0.018 0 .... 0 .... 0 .... 0.... 0 .... 0 ....
0 0 0.016 0·.033 0.048 0 .... 0 0 0 0 0
v- 0.2$
.~ 0 "tr/0l . a/a1
BID - ,
1 0 0.046 0.098 0.170 0.6U 0 .... 0.887 0.895 0.932 3.118
0.875 0 0.037 0.072 0.089 0 0.969 0.973 0.989 1.021 0.926
0.750 0 0.016 0.024 0.013 0 1.022 1.024. 1.026 1.007 0.915
0.625 0 0.001 -0.002 .0.008 0 1.039 1.037 1.026 0.997 0.943
0.500 0 -0.005 -0.010 .0.011 0 1.035 1.031 1.011 0.995 0.967
0.375 0 .O.DOS -0.009 .0.008 0 1.025 1.022 1.011 0 .... 0.9114
0.250 0 -0.004 -0.006 .0.005 0 1.016 1.014 1.007 0.... 0.993
0.125 0 .0.002 .0.003 .0.002 0 1.011 1.... 1.005 1.000 0.998
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.009 1.001 1. ... 1.000 0 ....

0/01 °sl°l
1 0.295 0.296 0.298 0.111 1.039 0.295 0.296 0.298 0.311 1.039
0.875 0.179 0.172 0.147 0.082 0 0.179 0.176 0.165 0.140 0.'"
0.750 0.087 0.079 0.054 0.018 0 0.087 O.OU 0.070 0.045 0.010
0.625 0.033 0.028 0.016 0.005 0 0.033 O.OMl 0.021 0.001 .0.006
0.500 0.007 0.0<>6 0.003 0.001 0 0.007 0.0<>6 0.002 -0.003 ·0.008
0.375 -0.002 ·0.002 -0.002 0.000 0 -0.002 -0.003 -0.... ·0.006 ·0.007
0.250 -0.005 -0.... -0.003 -0.001 0 -0.... .0.00$ -0.005 -0.005 -0.004
0.125 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 .0.001 0 -0.'- .0.005 .0.005 -0.004 -0.003

,.........,
0 -0.005 -0.... -0.002 -0.001 0 -O.OOS • 0.005 -0.... -0 .... -0.003

',I' ''/'
1 0 0 0 0 0 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
0.175 0 0.013 0.021 0.046 0.072 0.463 0.463 0.461 0.456 0.434
0.750 0 0.022 0.045 0.010 0 .... 0.409 0.408 0.403 0.395 0.381
0.625 0 0.026 0.052 0.079 0.103 0.3« 0.342 0.338 0.330 0.323
0.500 0 0.028 0.055 0.011 0.106 0.275 0.273 0.270 0.265 0.261
0.375 0 0.021 0.055 0.082 0.107 0.205 0.201 0.202 0.199 0.1in'
0.250 0 0.028 0.055 0.081 0.107 0.'" 0.136 0.134 0.115 0.132
0.125 0 0.027 0.054 0.081 0.107 0.'" 0.'" 0.067 0.067 0 ....
0 0 0.027 0.054 0.011 0.107 0 0 0 0 0
v _ 0••
.~ "tr/al. 0/01
BID -,
, 0 0.073 0.157 0.273 1.223 0.843 0.1142 0.843 0.870 6.U9
0.875 0 0.056 0.112 0.136 0 0.975 0.978 0.992 1.020 0.112
0.750 0 0.022 0.032 0.012 0 1.054 1.GS4 1.047 1.002 0.&35
0.625
0.500 ,
0 -0.002
·0.010
-0.010 -0.019
-0.019 -0.021
0
0
1.075
'.065
1.~9
1.057
1.046
1.032
0.989
0.990
0.895
0....
0.375 0 ·0.010 ·0.016 ·0.014 0 1.047 1.010 1.022 0 .... 0.975
0.250 0 ·0.007 -0.010 -0.001 0 1.032 1.021 1.016 1.001 0.992
0.125 0 ·0.003 -0.005 -0.... 0 1.024 1.021 1.013 1.... 1.001
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.021 1.018 1.012 1.... 1....

1
0.875
0.750
0.562
0.333
0.159
alOl
0.561
0.320
0.145
0.562
0.272
0.101
0.580
0.155
0.038
".5119
0
0
0.562
0.333
0.159
0.561
0.325
0.150
Oefa1
0.562
0.299
0.120
0;580
0.236
0.063
.....
0.053
0 ....
0.625 0.058 O.OSO 0.030 0.010 0 0.051 0.OS2 0.012 0.002 -O.OlZ
0.500 0.011 0 .... 0 .... 0.002 0 0.011 0.008 0.001 -0.014 -O.02S
0.375 -0.0<>6 .0.005 -0.004 _0.001 0 -0.006 -0.007 -0.010 -0.01~ -0.016
0.250 -0.010 ·O.OOll -0.006 ·0.002 0 .0.010 -0.011 _0.011 -0.013 -0.013
O.12S .0.011 -0.00ll -0.006 -0.002 0 -0.011. -0.011 -0.010 -0.010 -0.008
0 . -0.010 -0.... -0.006 -0.002 0 -0.010 -0.010 -0.00ll ..:0.001 -0.005

~
100'0· no'o- '10'0- STO'O· 910'0· , ..., ...-.-
,,, ...,
.....- '10'0"" 910'0"" ,
&10'0·
'10'0-
lta'O- 110'0- '10'0-
......- ....
no'o- no'O"" STO'O""
910'0- 910'0- STO'o-
.-
....,
910'0""
$10'0-
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,,
.....,.-
tOO'o-
, .....
600'0-
600'0-
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no'o- nO'a-
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tto'o- 100'0 «0'0 [LO'O 61:0'0 "'., tW·O "'.,
1[0'0-
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m·, tts;, m·,
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...., ....,, • .,.- ,

'01',
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.....
no·t

t,,·o
tlO'l
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.....
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mo·, Lm·t
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own
lSO'1
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no'o- 'lOO'O-
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616'0
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aro
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t90'O ,,
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"'.,
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...."'.,,, , , , , ...., IDr-J.

,, , r,'o- 1\

[Ol'O
6~'O
tn'o
9Ol'0
OLO'O
6n'o
6Ol'O
otO'O
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lU'O
ltO'o
l,ro
nt·o .... , ....
sn'o

....
sn'o
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,n'o
,,
1'60'0
S6O'0
[90'0
£90'0
ltO'O
l[O'O
t[O'O
no'o
nro
,,• oos·,
OSl'O
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"'.,
........., ,,, "'.,
I9l'O [LZ'O 6LZ'O sU'b [60'0 [90'0 Z[O'O

...., "'..,
aro
"'.,
n ...
OK'O Itt·O
tlt·O
.s['O
61,'0
9$['0
Ott·o
nro
toro
'10'0
690'0
'SO'O
[to·o
GtO'O
0$,'0
Ott'O 6,,'0 ltt'O Ut'O 110'0 no'o no'o S£I'O
• 1

,I'. e..---I ,I'.

t SL'O ..., "., , "., ,n ".,
1
•
<14 <14 ""

.
(9961 'uoqc)
, - aiR 'NJI$SilI<HX) lI3NI.:U«XHl1lO::l suaaJY'tofSIQ mrt ~

(paaut1-u OJ) Z'SI "' ~

SltZm0ll4 SDO:lIIr".!'72
"'"
 c::rt.lIfD8a laD ItIGID DO ,~ J01

TAll'" IS.3
SI1lESSES AND DI.SPLACa£HTS Rm CCIIFDfDfG PRESSlIIJ! WInI J«) AXIAL tc:JVaEHT
(Moon, 1966)

bfl
0 0."
"."
0.50 0.15 1 0 0.25 ,"."... '.n
P,PDtJ1 (~J Pz'lfl)cl

, , , , , , ,
1 0 0
...... ".029
0

,....
'.lle '.W
....
0.'15
,,....
'.no
0
0
0
0.'"
0.'"
0.076
0.016
0.12'
'.W
0.203
0.'"
0.'"
0.'"
...
-0.055
".m
..,
-0.053
_0.067
_o.osa ......
-0.055
.0.030

04.025 -0.003
0.014

,....
0 0.011 0.162 0.241 0.31' -0.047 04.0eA -0.034 -0.021 -0.010
...m -0.016 .o.OlZ
...... ......
0.315 0 0.'" 0.163 0.243 0.321 -G.032 -0.030
0 0.'" 0.163 0.243 0.321 -0.01' _0.01' .0.015 .0.011 -0.010

v • D.U
,
0.125 0
0
0.012
0.011
0.162
0.162
0.242
0.242
0.321
0.321 0 0
".007 ".006
0 , ,
".OOS
OI~~.'U
T~OI 0/0 1
I/O - ,
,, ,.... '.m
,.... ,....
1 0.117 0.'" 0.436 1.731 0.750 0.746 0.631 ~.'3I
0.175
O.no ,, 0.116 0.22' 0 0.535
,....
0.525
0.393
0.415 0.399 0."'2

...... ......
0.041 0.'" 0"" 0 0.39' 0.'" 0.'3f
0.'"
, 0.'" ".007 ".on
,
0
,.,.. '.m
""5O 0.317
0.469
0.601

......
0.'" -o.OU 0 0.40' 0.'"
0.n5 0 -o.Olf ".on .0.021 0.392 0.401 0.427 0 .... 0.'f7
0.'"
0.125
0
,, ".OOS
.o.OlS .0.012
,
".007 ".006
,
0
0 0.416
0.'30
0.4n
0.'34
0.'39
0.445
0.447
0 ....
0.457
0,'73
0.461
O.'sa
0 0 0 0.'35 0.'31 O.'H

a/al ' .....

1
0.'75
,. no
0.'"
0.54'
0.249
0.565 ,,....
....
0.2'3 0.213
0.197
-1.646
1.000 ,....
0.250

o.m
0.2'9
0.555
0.243
O.SSI
0.2U
0.647
.1.646
0.12'

,....
0.712 0.102 0.957 1. ... 0.192 0.125 CI.II' 0.'17
0.625 0.'21 0.'12 0.961 0 .... 1.... 0.921 O.U' 0.'49 0.912 1.011
0.9as 0.91' 0.995 0 .... 1.000 0.91S 0.9" 1.01' 1.011 1.'"
0.375 1.... 1.007 1.'" 1.001 1 .... 1.00' 1.'" 1.0n 1.0lS 1.017
0.'"
0.115
1.0U
LOU
1.011
1.011
1.007
1.006
I.'"
1.'"
1. ...
1. ...
LOU
1.012
1.0U
1.012
1.011
1.011
1.011
1. ...
1.0n
1.007
0 1.0n 1.010 1.006 1.001 1.... LOn 1.011 1.010 I.'" 1.006

, ' ' "' ' ' "' ,

~~/1Jt11
, , , 'I"", 0 ,
......
0 0

......
1
0.175 0 0.011 0.031 0.065 0.101 -0.036 -0.036 .0.0:5:5 -0.025 0.005
0.750 0 0.030 0.063 0.09' 0.U2 .0.041 _0.040 -0.027
0.625 0 0.037 0.074
0.017
0.110 0.1'"
0.149
".0«
..(l.03f
-0.0'2
-0.033
-0.035
.0.021
-0.025
-0.021
.0.01'
-0.016
0.'" 0 0.039 0.11'
0.375 0 0.039 0.077 0.11' O.ISO ..(l.025 ·0.02. -0.020 ·0.016 -O.Olf
0.250
,
0.125 ,,
0 0.039
0.031
0.017
0.076
0.076
0.11'
0.113
0.113
0.150
0.150
0.150
.0.016
,
_0.00'
,
O.OlS
·0.007
·0.013
,
-0.006
-0.011
,
-0.006
·0.010
,
-0.005
0.031
v.O.'
al/a..,fJ.1U

,....
Tl'/Ol a/a l
"....

,,....
1 0 0.054 0.116 0.202 0.17' O."J 0.'7' O.'SS '_3.601
0.175 0 0.042 o.on 0.100
,
0 0.110 0.771 0.761 0.747
....
0.101
0.750
0.625
0
0 ......
......
0.016 0.023
".006
0.009
-o.OlS 0
0
,.". 0.721

0.11.
0.722
0.710
0.719
0.725
o.n.
0.731
0.760
'.110
0.769 0.103

'" ......
0.'" 0 -0.01' -0.015
0.315
0.'"
0.1'25
0
0
0
0
0
.........
-0.001

,.
.0.012

".006
0
-0.011
".006
-0.003
0
0
0
0
0
0.727
0.731
0.745
0.741
0.732
0.741
0.741
0.74'
0.746
,.",
0.1$3
0.1$3
0.765
0.761
0.139
0.751
0.710
0.767
,.,.,
0.761

,.... ,.... ,,....

a:l0l Or''''

,.... .... ,....

-2.401
1
0.175
0.'"
0.755 0.76.1
'-'"
0.799
0.572
0 ....
-2.'01
1....
0.51S
0.1$5 0.760
0.572
0.'26 0.961

,....
0.750
0.6U
0.U3
0.957 ,...,
0.193 0.926
0.9"
0.973
0.993
1....
1....
0.'"
0.957
,....
0.962
0.912
0.976
0.954 1.007
1.02.

,
'.m ....
0.125
0.992
1.006
1.007
1.00'
1....
0.993
1.006
1.007
1.00'
1.007
0.997
1.003
1.006
1.006
1.006
0 ....
1.001
1.001
1.001
1.001
1.000
1....
1.000
1....
1.000
0.992
1.006
1.007
1....
1....
1.'"
1....
1. ...
1.007
1.001
1....
1....
1.007
1.007
1.010
1.011
1....
1.006
1.006
1.OlS
1.012
1.007
1.'"
1.006
0
 lIISCZu.AJtEOtJS PIIt:aUMS

....'" 15.3 (Coat:1mJed)

ST1lESSES A.'m DISPI.ACaENI'S FOR COWIHING pRESStlll.f lfI'nI II) AXIAL M)V'E)ENT
(Moo". '966)

bfl
• '.n .... ,-.,
17/D
0.15
• .." ....
17/D

'.n
PrE/DtJ, °z~·

o.ns •
I

'.m •• .....
• •0.0'1 • .....
.....
•
..... •.,. •
...
O.o.sl
...... ......
-0.022 ..(t.0:1 •
..0.021 ..0.017 ......
......
.....
0.625

0.115
••
••
0.016
0.019
0.021
0.021
0.035
0.039
0.0011
0.0011
.....
O.OSl

0.061
0.015
0.079
0.080
-4.02•
-4.0ll
-0.027
..o.on
_0.017
..0.026
..0.02"
-0. OlD

......
-4.020
-0.011
-4.016
..o.on
..0.012
-0.013

......
-0.015 ..0.011
•. m 0.021 0.0011 0.061 0.011 .0.011 _0.011 -0.010 -0.001

••
0.125 0.021 0.0011 0.061 0.011 ·0.005 _0.005 -0.0001 -0.0001
v _ D.4$ • 0.021 0.0011
T:r.!'0.
0.061 0.011
• • • • •
ol/0,-(j.'1. ',;0'
BID -,
1
•••
0.021 ..... ..... 0.10. 0 .•60
•• .....
0.11101 0.n5 0.ll:s7 0.912 -2.711
0.175

.....
0.750
0.625
•• .....
0.021
0.001
0.0.2
0.012
.0.003

...... ......
-0.001
0.051
.0.001
••
0.115
0.as5
0 ....7
0 .....
O.las
0.&51
0....'
o.•u
0.161
O.as,
0.1"
0.111
0.1161
0.'.6
0.'19

...... ......
-0.001 .0.001 0.&51 0.161 0.1" 0."1
•• '.m •• '.16J o.n..
0.315
'.m
0.12.5
• ••
-0.001
• • •
-0.006

-0.002
-0.003
-0.002
.....
••
.....
..... .....
•• W

.....
O.IS'
0.160
0.161
O.IS'
0.861
0.'61 0.1'70 o.ns
0.113

0.1'70
0.16'

.
0/0, •.,to.
I
.....
'.M .....
0.165
'.165
0.U1
.....
0.761

.....
·2.267
....
0.765 0.165
'.165
0.167 0.761 .2.261

..... ..... .....

0.&75 0.'30 I .... 0.115 0.'"
...... .....
.....
•• 7S0 0.931
0.911
o.lIn
0.976
0.,S4
0.9as
O.NI
O."S
I ....

I ....
o.lIn o.ns
0.911 0.9" 0.9as
1....
0.971
0."1
I ....
1.012
1.01"

..... ..... ..... .....

0.9115 0."7 '.SO< 0."5 1.011
o.ns I .... I .... I .... 1.... I ....

..... .....
l.001 I.00S 1.001 I.'"
1.... 1.00S I .... 1....

• .....
0.250 1.003 1.001 I.'"
•• US 1.005 1.... 1.002 I .... I .... 1.... I ....
1.... I .... I .... I .... 1.... 1.... 1.000S I .... 1....
 30'

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...f--f--I---+":':'--+/I--,l-':":"':..j
f..j. 1-/0"
•. J,~/
; 0·' f-+--1--+~-~-A~<;lL-+-i
~ 0·,f-+--1- - -/*----+-.J---....J
,
1
• 1/
,i 0.'1---+,/----:,/<--+-+----:1----1
•
o·'V
FIG.lS.3 ~t Poissc:a'. btio vers.. the
Poisson's Ratio (Moore, 1.966)

,.,

, I

, 1%.,
IJI

17 l/
'·0 o
k::: V "/002

001 0-2 0"3 0·. 0"5

T~ l"Oiucln's RatIo

nG.15.4 Ratio of apparent E to true E _raua

~ PQuson's Ratio (Moon. 1966)
304 HISCBLLANBOUS PROBLBJIS

15.3 Inclusion in an Infinite Region a = 1[(p +p )(1 + BIfl ~ - 1[(p -p )

6 zy 1'2 :r:y
(Fig. 15.5)
SCE'l ••• (lS.3b)
. {1 - -rcos26
1'''

1" 6 = -1[(p -p J {1 + -AJil + -

SCE'}.
- nn26 ••• (lS.3c)
l' :r: y 1'2 1'''.

-- ,r-.--+-........ _-x where A = 2 (l-kJ

(kx+lJ

B = [xo-1-k(X-1J ]
"FUll .....CSClll at
(2k+Xo-lJ
,ntllt'loccz.
C= (k-lJ
tt tt
y
fkx+lJ

FIG.1S.S
15.4 Stiff Plate Subjected to Moment and
Jaeger and Cook (1969) quote the following
sOlutions: Horizontal Load
The solutions for displacement h and rotation
1'<R
6 . of a stiff vertical plate in a semi-infinite mass,
Principal stresses are have been obtained by Douglas and Davis (1964), and
are shown in Fig.1S .6. The upper edge of the plate
[k(X+2J + Xo]k(X+1Jpz is at the surface and the loads are applied to this
0'1 = edge. The results are for vr=().5 but are not sig-
2 (2k+Xo-1J (kX+1J nificantly different for other values of v.

[k(X-2J - Xo +2]k(X+1J
+ - - - - - - - - - Py ••• (lS.2a) i I I V
2 (2k+xo-1J (kX+1J
V

0'2 =
[k(X-2J - Xo +2]k(X+1Jpz 2·0 '-[~1
~
a
~
I
I
v=0·5
/'
V-
2 (2k+Xo-1J (kx+1J I- I I/' ~ lh H _
~V""" /
[k(X+2J + Xo]k(X+1J 1:
.. '·5 ,/ / IgH
+
2f2k+xo-1J fkx+1J
Py ..• (lS.2b)
.
U
;:: 19M
7 I~ ~ 1hM
~
::;;..

r
o
U

where k GolG .
u /
/
~
; '·0
/ ~~
X S-4v for plane strain .a
s-v for plane stress :s /
'" ·le", • EBi5
e = Eiiii' H ·leH

or y.;:v
X
and similarly for Xo. 0·5
lh'l ~
,/
IhH I =ffi'" •
h IhM· Eij".IhH
H

~ I
1'>R

0'
o I
l' 0·' 0-2 0·5 '-0 2·0 5·0
BID
SCR'+ ... (lS·.3a)
- --}cos26 FIG.1S.6 Influence coefficients for rotation and
1''+ translation of rigid plate (Douglas and Davis,
1964)
 305

l5.S.2 TRANSLATING ROUGH BASE (Plane Strain)

15.5 Streses in a Layer With a
This problem is as shown in Fig.15. 7. except that
Yielding Base lower surface is now perfectly rough throughout.
15.5.1 TRANSLATING Sr«xmi BASE (Plane Strain) Finn (1963) obtained the following solutions:
(Fig.lS.7)

(1= = _ d [.le.. {:r:+b _ =-b J

11"(SB-pJ 6+p (:r:+bJ z+ zZ (=_bJ z+ zZ
•x
2 (=-bJz z
lII
MatRriCIl Unit Wcright. Y
2 (:z:+bJ'!z
{(:+,bJz+ zZ}Z
+
{(=-bJz+~Z}Z

••• (IS.Sa)
1+E:!:L
I-v

+ ' 2(:z:+bJi z Z(=-bJzZ ]+ yz

{(:+,bJz+ lIZ}Z {(=_bJ z+ lI z }2
(lS.Sb)
FIG.15. 7

d [B-e ~ - z + z }
11"(SB-pJ B+p (=_bJ z+ zZ (:r:+bJ z+ zZ

_ !H~Z_ (::;_bJ Z } + .:.i{.:::l!:..z.;;.-~(.=:r:+b:.::.f.J_Z~}]

Finn (1963) obtained the following solutions· for b Z+ (::;_biZ}Z {zz+ (:+,bJz}2
a base translation of d: ••• (lS.Sc)

= _ ..L [:r:+b _ ::;-b where z = h-z

a= 2611" (::;+bJZ+ Z2 (::;-b/+ ZZ
6 = I_vz
z(:r:+bJz z + 2 (::;-bJz 2 ] E
z
{(:r:+bJ + iZ}z {(::;_bJ z + Z2}z V(1+vJ
e=-
E
+ E:!:L ••• (lS.4a)
1-v
15.5.3 ROTATING SMOOTH BASE (Plane Strain)
(Fig.lS.8)
..L [_ (:r:+bJ + ::;-b
2 SIr (:r:+bJ Z+ zZ (::;_bJz+ zZ

2 (:r:+bJz z + Z(::;_bJ'!z ] +yz

{(::;+bJz+ zZ}Z {(::;_bJ z+ ~Z}Z
••• (lS.4b)

zd [!Z_ (:r:+bJ z .. !z_ (::;_bJ z ]

2611" • {(=_bJ z+ zZ}z {(:r:+bJ z+ zZ}z
••• (lS.4c)

where z = h-z
_ I_vz
B- E
FIG.1S.8
306 JlISCBLLAlIEOUS PROBUlIS

Finn (1963) gives the following solutions: aa = - -~:.=~-

4Bd [ % bbn_--:.::::..:...:.""-----
(:2+ 82)2
(5B-p) (B+p)'Ifb {(=+b) 2+1 2}{(:-b) 2+!2}

a
:
= - -
d
nab
(:2+ Z2)2
[.\" bt-t-_..:.:....:....::~---
. {(=+b)2+ !2}{(:_b)2+.i2 }
+£..{
2
=+b
(=+b)2+ z2
_ :-b
(:_b)2+ 12
n
+!!.{ =+b _ :-b } 2d z2
2 (:_b)2+ 8 2 (:_b)2+ Z2
1fb(5B-p) [2{(=+b)2+ z2}
Z2 Z2
Z2 bI 2 (=+b)
Z{(=+b)2+ i 2 } Z{(:_b)2+ Z2} + + ""=----"""'--:-
Z{ (:-b) 2+ i 2 } U=+b)2+z 2}2
bi 2 (=+b) bz 2 (:-b) 2
bz (:-b) Z ] + ."
- {(=+b)2+ Z2}2 - {(:_b)2+ !2}2 - --- ,a
{(:_b)2+ !2}2 :2+ Z2
(lS.7b)
••• (lS.6a)
where z= h-a
B= 1_v2
E
. v (1+'\))
P=-E-

15.6 Stresses Behind Retaining Walls'

The following solutions have been derived by Finn
+ bI 2 (=+b) (1963). using the. solutions for a layer with a yielding
{(=+b) 2+ ?}2 base in Section 15.5.

15.6.1 SMOOnI TRANSLATING WALL

••• (lS.6b) (Fig.IS.9)

where z = h-z
B = 1_v2
-, d r / Fr'ft SW'facll of liIyvr

E x
I-Srnooth Rigid
Wall

15.5.4 ROTATING ROUGH BASE (Plane Strain) h

This problem is as shown in Fig.1S.S, except that

lower surface is now perfectly rough.

Finn (1963) gives the following solutions: I

:,...-Notll: Oetfonnatian of thiS IinIl
2 I assumed nozgligiblc
4pd [% bt (:2+ i )2 Tz COI\'IPClI"CO to d
(5B-p) {B+p)'Ifb {(=+b)2+12 ){ (:_b)2+i 2}
FIG.1S.9
+!!.{ :+b _ :-b }]
2 (:_b)2+!2 (:_b)2+ 1 2

+ 2d [ Z2 The horizontal pressure 0': along the wall (:;:=0)

'Ifb(5B-p) - Z{(:+b)2+ i 2 }2 (noting the assumption in Fig.lS.9) is

0' = YE. + 4ah an , •.• (15.8)

:& 1-v (z+h) 3 (a-h) B1f
+ 2
bI (:_b) + 1.-]
+ E!::L where B
1_v
=--
2

{(:_b)2+ Z2}2 :2+!2 1-v .E

••• (lS.7a)
 S'nrBSSES BEllDD RftUNING Ii7AU.S 307

15.6.2 ROUGH TRANSLATING WALL + z(2h+z) + ~ _ ! ] . ••• (15.11)

h(h+a) 2 f'h+z) 3 h
As in Fig.1S.9, except that wall is now perfectly
rough.
2
where B= 1_'11
0': along the wall (:r:=O) is E
'11(1+'11)
{i. _1_ p=~
0'
:
= m+ 4db _ (rit-Bz)}
I-v -rr(SB-p) f3+p z2_h2 (h+z) 3

• •• (15.9)
where B = 1_~2
E
p = '11(1+'11)
E

15.6.3 SKXmI ROTATING WALL

(Fig. 15 .10)

I
I
J
/" FnN sUMac" of ICl)lQI"

Smooth Rigid
Wall
- X

h I
I Matarlal Unit Wlzight. Y
I
I

~
NOW: DIIformatlon of thiS Iinez
assumczct ""911giblQ
z cornpanld to d .

FIG.IS.IO

.Along the wall (:r:=O)~

0': = m_ ~R.n z.. + db 1

I-v 4-rrBh (z2_h2) 2 B-rr (z2_h 2 )

+ 2db • h+2z "'" ••• (15.10)

B-rr (h+z}31 =.
2
. where 6 = 1_'11
E

15.6.4 ROUGH ROTATING WALL

As in Fig.1S.10, except that wall is rough.

Along the wall (:r:=O)

a = m.._ 46 2 [ ~ R.n z" _ <Ih

:r: I-v (SB-p)(B+p) 4-rrh6 (z2_h2) 2 6-rr
. 1 ]_ d (_~_1_
(z2_h 2) nfSB-p) B+p (h+Z)2
308
 Appendix A

STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A

LOADED ORTHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE

C. M. Gerrard
W. JIB Morrison
310 2

The material in this Appendix was originally

published as Technical Paper' No.9 of the Division of Applied
Geomechanics, C.S.I.R.O., Australia and is reproduced in
full herein with kind pexmi.ssion of the authors and the
Chief of the Division of Applied Geomechanics.

Corrections to the original published version

have been supplied by the authors of the Technical Paper and
have been incorporated in the reprinted version herein.

For convenience, the page number's of this Appendix

are identical with those of the original publication and any
reference to page numbers in the text refers to the pages 0 f
this Appendix only.
 """"'A

CCliiDiS

.....,. ''''
•
I. IJmOIlll<nOll 5

11. "",mOIl 5

In. ~IC IW.f SPACE 7

IV. UWl TYPES •

V. tE'MJO OF SOWfICIf 11

VI. PRESDn'ATIC1f OF JESUt.TS 11

VII. SOun1(f(S FOt DISPLACDEIlTS, STUINS AHD S1'1:ESSES

1(a)

'(»
laif<ml Vert.ial Pnssun

lJII1mr. Vertical DUpl..-at

.
IS

2(a)

'(»
LiMai' vertical Pm_

LiMV' Yert:ieal Displ_t

"
17

3(a) UUfInS Launl .1% Suas II

5(» \II:d..f-. L£cral Sbe.u Disp~t 11

4Ca) u-ar Ln.enJ Sll.ear St:n:u 20

A(» Uaeu Ldcnl SMa- Di.spl_t 21

Iat.e1ftlS for LoMiaI by tlId.&ra hasun 21

Iat.el"b for LoadiAr by lld.fOftl llispl-.t

"
ll:lupals for LoadiIl, by I.1Jlec Press,,"

Ill.tezra1s for Lo~1lI by U-u Oispa.~t

"
2S

Values of Coeff1d.~u
"
YIII. IUEIlEllaS 27
 312 STRESSES AND DISPLACEJENTS IN A LOADCD

OR'lHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE

by C.M. Gerrard* and W. Jill Harrison*

This paper gives a complete range of solmions for all the displa_t, strain, and stress c:a.pcments
developed in a loaded anisotropic: half space. The half space is hOlllOgeneous, linearly elastic: and infinitely
deep. The stress-strain response types of ortho:ril.ombic:, cross-anisotropic: and isotropic: are all c:onsidered.
A range of sUple load types are inc:luded as follows :-

1. WAD PRODtx:ING RESULTANT VEJn'ICAL FORCE -

(a) Uniforlll vertical pressure.

(b) Uniforlll vertic:al displac:maent.

2. LOAD PRODUCING RESULTANT K>MENT

(a) Linear vertic:al pressure.

(b) Linear vertical displacellent.

3. WAD PRODUCING RESULTANT LATERAL FORCE

(a) Uniform lateral shear stress.

(b) Uniform lateral shear displac:maent.

4. LOAD PRODtx:ING NO RESULTANT FORCE OR K>MENT

(a) Linear lateral shear stress.

(b) Linear lateral shear displac:ement.

The solutions produced have Jlrae:tic:al value in soil and roclc engineering for two lllain reasons :-

(i) The loadings, when considered singly or in combination, represent the conditions existing under
many typic:al footings and foundations.
(ii) The nature of the half space analysed represents the c:ClIIIBOJlly oc:curring situation where the
loaded soil or roclc masses, are anisotropic:.

* Division of Applied Geolllllchanics, CSIRO, P.O. Box S4, Mount Waverley, 3149, Vic:toria, Australia.
 s
I. nmaxucnOf
III u. -.lyai.ll of -r pnalC&1 s1'...·"..• ill sotl ... nICk ..a-ic:s. sod!. as l"1lailtiq ~_
at:t.oa ... 1-.:" ' _U, it is ~ 1 1 to as_ that. tile ~tlId1a&l dinet. .atla 'F • III
loMiJlI will 'blI sno. ~ of tJds u ~ _ of p~ .'tn1a tIM:M pnb~ ca .. ~ftaUot as
~i-.1.
by tM
_ia,
Soll,tti_ buM CIa dutic tMory haft prond. to be _ M lJl prMlc:Ua, t-.u,.u M U l - u . iu
CIOUGliuuoa -.lysi•• Dd.1Jl tbe J'eQIlcly o.v.l0pe4 'strus pau' D&lysis (t.-., 1167). n.s. aol-
uti_ -r abo be appliM to tM ..u)'Sls of tM pnf~ of roM "Ill!!., ,1_e .u.e. tM ~ , iD
tJds caM ,uaa:•• ~ l y p~ stta1Jl cCDilitioas.
tMn 1.1 • pow1Jl, lIpFI"Kiatioa tllat. ill ..,. soU ... rod:. -=-.1(:$ ,itaat.icms tIM ,uuJ__ f~i.
propnUes of tM _UriW em uwd u. misot.rop1c. Tlds fa.c:tcr WU t.Ika iJlto ~ t i.a
solutioD c.uiMd iD; this"l'Oft. ~ cbQe MluUc.l$ caD _ . . . to ..... tM .ffect of Ulisot.ropy GIl
h ill, die '1'
• pa'UCIl1ar i ' t of uun:st. sadt as ~ _tor.ui-.
Or' spuial n"",~. 11M uistiJl,
=_
solvti_ for liM:uly dutic Il.alf p~ pnbl_ ""' ~u4. i. Table 1. It caD " - _
_
~ud lMftill ""' ~
In' _ of tM foll-ua. waJ'S •.
that the sol·
i l' t lift u. .., of tbe prnt_ wort for I. . of f1AiUl vLtttt. ia

2. of st:r"e:Ue:s. nnbs", _ liUpae-u sol.....

1. of aaisot:nlpic ...tllrl.a1 1'Q,... . -sio&erM..

U. tm'ATICif

"
a-••••

Ill, D. '" disp~b iJl tM mspecdft c:o-onliaau llirecd.cas

latfta1 6isp~t mod. ..nieal displ_t rupKti:wely at tM poiat. iJl t1Ie Ulf
,1 "11 'a-' 0

j W1!U of tM 'Ct'Q.$ tClSOr

Cz:. t
W ' tu' Cn

lI,b,o,d,·.r
Y-r" -.kilt i.D tbII
ecp&&tiou 1 . . 3)
=. 11> _ . cliftcu_ for an ort!101'tle-bie . .urial (SM
Y-.," -au b. the tloriUlllul -.:I ..meal d.irectiou for • c:ro..-aaisotropie
aauf'i&1 (SM -.aaticc 4)

• Y_I" aodD.1WI for aD isouopie . .urial (s. . ~.ticc 5)

' ... PoU.CIa'. ntio: eff.~ of '= 011 '1111

'n
(." .....tioas 2 adS)
(Me eqv.atioas 2 aDd 3)

...
'Oi•• OD'. r.tio:
' effaet of ~'=

' PoiSSOD'S ratio: .ffaet of 'n OIl ' u (se. equatiODS

, ... S)

, 'oissoa's ruio: _tEart of c.... 011 c ( _ aquati_ 2 - . 3)

n
PeissOD's nUo: _£feet of c= . . c.... (ae. equati-s 2 - . .J)
'=
'u rotss.'s ru.io: _ffect of c.... oa c_ (se. aquaU-s 1 - . .J)

..
er.s.~e ..unal

'oiss.'s ndo: _ffect of tlorilalt.&l Stnill OD ....meal ,traia ( _ tiOD 4)

'
Poiss.', ntio: effect of ..n.ieal nraill OD lloril.U.1 ,tniA (SM t.ica 4)
'""
"
Poissoa" ntio: effect of borhODUl ,ttaiJa em
straiJr. ( ... acp&Ui. 4)
c~u.nu.ry tloriUIDU.1

,
314

TABLE 1. stMIARY OF EXISTING sowrrc:m

NAnJRE OF RESTRICTI~S ON DETERMINED STRESSES

MmIDIl ELASTIC RESPONSE ELASTIC PARAMETERS AND DISPI.AcEMENTs

,Carodlers Iso~ropic Various distributiDns of ver All s~resses iJ:I. half plane.
(1920) ~ical pressure. (Terrace,
~rapezoidal, triangular).

Love Isotropic Vertical ancl la~eral line All stresses and displace-
(1927) loads. ments in half plane.

Kolosov t Iso~ropic Uniform vertical pressure.

(1935) Uniform lateral shear stress

Wolf 'Cross- Res~ric~ion Uniform vertical pressure All stresses iJ:I. 1Ialf plane.
(1935) Aniso~ropic on ~he value distribution.
of f.
Gray Iso~ropic Vertical line loacl. All stresses and displace-
(1936) Uniform vertical pressure. ments in half plane.
Various '~riangular' ancl
'~errace' vertical pressure
clistributions.
Egorov t Iso~ropic Uniform vertical displacement Ll ~hroughout half plane.
(1940)

Jurgenson
(1940)
Iso~ropic Uniform vertical pressure.
'Triangular' vertical pres-
- =.- =-
llll.
Principal stresses and
sure. 'Terrace' vertical principal stress directions
pressure with taper.

Holl Iso~ropic Vertical and lateral line All stresses and displace-
(1941) loads. Vertical pressure ments in half plane.
distributions; triangular,
trapezoiclal, etc. Also con-
siders loacls on inclined
surfaces.

Cross- Restriction on the Vertical line load. All stresses in half'plane.

Anisotropic value of f.

Quinl Cross- a 2 positive Vertical line load. All stresses and displace-
(1949)r" Anisotropic ments in half plane.
B2 positive Various vertical pressure Ll on surface (llaO)
distributions (Uniform, D' on loacl axis (:caO)
parabolic, inverted para-
bolic).
Uniform vertical dis-
placement.

Tilloshenko Isotropic Vertical and lateral line All stresses and displace-
ancl Goodier loacls. ments in half plane.
(1951)

Florin * Isotropic Uniform vertical pressure. Ll on the surface.

(1959,1961)
Linear 'vertical pressure. D.
Linear lateral shear stress. i2,
=. =.
Uniform lateral shear stress. u on the surface.

=, n.
Ll on the surface

Lekhnitskii Orthorhombic Characteristic Vertical line load. 'Radial' stress - all other
(1963) stress patterns stresses are zero as for an
depend on isotropic body.
parameters.

De Urena Cross- a 2 positive Vertical line loacl. All stresses in half plane.
et aI.. Anisotropic
(1966) B2 positive l.ateral 1 ine loacl •. All stresses and displace·
ments in half plane.

Linear vertical pressure.

Linear latezoal shear stress. throughout half plane.

t As referred to by Han (1966)

.... ·*AS~rererre(rto~bYHa.rr(I966j and .Scott '(1963j:
 D , D - fuJlct.ions of PoisSOll's ratios (s.. equatiou 3f IUld 4e)
1 2
0 2 • {ad _ C2 • cf + f(cad).I:l} • 2fd

82 • {cd - c 2 _ af - f{od).I:l} • 2fd

.2 • "-82
• • o-a
II • ct+1

.•••• 9 g
'"
"t,
ii'
"
i
lO
ii' i lO

(c)~.

PI l.IDifcJm .,.ertieat presSID"e.

P
2
.an- nlue of liDeu vertieal preSSllr'e ••

PI un.1fVn latnal sheU" sttess.

P2 ..u- value of litlear lateral shear stte5s.

'7 ..u- value of linear Yertical l!isplae_t.

~2 ..n.. vallie of linear lateral sheU" displac:ment.

'.
7'",
total resultant vertieal forte ~plied to produee the unifora Yeniu1 displae-.mt1wit
lenrth of strip.
toUl f'dultant latenl fOTee applied to prodl.Iee the unifora latenl shear displac:_t/unit
len(t.b of strip.
'. toul ",sultaJlt ~ t (about Y axis) applied to p1"Ol!uc:e the linear vertieal displac:_tl
unit len(th of strip.
(dJ InUgNle
Intepds appearin, in 1I0lutiou for displ~ts, strainS. aDd seresses. These are defined Ul ..,.t.iOll
9 and evaluated 011 pal'S 22, 23, 24 and 25.

SKIleU SX"SII

""U(ljI) c""u
Ie: tnnsfora pa.n-eter appearin, in equation g.

III. OImllltHCM8IC HALF sua

The half space &ll&l~ed ill this vork c:an be desc:ribed. u an elastic: body havill" bfinite lateral eneQt
and depth with loadS applied til its bori:.OIItal plane surfaee. kin, eludc md lIrthortlOlllJic the uterial hu
three _wally p~ClIlar planes of elastic: s~try. ·The 1'1_15 t.1I these planes are as~ to be paral-
lel to t.he vertical, lat.eral, aDd 10lllibldinal diTeCtiou associat.ed with the load.
The solut.ions liYe!l in this report can therefore be applied to ~es where the elastic properties are
cliffeTeSIt ifI the U1'ft: canes ian dirtetiODS. The special cases of a cross-anislltrllpic: eat.erial with a ver-
t.ieal Pis lit elast.ic s r - t r y and an isotrOPic Nterial are alSIl considered. .
For an ort~ic hal.! space (with l!: :II 0) the snnses, expnssed iI'l. tenas of the stTaiDs en:;

=. <:I.c= c.c u "" 1.

iii· b.c= • ,.c u lb

= • .{'.(= •
 316 APPEllDIX A 8

Six independent elasti<: <:o-effi<:ients, a. b. c. d. e. and f are involved. The dire<:t strains, in terms of
the dire<:t stresses, are given as:

2a

2b

2<:

The elasti<: <:oeffi<:ients are related to the Young's moduli E • Ey' Ez • and the Poisson's ratios v."",,, vyr>
v • '1_-> V • V
:z ~ ya zy by the following: :r: -"
E_
a =~D-
1
1-'1 .'1 )
zy yz 3a

E E
b = ~D:r: v .'1 +'1 ) = ~D v .'1 +'1 )
1 = yz y:r: l:r:a ay zy
3b

E:z: E
c = ~D v .'1 +'1
1 y:z: ay = =-rF{Dz zy
)
I
v .'1 +'1 )
yz :r:z
3<:
E z E
e = ~D v .'1 +'1 ) = -rF{D v .'1 +'1 )
1 = zy zy l:r:z y:z: yz 3d
E
z
d=-;F{D 1-'1 .'1 ) 3e
1 ::y y:z:

where D
1
= 1-'1zy .'1y:r:-vyz .'1zy -v:z .'1 = zy
-v .'1
yz = y:r:
.'1 -v .'1
:r:z
.'1
zy
3f

The stress-strain equations for a <:rOss-anisotropic half spa<:e, having a vertical axis of sYllllletry, are
similar to equation 1. However, because of this symmetry e = c, and hen<:e the number of elasti<: coefficients
is redu<:ed from six to five. In this case the relationships between the elastic <:oefficients a,b,c,d, and
Young's moduli E , Ev and the Poisson's ratios vh ' vhv ' vvh are:
h
E
h
a =~l-vVh.vhV) 4a

Eh
b = ~vVh.vhv+vh) 4b

E
h
c =-
D .
4c
2
Ev 2
d = -(l-v
D h
) 4d
2
.where 4e

For an isotropic body:

E(l-v)
a = d = (1+'1)(1-2'1) Sa

E.v
b c = (1+'1) (1-2'1) Sb

f =a-b=..!-
1+'1 Sc

The fact that the strain energy is pOSitive imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic constants.
For a cross-anisotropic material with a vertical .axis of elastic symmetry Hearmon (1961) gives these restric-
tions as:

a > 0 6a

d> 0 6b

f> 0 6c
2 2
a > b 6d
2
(a+b)d > 2c 6e
 •
Ja tens of tile PoisSOll', ratios these nst-ric:uOZlS hlposl the limes;

1 "A - 2vm,' VvJs ~ 0 7.

1 "h:>O

.1+"n>0 7,

IV. LOAD TYPES

The ei.ht loads _sidered in this report an de£1n. below _ are u-n in FilUft 1. g cu. be , _ .
the l0a4s caD be pouped. tato four pairs sudl. tbat en. first of e.ada pail' is • pattic;u.lar tt.:ru,-lluiDed
1 _ While the slKODd: is the aalOJll'" displac:..--d.efillecl load.
1. The loadiA. by W'lifora vertical preu1D'l lAd uAifon ven.ic:al ,,ii'pllC:.-M npn• •t ',--trica11y

(.J UIlifora Vtrrtic.&l _.=

placecl venieal loads on _ t b t>ued fOWldatiOJlS.

ii • PI
ii •
ii·
0

0
..
• <
1

for .11 :t
..
(b) "l/IU.£ON Vertical Displ~

"'-"00. 0
ii· 0
..
••1
1

.
~. 0 fw .11 •

2. The effects of _ u lIpplhd to fOWldatillllS caD be . _ froa the solllticms lOT loMilll by liMu

Pn_.
vertial pressun and luur nnical displac._t.

('J L:i:AMr Vertical

U •
ii· 0
Z. P2 ..
••1
1

"hn.-O Ie

Q. 0 fw .U z
(b) Unear Vtrrtica.l Displac._t

Iol •

n.O
:.'2 ..
••1
1

=- • 0 for all z

3. LaUra! fore., appliri to 10000000t.iCIIIS ~ b, f'q'ftJ ....teil bY the sollRiOllS lOT unifonl lateral .b-.r
nnss lAd UIlifara laenal sbear displ.-t •.

(al UnifOftl Laural Shear stress

• • 1
for all =
wbetl • • 0 .
"- .... • 0 .. ,
.D • 0 • • 1
.baa • • 0 u
for all :&

4. The effect of 1'OUp fOledat.icms slIpP'rtill' _n:ieal loads CD be pupa by the s~itiOil oa the sol-
lttiOQ. for toMs 1(1) or 1(b) of dther loaclifll by lill.eU laural. $bur nnn or liD.ar laural c1.ispl_t.

:II • :.PZ
£i • 0
• • 1
for aU :
wb• • • 0 II
j
 318 APPDDrZ A 10

+P, +7;

-------- -----6----
I(0) UNIFORM VERTICAL PRESSURE I (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT

+Ty
~

2(0) LINEAR VERTICAL PRESSURE

~
z( b) LINEAR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT

... ---
+P,
------~::: ~~~--- -
3(0) UNIFORM LATERAL SHEAR STRESS 3(b) UNIFORM LATERAL SHEAR DISPlACEtENT'

-P z MAX.
~----~

~~ cc~c~Cc c cCc cCc Cc c Cc ~cCcCcCc c c c c ~c cCcCc c cCc c c Cc cCc~c c c c cCc ~c c c c "'\\I:clL:lclll:1U"c":L.~.Jlc"E.RA,.,,L,,:cc c..SIHClc~E.AIR~
.. ..ST:,.nR'I;,E~SS~cccccc~ccc... ~ c.,.,c,;c,ccc" . ,.,c c.~c c.c c .c c .c~c c c c c c c =4(b) LINEAR LATERAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT
Fig. 1. - Load Types.
 APPENDIX A 11 319

(b) Linear Lateral Shear Displac_ent

:t:<l

:t: > 1 8h

ii. 0 for all :t:

The case of a uniform vertical pressure with cOlllpletely rough contact can be solved exactly by super-
ilIIposing the solutions for 1(a) and 4 (b) • The linear lateral shear loadings produce no resultant force or
_ent.
V. MmlOD OF SOLl1rION

The method used to obtain the solutions reported herein was developed by Gerrard and Harrison (in
preparation) and is based on the application of integral transform techniques and dual integral equation
techniques to elasticity problems (Sneddon (1951). Tranter (1966». The solutions for the displacements,
strains, and stresses are expressed in terms of integrals of products of trignometric functions, Bessel
functions, and exponentials. The following symbols are used to express these integrals;

Q
nu
(ljI) .. J:.T~(k)
0
(cos k:.e-ljIk. 1 ). k~(u-4) • rJk 9a

cQnu .. L".T~(k) (cos k:.cos wka • e-aka.1) . k~(u-4) .ak 9b

K
ncu
(ljI) .. r.T~
0 n
(k) cos k:.e-ljIk k~(u-4)
ak 9c

K
nsu
(ljI) .. I.T~
0 n
(k) sin k:.e-ljIk k~(u-4)
ak 9d

K
c ncu .. I.T~(k) cos k:.cos wka e-aka k~(u-4) .ak ge

=f.T~n(k)
-akz k~(u-4)
K
c nsu
sin k:. cos wka e ak 9f

=f.T~n(k) k~(u-4)
-aka
K cos 'k:r:.sin wka e ak 9g
s ncu

=f.T~n(k)
k~(u-4)
sEnsu sin k:I:.sin wka • e-aka .ak 9h

The parameter ljI contained in equations 9a, 9c, 9d is in the form of either oz, ~z, or az for anisotropic
materials. Hence it is a function of the elastic properties as well as the depth. In contrast, for iso-
tropic materials ljI .. z. The integrals shown above (equations 9a ••••••h) were evaluated using the results of
the Bateman Manuscript Pr,oject (1954) and Watson (1966).
COIIIpressive direct strains and stresses are considered to be positive. Positive shear stresses are
defined :from the fact that both the stress and strain tensors obey the right hand rule. Displacements in
the negative coordinate directions are considered to be positive. Hence, a load defined by a positive
stress acts in the positive coordinate direction, whereas a load defined by a positive displacement acts in
the negative coordinate direction. For example, vertical loads are compressive if defined by a positive
stress or a negative displacement.
VI. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

The eight loading conditions CCIISidered in this report can be conveniently grouped into four pairs, as
follows:-
lea) Uniform vertical pressure.
(b) Uniform vertical displacement.

2(a) Linear vertical pressure.

(b) Linear vertical displacement.

3(a) Uniform lateral shear stress.

(b) Uniform lateral shear displacement.

4(a) Linear lateral shear stress.

(b) Linear lateral shear displacement.
It will be noted that the first in each pair is a stress-defined load and that the second is the dis-
placement-defined analogue of the first. As would be expected, the solutions for the second of each pair
are very silllilar to those of the first. Use of this fact is made in the presentation of the solutions for
each pair of loads on a pair of facing pages. 'On the left hand side page the COIIIplete solutions for the,
displacements, strains, stresses are given for the stress-defined load. The analogous displacement-defined
load is treated on the right hand page by stating the ~stitutions that need to be made into the solutions
for the stress-defined load in order to produce the solutions for the displacement-defined load.
"Tliesoluti-onsgivencontainaUStreSS,'straiii;"iaiidCi1SplacementcompOiienu:'This'Ulows'thecUCilIation
of quantities such as total deformations, principal stress and strains • and principal direction.
 no 12

Ia ,..ft1tIM .olad•• for the d.ispl~t.s. stniDs. . . suess.. iJrtolvl pndDcU of coeffici_u
(gl.···l1g • "V,··lIg • i 1 .···i
10 • 41',··$10' .1.···.9.
t1.···tgl aM iAUp'..h CIl ~ -~ type) •
• _ffid-.U an f\act.iou OD1y of tbe eluuc: propert:1.. lIhU. eM ia~. an ia ,...nl flmcu-
of a.ptb. lalen.l offset.. aDd .lasUe praputi.... .
The n l _ of tUM coefficia.U ani 11- _ pap 26. Df' ua, OIl the ..c.n of tIMo 1~ dMI
iDe_pals fall iDeo fo= s.,uau cat.spries: .

tta.. tippftlPriat.. co _if_

tlIoM ...,nprlate to uaifoD PftSSlIN ~ I (10llltiD.1J tJp. l(a) ... 3(1)).
displ_t. ~ (loedia, tJp. 1(b) ... J(\».
tlIoM ~ . u t.o liMu prn_ loaUJlr: {l"oad.irr., tn- 2(a) . . 4(1))'-
tlIoM appropriate 'to liDea' d.isp~t. ~ . (1~. 't1P" 2(b) . . 4(b)).

n.l• • Id th. iDulftll ill ..ca of the -.ew. ~ Q,cepria. an'~ • ,.,.. 22, 23. 24 lIIIll 25.
n.
Values of the iDtecn1' for me .spK:i.al ~ of :I: .. 0 .,. ... 0 aft iAc1.... as well as the ,..n.1
"'" ....n botIl ~ ad. .. an _-Hft!.
n. fon of 1:lM lolvtimas o.p.ds to .. lIipifi~ exuat OIl til. ucan of eM IIIl1sottcIpy u nfl.cud.
.
b7 tbe val... of cr2. . . ,2, both of tdUcb an flDeUClIIS OIl1y of the alanie pzopwtias.
n. .Uda -.:r c.aotiuou I i - by . . .UClU _ •••• 61 8ft ftffic:ieat bI4 1lOC -SUT CCDliu-
,""
"' positi... Howoe¥er. _ _ ,2 is vri'tUll in elMo fonI

.2 • [dd-.t2 -f{ (ad)l:I"'}](2fd) ~1

it e.IIl ' " _ that the sip. of 15 2 is llIrt renri=ed by the .ttaiJa ~ ~u.-s. a-c.. for Ndi 10M.
ill, c.diti_. fQUr • .,.raUl c.&MS are _iM:red. &II follows :

to.. ~ic" cross-II:llisoUopi.l:; 0 2 posiUft, ,2 positive.

I. O~lc aIlll crDss-aisOt:ropil:; 0 2 positift •• 2 Mptift_
C. ~ic . . cross-.u.sotropil:; 0 2 posiU. . . .2 J.ft'O.
D. Isotropil: (thb is • special _ of cas. C u Wbidl • • 1).

e • c. • • • • • • • • • •• •
The _ffideRU to be alund by 'this artl gi' g., ",.
h •• i 7 • i., ;7: i., .7' .••. t 7 • . . t . . . haIce
it will be lIOud th.t the lemp.tDdiDal di:ree:t stnss e:W)
is the emly Stress, straia, OJ' c!ispl-.t m-pd.
by l:OaVertill, tn- orthorh_il: to .::o,,-.u.souopic. ,
For tb. cues of loadi.ll, by 1Difonl .,utica! p""ure l or ..i£ol'll ftrtiul displ~ • fiIlite
.uvrt of ftrtiul disp1ac_t CIlII. OIlly be olItaiud by c.sidllrlll, • rilaU,. ~tUy ratbn th&II. _
uso1vt. «Ie (Gibs•• 1967). HeIu:e the relative 'ftrt.ieal 41sp1_t (-00>
at .,. poUt ia W half pl_
U'-O) is dafiMd. as tM vertiuJ. d.ispl~ (1,1) .t that poat _ _ tM .,.rtiul d.i.,l~t (woo> OD tM
surfac:. of tho half pl_ Oft tho 10l1li ms (i .•• the point • • O. It • 0). Iac:.ua&e of this eM solvticu for
tba unifDnl 'lft'ties.l d.isplac_t artl referrK to a total nsu.1Uln .,.rti"l load (1~ ... III:It • "":mea
verti"l elispl_t.
Th. solv.tiClllS for loadina: by liAnr ftreical praSSUl'll aDd liMa' Vfl"tical disp1ae:-nt ano p_ OD
.paps 16 . . 17. For the displ~t defil:lad load it is possible to Uri" "l.tioubips Me... the total
nsu.1tUlt _ e (about the ¥ axis) th.&e is ,,~snry to ~ • ufiaed.-i-. clisp~·ia eada of
tlIe cu.s of .: positive, .: ne,ative. mid 8 2 :tft'O. Iy un of these re1.etiwships tbe so1v.dcu for the dis-
·pl_llt defiDed load CUl be referred to either a toeal rUulUDt _ftt (" ) or • ....u- wruul displal:e-
~a2)' ¥
For 10illUJl, by ~ifClft 1.Ural preSSlZre t • finita ..ann of the lunal displ_ftt CaD ollly be obtl.il:l-
.d by COftSid.riJl, a rel.tive q\&lIDUty ratbe1' chan Ul usolut. _ . tt Heft« t,he "l.tiv. 1.ural disp1~
(1'-101 ) .t .y pomt ift the half pl_ is defilled as the l.teral di.pl_Dt (It) ae that pomt ~ 1:be
00
laurel displau.1lt (101 ) on the s=face of the half pl_ on t!le 1014 ws (i. •• the potu I • 0, z • 0).
00
1 _ of ills t:he solu.tioas fC1r the UDifClft lateral displ~t artl "femot to • total rn~UZlt 1.ural.
load (2',,).
Loads of chI' type of linear latenl p"nurw and lillM%' lateral c1.i.splac_e (s.. soluticu CD peps 20
CId 21) are sdf a=ellizl, ill nat.ure siJl.l:e 1IO result.ant forces or _ a u ant procluced. HaIce tbe solutiOllS
fgr the eli.pl_ftt defiDed us. CaD only b. nferred to • .w.. l.ural d.ispl~e.

, The sollltiClllS for thes. cues are Ii"" 011 pal'" 14 &lid 1S.
Ji.,.. CUI paps 11 _ 19.
t The soilluoas for thase cues are
_______'tt lbb situtiaa is eaal0rou,,-to that applyiD, ift the cas. of 106diq by unifon: 't'ft'tical JIftSSIl:" ....
""- _
wifora Yertil:Sl cl.ispl_ftt.
VII. SOwrtONS FOR. DISPl.M»tEHTS. STRAINS AND STRESSES

J
'" 1 (a)
"
tlUFORH VERTICAL PRESSURE

The solutiCllS riven below involve produet.5 of coefficients (gn' in' 'n) and intc,nh (Qll(t).

(;"11' Klevet), LulI't), ,lIeu' SX1Cll , cXhu' cd ,XISII )' Thue coefficieftt$ ~ in1:ernls are evaluated

on pares 26 Md 22 :R$pectively.

A. Ortho~ic aD4 tross-aaisotrgpic; 82 Positive.

~oo·
,;
(;-) .Pl·%O·{-gl·Ql1{+I) • 9 Z,QU(O")}

It· (~)ls.Pl·ZO·{-g3·xlsl(.a) .. 9 4 ,X1sl {lIl)}

H .Pl'{-UZ,K {.a) .. 94,X11:5(01) )
'=:'O (;-) 1e3
En "
(.) ,Pl,{gl"'X1e3 (U) - 9Z,Il.K1c3 (1l1} )

[.l:l,1:.- ~}'s·if·.g9·,-1.{.rls3(.z) - KIS3 (o:)}

n'O ,');
-; • p 1,9g' , •-1. Xle3.·
,) -" -1 .K1c3 ,III
))

- (.)
::'O H .Pl,l-gS·X1c3(tz) .. 9 'X (P.)}
6 1c3
2 1:1 * •
iii '" (;-) .Pl,l-97 ,X1e3 ('2) • 9s·X1e3(oa)}
& • f. t -
zl

B. Orthorbollbic and cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative.

lo)-lJoo' <fll:l,PI,:l:O·{-il'cQll i 2 'sK1(1 )

II' <f1's.P1·-zO·(i3'I/'lsl .. i"SJ::1sI J
[= (fll:l.Pl,H3·cKlc3" i 4 ,sX1e3 )

t lZ <frIS.Pl·(i9·c:KIe3· iIO'sKId}

t= (~)\PI.i2'sKh3
- •
ZlI , " .Pl '
(;) tKlc:3 • IS... -1 sK1e3

a. {f)I:l.P1·{is·cKlc3 • i 6 ' s K1c:3}

Y-y • ,')' P w . ,.. K

I' ~7'c: lc:3 •
.•
1o S ' S
K
le3
,

zi • f.trz

C. onhorholltlie and Cross-anisotropic:; 8 2 !ero.

D. Isotropic:

The displac:menu, strains, and stresses are as for the case of Ortb..orilolabic: and. Cross-anisoU'llpic:;

82 Zero but with 'the following si~lifieations;

2 -I -1 -1
' 1 · 2.{l-\I }.E ' 2 · ll.",).E. 8 • (I.",). (1-2\1).E
3
"
• • 2", 8
• • 0
8
---- _-1- -
• • 1 f • a: - b • E. {l+\I}
 APPENDIX A 15 323

1 (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT

The solutions given below involve products of coefficients Can' in' B n) and integrals (Q02(.)' cQ02'

KOc (1I+1) (.), KOsClI+l) Ct/I), cKOc(1I+1)' sKOc (1I+ 1)' cKOS(1I+1)' and sKcsClI+l). These coefficients and integrals
are evaluated on pages 26 and 23 respectively.
A. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive.
The displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by malting the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
-~ -1
(i) substitute TV. (2w) .=0 --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ PI
(ii) substitute Q02Ct/I) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ QII Ct/I)
KOe (1I+1)Ct/I) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ K1cll Ct/I)
KOs(1I+1)Ct/I) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ K1Sll (t/I)

B. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative.

The displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anillOuopic; 82 Negative).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
-~ -1
(i) substitute Tv ·C2w) ·=0 . --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ PI
(ii) substitute cQ02 --------------------------- fer ------------------------------------ cQll
cKOC(1I+1) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ cKlCll
sKOcClI+l) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ sKlcu
cKOs(u+l) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ cKlsu
SKOs(u+l) --------------------------- for ----------------------------------- sK1Sll

c. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero.

The displacements, strains and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading COrthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero).
These equa'tions are shown on the opposite page.

(i) substitute Tv.C2W)-~.=O-1 --------------------------- for ----------------------------------- PI

Cii) substitute Q02Caz) --------------------------- for ----------------------------------- QIICaz)
KocClI+l)Caz) --------------------------- for ----------------------------------- Klcu(az)
KOsClI+l)Caz) --------------------------- for -~---------------------------------KISuCaz)

D. Isotropic
The displacements. strains and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anistropic; 82 Zero).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
-~ -1
(i) substitute TV. (2w) .=0 -------------------------- for -------------------------------- P.l
(ii) substitute Q02 Cz) -------------------------- for -------------------------------- Ql1Cz)
KOc(u+l)Cz) -------------------------- for -------------------------------- K1cll Cz)
KOs(u+l)Cz) -------------------------- for -------------------------------- K1su Cz)
(iii)In addition the simplified values of a, f and Bn (shown on the opposite page) are applicable.
324 16
2 (a) LINEAR VERrICAL PRESSURE

'I1le 101ut1oas pva below involve p~s of coefficiaU (gn' in' 8

n) and integrals·
CX3c\lC.), X3S \lC.), cX3c\l' SX3c \l' cX3s\l' and sX3S \l)' 111ese coefficients and integrals &1"8-eva!U8ted
GIl pages 26 ad 24 "speetively.

A. OrthoztIcUic ad Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive.

Z Is
w • (w) .PZ·:O·{-gl· X3s1{.I) + gZ'X3s1 (PI)}
Z Is
It· (if) .PZ·:0·{g3·~CIC.I) - g4'~CICPI)}
2 Is
E= • (w) .PZ·{-g3,X3s3 C• I } + g4·X3S3CPI)}
E. . . C~Is·pz·{gl·.·X3S3(.I} - gz·P.x:ss3 (PI)}
E_
Z Is -1
(w) .Pz·gg·f '{-~c.3(.I} + X3c3 (PI}}
z Is { -1. -1.
Ai • (w) .Pz·gg•• .X3• 3 (.I} - P .X3s3 (PI}}
Z Is
a. !i"} .Pz ·{-gS,X3s3 (.I} + g6· X3s3(PI}}
z I.Ps . •
if! • (w) Z·{-g7, X3S3(.I) + 9S, x3s3(P:l:}}
D .• f.E:I

B. Orthome.bic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative.

w• (~) Is .PZ':0' {-i1" cX3s1 - i z •sX3s1 }

It •(~)Is.P%·:0·{-i3·cX3Cl - i4·sX3cl}
E= • (~)'s.Pz·£i3·CX3S3 + i4'S~S3}
E l l · (f)!s.Pz·£ig·CX3S3+ il0's~s3}

E_ . (f)ls.pz.iz'{-SX3C3}
Z)1s { . -1
i i · (if .Pz· cX3s3 + CI.1Il ·sK3s3 }

a • (f)ls·pz·{iS·CX3S3 + i6.sK3S3}
yy • (f)ls·pz ·£i;·CX3S3 + i;·SX3S3 }
a· f.E_

D. Isotropic.

.The displac_ts. strains. and stresses are as for the case of Orthllrh.olll&ic and Cross-anisotropic;

82 Zero but with the following silllplifications;

Z -1
• Z.(I.v ).E
-1 . • (l+v}.(I-Zv}.E-1
Z • (l+v).E
8 8 8
1 3
• • Zv
8
S • 8
6 • 1 8
7
CI • 1 f • a - b • E.(I+v)-1
 UPlUIDrZ A 17 325

2 (b) LINEAR VEmCAL DISPLACEMENT

The soluticms given below involve products of coefficients (g • i •

n n n and integrals (lC2c~
8 ) ( 1) (,).

K2s (\I+1) C,). cK2cC!I+1)' s~c(\I+1)' cK2s(\I+1)' and s~s(\I+1»' These coefficients and integrals are evalu-
ated on pages 26 and 2S respectively.

A. OrthorllDUic and Cross-anisotropic; B2 Positive.

The displac_ts. strains. and stresses are obtained by III&lting the following substitutioas into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (Orthorhollbic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
2
2 Is 1 11 Is 1 ....f.- (c+d. ) • fC+dc 2)
subsutute Ty ' (if) .~ OR -42 , ('2) ':cO •
o •

(1) 2ii+f' d.p.,. p+,j -------------- for ---------------- P2

'Ibis alternative substitution follows from the _ n t - displacelllent relationship for this case of 8 2
Positive. 'Ibis relationship is : Z 2
'If ....f.- (tt+d,) • (c+dp) A_
III • "2 . :Co • 2:ii+!' a.p.,.(p+,j '-z
(ii) substitute K2C (\I+1)(') ------------------------------------------------------- for ----------- K3c\l(')

~s(\I+1)(') ------------------------------------------------------- for -----------.K3S \l(;)

B. Orthorhollbic and Cross-anisotropic; 8 2 Negative.

The displac_nts. strains. and stresses are obtained by lIIIIking the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 8 2 Negative).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
• . 2 lJ 1 'If l:l 1 ad-e'l
(1)subst1tute T • (-) ......... OR -42 , ('!) . - . • --------------------------- for ---------------- P
11 'If :CO" :Co 211. (ad)~ 2
This alternative substitution follows frolll the 1II000000t-displacellent relationship for this case of 82
Negative. This relationship is: 2
'If ad-e
Til • - '2 ':CO' 211. (ad)li • 42

(ii) substitutec~c(\I+1) ----------------------------~.----------------------------

for ----------- cK3c\l

s~c(\I+1) -------------~-------------------------------------------- for ----------- sK3c \l

c~s(\I+1) -------------------------------------~-----------~-------- K
for ----------- c 3s\l

sK2s(\I+1) ---------------------------------------------------------- for ----------- sK3s \l

C. Orthorm.bic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero.

The displac_nts. strains and stresses are obtained by lI&king the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (OrthorhOllbic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
2 2
(i) substitute 1 • (.!)l:l•
Y 'If
..!.o.
:CO"
OR -6 • (~)l:l.L
2 " " : cO
•....f.- • (c+da)
'!C+f 2dcl 3
---------------------__ for
"
P
2
This alternative substitution follows frOlll the IIOIIIeJ1t-displacellent relationship for this case of S2
Zero. This relationship is: . 2 2
'If -L (tt+da)
ly " 2 . :Co '2C+f' 2d43 .6 2

(ii) substitute K2C(\I+l) (113) ------------------------------------------------------ for --------- K3C\l(1I3)

~S(\I+1)(CI3) ------------------------------------------------------ for --------- K3s\l(CI3)

D. Isotropic

The displac_nts. strains. and stresses are obtained by lIIIIking the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (OrthorhOlllbic and Cross-anisotropic: 82 Zero).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.

(i) substit~te 1Y. (.!)l:l • -b OR -62' (!.)l:l.-!. • ~ -------------------------- for --------------- P

'If:Co 2 :Co 2(1-,,) 2
This alternative substitution follows frolll the _nt-displacement relationship for this isotropic case.
This relaticmship is;
" "E
1 · 2 ' :C0 · - - -2- • 6 2
Y 2(1-" )
(ii) substitute K2C (\I+1) (3) --------------------------------------------------------- for ------ K3c\l(a)

K2s (\I+1) (a) --------------------------------------------------------- for ------ K3s \l(a)

(iii)In addition the silllplified values of a. f. and 8 n (shown on the opposite page) are applicable.
 3(1.)
"
linFORM UoTUAL SHEAR S11tESS

111._ solutiozu riYeD be1_ iavolve produets of coefficients OlD' in' .ul tn) ami iIIurrah

(Qll (tl. c Qll' ~Ql (tl. !lSIl (tl. c.llQ1' sL,.C\l' c:l'l$ll' and. ,Z'tsJ· These coefficinu cd iDterraJ.s ue
...aINted Oft pqu 26 ~ 22 re~iftly.

A. Ortho~ic: _ Cross-w.soU'Opic:; 52 PosiuYe.

101· (~l:i.pl':O·{-hl •.r1s1(P) ·1I. Z..r ls1 UlJl)}

...... • $'s,Pl·%o·{h:s·QUC+a) - 11 4 '''11(0&»"

00
'=. <?J'J.pl·(-h:s·Jt'1s3C.") • 1I.. ,l'ls3!Pz)}
t
u ~)'.pl·h.hl·lls3{"")· 1I.~.Xls3{1l.t)}
Zit -1·1 -1)
Cpa)
c= • (-;) .pI'! '"-!l.r-II .X1c1C+z) •• ';c3
a· (;) 21,: -1-1
.pl,lIg .11 • • • £Xb3 (P) -
())
K113 liZ
2 , ·PI,t-h ·A:
.&. (';) • h ·X
)
S 1s3
(P)
6 1s3 (Il:l:)
2It· •
Hi· (.) ·Pl·{-h 7 ,K ts :S(+·) • h s ,Jt: ts :s(llz)}

a· f.e:
I. OrthorlIOIIbic: and Crou-lII.isotropie; ,2 Ne,.tin.

101· (~.I:l'Pl'Z0.{-.il'l1s1-.i2·s.rhll
"'"Woo • ~)l:I'Pl·Z0·{j3·cQl1 • i 4 ',l'lcl)
t:x· tfl""Pl·£-i 3 'cX1s3 - i 4 ',K 153 )
c: u <fl"'·Pl·£J 9 ,c:X1s3· il0'sX1s3~
t= ~'"
t.J -1 -1
'P1·f . (cX1c.l - 0 •• ·sX1.c3
J
2 Is: -1
n • <;') 'Pl·. . sK153

== • (~~'PI·{-iS·CX1Sl - :6·SXlS3)
2 '" .• ••
YY. (;-) ·Pl·{-J7·cXlS3 - JS· s .l153}

a • f.C=
c.

• t ·0.a:.X (CU:)}
2 lsS
- o.a:.x (0JI)}
1e5

a· f.c=
D. 1sot.rapic

The displ:a.e:e.mu. strains. aDd sttesses are as for the case Onhorhalbic and Cross-anisonopic;
82 Zero but with the follovinr sillplifica:tions;

t • (l.v).(1-2v).E-1 c • {l.v).E- 1
1 2
t
s• 2 t,• . 2v
t
9
• 2v.U....).,Cl • • 1 f - a-b. E.(I.v)·1
 327

The soltni_ JiYeQ bel. in_lYe ~ u of coeffid.mu (1In' in' - ttl) - 1Dt~1s (Q02(tl.

c'102' ~Oc:(..+l)(.)' .10$(\1+1)(.)' loce,.!)' .Zoe'••1}' c~(".l)' aDd s.lOsC. .1})· These _ffid...u ad.
iatqn.b are .-nluaud em ~pJ 26 tlZI4 23 respecti:nly.

A.. ~ic aZl4 CTou-lJU.soU'opk; jS2 Posiuve.

n. ,Usplae-u. sC'aiAs ud .u.s.es are obt.aiDeoi by aakiq: w followUll suDstibrt:UlGs iDto th8
~tillllS for the c.ase of WlifOfll lateral shear stf'8$' loadiJl.l (0rth0rbaUi.c Uld Cross-.nisotropk; 11 2

Positi'Ve). These equatillllS ' " shown on the opposite pa,co

....
(1) substitute Thol2.) '=0 -I ----.-.--.~--.----------- for ------------···-·_-----·-------------·Pl
(ii) substitute '102 (.) -----------------_.--.-- for --------------------------- Qll Ctl
XOc:C 1} (tl .-••------------------- for _ •••• _ •• _ •••- - - - - ~C\I(.)

.lOse !}'.} .------------------------ for --------_._----•••--------•••------ !1$U(tl

I. ~ic: aDd Cross-Aaisotropic; 1 2 Nepti.....

n. diSF1ac_U. sUd.n$. &Dd Stresses are obu.iJMd by aakb.! the follori.Jl&: subst.i\:lrti0lU mo tlIe

equations f," Uie ease of =ifor- lateral shear SttllSS loading (Ortbo~ie .u Cross-&llisoUopie; ,2

NeJativII). Thesll equations are sh_ on Uie opposite pale •

•~ -1
(i) sub,titute Th·(Z.) ·=0 ----------------.--.------ for -------------------------------------·Pl
(ii) ,ubstitutll cQOZ -------.--------.-.-••---- ·for ------------------------------------- cQll

cXoc(lI_l) ----------------------.-.- for· ---••- •••••••--••••-------.---••---.- c~c"

srOc(,,_l) --.--------------.-••••--. f," .--.-••----•••-.----.--.------------- ,lIe"

CXOS(,,_l} --••.••.•-.-----.-.--.------ for -----.-----••----------------------- ell,,,

S!Q,(1I_1} .•---------------------.--. for ••.---- --•.-------.----------- sl},,,

C. ~ic and Cross_aaisott'Opic; 82 Zero.

The clisplac:_u. strains and stresses are obtau..d by aakiIlJ Uill fol1Clll'inI: subst.i'tUtioas into Uill

eqoation, f," the ease of Uhifo,. lateral shear strUS Ioad.iq (Orthorhc.bic and Cross-anisotl'Opic; 8 2 zero).

These el{uatiolls are shCM!'!l on thll opposite pa,l.

.
(1) substitute Th• ( z. ).... ·=0-1 ••-.---.------------------ for - ••----.---.-.--••••---------.---.--- PI

(ii) substitute QOZ{oa) -----•••-------.---.-.--.- for------·-·----------··-·--------------- Ql1{oa)

IOc{"_l) (IU) ••••.• -----.-------.------- f," ----------------------------------- "l.ClI (oa)

!Q,(,,_I)(mz) ••.••-.---.-----.-.-------- for -----------••----------------------.- 1},1I{C:U)

D. lsotzvpic.

the clispl~ts, straiD.s aDd s'tresses an obtaheG by..ti!lJ the foUClll'ill., substitutions uto't1le

eqauions f," the case of unif1l:. lateriJ $hear stress loa4iJl, (~ic CId. Cross-aauotropic; 8 2 Zero).

'These equaticns are shOlln on the opposite pa,..

_~ -1
(i) substitute Th·(Z.) ·=0 ••-----------------.--.-- for -----.---••- ••-.---.------.---------- PI
(iil substitute Qoz(z) -.----.------------••.-.- for - ••--••-.-••••- •••- ••-------.-------- Q1I(z)

XOc{\l+l)(z) .-------------••----.---- for ------------------------------------- Xlc:u{z)

XOS(p_l)(z) ----.-.--.--------------- f1lr ------------------------------------- 11s"(z)
Hii)ln a4cliUCXI the sillplified ..-a1..s of 0, f and 8 (s~ em the opposite paae) are sppllcable.
n
328 20
4 (a) LINEAR LATERAL SHEAR STRESS

The sol~iODS given below involve products of coefficients (hn • in' and t n) and integrals

(K31:\1 (11) • K3s\l (,) • CK3C\l . 's K.. _. K • and K3 ). These coefficients and integrals ue.eVallBted on
....\1 C 3s \I S S\l
pages 26 anel 24 respectively.

A. OrthorhOllbic and Cross-anisotropic; 11 2 Positive.

'" • (~)lf·pz·=o· {h1 ·K3c1 (4Iz) - h z.K3c1 (Poll)}

u • (~)\pz'=o' {h3 ·X3Sl (4Iz)

- h4 ,X3s1 (Poll)}
2 ~
&= (if) ·pz·{hrK3c3(4Iz) - h4 ·K3c3 (pz)}

£zz • (f)~·pz·{-4I·hl·K3e3(4IZ)
+ p.hr K3e3 (pz)}

£= 2 ~ -1 -1 -1
(if) ·pz·' .h9 ·{-p .X3s3 (4I z ) + 41 .K3s3 (pz»
z ~ ,p2· h9· p-1 .41 -1 .{-X (4Iz ) + X (pa)}
.u .. (if) 3c3 3c3
a. (f)~·pz·{hs,x3C3(4IZ) - h6 ·K3c3 (pz)}
z ~ .p!.{h7·K3c3(4Iz)
YY • (if) * *
- hs ·K3e3 (pz)}

:3 .. /.&=
B. OrthorhClllbic and Cross-anisotropic; 11 2 Negative.

"'. (f)\Pz·=O·{j1·CX3Cl + jZ'SX3cl )

u • (f)~· pr=O' {j3' cK3s1 + j 4 'sK3sl )

&= (f)~· l'Z·{j3'cK3c3 + j4 'sK3c3 }
&zz " (f)~·P.z,{":,j9·CX3C3 - jlO'sK3c3 }
z~ -1 -1
&= (if) .pZ·/ .{cK3S3 - 'sX3s3 }
Q.lI.l

Zz =
z ~ -1
(if) ·l'Z·lI.l {-sK } 3c3
: : s: (*)~.P2·{.iS·cK3c3 + "6.sK3c3}
fiY =
z~ ,* '.*
(if) .pZ·{37,cK3c3 + .7 'sK } S 3c3
S: • /.&=

D. Isotropic.

The displaeelllents. strains. and stresses are as for the case of Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic;

112 Zero but with the following simplifications;

t1 = (l+v).(l-Zv).r-1 t
z = (l+v).E
-1
t
3
= 2.(I-v Z),E -1 t
4
= (l+v).E -1
t
s = Z
-1
t
6
= 1 t; = 2v
-1
t; ,. Q

t g = 2v. (l+v).E a = 1 / = a-l1 = g. (l+v)

 21
,
4(b) L1M£AR u:mw. SflEAR DISP1.IaIeNr

lb, sollltiOftS ,ive. below involve procluets of eoefficienu (hn' in' _ t ) _ inu&nls
ll
~C:(I1+1)(.)' 'c2s(II+l)Ctl. c~cb.1)' s~c(Il.1)' cXzs(~l)' and ,1'2sh,.1)· ".... meffici_u aa4 iDtqra1s
a:-e evu_ted on paces 26 aM 25 res~i"ly.

A. ~i.c an4 Cnls,-amsottopk; 82. Positive.

lb, disp~u. 1IU'&i.U, UId suesses are obtaiDed by -.t.iDt die subninauoas blta the eqaatioDs

for ue c.ue of linear laural sbear suess loadin, (ortborbc.bic aDd Crots-uLbottopic:; 8 2 Positive).

These equatiOM are s~ on die opposite pap ..

(1) subniaau • ,',"'!";"i;:f'

2" ~ ' " 2
C.-hdO )("..)
.. (e+do )
2
------------------- fOT------------··--·"'P2
eli) JUbnintta X:C(Il+1)(t> . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -•••- - - - - _•••-- for-_ .... ••_ ~(.)

I2s{Il+1)Ctl ---------------------------------------- for --------••••- - - !J51l'.)

I. ~ i c and Crou_aIlisocropic; 82 Hepthe.

The d.isplae_u, saatAs. u4 nn::ues are obtl.1Pd by .u..iD, til, foUllWizIr $Ubstiw.tiOQ illto tbe

eqw.tiClnS far the ease of l~ l.ural shear stress I ~ (onhcJrhc.bic and. Cross-..uottClpic; 82

MecuiYe). Thes. cq.&atlO11S an So'- O!l the. opposit.e paa:e.

2 .
(i) sabnitute - 42'(;')""~0'<=W) -----------•.------ '" -------.2
(ii) subst.itute c!1C(~.l) --.-------------------------------••••-----.-.---- far - clJep
sX2c(~.I) ----------.--------•••••- -••••-------------- for ---------h,.
c'2S(~.I) •••- •• ---.--.-~-----••------------------------.- for ---
S~S(~.I) - ••-.----------------------------------.----••••-- for - - - - - - h..

The dhplac_nu. strains, ami sa-esses an obtained by _Idll, the foll..,ill, substitutiOftS into the

el{U&tions for the ease of linear lateral shear stress load.in& (Orthorhc.bic aDCl Cross.-uisotropic; 82 Zero).

Thue el{U&tiCIIIS are shown on the opposite pa,e.

(1) substitute - 42'(;')"":t~ .~ .<gaZ)Z __ • u • -for..----------------· Pz

(ii) Substitute Kzc(~.I)(O*) ---------------------------------------------- for·-----------------· lJc~(ua)

Kzs(~.l)(O*) .-.-.-.-•• ------~---------------------------.-for - ••---••-----••••• IJs~(O*)

D. Isotropic.

The .usplac:_u, straiJls. and stresses are obuiDed by aali.JIa the foUoriDt sub$titu~ into tile
equat1C11'1S for the case of line&! bURl shear StreSS loadirlC (~ic: and Cross-uotropie; S2 Zero).
The$. equatiOflS are sllowft 011 the opposiu pace.

(1) substitute. 4 (~ls . . l E .

2" Z' . :to • 2.(l-...-)
-----.-----------------------------for p
2

(ii) substitute X2c(~.I)(a) ----------------------------------------.---- for -------------•••- ~(a)

X2s(~.I)(a) ------------.------•••--------------------- for ----------------- 'Js~(z)
(iii) III .adition the sillplified values of o. f. aDd t (s!u:MI DII the opposite pare) are applicable_
 330 APPBBDIZA 22
INTEGRALS FOR LOADING BY UNIFORM PRESSURE

(Loading types la and 3a)

When z ~ 0 and z ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given by;

Qu(.) .. (~)l:i.[_ (l;z).lnf.2 +(I+z)2} _ (l~z).ln{",2+(I_z)2) _ t.artanf21/1:(1/I2+z2-1)-ln

Z l:i 2~
~c3(.) "' (iT) .ls.artan 2 2
1/1 +z·-1
K (I/I) .. (~)l:i.{I/IZ_z2+1}.{",2+(I+z2}-I.{1/I2+(1.z)2}-1
1CS

K
ls1
(1/1) (~)l:i. {It••• In[ {>liZ +(I-z) 2}. {ljI2+(I+Z) 2 }-1] + l:i. artanfZ:ojI. (ljIZ +1-,:i) -I} + l:!.z.artanfZI/I. (1/12+:2 _I)-I}}

K (1/1) .. (~)l:i.lt.ln[{I/IZ+(I+:)2}.{ljIZ+(I.z)Z}-I]
1s3

K (I/I) .. (~)l:i.2z1/I.{ljIZ+(1+Z)2}-I.{ljI2+(I_~2}-1
1sS
Z l:i 1+Z+Cll3 l-.:z:-CllZ l+:-CllZ l-z+CllZ C1Z
cQU (iT) .{- --s-·ln!;l - -s--·ln1;2 - -s--·ln!;S - -s--·ln1;4 - j={artanxl + artanX2)}

2 l:i [(z+CllZ) (Z-Cll3) az

sK1cl = (iT)' 4 artanxl + ltartanX 3 - -4--· artanX 2 - ltartanX 4 + j={ln(1;Z'!;3) - In(!;l'!;4)}]

cKlc3 = (~)l:i.lt. (artanXl + artanX2)

2 l:i 1 .
sKlc3 = (iT) ·s·{ln(1;l·1;4) - In(1;2·1; )}

2 l:i[ (z+CllZ) L (Z-Cll3) a3

cKlsl = (iT) 4 .artanxl + -aartanx3 + 4 • artan x2 + ltartan x4 + g-.f1n(1;z·1;4) - In(!;l·1;3)}]
2 l:i 1+Z+Cll3 l-:-CllZ 1+.:z:-CllZ l-Z+Cll3 a3 }
sK1s1 .. (iT) {-s--·lnl;l + -s--·ln!;z - -s--·ln!;3 - -s--·ln1;4 + j={ artan X - artanx2)
I
2 l:i 1 .
cKls3 = (iT) ·s·f1n(1;rI;3) - 1n(1;2·1;4)}

2 l:i
sK1s3 = (iT) .~( -artanx l + artanx2)

wheTe
2 2 2 Z2 2
1;1 = a Z + (l+z+CllZ) xl = Zaz~fa z +(z+CllZ) - I}
Z2 222
!;2=az + (1_.:z:_CllZ)Z X = 2az~{a z +(.:z:-CllZ) - I}
2
2 2
1;3 = a Z + (l+:_CllZ)Z X = 2az.(Z+CllZ)~{a 2 22
3 -(z+CllZ) + I}
3
2 2 2 222
1;4 =a z + (1-z+Cllz) X = 2C1Z.(:-Cllz)~{a a -(Z-CllZ) + I}
4

When Z = 0 the values of some of the integrals aTe significantly simplified. These integrals aTe;

K1s1 (1/1) = KIs3 (1/I) .. K1sS (I/I) .. cKlsl = sKlsl = cKls3 = sK ls3 .. 0

Qll(l/I) (~)l:i.{_l:i1n(tjl2+1) - ",artan",-I}

Klc3 ( .,') (2, ~ rt 1 K ("') ... (~1f' l:i. (".2 +1)-1

.. iT}·a an ~ 1CS ~ '"

When z = 0 the relevant integrals are given by;

"(0) = c"U
"u " (2,l:!
iT}' {- -(1+=) 1 (1 )2
4 - ' n +Z -
(1-:)1 (1 )2} .
4 ' n -: K
1c3
(D) = cK lc3 = (>-)'.
1f
{I0
:<1

:>1

K
lsI
(0) K
c lsI
= (~,l:i.
1f1
{f.
1f
'2
.:z: <1
>1
K
ls3
(D) K
c 1s3
= (~)\~. fln(1+.:z:) 2 - In(1_:j2)

sKlc1 = sKlcS .. sKlsl = sKls3 =0

NOfE: The values of artanxl' artanX2' artanx3 lie in the range 0, ".
The value of artanx4 lies in the range D, 1f when .:z:-Cll3>0, and in the range -1f, 0 when Z-CllZ<O.
 "
INl'EGIWS FOR LOAIlllIi BY UNtFOllM DISPI.A.CSEtn'
JJJ

Whtn:I .: ~ 0 and. • ~ 0 the values of Uul iJI:ternls are liven by;

• -lnSO c Q02 • l:I.(-lnSp.lftS~

-1 1
• ,TO .c:o~o 5~2 • It. {(p.~

:5 .:S -3 1. _1 1 -1 1
lac6{.)·· {t.c:osro-·nnrecrl'o c:Ko« • ... CT .CO¥p.".lII ,Cosrlll)
p

•'0 sK
OC4
• 'so (1'p -l.s~p _1'",.1. 51 +",)
_1 . 1
• TO .sJ.nr:o c:KOs2 • 1:1. «(p .f;~
33 -3
• (t.sinr-o·:·c:osro)·l'o sKOS2 • l:l.(lllSp.lnS)

c:X0s4 •
c (
"h Tp
-1
'smr:
. 1
p +7'",
_1 in!..)
.5-'2--111

-1 1 -1 1)

.,- to • arsin{~f[{.2.{1 ..z)2}~.{ ..2.(1.=)2l"'J'

sKOS4 • ",.(TIlI

K • artan(~t(.2_z2.1»
'C:~m-Tp 'C:0sr"p

O
~ • arsin{Z(:+.a)+ [(~2z2.(1.~)2}~.{o2z2.. (1~~}2}~)} "'p • uun{2N:.C_l+{o2a2· C=-a)2.. I}]

(III • • rsin{2(~)+ (lo2.2.(h_)2)l:I.{oZ.z.U_=..... )2}!"J1 Kill • arun[2ou. <=--,)t!l:,2a 2.(_)2.IJJ

So • It
222
'Oz
t .1's
+1'0 +2,1'0' (•• eo"-r=o--='.sJ.~O)I "
0
• {(.2.;e2.l)2.4 .i.2 )',,"
Sp • [02.2+ (_> 2.1'p2. 2 .1'p' i'ClZ.e04cp+(=+OIZ).Si+p }]lt 1
, • [{o.2a2.(_)2.1)2.402a~(_)2J"

22 -22 1 .1 l:I 1'"," ({o2;12.(_)2. 1I 2+ 40 2a 2(:_)2 J 1:l

Sill. (0 I +(-1 .7'JII +2.TII'l.£l:t.1'C: 0 'r"m+{<1e-0IZ)·Sl."r=m}]

When: • 0 the yuues of 5_ of the integrals are siptfie&!ltly sillplified. These internls are;

Q02e.) • -ilTsifth •

K (.) • (.2+1)-~
Oe4

tl.,i)~ %<1
K (O) • eKOc4 •
Oe4
..1

!'
%<1
KoS 4 (O) • K •
e 0s4 (:2 -1) ~ %>1

"WE: The vallieS of.: O and "p lie in the range 0, r.

The value of "111 lies in the range O. 'Ir when :·WI:>I;' and. in the range -I', 0 when ;e._<O.
 ..
(LoadiJlc ~ 2a ad 4&)

iii-. .c , 0 ad • 'i 0 UM n l _ of t:b iD.ue-ts an ciTw by ;

z.1s .2_2. 1 ;no
~ ttl· c;.J •[--.--.&ftM .2 2
...
.. 2' - •• lalt
:z :z
+(1_) } •
$C
4·!Dlt
2:
.(1+e) }]
2:
• +z -1
1"31:3(.) • (~Is.[1-t.VUD{2 •. (.2.i_l)-1) .. 7.1Il£.2.U4>2) _ :.1alt2.(1+:)2 n

~(.) • ~}Js. [\ar'UDUt. (.2.:2_1) .1) _ to (.Z• .c2.1) .1.2.(1.-z) 2} -1 .,.2. C1 _:>2} -1]
,,
~1(.)· (~)Js.r~-t=-·&rUJIl\ + .-~ +1. nn{.2. l l+z )2) - 1!l{t Z.(loz}2Jl}
• +z -1
13s3(tJ (~)Is·cI.an..{2•. (.2•.i_ll-1). t.ln£.2.(1..z)2) - t-1!l{t 2+(l.z1 2)]

~(.) {~rls.rv.1sl£.2.{1+z> 2:}- 1c.1ll{.2.(I_z>2, _ .c. (.2.:2_ 1 ). {.2. U +z >2} -1 •(.2. U _.c)2,-I J
,!,' ,022+1-) 2.1 ._..
(;~1 • ...... .
a
•.. ..-Xt ..
..
22
a -(_1 .1
I
2
__
.......x2 - r"
0& u(~) (...
i
.._)
....... 1- ......2
:"o.t{.c_l (lA, .lA, ),
• 3 4
•
s~l
• (1,'
. ' 2:
(!!. _ llZ.(_) UUZI
.. • Xl
.. oa.(z_) artazl
.. . x2
.0. "'* -(=-) .1 (1
16
, .
.,-.)
nt3 ........
"
.. '* _(=--1 +1 (In
16
, •
."
t 3 ....(4
)}

zls IU __ .c~
cJ:3c3 • (';') ·(1T,(utanx1+UWlX:z) ~ ,-.(lnt 2- 1Ilt l ) • T<l.nC 4 -1n.r::s)J

3C
2 1:1 ~ z-.~
sK :s. (;-) .L,.-.ut.anXl - .......... anmX2 ., j=<ln(c ,c:s)-ln(C l ·C 4)
0. z
})
' , ' (: . u ( _ ) Ga(:_"') 1 (" ,
~Klsl • (;- '2'- 4 .utUlXl • 4 •• runX 2 • 16. 0 • - ( - ) .U.(1DCClnC2)

16. (02.2-(:_) 2.11 • (lnt 3-lnt4)]

2
• ,l,~( 02.2_~_)2.1 ._._ 0 • 2_(2:. . .)2. 1
sAlsl • -; - .... ..-X1• a attanx 2

. U ( i ) , (1n.t -lnt ) • U{j_). (luC - 11lt:s)}

2 l 4
2 1:1 . - - z-.-.a oa
~Kls:S • {iJ .L--:--,-.anmXl ........... &rUD~ • r<1rI{~'C4)-ln(CrC:s>}]

21:1 oa ::+.a :-
sK:S 53 - <:;>. ·£4·(artIll'lXCutaAX2) - =a-.(lDt 2-1Dt 1 ) • -,-.(lllC 4 -111C:s»)

2 2
C - 0 • .(1.:+",,)2
l
Xl • 2ut(02.2.(;e+4IIa)2_1I

C • 0 2• 2.(1_:_)2 x2 • 20.U(02.2. C=_J 2 _U

2
C • (12.2.(1+_)2 x3 • 2o.a.c.r-)t{02i_c_>2. 11
3
"
C • 0 • -(1-_)
4
, ~ • 2oa. ~_>t{02a2-<_)2. U

lOla1 2: • 0 the nJues of _ of the interrals an sipaifie.uttly smpli.fiecL 1bese iIlt~s are;

~I(.) • .l:ss:s{t) • '3sS C.) ·cKIsI • sJ:.bl • c Kls3· s~s:S • 0

2
~l(.) • Cf)I:I. C\·l. aztaA .,l.!J X3c1 Ct)" (~I:I U_taruD.- 1)

When •• 0 the relevant iDterr&ls are ,iVWD by;

(l-4h ~<1
"-,,(0) • X • (1)1:1 • -,- .l __ (O)
-~ ~ 3~1 "0
2
fa
",_= 1~2
:>1
. 2 2
~ ....

• (0)" • (-.' 'l-,'~ (In(l~) - In(l.:) )]

3st c 3s1 II

1«lTl':: The values of artanx l , art-x 2 , &runX3 lie 111 the nnp O•••
l1ul value of art.&1IX4 lies in the nIlce 0, .. wilea z-VO. mel in the nnp -", 0 .....ea =_<0.
 2S
INTEGJW.S fOR LOADDG IY LINEAR DISP1JJ3IEN1'

(~ T)'pes 2b &lid. -4b)

When .11: .,. 0 and • .,. 0 'the values of the iD~.Jr'&lS are liveD by;
1
11C:Z<tl .. fO·c:o"!'O·t
1
XZsZ(tJ .. :-TO'SizlT:O
1 . 1 ) T -1
~c4 (t) U·O·.·C:°sr'O·:,S1¥O· 0
1 1 -I
X254 (.) .. (.1I:.c~O&··si~O)·.rO

~c6(.) .. f O
-, , .co~o
_3 . 3
Kzs6 <t) .. 200 • S1»r'O

X.," '5.(<1'P.co~
C:'~C -~p
+2' .co~ -2ou)
m ~M
iKZc2" ls.(-fp.Sin!cp+.rm·Si~.~)
-1 1 -1 1, ) -1 . 1 ) _1 . 1 }
c:K2e4 .. 't.U-cu.{fp .c0sr'p.7'm .c:o~1lI"'-(- .2'; .n~p-(%_ .TIlf 'S:mr'm
1 t
s~c4""
C{
_1Ia.
(_1.1
~p .Sl1~rtp- III
1-1.1, " )1'+1
.smr'1ll"+ .....-.--. P ,cosr1 p • (=- )1-1
. III .CO~m
c:KzS2" ls.<-1p .Sinjep.T.'Si4cllt+ kl
1 1
s~2 .It.(TIII·eG¥lII-Tp'~~
C
cKzS4 .. .,. -Cl3.
{ (1 -1
p
. 1 '1' -1 . 1 ) (
'Smr"p" III ·S1~III" -
) T -1
. P .cosr:p "
1 (
=-) .r m _.1 I}
.C°sr'"m

..
_1 1 .1 1 _1 1 -1 . 1 )
sKzs4 _!s.{+aa.(fp .CO~p-Tm .co¥"r<-l.7'p .sinrp·C=-1.1l1'l .S1~m

~
(0 .. usi.n{2:l: t U."Z.(1+:)2)l::I. CtZ+(1-z)2}':iH Co .. artaD{2:ft<.Z~Z.I)}

t .. &rsinI2{~~).[{~2a2.(I.~)2)~.{~2a2.<I.~)2}~]} C .. arun(2aa. <_It(o.2.Z_<_)Z.U]

p p
~ .. arsiD{2(~"'t({a2a2.<1.~-wa)21~.{a2a2.<I~)2}~1 "'m" arun(lCUl.(_)+{o.ZaZ.(z.....)Z.U]
222 I .l~
SO" h.z ·"0 +2·%'O·(",·eosrco~·sUlf'O)}

22 2 2 (I I
Sp" [a.t .(=+...) .r • 2.%'p' caa.tO:OSZ""p.<_).Si"2Cp })
It T •
p P
S .. [a 2• Z.(%-wal Z.T Z.z.r .{aa:.c~ .<_).,in!.: }]~ 7'", .. [{aZaZ_<:lI-wa)l.UZ<-4GZ.Z(,1e-wa)Z]"
III III III .. ;;: III ;;: III

When IS: .. 0 the values of s~ of the illtegnls ue significantly siaplified. These interrals ue;

Khz'tJ .. X2,.{.) .. KZs6 <.) .. cXZsl .. '~2 .. eXzs... ,Xz, • .. 0

K1e1<t) .. (t
2
.1)It_. KZe.{t) .. l_t.<t 2.ll-J, K
2e6
(tJ .. (t Z+1;\

K .. K _ K .. K -0
, 2eZ 5 2c4 ~ 252 s 2'.

The values of Co aDd "'p lie in the nnle O. 11.

The value of c lies in the l'C1ge O. w Ifhn ~lIIVO and in the range _w. 0 when %-. .<0.
m
 "
VALlES OF CDEFnCIENIS

-1 -1 2.-1
'2" {2c+n·D ••• ! ·{#-.l .(~ J

'4" '0 -
( "'_' .f). r l • (p-+> _1 •{a+dp-,
2.-1

9 S .. 4"3-<:""1 '6 .. 4'''4-<:·11''2

,; .. b·'3-.···'1 g; . b.,.-..D·,Z
-1
'9 .. D.'. (11-+>

n .. (2e+n ••• ~1.(D_.)-1.(~.2)-1 h .. (2a+j).1l. r 1 .(1'-,) -1 .{~-J

2.-1
1 2
ill" (2d. 2 ·j).r
1 .(Il_+)-1.(C'O'".2)-1 il
4
.. (2dIl2_n.rl.(p_.)-1.(a-odD~-1

11
5
.. a.n3·c.•. h 1 h6 .. .a.h. - c.D.h 2
11; .. b.h3••••• h1 11; .. b.h4••• D.h Z
-1
h, .. "".Cll-f>

i .. 211.(ad)lJ.{crd-c Z)'l It ....It

· .. C1.(I.
'"2 r' •.. -1
1
;:3" «(ad)"'+c}.1 ·
1.
4
...... -, ,-e,_I
. {(_~,
.....

is .. a.i 3'"C·i g i
6
.. 4.i 4_·i 10.
i; . b.il••• i, i• 8 .. b.i.-•• i 10
", .. G~.~.{(ad)~~}-l •
'1.
10
• G1:1 .4-10: -1 {(erd)-e)
Is-I

';1 .. Had)I:i+e}'l

.;, .. _~(~2}-1

ir, .. CI.';:s-e.';g
i; . b'';3-e'';9
, -1
.i, .. -~. (ad-e )

" .
'0 •

.s .. a.s! • c·· 9 ·6 .. a·fl. 4 - c· ..•• Z

•
·7 .. b.eS • ·'·9 .; .. b••, - •• lI.e
2
'," (2c-on.Q2.(do.2_C).f-l.(~2)-2

t
1
.. {~n.(do2_C').rl.(a ...d oh·2 t, •
t
2
.. czc.n.2d4.r 1 .Cc+dca ).2 '0 •
1
t
6 '"' Clot. - e.0.'t 2
ts .. D.t. - .... t z

* for a CroSS-attiSlltropi.c: lII.teri.al a • e

 APPENDIx A 27 335
VIII. REFERENCES

CAROTHERS, S.D. (1920).- Plane strain; the direct detemination of stress. Pzeoc. Roy. Soc. Series A., 97,
pp. 110-23.
DE URENA R., PIQUER, J.S., MUZAS, F., and SANZ SARAQIO, .J.M. f1966).- Stress distribution in c:zoss-BDiso-
tropic media. Proc. 1st Congo Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Vol. 1, pp. 313-7.
EGOROV, I.E. (1940).- Distribution of stresses in base 1D1der rigid strip footing. Nauchn. IssI0cl. Stantsiya
FlDui_ntstroya, No.9.
ERDELYI, A. (1954).- Tables of integral transfO%lllS, Vols 1 and 2. Bateman Manuscript Project, Califomia
Institute of Technology. (McGraw Hill).
FLORIN, V.A. (1959, 1961).- "F1D1damentals of Soil Mechanics", Vols 1 and 2, Gosstroiizdat, Moscow.
GERRARD, C.M. and HARRISON, W. Jill (in preparation).- The analysis of a loaded half space c:c.prised of
anisotropic layers.
GIBSON, R.E. (1967).- Some results concerning displacements and stresses in a nan-ha.ogeneous elastic half-
space, G601;ec1mique. 17, 1.
GRAY, H. (1936).- Stress distribution in elastic solids, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Fein Engng, Vol. 2,
p. 157.
HARR, M.E. (1966). - "FOIDldations .of Theoretical Soil Mechanics". (McGraw Hill).
HEARKlN, R.F.S. (1961).- "An Introduction to Applied Anisotropic Elasticity", OXford Univ. Press.
HOLL, D.L. (1941). - Plane strain distribution of stress in elastic media, Bulletin No. 131, Iowa Engineer-
ing Experiment Station.
JURGENSON, L. (1940).- The application of theories of elasticity and plasticity to foundation problellS,
Boston Soa. Civ. Engn. Contzoibutions to SoiZ NeCh•• 1925-1940, pp. 148-183.
KOLOSOV, G.B. (1935).- Application of complex diagr8lllS and the theory of functions of c:omplex variables to
the theory of elasticity. O.N.T.I.
LAMBE, T.W. (1967).- Stress path method. Pzeoc. ABCE, J. SoiZ Nech. Pans Div., 93, No. 916, 309-31.
LEIIlNITSICII, S.G. (1963).- "Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Elastic Body". Holden - Day series in
Math. Physics. .
LOVE, A.E.H. (1927).- ''Mathematical Theory of Elasticity", 4th Ed., (Cambridge Univ. Press).
PIQUER, J.S., MUZAS, F., DE URENA, R. and GRAJERA, F. (1966).- FOIDldations in cross-aDisotropic ground.
Proc. 1st Cong. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Vol 2, pp. 531-6.
QUINLAN, P.M. (1949).- A Fourier integral approach to an aeolotropic mediUIII, Ph.D. Thesis, Califomia
Institute of Technology.
smrr, R.F. (1963).- "Principles of Soil Mechanics". (Addison-Wesley).
SNEDDON, I.N. (1951).- "Fourier Ti-ansfO%lllS". (McGraw Hill). .
TI!oDSHENICO, S. and moDIER, J.N. (1951).- ''Theory of Elasticity". (McGraw Hill). pp. 85-96.
TRANTER, C.J. (1966). - "Integral Transf01'llS in Mathematical Physics", 3rd Ed. MethueDS Monographs on Physic-
al Subjects.
WATSON, G.N. (1966).- ''The Theory of Bessel Functions". 2nd Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press.
WOLF, I. (1935).- Ausbreitung der kraft in der halbebene und im halbraum bel anisotropem material. Z. ang8b1
Math. und Nech•• 15. (5), 249-54.
336
 AppendixB

CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A

CROSS ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE

c. M. Gerrard
W. Jill Harrison .

337
338 APPBNDrZ B 2

The material in this Appendix was originally

published as Technical Paper No.8 of the Division of Applied
Geomechanics. C.S.I.R.O•• Australia and is reproduced in
full herein with kind peI'lllission of the authors and the
Chief of the Division of Applied Geomechanics.

Corrections to the original published version

have been supplied by the authors of the Technical Paper and
have been incorporated in the reprinted version herein.

For convenience. the page 1lUIIIbers of this Appendix

are identical with those of the original publication and any
reference to page numbers in the text refers to the pages of
this Appendix only.
 p.,.
•
1. nmlCWCTION s

U. NQTAnCfrl
•
IU. CROSS-ANISOTllOPJC fWJ' SPACE 7

IV. LO.AD TYPES 'S

V. lE11Ul OF sowrIOH 10

VI. PRESBlTIJIOH OF RESULTS 11

VII. SOUIfI'*5 FOR. DISPu.c:aENTS. SttUNS "''«1 STllfSSES 11

l(a) lIftifo:. Veniea1 12 13

-~
1(» OUfo:a Vertical Oisplaee-at;
"
16
15

17
Zea) LiJl.ear VeTtia.1
-~
2(» Lirlear Vertical Displaee.ent U 19
.,
lea} LiMP' Radial Shear Sueu
"
'(» Linear Radial Shear OUplaeeMrlt 22
"
'Ca) LiDen Torsi_a! Shear Suess
.(» Linear Tonioaal Shear Oisplac:e-ent.
"
2S

Sea) UnifOr'll Wdirec:tionaI Shear Srreu 26 77

5 (b) unifonl Lhidireetional Shear .Displacaent

" 29

VIII.
"
lX. LIST OF TAlUS OF INTEGRALS 31

x. TABLES OF INTEGRALS
"
 I
1
1

'This pqer pnsent.s the soluticms U) • JrOUP of prabl.as inwlviJll siJlple

I
loads of ei:rc::ulu plan area. 'lbese toMs ce lIpplied t;o a ~pneous. liDeUly
elastic. cross-Ulisouopic half space ill. which at. any point. the axis of s~ny
in the elanic p%Operties is vertic:a1.

The t.en .loads tonSidered fonl five pain, each consistin. of • stress-defiJled
INd and a displaCeIlmt..defi1:lecl load:

l(a) Unifoft vertical pressure.

1(11) Unifora yeni~ clispl~t.

2(a) Linear vertical pnsSUft.

2(1)) Lillear vertical displa~t.

3(a) LinN%' radial shear 'suess.

3(11) Li,uear radial shear clispl.-nt..

'4(.) Linear t.onionat shear s~ss.

4(11) Linear torsional shear clisplaceaent..

5(a) UnifGnl IDI.i.cli:re~iODal shtu Stte$$.

S(1l) IJIl.ifOl'll UftidirectiODal shear clisplae::e-1lt.

The 501utions contained. in this nport U'8 of consider.le value in soil . .

roelt e1l.rineedn,. Firstly, they all"". full raSe of practical lodinJ cond.it.ions
to be considered for .. c:a.plete rare of clispl_nt. st.rain. and ,ness euiipClDtints.
Se~Y. me stress d.~t.icm aaisatrcrpy neated is 'that which ~ y OC=5 ill
soil _ rock -.uses. '
 CIRaJU.R LOADS APPLIED TO A CIlOSS-AHISOT1tOPIC J4J

HALF SPACE

by C.M. Gerrard
• ad ••Jill Harrison•

The loads considered in this ~ are lIpplied 11ft!" a circular pbn Eea to tile sU!"face of a
cross.lIIlisouopie half space. The ci!"cular shipe was dlosn beeall$e of its diTeet qpliation to .ed
loads on p~ts and fggndUion loads under nruc'tures sud!. as silos, ehi.-.:leTs. ad tmlts eonuinillg
liquids. In addition, fin reasons of ease in analysis, it is cnnY'eZlient to eonsi4eT the circular shapes
as qproxi. .:ting to reet-..:ulu fcnmdations of approxiu.tely equal breadth and width.
The nature of the lIIlisotropy of the elastic balf space corresponds to that Observed in soil and
rock depOsits fo~d 1mder the aetion of predoainantly vertical fOl'Ces. Such deposits aay be natun1 or
plac:eti.
Haec the solutions produeed are re1evat til a wide nmge of pnc1:ial situations where it would
be unrealistic to ass. isot-ropy.
The existina: solutions ff¥r ui-sr-tric probleas involving a cross_anisotropic lialf .space ' "
- n : i t d in Table 1. The solutions in this report IU'e ~ cc.prehensIve than thon in I:IlY of the previous
wolt iJI. the followiq ways:

1. Range of load types considered;

2. Range of stresses, st!"ains, and displaee-ents solved;

3. RaIl. . of cross-misotropie . .terial respoose considered..

TABLE 1. SlMfARY OF EUSTING SOwrICIlS

AlmDl
NA1\IRE Of
ELASTIC RESPONSE
R.ESTRICTIONS ON
ELASTIC PARAI€I'ERS
T'l'PE Of LOADING """""m,,. ST1lfSSES
AND DISPLACDEHTS

,l
......
Midlell cross- positive Vertiw point load 101 on surface of half space;
anisotropic stresses throu,nout half
(1900)
82 po$itive .pa~

(1963)
lInifcn. vertical pressure ZlJ on load axis
• on surfaee

Wolf cross- Restriction on the Vertical point load Stresses and clisplac.-nts
(1935) wsotropic value o.f f, md in half spaee
vh • "hv • I1 vh • 0
2 Vertical point load Stresses and displaee.nts
Quinlan Cross- 0 positive
(19"9) anisotropic in balf space
I? positive
Unifcn., parabolic, and •u on surface
on 10acl axis

..,
invened parJbolic distrib-
utions of vertical stress.
Unifcmt vertial displace-

Konin, Cross- 0 2 positive VertiCal point load All stresses and displace-
(1957) anisotropic 2 Unifcn. venical displace- HIlts in .half space
"'~.
8 positive .m
(1960)
lInifora vertical pressure w on surface at ceDU'e and
edge of load
.u dOlfll loacl axis

Lekhniukii Cross· lJ+8ando-8 Vertical point load All stresses throughout

(1963) anisotropic IlUSt not be pure- half space

-
(1968)
Cross-
anisotropic
Iy iIaa,inuy

0 2 ·positive
82 positive
,~
.,
unifor. vertical pressure
Uniform vertical displace-
-,
Linear radial shear stress
Torsional loads
All stTessas, strains, md
displaceMllts in half
.pa~

• DiYision of Applied GecMedlanics, CSIRO. P.O. Box 54, /!bunt Waverley, 3149, Victoria. Austra.1ia.
342 APPENDIX B 6

II. NafATION

(aJ C002'di7l4tes, Displacements. St2'ai.ns. Stresses. EZastic Moduli

2'0 loaded radius

2',e,Z cylindrical coordinates (radial, tangential, and vertical) expressed in units of
the loaded radius
U,V,!Il displacements in the respective coordinate directions
",ee,a direct stress and shear stress
n~62,;e components of the stress tensor
E:1'7',E: ee , E: zz direct strain and shear strain
E:2'Z,E: ez ,E:2'8 components of the strain tensor
a,b,c,d,f components of the elasticity tensor
Eh modulus of elasticity in the horizontal direction
E
v modulus of elasticity in the vertical direction
\l
h
Poisson's ratio - effect of horizontal strain on complementary horizontal strain·
\lhv Poisson's ratio effect of horizontal strain on vertical strain
\l Poisson's ratio effect of vertical strain on horizontal strain
vh
E modulus of elasticity - isotropic material
\I Poisson's ratio - isotropic material

(bJ De1'ived EZastic Quantities

a2 = {ad-(i-cf+f(ad)~}f2fd
e2 = {ad_c 2-cf-f(ad)~}':2fd
Ii = _e 2
, = a-e
p a+e
l (a-b)+f
Coefficients appearing in the solutions for the displacements, strains, and stresses (defined on pages 13,
21, 27) are g1" •• gg' hl .. ·hg , il···i lO ' .11 ••• .110 ' s1" •• s9' t l ···t9 •
rcJ Loadings
uniform vertical pressure
maxilllUlD value of linear vertical pressure
maxiIIIUID value of linear radial shear stress
maxilllUlD value of linear torsional shear stress
uniform unidirectional horizontal shear stress
uniform vertical displacement
maximum value of linear vertical displacement
maximum value of linear radial shear displacement
maxilllUlD value of linear torsional shear displacement
uniform unidirectional horizontal shear displacement
total resultant vertical force applied to produce the uniform vertical displace-
ment (fo )
l
total resultant torque applied to produce the linear torsional shear displacement
(maximum value 02)
total resultant moment applied to produce the linear vertical displacement (maxi-
IIIUID value 1I )
2
total resultant horizontal force applied to produce the uniform unidirectional
horizontal shear displacement (03)

rdJ IntegroZs
Integrals appearing in solutions for displacements, strains, and stresses. These are defined in equation 8.
InTu(w), cInTU' s I nTU

AnTu(W)' cAnTU' s AnTU

MnTu(w), cMnTu' s MnTU
k transform parameter appearing in equation 8.
 UnnJIZ. 7 343

III. CROSS-AHlSO'nlOPIC HALF SPAC!:

Thi. half space C&I'I be Oesc:ribed. as a '-pMOUS elastic body havlq iJl.f1Jl.iu .ntIM borilOllu.1ly _
iQfinit. depth belcw the horbontal pl_ slD'face to which loads are applied. Th. _i, of .1uUc ,><-C)
is u ~ to b. vutica!. The efft:Ct of the anisotropy C&I'I be pored by c~isoa with the sol\ltiOllS for
the isonvpic cas. which are also iDCluded.
FOT a cross-ani,onvpic . .ull'i&1 with a Tertica1 w, of s:r-UY tbe stll'ns-,U&iJl. re1at:icms expressed
in cyli.1ldrical co-of'diJlate, &no;

...
iF· a,cn-. b,c ee • c.c.....

;; 0
b. cn- • a.. c ee • c.c.....

",cn- • o.c a• • d.. u

la

1,
n- • !,c!':IIl 1.
eo - !.c as 1.
... 0 (a-b) .c" 1£

'Ill. inun-latiouhips batweell the e1~tic coastuts ill ~tiDllS 1 ud. 2 an;
-1 -1
a· Eh.(I-~,vuft)·(I.~) .(I-~-2.~.v~h)
-1 . -1
b * Eh,{vh.vhv,v1J1I).(1.~} . (1-vh -2'''1!v,v1/h)
_1
C:. Bh,v1/h.{1-vh-2·~·"'vh)

-1 -1
"
d * Eh ·vvh ·(l-...h )· ...hu • (1-""-2·"hv· ...vh)

3.

'IlIe stnill COIlpOnenu are;

In- *'" r,;- ..

'eo • • ...
* _. -. ••
• 1

'"
••
or.
•• ...
"n -ii".1F ..."
,....
'"
21..- * iZ· 1
j:"'
lalLavv
...•• 4f
*j:"·U·TJO·r
The condition chal. the snun enerD' aust be positive Upo,es reurictions on ths values of the elastic
constantS. The,s are t ;
a~O ~

d~O ~

!~O k
a2~b2 U
(a.b}d ~ 2c: 2 Se
ad~c:2 Sf
III IftaS of the PoisSOIl'S n.tios these Il'cstric:til;ll1Ji ~. the tWtS;
1.""'.2....)w ....u1l ~ 0 6a
l.v ~ 0 6ll
h
_1."1t2-0' ....::... ..
~ ;
t S« Heu-:nl (1961)
'" IV.
s
LOo\I) TYPES

The Uri loads CCGSidend Ul this npoTt (:;Q " srouped. :lJl'tO £i_ pairs. The fint. ill ••cIl pair is •
I
panic:u1ar nress-definN load while the seecaoJ is tM -...10'- displ.-nt.-defiMd load. The load pUn
are defiaed. !>etCIll' mel aft sboWft iA Fievrc 1.
1. Load.i!l, by cnitor. ..,""leal pressure is typical of ~tie tyftS md flexible fourldatiClllS while
loacliDl by unifClnl venteal clispl_t CC1rTCSpaads to relatively npd foImcIatiOllS. In boUl c:&$f:S ttle
QCIII;t~ is _tho

(a) unifo:- Vertical ,"ssure

U .. PI
ii ..
n" h ..
0
0
"
, < •

for 5n
. :I'
vba ... 0 ,.
(b) \,biforJl Venial Di.spl.~t

101 .. 6} .. 1
vhcm z .. 0 7b
" .. 0 " 1
Fi.G .. o for an r

2. Loading by linear vertical ,,"ssure and linea' veniul dis:plae-ent represent" _ t s Ibout borlumtal
u .. applied to flexible and r111d foundnions respectively.
These ~ t loadin,. would be nonully c:ouide:red in eoIIbination with vertlul loads.

(.) Linear Venial PTessure

&* o:ose.P2 or
U.
..
, > 1
1

n. Iii .. 0
0
f~ '"~ , "
(b) Linear Vertieal Displacr-nt
101 ..
ii .. 0
cose'li.:l.r ..
, > 1
1

ii_hap f~ '"~ , "

3. The liJ1ear radial sbear suess loadiDZ is typical of the stresses c1l!"1eloped ia the surfaces of road
~U eWe to tile rrip of ~tie tyns. Heas_au by Bcms. _d luhn (1959) .....s Marwic:t and Surb;
(1941) iJldiuu that the aapinade of the .an- stnss is of the OTder of the ill.flatiOfl pressure of the
tyra. A sillilar pau:em of suess is developed under both stationary tyre$ aDd those ~ftl at COftSUDt
linear ftlocity. The linear ndial shear displaee-nt loaclil1l when co.oined with the \IIlifON vertical
pressure loadil1CCiYes the ex.aet solmCIII to the preble. of a flexible fomdation with a nuIb base.

(.) Linear Ra4ial Shear Stress

ii • PI't" .- 1
n.O , > 1 when.t-O
n_8'i_o for aU 't'
"
Linear Radial Sh.u Dispbenent
.•
(')
" 6}"'t' .- 1
n when.t_O
"
0 , > 1
U • G _0 f~ aU 7'

4. The stat.e of stress defined by the linear t.onional shear suess is siailar to that. developed 1mder
pmaatie tyrIIs d=:inC cofllerinc and under foundations in eenaiD amditions. On the other hand t.he linear
torsional sbear displa_t aay be applied to t.he analyllis of vane sheu tests at sub-failure loads.

(.) LiDear Tonional Shear Stre:ss

Iii - Pr7' .- 1
ii: - 0 <> when;z:_O 's
a·r:z-O far aU 7'

(b) Linear Tonional Shear Displaee.mt

D - 6 Z'7' , < 1
ii _ 0 , > 1 whell;Z:_O 7b
U:-~.O for all 't'

s. The unifom W1idi~tiOllo&l shear stress is typieal of shear loads ~sed on paye-nts by the bnkinC.
aeceleration, and traction of pnetm.a.tie tyres. On the othel' hand the Wlifo:na. unidirectiOJlal shear displace-
llent represents lateral loads app~'~i='~d_'~O~f~_~"~'~i~~~'~':---_---------_---_---_-- _
 9 345

I (a) UNIFORM VERTICAl PRESSURE I (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT

+P2 MAX.

2(a) LINEAR VERTiCAl PRESSURE 2(b) LINEAR VERTICAl DISPlACEMENT

3(a) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR STRESS 3(b) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT

+Pz MAX.

4(a) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS 4(b) LINEAR TORSIONAl SHEAR DISPLACEMENT

S( a I UNIFORM UNIDIRECTIONAL SHEAR STRESS S(b) UNIFORM UNIDIRECTIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT.

Fig.l.- Load types.

.
,
Ca)
UPIlIfDIZ B

1Inifora Unidirectional Shear Sttess

10

,en
Ccii'i - 6)
nnll .. P3 • < I

",Ms 6i .. o
~ eoii - sIn&) » 1 when a .. 0 71
t. F.c
.,(0iSi· G"
Sllle1 .. 0 for all Z"

Zi: .. 0 for all r

(b) Unifo:na Unidirectional Shear Displacaent

» 1 wnen.ll-O 7;
for all 1"

for all r
It. should be not.ed that the load pairs 1,3 and 4 produce ui·s~tie distributions of stresses.scrains
aDd displaee-ents wheftas the load pairs 2 and 5 produce a s~rie dist.rilnKion .,~ the plane II .. O.

V. METtIlD OF SOU1TION

The _thod used to obtain the soluti<mll reponed herein "3.$ developed by Gerrard and. Harrison (1970) and
is based on the application of inUgTal transfor. tec:hniques and dual integral equation techniques to elasti-
city problems (Sneddon, 1951, fianter. 1966). The SOlutions for the dbplaee.enU. strains, and st:resses are
upressed in tettS of integrals of producu of ttill:~rie functions, Bessel functiOD$, lind upo~entials.
The followUll ,)'libels are used to npress these internI,:

J,(1I-2) -tk
...dIe
Il'l'tu Ct1 •f J~(k).JIsT(bo).k 8.

eIflT\l f
0

0
J'sr1(k)";J,../~:l").k
It(\l-2)
.6
-ob
.cos"'z.d7< ..
J,{,,~2) -ok.
sInt~ I J"lpj(k).J"ln(1a').k .6 .simlU.dlc 80
0

A"Tu(t) • ':IfI,,(T+2)II Ct) + I"CT~2)II{t)} 8d

N'l1t~(t) • ':I£In {t+2)II{t) ~ 1 11 (T_2)I,I(t)} ..

a J,{ 1 • CI"{T~2)u) Sf
CA"TII c 11("I:+Z)u

CN'''TIJ • ':If t:I "(T+2)u CIll(T~2)u} 8,

sA ll "l:lJ • • ':!{sIll{"I:+Z)u + sI n CT~Z) \J"} 8h

a J,f SI I1C "I:+Z)1I - S11l (T_Z)u) 8i

SH"TII
"The paraet.er t C01'Itained in equations 8a. Bd. 8e is in the fonI of either DZ, iI%, u. or T% for anis~
otropic _terials. Hence it is a fun<:1:ion of the elastic properties as weB. as the depth. In contrast, for
isotropic materials • • z.
For stress defined loadings the value of n in the integrals" (equations 8) is either O. 2. or 4. lInder
these amditions the integrals em only be evaluated d.ire<:1:1y if r' a 0 or z • 0 and for other values of r
and % nUllerieal integration has to be used. Hovever. for displaee.ent defined loadings the corresponding
values of n are 1, 3. and 5. In this case the integrals shOWD in equations 8 can be evaluated clire<:1:1y for
all values of r and z.
Those inultals evaluated directly were obtained by using the results of the Bateaan M:musc:ript Proje<:1:
(1954) and Watson (I966). "
CoIIpressive dmct strains md stresses an C01'Isidered to be positive. Positive shear stresses are
defined frDII the .fact that both the stress and strain tensOl'$ obey the right hand rule. Oisplaee.ents in the
negative coorclillate directions are considered to be positive. Hence. a load defined by a positive stress
acts in the positive coordinate clirection, whereas a load defined by a positive liisplac:e.ent acts in the
negative coordinate clirection. For example, vertical 1000Qs are c:ompressive if defined by a positive stress
or a negative displacement.
 APPIIJIDIZ B 11
VI. PRESEKTATICti OF RESULTS

The sollttions for the displac_ts, strains, and stresses fen' each pair of loa4iDs: CODditiOAS are pno_
serlted in the ordel' pl'eViously inclicated.
The presentation is uraniN so tha't the cOllplete solution for each loadi.Jla: condition tal:l be Met! free
a single opening of this repon, i.e. no.are than aJO collSocutive, lacins: pas:es an lISeci for any loaG1nc
condition.
The solutions given contain all displaceaent, stnin, and st:ress c.c.poDeDts. nus allows the calcula-
tion of quantities such as total defolWllltiOJ'LS. principal stresses aDd stt'&ins, and priDcipal di:rections. In
Ceneral the solutions are stated as products of coefficieftts U,l"'i g , hl ••• h g , il •••i lO ' it ...i to , 8 •••8 g •
1
tl ••• t ) and. inugnls (I. A. and II types). The coefficients are fuDctiollS oilly of tbe elastic properties
9
while the integrals are ill Calenl funetions of depth. radial offset, and. elastic properties.
The fiml of the solutions depends to a sipifiCaJlt extent on the natun of the anisotropy as :reflected
by tbe values of c. 2 and 82• both of which are functions only of the elastic properties.
The s'train energy conditions given by Sa ••. Sf are sufficient but not necessary conditions that
0 2 • {(ad)'s_d}.{(ad)!:I. c. !l.{2/d)-1
2
be positive. HoIfever, whal. 8 is written in the fOnl
82 • [ad _ 0 2 - f{{ad)!:I • atJ-{2fdJ- 1
2
it UII be seera tha't the sim of 8 is not restricted by tbe s'train energy conditions. Hence, for eaeh
loading condition, fovr sepuate cases are considered as follows;
2 2
A. cross-anisotropic; 0. positive, 8 positive

I. C~s.anisotropic; a,2 positive. 82 negative

2 . 2
C. Cross-anisotropic; 0. positive, 8 zero

D. Isotropic: (this is a special case of C in which a, • 1)

A typical layout for a stnss defiDed loadiftg (i.e. load Hal. 2(a), 3(a), 4(a). or 5(a))c:onsists of
the eamplete solutions for tbe displac:eaents, sttains. and stresses for each of the above four cases. In
addition refel'llJlc:e is given to tbe values of the coeffic:ients (g • r. , i • ; • s • t). Finally the vah.s
of the integrals an given in tbe foUovinll: way; n n n n n n

refennce to tabulated values when :r ~ 0 aIId z " 0

stat_nt in closed folW for tbe special cases of :r • 0 and ... o.

The layoltt for a c!isplac_nt-defined loading differs free thlIt of the analogous stress-d.fined 10K
in several respects. Firstly, tbe solutions :are giyell by st-ply statinc the substitutions that lilted to
be u.de iDto the solutions for the stress-d.fined load in order to obtain the solutions for the displaee-
••nt-defined load. In leDenl these Substitutions :Il"It referred to a ..n- defined displac:_nt OR a defin-
ed total load.. This considerable econ~y in presentation is _de possible because of tbe siailarity in the
foru of the solutions for a giwn stress_defined loading and its oUsplae.ent-clefillecl anIlogue.
S.condly, the values of the inte,rals can be stated in closed. fom for all values of :r and .. IIn4
hence no tables are required.
The general case of :r , 0 and a: ~ 0 and the spltcial cases of :r • 0 en' a: • 0 are c:onsidered_

VII • SOU1rIONS FOR DISPLACEMENTS, ST1tA.DlS AND S'I'ltESSES

The solutions for the displaee.ents. strains and s't%esses fen' eadi pair of loading conditions are
presented on the ~ollowing pages.
348 APPBNDIX B 12
1 (a) UNIFORM VERTICAL PRESSURE

A. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive

"'. P1·rO·{-gl· I 200(,a) + g2· I 200(pa)}

u • P1·rO·{-g3· I 220(,a) + g4.I220(pa)}
~aa z Pl' {gl·,·I202 (,a) - g2,p·I202 (pa}}
-I -I}
~rr .. PI" [-g3' {I202 (,a) - r ,I220 (,a)} + g4' {I202(pz} - r ,I220 (PZ)]
~ee =Pl' {-g3· r -I O(
.I220 ,z) + g4,r ,I220 (pz)}
-I

-I
Era = P1·gg ,f .{I222 (,a) - 1 222 (pz)}
_ -1
rr .. Pl' [-gS·I202 (,z) g6,I202 (pz) + (a-b),r ·{g3,I220 (,a} - g4·1220(~z)}]
+
-ee .. P ,[-g,·I (,a) + gS·I (pz) -.(a-b),r-I ·{g3·1220('z) - g4,I
1 202 202 220 (pa)}]
_ -I -I
Z3 =P ·g .{,
1 9
,I202 (,a) - p ,I202 (pz)} = f.~ rz rz

B, Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative

'" =Pl·rO·{-il·cI200 - i2's1200}

u.z PI·rO·{i3·cI220 + i4's1220}

~zz = Pl' {ig'cI202 + i10'sI202}

Err = P1·ti 3·{cI 202 - r-l'cI220} + i 4'{sI202 - r-I'sI220}]
' -I I . -I }
~ee = PI' {~3·r 'c 220 + ~4,r 'sI220
~ra .. Pl,i2'sI222
-
rr = PI' [ ~S'c
• I
202 +
• I (b) {' -I
~6's 202 - a- • ~3·r 'cI 220 +
.
~4·r
-1
'sI220
}]
I I
99 = PI .[i,·cI 202 + i s'sI202 + (a-b).{i 3 ,r- 'C 220 + i4.r-I'sI220}]
_ -I
.liZ = PI' {cI 202 + a.w 'sI202 } rz =f'~rz

C, Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero

'" =PI·rO·{-81·1200(az) - 8 2·Z.1202 (az)}

u = pl.rO.{s3.1220(az) - 8 4 .Z.1222 (az)}
~za = PI' {sg,I202 (az) + 8 2·a.z.I204 (az}}
-1 1
~rr = PI ·[s3·{I202 (az) - r
.I220 (az}} - 8 4 ·z.{I204 (aa) - r- .I222 (az)}]

~ee =Pl' {s3· r ,I220 (az) - s4· z •r -1 .I222 (az)}

-I

2 -I
Era = P1·a.f , 2.1224 (aa)
_ -I
rr .. PI' [8 S ,I202 (az} - s6· z •1 204(az) - (a-b}.r .{s3· 1 220(az) - s4,z.I222 (az)}]
-
ee =PI' [s,.I202 (az) - sS·z·!204(az) + (a-b),r -I '{S3· 1220(az) - s4· z •1222(az)}]
i3 = PI' {I202 (az) + a.z.I204 (az)} = f'~rz rz

D. Isotropic
The stresses, strains, and displacements are as for the case of Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero but with the
following simplifications;
= 2, (I-v2 ).E-I -I
= (l+v),(1-2v).E-I = (l+v).E- I
2 = (l+v).E
8 8 8 8
1 3 4
8 = (l+v).(1-2v).E- .
I
5 =8 6 = I 7 = 2v S =0
8 8 8
9

=
 13
"'.
I V::s. 1I.(2d+
Val_ of

'1· (2e<-f).p.+.r ' • (P-+> ., • ..-. J

'r'
-no
cocfficialts Va' i1l.'

.(11-+)
(_.~.2._1

., Co

.......
_' ,).,
1(.) tIfJli'C8: VEmCAL PIESStIlE

'11.
'2. (2a+/).P...
g• • • • (Zd,
r 1
.C......)
_1

,-no r' .ep-+) ., .C"" "",.,

-J
_~_2-1
.(~)

95 • a·g 3 • 4'.'91 ~ • c:.g. - "'''''2

g, • b.g]; - C••• it

9g. II ••• (P-+)

., '8· b.g. - ",p·gz

It 2 _1
"t-la.Cad) .(~)
i • {(ad}'" • o}-1
1
is. Aoi3 • ,,-i,
i, • b.i l • o.i,
i • a:lt.alt.{(cd)lt. oJ·1
g
]; 1 2 _2
'1. (:z,,+n.:zdca.r .(et+do)

,
• • Uza.>3f_2dcaZ).do2 + efl.r1. (c..:ioZ).Z
.
I '5 • cr." • c", '6 • 4"4 - ".11"2

" • b.l] • c.' 51

" • b.l. - c.Il..'z
" • (2<:+f).0 2 • (do2-c).11 • ( -'o~-2

V.lues of iaterral, IZn.C.), CIZlII' ,12l11

When J' .,. 0 and .. /< 0 the values of the int'rr'1s are ,iven in ubl~on the pare - 0 " " iHieatecl in
bra~e'ts;

1
200
(+}
'34' ImC.) em
,'"" [33]
c1220
""
1
202
(+)
'34' lznC+l em .'200 (3S] .
,'m e""
'34' '36' ,. ,
1 204 <+) I n .C+> em ,'202 cIuz [>"

,1202
'36' ,'m
When J' • 0 t.he integrals .re riven by;
2
1200C+) • C. .1)lt.+
1 220 <.> .1222 (.> . 1224 (.) • 0

choo • Jf!.~ - o..s

.1200 •~.siDf • w.s

When s • 0 the relevant inte,rals are ,iven by;

·, ••
• ,l22o •
t-1

zio)-l

•
 ,so
1(b) l,IURlJtM VEP:J'ICAL DISPLACEMEHT

A. cross_adsot:relpic; e~ Positive

!be displa-.u. suaizLs. and stresses ani obtained. by .uUlI Ute fol1owin1: substiwt.icms into the
equations for the cue of IJIlifon Vertical Pressure 10adina (cross-anisottOpic; B2 Po5itive). These equ_
aticms &nI shown 011 12. P.
(i) substitute 2'v' C:;J
" '-:--2
1 01. ------------------------------- for
",
This alt.mativ. substitution fOllows fnlll the load-displaeaent relationship for t:his cue 82 Posit- of
PI

ive. This relatiODShip is;

T • -ll .41' • ....J.... (o+dc ).{c+d.}
, ,
v 1 0 t4+j" 0.1I ••• (p••1

B. cross-anisotropic; 82 Ne,ative
the displaClellellts. strains, IIDd. stresses are obtained by ..tina: the followina substitutions into the
equaticms ff¥r the ease of Uftifom Vertical Pnssure loadins (Cross-lUlisoU'opic; 82 Heluiy.,). 'Ibese equ-
ations are shown on page U.
2
(i) substi'tute 2'v' ..1z. (~}l:I •2 Is 1 ad_c
r;: -----------------------.------------------- for PI
OR. -61 , (Tl . 1'0' 20. (ad)
",
nus alt.emath. substitution £011_, u-o. the load-displace.-t relationship for cue of 82. Nept- this
ive. Tbi:5 relatiOllShip is;
ad.c Z
7'11 • -"'1. 41'0' is
2<:l.(ad)

(ii) substitute cIIT(Il+1) ---------------------------------------------------.--------------- for cI2Tll

sIlT (11+1) ---------••-------.------------------------------------------------- for SIZTll

C. cross-anisotropic; 82. Zero

The clisplaee-ents. strains • .:u:l stresses are obta;ned by aaking the following substitutions into the
equations for the ~e of UIlifor- VertiCal Pressure loading" (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero). These equations
are shOlm 011 page lZ.
22
(1) substitute 1'v' (~"'.~ , . -R1'" ,~,'" L F
'l"o
(c+dca)
2dca1 .r;,.
",
This alternative substitution foll.s frOII the load.displae:e:.ent relationship for this ease of 82. Zero.
"I> relationship is;
, r (C'+da.2)2
Tv· -"'1· 41'O·2e.f 2do j

(ii) substitute I IT (11+1) (CIJI) ---------------------------------------1,.---------------------- for I ZTU «(1,1:)

D. Isotropic

The displacetleDts. strains, and stresses are obtained by aaking the following substitutions into the
equations for the cue of UDifo:a Vertical Pressure loading (CYoss-anisotropic; 82 Zero). These equations
are sh_ on page 12.
(.." .~.
s""satute Tv' (~,'" 1
r' '-:--i O. 1 _-"E-;~
-"'I' ,i' , ' 'r' Z
4l"O 0 2.(I-v )
This altn'llative suhstitutiou follows froII the 10ad-displae:e-nt relationship for this Isotropic: cue.
This relatiOQShip·is;
E
Tv • -tr.1 ·4rO• Z
Z.(I_v )

(ii) substitute I IT (Il+I)(z)

8
, -,
• Z.(1-v ).E
_.---------------------------------------------------------------
(iii)1n addition 'the followiilg sU:plifications apply with regard to· ca,

"Z • (1+v) .E- I 83 • (l+v).(t-2v).E

.,
f. and coefficients IJ ;
.

'R • (l+v) .E- l

. for IZTIl(z)

1
8
S
• -6 • 1 8
7
• 2v
" . {1+v).(I_Zv).E· 1
_ _ _ _ _ _'0. _'
0
_
f---a-b---E-:-(l+v)=-l'------------------------------
 APPENDIX B 15 351
1 (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT

When 1" ;. 0 and III ;. 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
2 ~ 2 ~.
1 101 (tjI) • (if) .a O cI 101 '" ~. (if) • (ap+am)

I 103 (tjI) • (f)~·NO -1. stt90 51 101 '" ~. (f)~' (lnLp-lnLm

)
1 105 (",) = 2 ~ -3 (on!. 3)
(if) .NO • ljI.Sl_-:Z:- 0-co¥0
I
C 103 '"
(2,~ (N -1
L 1 -1. 1 )
if} • m ,sin¥'m + Np • S1
'2'
0

"T-
p
2 ~ -1 (1 . 1 ) 2 ~ (-1 1 -1 1
1 121 ('1') = (if)··r • -NO'S~O
L
=
51 103 '2' (if) • Nm .cosrm - Np .cosrp )
2 ~-1 ( 1-1 . 1 ) L d ~ -1 (2 1 . 1
I 123 (tjI) '" <;-)
.1" oNO • CO¥O-"',S~O cI121 =
'2' 'iT) .1" • -Nm.S~Am - Np'S~p)
0

2 ~ -3 3 _ 2 ~ -1 ·"1 1
51 121- ~'(if) .1" • (Nm·CO¥m - Np'co¥p)
0

I 125 (t/I) '" (if) .1"oNO ·Sl¥O

2 ~ .1"-1 • [-1{
l123 • ~. (if) Nm (I-lila ) .co~m
1 . I} +
- aa.sl~Am 1lp -1{ (1 +lIla ) ,cosrp
1 . 1 }]
- aa.s~p

51123. ~.(~)~.r-1[TNm-l.{aaoc0stAm+ 1
(l-lIl3).Sin¥m} + Np- .{aa.coS¥p + .{l+lIl3).Sin¥p}]

where
a
O
= arsin{2.[{tjl2 + (1+1")2!~ + {tjl2 + (1_r)2}~]-1}

a • arSin{2.(1+lIl3).[{a 2a 2 + (1+lIl3+r)2}~ + {a2a 2 + (1+lIl3_r)2}~]-1}

p
2~
. { 2.(1-lIl3).[{a 22
am· arS1n a + (1-lIllll+r)} a + (1_lIla_r)2}~]-1}
+ {a 22

NO • {(t/l2+r2.1)2 + 4~2}~
N = [{a2a 2 _ (1+lIla)2 + r 2 }2 + 4a2a2(1+lIl3)2~
p
N • [{a 2a 2 _ (1_lIl3)2 + r 2 }2 + 4a2a2(1_lIl3)2]~
m
A • artan{2"'(tjl2+r 2 _ I)-I}
O
A '" artan[2aa(1+lIla).{a 2a 2 _ (1+lIl3)2 + r 2 }-l]
p
Am • artan[2aa(1-lIla).{a 2z 2 - (1_lIl3)2 + r 2 }-l]

L
p " [{Np.cosfAp + aa}2 + {Np.Sm!Ap + (1+lIlz)}2]~
L = [{Nm.cosfA + aa}2 + {Nm.Sin¥A + (1_lIla)}2]~
m m m

When r • 0 the values of the integrals are given by;

1 101 (",) (f)\arcot t/I

1 (",) (f)If.(t/l2+1)-~
103
1 (",) (f)If. 2tj1 • (",2+1")-2
105
l101 '" (~)~.~.artan{2aa. 2 2 2
(a a +ciz -1) -1}

,z101 '" {~)\~.1n[{a222 + (1+lIl2)2}.{a 2z 2 + (1_111Z)2}-l]

2 If 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 2 2 2 -1
c1103'" (if) .{a 2 - '" a + n.{a a + (l+",a)} .{aa + (l-lIl2) }
2 ~ 2 2 2 2 -1 2 2 2 -1
51103'" (if) .2al1l2 .{a 2 + (l+l1la)} .{a a + (l-lIl3) }

1 121 (",) =
1 123 (",) =
1 125 (",) ='cI I21 = 51 121 = c1 123 = 51 123 = 0
-1 -1 -1
r .1121 (",) '" ~.II03("') r .1123 (",) ~.II05{"') =
r 'cI 121 = ~'cII03
When 2 '" 0 the relevant integrals are given by;

r < 1
r • 1
r > 1

r.u + r < 1
(!)~ 1 r'" 1
1f {r -1 r > 1
 16
\
'" 2(.) LINEAR VERIlCAL PRESSURE

A. CI'Oss-anisotropic; $2 Positive 1
"'. Preose·J'o·{·grI420(••) + 9 Z •I .20(P.ll»
Iol • Pt,COSS.ZOO• (-g3·H420(.") + 9 4 ,H420 CP.)}

&U •

&1"!'
p • P2·$ifte.rO·{-g3~420(.·) + 9.· A420'P.»
P2·eo5e·{gt·.·I422{~) • gt,p·I42Z ''''')}

-.PZ·cost,C-g3 , (I 422 (.·) -

tea· Pz·cost.l-g3·r .I440 (.·)

-1
_1
Z'

+
.I440
-1
't z )} + g.{I

9.,r .I440 (P.ll»

422 (P.lI) - r
-1
.I440 (PZ)}]
I
,
en • PZ·eose·g9 ·,.-t. £N422(~) - HU2 ,,,a)}
-1
cell· P Z,Sin8'9g '! ·(A422("') - A422 (Pll)}
. (
ere· pz,slne. 93,r.1 .I440 (...) - 9.,r- I)
.I440 (p.ll)
r;. pz,cose,[-gs.I422 (••) • 96,I422 (pa) (a-b).r,t'{93·I440' ••) ~ 9••I440(PZ)}].
-
88· pz,cose·[-g7,I422 (t.) • is,I422 (P.}
_ _1 -1
+

(a-b).r ~ .(g3,I440 C+.) - 9.,I440 (P.ll)}]

_ _
.u • Pz,ecl$&'9g 'U .I422 , ...) -" .I422 (P.lI)) n • f,cra e•• f.t. ea

Ill· pz,eose·J'O·{·it'c.l420 - i 2 0sI420 )

u· P2·eos&o2Oo·(i3·cN420 + i4'sN420)

v • P20siD80200.( 3'I:A420 + i4'sA420)

(~ • P2·COS&,(igoCI422 + ilO'sI422)
. -1). (
(l"2". P2 ·eose o ( '"3'(I:I422 - 1" 'CI 440 + '"4' s1422
. -I .-1
1
(ee • Pr l:OSe·(1. 3 0zo 'cIuo + 1. 4 01" ·sI440 )

EM; • P2·l:ose,irsN.22

£&~ • P2,sin&oi2,sA422
1
. (. -1 I . -1 I )
Ere· PZ,Slft&. -1. 3 ·ZO '1: 440 - '"4'1" 's 440
~. P2,cos&.£iS·cI422 + i6·s1422 - (a-b).r-l.{i3·cI440 • i 4 · s 1 44O )
. -1
ee. Pz·cos&.£i7·cI42Z + i8·s1422 • (a-b)o2O .(i3"1:1440· i 4 . s I 44O )}
-1 _
.ii. P2·C:OS&0(cI422 + "olll .sI422 ) 20.21 • foc
n
C, CfWs-anisouopic; 8 2 Zero

lJ· P2.COS&,2Ooo£-z1oI420(1lZ) - 8 2 .Z.I422 (1Ui)

II· P2ocoseo1"o·{83oN420(az) - 8 4 .Z.N422 {/lZ)}

v· P2osineoro·b3·A420(IlZ) - 84oz.A422(lII:)}
Ez:.: • P2·coseo<Sg,1422(1lo1i) . 8 2 •..·z.I424 (cu:))
-1 -I
El"2". P2oc:os&.(83·£I422(1lZ) - l' .I«O(IlZ)) - 84 ·Zo£1424 (...) - l' .I44Z (llZ)}]
-1 _1
(ee • P ·coseo{s3or .I44O {1Ui) - s4' z ,t" .I442 (1lZ))
2
, -1
c
rz
• P ·COS&,o
2
,f ,.ll,N
424
(1lZ)
, -1
Ee.z • P2·sineoo ,f
.zoA 424 (1Ui)
-I ·1
E
rll
• P2·sineo{-83,1" .I
440
(1Ui). 84"..21.1" .I
442 {ozP
-1
r;.. P oc:ose.(sS·I422 (1Ui) - 8 ·.z·1424 (1U) - {a-b).r
2 6
.{s3·1440{1Ui) - S4.z.I442(1Ui)}]
- -1
e& • P2ocose.(87·1422(~) - 8 0.ll01424 (1Ui) + (a-b).r '£S3·1440{lUi) - 84 0.zoI442 (tta)}]
S
u. P2.coseo£1422(U) .1l.z01424(ttap r; • f'El"Z 8i. f'E ea
 17

2(a) LIKEAR. VERTICAL PIlESSURE

D. Isouopie

'lbe stresses. straUs. ~c1 tispla_U are as ffTr the case of CI'o$s.lIIUsottopie;
fol1owiDl si.llplifieatiOftS; .
2.1 -1 -I
'1.2.(1-'1 ).E ' 2 · (1.,,).E '3. (1.,,).(1_2,,).8 '4 • (1.,,).£-1

'7 • 2" " • 0 '9· (1.,,).(1-2'1).8

-,
f · a-b. E.(I.,,) -.
Values of eoefficients gn' 'n' in

The values of 111 •• ,119, '1 •.••9. £1"'''10 have been given previously on p.ge 13

Values of integnJ.s 1 4fll (1o). e 1 4tll' s14tll , A4tu (.1, eA4tll' sA 4tll • N4tIl C.l. eN4tlO' sN4tlO
"ben l' ; 0 aDd a ; 0 the values of the integrals are given in tables on the par' 1QIber5 iDdic:atec! in
brac:.keu;

1 (,) [52) A (t) (56) (S7]

420
[511
'/420 420 eA420 eN420
[60)

1
422
(,) [511
51 420
[52) A
422
(t) (56) sA 420 [57)
sNUO 'oo]
[51)
1 424 Ct) e1 422 [53] A424 C.) [56] A
e 422
[58]
eN422 [611

1 (.) [54' [53) N420 {·1 [59] sA 422 [58] sH422 [61]
440 ,1422
1 (.1 (54] 1 [55] H (t) (59)
422 e 440 422
[55] (59]
51 440 ,1/424 (t)

When l' • 0 the intep'als are liven by;

Whn a • 0 the relevant inte,rals are given by;

r < 1

r • 1

r> 1

r < 1

r> 1

r < 1

r> ,
 _. 2: (b)
.
LINEAl VDnCAL DISP1.ACEIENT 1
eross-&souopic; 52 Positi. .
A.
na. disph ts, StnDs, ..." suases an obuiAed. by -.tiaJ tJMi fol101riJl, sWlstimuoas iIl'lO the
~ 0 - _ ,... 16 for tile c:ase of ~ Vertical Pressare loadiJll (cross-aisotrapic;; ,2 Positin).
1
(1) sabnitma!' .,2.,'1.2....
• "i' 41"0.)
(It _a....~,1J
4 9
....!...L- (7j'~4'
1"0 ~ ,. ••• p",
-------- m P,
nus alur.atiYe sabstiJUtice folllllfS :fra the _ t - d i s p l . - r t rdaci-sJaip.

r•• -~.~~(a:J:~:::j2)
(ii) substituU I 3TC.... 1) (t) ••- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - for I ..tllCtl

.(31:(\1+1) (t) - - - -••- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -••- - - - for A"Tlle.)

N3t {p+l)Ct) -----.-••------_.--.--.-.------.-------.-- for H4t1l Ct)

•• Cr'o$,_aisottapic; 82 "-Iacive
".. displ~l. stt&im;. cui stresses ~ obtaiaed by __me the fol1ll1l'ina: substinztiOD$ bto t:he
equal!oas s!toIIQ on p.,.
16 for the caso of Liaear Vertical Pressure INdia, (Cross--t,oU'opic; 82 HflJative).
el) 2'13:
substituu 2'1If'(~ 21!j2
'41"/' OR -4 ,(.) ad-<12
'1"o'zCI(czd)1I .h••••• _ •• for P
2 z

11lis -.lunladve ,ubstltutiOD. foll_s

12'0
, , crd-a
n-o. the _t-displae:e-nt relationship;

2'• • -'2'-r' 2o(cd)1l

(il) Sllbstitute cI3T(\t+l) ---.------------------------------.--••• for cI"T1I

sI:h{ll+!) ----•••- •••- - - . - -••--.----------------- for sI" tli

cAtt(ll.!) ------------------------------.- for e-t"tll

sA1t (lr+l) .------.-------.-.------------- for sA" T1I

c"'lt(Jl+l) ----------•••-----.--•••--.------------ for c"t"tll

sH1t(Jl+!) --------------------------.--. for sH" T1I

C. Cross.lIZlUonapic; 52 Zero
The di$pl'-U. straiJls, and suesses are obt&iJ'led. by ukiAl the followi1l1 subnitutiotlll i1lto the
equaUOllS shoona on pp 16 for the cue of LiDur Vertical PrnSloln 1~1 (C:ro$s-anisoU'opic; 82 Zero).

.r~It.-L _.oL.(~It
2
(i) substitute r (II. ....!.---L.. (o+dD )2 ---•••-.------.--------- m P2
III r "2'03 ' ' ' : 1 ' 0 u+r 2daJ

!his alc.maci" substiwtioa follows f~ the ~t-displaceRnt relationship;

Ib'oZ ---L.. (<l'O'dos2 )Z
Till • -1I2"..,....~ 2da3
I 3t (Il. 1 ) (ea.t) - ••- ••------••-.-.-----------••••----------- for I "til (lUI:)

A3t(Il+I)(~) - ••••••••••- ••-------••--••--••-------.----- for A.. tll(ea.t)

H1t (Il+1) (~) -.----------------------.-------------.--.. for H" tll (~)

D. Isouopic
The displa_U. strahs. and stresses are obtabted by uJr.in, the followinl substiwtiOllS i1lto the
equatiOllS shoonl on pace 16 for the case of UIleU Venical Presstzre loadiDJ: (Cf'oss-lIllucn:rvpic; 82. Zero).

(i) substimu r .(~lt.~

• S "2'0
(II. -6z.(~lt. ...!.:::Lr --------------.------.----------
2'0 2(1-'1 )
frn P z

2'• •
... ' ,
This a1~i" svbStituti01l follows Eros tbe _t-displaceRnt relauOIISbip;

-6z.=t-. Z(I-)
(il) SWtstian.e I1t(1l+1) (a) . - - - . - . -•• - -•• - ••---••- .••.•-----------•••- for l .. tll (a)

A1t (U.l) (a) ••.•---••-.-------------------•.••---------- for

H (u+l) (a) ----••- •••• • __ • •• _. __ •• ._•• _. for
1T
(iU) In additiOD the follow{1I, smplifications apply with ft,ard. to the coefficients an;
2 .1 I -1 -1 8 • a • 1
a • 2.{I_v ).J' a • (1.,,).E'" a • {1+v).(l-Zv).8 8... (1 .....).E
l z 3 S 6
1 _1
8, • 0 8
9
• (1.,,).(I_Z,,).8- CI"' f • a-b. E.{I.....)
 APnIlDIZ B 19 355
2 (b) LINEAR VERNCAL DISPLACEMENT

Values of Integrals 1 3 (1/1), 1 3 ' 1 3 ,A3 (v), A ' A ,M (v), M M

TP C TP S TP TP C 3 TP S 3 TP 3Tp C 3TP' S 3TP
When 1" P 0 and a P 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
1 (v), 1 (1/1) and 1 (1/1) are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of 1" ; 0 and a ; 0
321 323 325
2 ~ 1 2 2 . 1 1-2
1 341 (1/1) • (-;r) • {4 + 2.v.NO.cosro - 2.NO• (+ +1" +2) .s~0}.6.1"
1
343
(v) = (f)~.{(N02_2).V.S~0 - (v2-1).c0S¥0}.r-2.No-l
1 () (2,~ {N 2 ( 2 1 N 2) . 1 2 ( 3 . 3 ) -3-2
345 V • -;rJ • ·0 • 1/1 + - 0 .s1~AD +.1' • v.co~O-s~O) .NO .1"
1 (1/1), 1 (1/1) and 1 (1/1) are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of l' ;. 0 and a ;. 0
301 303 305
A32p (1/I) .. ~{134p(v) + 1 30p (v)} M32p (v) .. ~{134p(.) - 1
30p (1/I)}
c1321' s1 , c1323 and s1323 are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of. l' ;. 0 anel a ; 0
321
1 .. (!)~.[_{a2a2+1"2+(I+lIl3)(2_lIla)}.N 1
.Sin=.A
p p m
1
- {a2a 2+1"2+(I_lIl3)(2+lIl.lI)}.N .Sin=.A
2 m
C 341 1f 2
1 1 1-2
+ 4 + (l+2l1l3).aa.Nm.co~2m + (l-2lIl.lI).aa.Np .co~ -Zp]'-6.r
s1
341
= (f>~. [_{a2a 2 +r2+ (l+lIl.lI)(2-eu) }.N • cos¥p + {a2a 2+1"2+(I_lIl.lI)(2+wa) }.Nm·COS¥m
p
+ aa.(1+2l1l.l1).Nm.Si~m - aa.(1-2~).Np.Si~p]·k·1"-2
2 L. {(I+l1la)2 + f#I4.N 2 _ a 2a 2 }.coS¥ .N -1 + {(1_lIl3)2 _ lIl.lI.N 2 _ a 2a 2 .N -1 }.eoS¥
c1343 = (?~ 2' p 1 -1 P P 2 1 ~1 m m .~.1"-2
+ aa. (N -2-2Clia) .si~p.Np + aa. (Nm -2+2lIl.lI) .si~m.Nm
p
2 {(I+lIl.lI)2 - lIl.lI.N 2 _ a2a2}.Si~ .N -1 _ {(I_lIl3)2 + lIl.lI.N 2 _ a2a2}.Si~m.N -1
sl
343
.. (?~ 2 p 1 -1 P P 2 1 ~1 m .~.1"-2
+ aa. (N +2+2l1l.l1) .co~p.Np - aa. (Nm +2-2l1lll) .co~m.Nm
p
cl301' s1 , cl 303 anel s1303 are shown on page 23 far the corresponding ease of 1" ; 0 anel a ;. 0
301
cA32p .. ~(cI34p+cI30p) sA 32p =~(sI34p+sI30p)
cM32p = ~(cl34p-cI3Op) sM32p =~(s134p-sI30p)
where 0 , a ' am' No, N ' Nm, Lp ' Lm, AO' Ap ' Am are given on page 15.
0 p p
When 1" = 0 the integrals are given by:
1 321 (1/1) .. 1 323 (V) =
1 325 (1/1) = c1 321 = c1 323 = s1321 = s1323 = 0
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 341 (1/1) = r .1341 (1/1) = 1 343 (1/1) .. l' .1343 (1/1) = cl 341 .. r 'c1341 = sI341 .. l' .s1341 = 0
2 ~ 2 ~ 2 -1
A (1/1) .. - M (1/1) (;-) .~. £1-1/I.arcot1/l} A323 (1/I) .. - M323 (1/I) .. (;-) .~. {arcot1/l-1/I. (1/1 +1) }
321 321
A (1/I) .. - H (1/I) (f)~. (1/12+ 1)-2
32S 325
l321 = - cM321 = (~J~.~. {2 - aa. (artan 1: a + artan1=~ + ~ .1n[{a2z 2+(I_lIl3)2). {a2z 2+(I+lIl3)2}-1]}
sA
321
=- sM
321
= (~)~.~.{lIl3.(artanl:"lIl3 + artanl~~ + ~.1n[{a2a2+(1_lIl.lI)2}.{a2a2+(I_)2}-I]}
2 ~ aa I-lila aa
cA323 =- cM323 = (;-) .-a. artanaz + artan-a:z
L. {I+l1l3
2 2
a a +(I+lIl3)
-
2 - 2 2
a a +(I-lIl3)
2}

sA
323
=- sM323 (~)~.~.{~ In[{a a +(I+lIl3)2}.{a a +(I_lIl3)2}-I] + 2 2 I-lila 2 - 2 2 1+l1l3 2)
= 2 2 2 2
a a +(I-lIl3) a a +(1_)
When a .. 0 the relevant integrals are given by:
1 321 (0), cl32l' 1 323 (0) anel c1323 are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of a • 0

{
r2{2+(l_r2)~}
= (~)~
1" < 1
1
341
(0) .. l341 3£1+ (1_1'2) J5} 2 1 343 (0) .. l343 = (!)Js {O
j.r- 2 1f 1'-2. (r2_1)-~ i' > 1

2\
1" < 1

l' > 1

l' < 1
356 APPDDIZ B 20
3 (a) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR STRESS

A. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive

~ • Pl·ro·fhloI400('z) - h2·I400 (pa)}

u • P1.ro·fh3oI420('z) - h4 0I420 (pz)}
&zz .. Pl·f-,.hl·I402('z) + p.h2·I402 (pz)}
-1 -1
e-
rr = Pl·[h 3·{I402 (,z) -
.I420 (,z)} - h 4 .fI402 (pa) -
l' l' .I420 (pz)}l
-1 -1
&ee .. Pl· fh 301' .I420 (,z) - h4·1' .I420 (pz)}
&1'z = P1· t -1 .hgo{-p -1 .I422 (,z) .I422 (pz)} +' -1

-
rr .. Pl·[h s ·I402 (,z) - h6 ·I402 (pz) - (a-b).r -1 .{h 3·I420 (,z) - h4 .I420 (pz)}]
- .. P1.[h .I -1
ee 7 402 (,z) - hS.I402 (pz) + (a-b).r .fh3 ·I420 (,z) - h4.I420 (pz)})
-
.u • Prhg.p -1 .'-1 .f-I402 (,z) + I 402 (pz)} n- .. to&2'3

B. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative

~ .. Pl· r Ofj1·cI 400 + i2'sI400}

U .. P1· 1'O{j3·cI 420 + i4'sI420}
&33 .. P1· f - j 9·cI 402 - i10'sI402}
. { -I
I }. { -1
&rr .. Pl' [ J 3• cI 402 - l' 'c 420 + J 4• sI402 - r 'sI420 }]
&ee = Pl' { J• -1
'cI 420
. -1 }
3·r + J 4·1' 'sI420
-1 -1
&rz = Pl·t '{cI 422 - a.w 'sI422 }
;r = Pl' [is'cI402 + i6'sI402 - (a-b).r-1.fi3·cI420 + i4'sI420}J
ee =Pl·[i7·cI402 + is'sI402 + (a-b).r-l.fi3·cI420 + i4'sI420}]
-
Z3 = Pl'(-w-1 )'sI402

C. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero

~ .. Pl·rO·{tl·I400(az) + t 2·z.I402 (az)}

U .. Plo1'O·{-t3oI420(=) + t 4 .z.I422 (az)}

&zz = Pl· ft9· I 402(az) - t 2·aoz.I404 (az)}

&r.r = P1·[-t3·{I402 (az) - l'-1 .I420 (az)} + t 4·z.fI404 (az) - l'
-1
.I422 (az)}]
&n = Pl· t -1 .fI422 (az) - a.z.I424 (aa) }
- .. Pl.[-t .I
rr t 6 .z.I404 (az) (a-b).1' -1 .ft3 ·I420 (az) - t 4 0z.I422 (az)}]
S 402 (az) + +

-ee = P1.[-t .I t S·z.I404 (az) - (a-b).1' -1 .{t3 .I420 (az) - t 4 .z.I422 (az)}]
7 402 (az) +

zz .. Prz.{-I404(az)} rz .. t.&1'z

D. Isotropic

The stresses. strains, and displacements are as for the case of Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero but with the
following sillplifications;
2 -1
t1 =
(1+v).(1~2v).E
-1
t = (l+v).E -1 t 3 = 2.(1-v ).B t = (l+v).E -1
2 4
-1
t = 1 t g = 2v. (l+v).E a .. 1
6
t .. a-b = E.(l~v)-l
 21 '51

3(a) UIIEAIl aADIAl. SHI!Al sruss

VIIi_ of _ffic:iau 11._ i.~ *.
•
~1 • Cz.,.J'j .t. r' . (1)-.) -1 • (0+4-,
2.-1 ., • (2oof] •• .,"'."..J"';( 'J-1
"3 . CZI+ -/). 'r1
• (1)-+) -1 • ( _ 2..1
-J " • • (,.2_n.,-1.{Cl..)-1.( ~-1

"s • """3 - ""•. 11 1 It, • a.1I.. - 0••,12

'7 • b.llJ - 0 ••• 11
1
11, • b.lI.. .. 1It••• 1I
Z
-1
' " • P••• (III·.>
i • {(dd)1s • o)-! $2OO G....- 1 .{(ad)'J-el
1
$3. _:w.(Q;k:~-1 .1... . r' ...-1

is • ~J3 - t:.J, $6 a.i.. • o·J10

$, • b.J3 - 0.$, i, .. b.i.. - c·J10
I,.. _2ac. (lId-o )
, -1 J • (f+lt).(.fd)-l
IO
t
1• C2ct+/). (do'·Gll.
r 1• (-'a 2-2
) *2· (2a+/l.G. r1
.(e-odo)
2-1

*3. (2ct+f).2da. r ' • (-'0-2..,

J t • (2da .fJ.,-1.Ce+daZ)-1
•
2

*5 • «ot J - 0'*9 t6 00 a.t.. - 0.0..t2

*, • b.t3 .- O.t, t ... b.t.. - c'''':2

t • (Zo+fl.2co..rl.(__ ~-2
g

Yalues of iaurnJ.s I'T1IC+>' "X..",, sI'f1I

" n ~ , 0 aD4. , 0 u. yalues of the iDt~s ut: ri- in ultle, CIQ tbt , . . lUllIbe:rs iJldie:at..s Ul
bncbts;
(U, l UO (·) [51] [OJ (52)
I ..OOCt> c1..oo ,,1"20
1..02 (.) [4&] 1.. 21 (.) [Sl] ,1400 (49) [52]
,1'20
1~(.) [.en 1.. 2,(f) [51]
e1'02
(SO] I
c 4U "3]
[SO] .I422 (53]
,1402
lftwa r • 0 the illt.,nls are ,i_ by;

rei

• • 1

>< 1
•• 0

•• 1
 -=. U

3(b)· t.DCEoU RADIAL SJ£U. DI5PUa1EH1'

Doe displ.-U. suaias. -.4 st;rnMS an cbtaiMd by MkiAJ the follooriAl sabstitutic.s iato thf:
~GIU for die cas. of U - bdia1 Sbear Seress loacliq {Ctoss-.u.sOb'apic; J2 Positi_l. nes. eqv-
at.ic.s ue u - at pap 20.
(i) sabsti:tu:te _6 • (2..Is.L..L- C4·(e:d·'i .. .__... .. for
1 r' JO
o IO+f" d. O.I)
(ii) substit~e I (l/+1) (.) - - - - - - - _ . _•••- •••----••- -••----.-••- - - -•••- ••-.----- for
3t

B. CToss-uisanopic; Sl Helauva

lb, displ_u, straiu, ..d stresses an obtUned by uk1n, the followUl' sub.tit~'iO!l$ into the
eqll&t:ions for the case of Liaear Radial Shear Stress load.iul (Cross-misotropic; .2 "',Itin). Thes. equ-
aticmJ an sboola Oft pap 20.

(1) substitute -61·{~If.~o· (1:' -------------------------------------- f= PI

(ii) substitute cIJtCrl) - - - - - - - - - - - - -••- - - - - - - - . ' . - - - - - -••- - - - for cX..,,,

sI3t (p+l) ._------------••----.------------------.-----------.--------- for .I.. T"

C. Cross_ati.sorropic; 82 Zero

lbe clispls_ts, snullS, ad nrene. are obtaiBed by aalt:in. tJ\e followin, substi~utiOllS inUt tile
equa~ionsfor the case of LiAear Radial Shear S~ress loadin. (Cross.-anisotrvpic; 82 Zero). These equations
ue shown on P.... 20.
(i) subnimte -~1.(~)1t.~~(e;:2}2 u •• • • u_ for PI

I3t(~.I)(oa) ---------.--_.---.---------------------------------------••---- for I't~(~)

o. Isotropic:

lbe dUp1a~ts, stt&i:M, and stresses are obui-.f by MliIt,

the foll-tn, SWlStiOlUGIIS into the
equatiOlU for w case of Ullear Radial Shear Stress load.UlC (Cross-..u.sottopic:; 82 zero). Tbese equations
an sJa_ OIl pap 20.
(i) subni'tltte -~I·(~It·~ ~ 2
02.(1-,,)
(ii) substi~e I3T(~.I)(~) -------------------••------------------------------------....--- fOr I't~(~)
(iii) In additiClll. the follOllin, siliplific:atiOJUl -wlr with re,m to 0, f. and the c:oefficients t n ;
-I -1-1
•• 1 f - a-b - E. (1....) t
1
- (1...,). (1-2v).E t 2 - (1.'11).1:

t • • (l .... ).E.
-I • 2
t
S
t
6 - 1
1
ts-O t,_2.(1.,,).1:-
 APnNlJIZB 23 359

3 (b) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENl'

~en l' ~ 0 and 11 ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given by;

I (IjI) .. (f)\ (No·s~o-t.ao)

301
2 ~ -1 1)
I (tjI) .. (if) • (aO-NO .co¥O
303

I (IjI) .. (if) ink -~

2 ~ .N -3 • (N 02 .s-Z--0-S1__ J. ~)
~-0-"·co-z--0
30S O

I (tjI) .. (if) Z
-n1.
2 ~ .~.1'-1 • (l'2 ·0'0+1/1· N0·51_· -0-NO·co_Z--O
~ )
321
I 2 ~ .r-I .N -1 { 1 (I N 2) ~}
323
(tjI) .. (if)
O • IjI.cosrO+ - 0 .L_Z_- O

I (tjI) (t)~.r-I.No-3.{No2(C090-IjI.s~0)-r2• co90}

32S
cI301 .. (t)\~. {+Np.S~p+Nm·su9m-aa.(CTp +CTm)_C1nLp -lnLm)}
/301 .. (f)~·~·{+Np·co~-Nm·CO~+wa. (ap+am)-all(lnLp-l!1Lm))
I .. (!)~.~. (_Np-l.co~p-Nriz -1.co~+O'p+am)
c 303 1f
sI
303
.. ~)~.~.(-Np-l.su9p+Nm-l.s~+lnLp-lnLm)

" (!)Is.%.r- .{-(l-lIl8).N .cos'""'2 -(l+lIl.lI).N .cos",2;1. +az.(N .sinl. +N .Si~21;1. )+1'2.0' +1'2.0' }
I 1 1
I
C 321 1f ppm m p -;I.--p m m' p m
I
s 321
.. (!)~.%.1'-l.{+(l_lIlz).N
1f
.Si.JS. -(1+1Il3).N .Si~21 +aa.(N 'CO~21 -N 'CO~21 )+r2 .(lnL -lnL )}
p2p m
1
m ppm m p m'

eI323 .. (f)~.Is.1'-l.[+{(l+lIl.lI).Np-I_Np}.Si~p+{(l-lIlI).Nm-l-Nm}.Si~m+aa.(Np-l.co~p+Nm-l.cos~n?]
I 1 +{(l-lIlI).N -l+N }'CO~21 +CI.3.(N -l.sink -N -1.Si~21 )]
" (!)Is.Is.1'- 1 .[_{(1+1Il.).N -l+N }.cos'""'2
s 323 1f P ppm m m p --z-pm lIr'

where 0'0' O'p' am' NO' Np ' Nih' 1.0 ' Ap ' Am' Lp ' Lm are given on page IS

When l' .. 0 the values of the integrals are given by;

I (IjI) .. (f)~.(I-IjI.arcotljl) I (IjI) .. (f)~{arcot1jl - IjI.(I/I2+ 1)-1} I (IjI) .. 2.(IjI2+ 1)-2

301 303 30S

cI301 .. (f)~.Is.{- =.artan(l:Zlll.ll~ - az.artan(l~=~ + ~.ln[{a2z2 + (1_lIlz)2}.{a2z 2 + (1+lIlI)2}-l] + 2}

sI
301
.. (f)\Is.{+ lIlZ.artan(l::a~ + IIlz.artan(l~~~ + ~z.ln[{a2z2 + (1_lIlz)2}.{a 2z 2 + (1+lIlz)2}-l]}

I .. (!)~ .Is. [+ artan(l+lIlI~ + artan(l-lIla~ - aa. {a 2

c 303 _ 1f az CI.3
l + (l+lIlz) 2} -1 _ az. {a 2 l + (l-lIlI) 2 }';'1]

sI .. (f)Is. Js .{Js.ln[{a2a 2 + (1+lIlz)2}.{a2a 2 + (1_lIlz)2}-I] - (l+lIl3).{a 2z 2 + (1+lIlz)2}-1

303
+ (l_lIl3).{a 2z 2 + (l_lIlZ)2}-I}

I CIjI) ~ I (IjI) .. I CIjI) .. cI 321 .. cI 323 .. sI

321 323 32S 321 .. sI323 .. 0
-1
r- 1.I (IjI) .. Js.I (tjI) r .I323 (IjI)" Js.I CI/I)
321 303 30S
-1 -1
r· 'cI 321 .. Js' cI 303 r 'sI321 " ~'sI303

When z .. 0 the relevant integrals are stiven by;

l' < 1

l' > 1

r. (l-r 2) -Is

!
~'1f.r

!
r < 1
2 Js
£;-) . I 323 (0) (!)ls
1f
- -1 , 2 Js-l
ls.{r.ars1nr - (r -l).r } o .r > 1
360 24

4(a) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS

Cross-anisotropic *
-1 -1
-P2·2rO·f .y .I420 (y,,)
t1 •
-1
E .... P2· f .I422 (y..)
a
-1 -1
Era· P2·f .y .I442 (ya)

ea .. P2.I422(ya)
;e .. P2.y.I442(ya)

D. Isotropic
. -1
t1 = -P2· 2rO·(I+v).E .I420 (a)
-1
E
aa .. P2·(I+v).E .I422 (z)
-1
Era" P2·(I+v).E .I442 (a)

e; = P2.I422(Z)
re =P2.I442(a)
Values of Inugrals I 4Tll
(ya)

When r ~ 0 and a ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given in tables on pages indicated in brackets.

When z .. 0 the integrals are given by;

2' < I

2' =I
2' > 1

r < I

2' =1
2' > I

2' < I

2' =I
r > I

* The solutions for the Cross-anisotropic cases on pages 24 and 2S are independent of the value ofS 2
 M'PBNDZX B 2S 36l
4 (b) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT

Cross-anisotropic •
2Js
v .. (ii) .202,I321(ya)
2 Js -1
E .. -(ii) .02,y·rO .I323 (yz)
ez
2 Js -1
Ere .. -(ii) .0rr
O .I343 (ya)
- .. -(iT)
ez 2 Js.orf.y,ro -1 ,I
323 (ya)
- 2 Js :'1
1'e .. -(ii) '02' (a-b) ·1'0 .I343 (ya)

The torsion-displacement relationship is;

2
8%'0
Tt .. -02·-;s-·fy

D. Isotropic
2 Js
v .. (iT) .20 I 321 (a)
r
2 Js
E
ez .. -(iT) 0° 2 .1'0-1 .I323 (a)
2 Js
Ere .. -(ii) .° 2 ,1'0 -1 .I343 (a)
- 2 Js -1-1
ez" -(ii) .02· E .(1+v) ·1'0 .I323 (a)
- 2 Js -1-1
re .. -(iT) .02· E .(1+v) ·1'0 .I;S43 (a)

The torsion-displacement relationship is;

81' 2 E
Tt " -02·+·y.;v

Values of Integrals I 3 ($)

Til

When l' ; 0 and a ~ 0 the integrals are given by;

I 321 ($) (f)Js·{Js·roo o + Js.Noo(ljISinf"o - cost"o)·r- 1}
2 Js 1 2. 1 -1-1
I 32 ;S(ljI) .. (iT) .{ljI.cos2'''O + (l-N ) ·S1~"O}·r .N
O O
I 343 (ljI) ..
2 Js { 2 . 1 ( 2 I } -2
(iT) • (NO -2).ljI. nrO - tjI -1).costAO·1' oNO
S1
-1

where
00 .. arsin{2.[{ljI2 + (1+r2}~ + {ljI2 + (1_1')2}~]-1}
NO .. {(ljI2+1'2_ 1)2 + 4lj12}~
2 2 -1
"0 .. artan{2lj1.(~ +1' -1)

When l' .. 0 the integrals are given by;

When a =0 the integrals are given by;

~.1r.1' l' < 1
2 ~
I
321
(0) = (-) ~.1r l' .. 1

1r
{
~. {I'. arsi~ _ l' > 1

r. (1-1' 2) -Js l' < 1

(lj~ .. l' =1
1r
{
o l' > 1

l' < 1

l' .. 1

l' > 1
362 UPIlItDrx B 26

5 (a) UNIFORM UNmIRECI'IONAL SHEAR STRESS

A. Cross.8IlisoUOpic; 82 Positive
14 • P3·cose.rO·{-hl·I220C+a} + hZO I 220 Cpa)}
u • P3oeose.rO·{-h3·H220Cta} + h4 ·H220 (pa) - hl0.A220(ya}}
v • P3·sine.rO·{·h3·~20Ctz} + h4 ·A220 (pa) - hl0·H220(ya}}
Eaa • P3·cose.{h1·t.I222(tz) - h 2·p·I222 (PZ)}
-1 -1-1
E~ c P3.cose.[-hZ.{I222(+z} ~ r .I240 (+z}} + h •{I
4 222 (pz) - ~ .I240 (pz}} + h10 ·r .I240 (yz}]
-1 -1 -1
Eee • P3·cose.{-h3·r .I240 (+a} + ?4· r .I240 (pz} - h10 ·r .I240 (ya)}
-1 -1 -1
Erz • P3· cose .! .{hg.p .H222 (+Z) - hg ••• M222 (PZ} + A222(YZ}~
. -1 -1 ,.1
Eea • P3· S1De.! .{hg.p .A222 (ta) - h g •• •A222 (pa) M222 (yz}}
+
. -1 • -1 -1
Ere =P3·S1ne.[h3·r .I240 (.Z} - n 4·r .I240 (pa) + h10 ·{r .I240 (yZ) - ~.I222(ya)}]

~ • P3·cose.[-hS·I222(+z} + h6 ·I222 (PZ) + (a-b}.r-1.{h3·I240(+a) - h4·I240 (pz) + hl0·I240(Yz)}]

- . -1
ee • P3·cose.[-h7.I222(+a) + hS·I222 (PZ} - (a-b}.r ,{h3·I240 (+a) - h4 ·I240 (pz) + h10,I240(Yz}}]
__ -1 -1 { -
8 8 · P3.cose.hg.P .+ • I 222 (t Z) - I 222 (PZ)} rz =!.En

B. Cross-8Ilisotropic; 82 Negative

14 • P3·cose.rO·(-il·CI220 - i2'SI220}
u • P3·cose.rO·{-i3·CH220 - i 4'SM220 ' i11.A220(YZ}}
v • P3·Sine,rO·{-i3·CA220 - i4'SA220 - il1.M220(YZ}}
EZZ =P3·cose.(+ig·CI222 + i 10 's=222)
E~ I
= P3.cose.{-i3· (c 222 - r-l'CI240) - i 4'(SI222 - r,I'SI240) + il1.r-l.I240(YZ)}

E88 =P3·cos e • { -J'3·r-1 'cI 240 - J.4·r-1 I 240 - J.11 ·r-1 , I 240 ~)}
'5 llZ

En =P3·cos e.!-1 '{-c . -1

M222 + a.w 'sM222 + A222 (yz}}
-1 -1
Eez = P3· Sine .! • {-1222 + a,w 'SA 222 + M222 (yz) }
Ere· P3,sine.[i3·r-1·cI240 + i4·r-l·sI240 + il1·{r-1,I240(Yz) - ~.I222(Yz)}]
r; • P3·cose.[-is·cI222 - i 6 ' s=222 + (a-b).r-l.{i3·cI24O + i 4'sI240 + ill,I240(Yz)}]
ee • P3·cose.[-i7·cI222 - is'sI222 - (a-b),r-1.{i3·cI240 + i 4'sI240 + ill.I240(yz}J]
-- •
zz P3.cose.w-1 'sI -- =
rz !.Erz - =!.Eez
222 . ez

C. Cross-8Ilisotropic; 82 Zero
14=P3.cose,rO.{-tl·I220(az) - t 2 ,z.I222 (az)}
u =P3·cose.rO.{t3.M220(az) - t 4·z.H222 (az) - t10.A22p(Yz)}
v = P3·sine.rO·{t3.A220(az) - t 4·z.A 222 (az) - t10.H220(Yz)}
E
ZZ =P3·cose,{-tg,I222(az)
t 2,a.z.I224 (az)}
+

E
~
= P3.cose.[t3.{I222(az) - r -1 .I240 (az)} - t 4 ,z.{Iz24 (az) .- r - 1-1
,IZ42 (az)} + t 10 ,r .I240 (yz)]
-1 -1 -1 .
Eee =P3·cose.{t3·r .I240 (az) - t 4 ,z,r ,I242 (az) - t 10 ·r .I240 (yz)}
E =P3·cos e.!-1 .{-M222 (az) + a.z.M224 (az) + A222 (yz) }
rz
. -1
E =P3,s1ne.! ,{-A222 (az) + a,z,A 224 (az) + M222 (yz)}
ez
.
Ere = P3·s1ne.[-t -1 -1 { -1
3·r .I240 (az) + t 4 ·z.r .I242 (az) + t 10 • r ,I240 (yz) - ~.I222(Yz)}]
rr =P3.cose,[ts.I222(az) - t 6·z,IZ24 (az) - (a-b).r-l.{t3·I240(aa) - t 4 ·z.I242 (az) , tl0.I240(Yz)}]
--
ee • P3.cose.[t7.I222(az) - t s ·z.I224 (az) + (a-b).r -1 .{t3·I240 (az) - t 4·z.I242 (az) - tl0.I240(Yz)}]
U • P3.cose.z.I224(az) ;a =!,Erz 83 = !.E ez re .. (a-b).Ere
 UI'DIl11l •

5 Ca)
"
IIUFtJIN OODIlEcrICIW. SHEAR STRESS

D. Isotropic
'the stresses, sU'aiJU. aDd. d i s p I - u an as far the cas. of Cross·..usotropic;
the foll-u, silipliflcaciQllS;

c1 • (lw).(I-2v).1'
-1 C
z• (Iw) •.-l -,
t. .4 • (I_)oE
t

t
s• Z

g • 2v. (I.-.I).I'
.,
C, • 1
CIO • Z.{l+"}.K
-1 .. ,
C, • 2v
,.~
0

f • (cz-b) • B. (l.... f l

Val., of coeffllCiats lzn' :1'1" ill

The values of 1I ••• lIg , Cr •• Cg ,
1
;1" ••i 10 have ben Jiven previou$Iy on pep 21. In edd!uoa

•10 • .
C10 • .111 • Z. r'-1 .y

Value. of Int.ern1s 1 Zt \l(.)' CIZnt' sIZtll ' A2tll (t). cA2tll' sA ZtIl ' N2111 (t), r!Ztll' /l2tll
Wh.. . l' ~ 0 ad • ~ 0 the vaIH' of the intemIl are ,hen in tables Oft the l'&Ie m.b.:rs illd.icat.e4 in
brackllu:

I
2Z0
Ct)- [37]
cIZZO UI] A2Z0 (·) (4Z) A
c Z20 (,m l/220 r"J
[37] (31)
I 22Z (·) 51 220 A222 (·) (4Z) A
5 ZZO (43) sH.220 [46)
1
224
(.) (37]
CI Z22
[39J AZ24m '(4Z) A ["J N (47)
c Z22 c 222
l Z40 (·) [<oj (39' (45)
51 222
l Z4Z C.) [<oj
c1 Z40
(41)
"'220(·)

"'2.22(·) (4S)
l222
'''' sH.Z22 (47)

s1Z40 [41) "'2Z4(·) [4S)

Wh.eJI l' • 0 t.he Utt..,nl, are P'f'1!Il by;

. -1 -1
12.20(.) .1 (.) . 1 (.) • l (.) • l Z42 (.) • l' .I (.)· l' .L (.). 0
222 224 UO UO UZ
-1 -1
cI 220· 51 220 • c 1 Z22 • ,122Z • c1 240 • 51Z40 • l' 'cI240· l' .,1240 . 0
AZ20 C.) • -11"220(.) • 1s.{(.Z.I)-'I•• J ~2Z(.) - ....,222(.) • Is.U... (.2.1)~)
AZZ.. C.) • • H.224 C.) • 1s.(.2. 1)-'s

cAZZO • ·cH.2Z0 .1s.(R-'I.c~ -o••} ,A220 • .sH.Z20 • -'I.(_RIt.5~._)

•.J.l u u..lf: • u u..lf:
c A222 - -cH.222 -1t.vr--o.lI.cosy-,.,.lI,'inp.R sA 2Z2 • -,H2Z2 • ~.(-o ••• siDj+... lI.co~).R
"on
R. ({(aZ_2)1I 2 +1)2+ 40 211l Z• 4)1t

U • uunU_ 2 .{(o2....,2)"Z.U-1]

. . . . 1I • 0 the nleYUlt inucnJ' lire liVeR by;

 ~8

5 (b) UNIRJRM UNIDIRECTIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT

A. Cross-anisotropic; 82 positive
The c1isplaeements. strains. and stresses are obtained by l118king the following substitutions into the equ-'
ations shown on page 26 for a Unifona Uniclirectional Shear Stress loacling (Cross-anisotropic; '82 Positive).
2 2
(i) substitute T • (~~.~ OR -0 , (~)ls.; • f. y. (e+dp ). (e+d~ )2 2 --------- for P3
h 3
4r 0 (2e+f).d.y.(p++) + 2.(e+d~ ).(e+dp )
O
11lis alternative substitution follows from the load-displacement relationship;
In • -0 8r f.y.(e+dp2).(e+d4>2)
"",h 3' O' 2 2
(2e+f).d.y.(p++) + 2.(e+d4> ),(e+dp )

(ii) substitute I lT (p+l)(W) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for I2T~(W)

AIT(~+l)(W) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for A2T~(W)
MIT(~+l)(W) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for M2T~(~)
B. Cross-anisotropic; 8 2 Negative
The c1isplaceJDents. strains, and stresses are obtained by l118king the following substitutions im:o the equ-
ations shown on page 26 for a Unifona Uniclireetional Shear Stress loacling (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative).
2
(i) substitute Th • (~)ls._l_
1f 2 OR -0 3 ,(~)\L.
11' 7' [.y, (ad-c) 2 ------------------------------ for P3
4r - 0 2fday + 2(ad-c )
O
This altemative substitution follows from the load-displacement relationship;
2
T • -0 .87'. [,y.(ad-c)
h 3 0 2[day + 2 (ad-c~)

(ii) substitute cIIT(~+l) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for cI2T~

sIIT(~+l) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for sI2T~
cAIT(~+l) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for cA2T~
sAIT(~+l) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for sA2T~
cMIT(~+l) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for cM2T~
sMIT(~+l) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for sM2T~
C. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero
The c1isplacelllents, strains. and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the equ-
ations shown on page 26 for a Unifom Unidirectional Shear Stress loading (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero),
2 2
(2,~ 1 (2,ls 2 [.y. (e+da ) f
(1') .
substltute Th • ;rJ • 47'0 2 OR -0 3 ';rJ '7'0' 2dD.y(2;;f) + 2(e+da 2)2 ---------------------- or P3

This altemative substitution follows from the load-displacement relationship;

. ·22
To = -0 .8r.· [.y. (e+da )
h 3, 0 2day(2e+f) + 2(e+da 2)2

(ii) substitute IIT(~+l)(~) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for I2T~(~)

A1T(~+1)(W) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for A2T~(~)
M1T(~+1)(W) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for M2T~(~)
D. Isotropic
The displacemen~s. strains, and stresses are obtained by l118king the following substitutions into the equ-
ations shown on page 26 for a Uniform Unidirectional Shear Stress loading (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero),

(1") ub' In (2,~ 1 OR 0 (2,~ 2 E f

s s~ltute ""h';rJ '4r/ - 3';rJ "r "2.(l+v).(2-v) -------------------------------- or P3
o
This altemative substitution follows from the load displacement relationship;
E
Th = -03,87'O'2(l+v).(2-v)
(ii) substitute IIT(~+1)(a) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for I2T~(Z)
AIT(~+1)(z) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for A2T~(Z)
MIT(~+1)(z) ---------------------------------------------------------------- for M2T~(3)
(iii) In addi~ion the following simplifications apply with regard to a, Y. [. (a-b), and the c:oefficien~s t ;
1 -1
a =1 y =1 [= (a-b) = E.(1+v)- t 1 = (1+v).(1-2v).E
II

to, = 2v t g = 2 • (l+v) ,E-1 t = 2.(l+v).E-1

lO
 u-=. " ••
5(b) IIfIFOfIC lIfIDIltEmmw. SHEAl tlISPLN::EII!Ift'

Yal_ of iD~eerals I 1T\lCtl. cI 1TlI' llTli' .l.1n (t). c4h\.l' ~hll' ''IT.(t). l'lT»' I'1'Ol
... p ~ 0 _ • ~ 0 tM '+'&1_ of tlae iJatqnls aft p_ by;

.lUI (tl • .lIDCf).alI Iuset> an ...,. em ,.,.15 for * con", 'iDI __ of r ~ 0 ..... ~ 0

1 141 (t) • (~rll·(.o""~o ...o.~o ~ 2.,>",.-2

... , {(' , ) ,,.!, 1 ) _1 .2'
I1U(Y) • IT" • -60 _1 "-2-0 .. 2"0 - 2·'.""rO.lO .J'
.... { ( , I I
I 145 {,)· tTl· ·~O -
_ ..1.2
s~··O .J' 2.•. - ,·.tiarO
(3 3
-~o"'o
-3
1

J' ~ 0 .... ~ 0
.l101(')' I
103 (t) aDd .1105 (+) an s,-" _ ,.e15 for tlw cornsp:lOlliJl.l: cae of
AU"Cf> • l:lU14"CtJ .. Il~('» 1t~2lI(') • 'J<rl~J,l{') - Il~(t»
ch21' ,IU I' clu3 - . ,.1123 aft shoIln Oft pap 15 fw the eonespclftlti.q cas. of J' I 0 ..... I 0
(hn
2..,ls
• (? .!:I.C· (1-)"p.eo5f\p .. (1_) •••.
1
c:osr." -('p'surp .. lI'lII"iDT'-' • _d.r
1 1 1 -2

(l-_J·lflll o'mr." U('p·cosrp -

Zit .1 1 1 1 -2
,.1141 • (.) .'t.C· (l~)."p'''i.Df1p'' • "1lI'~.;J "'}.l'

cI 143 • (~l:l.l:l.[. {o.2i _ {1_)2 _ "/J.Bp·1.sir+-p" {a2,2 _ (1_11II:)2 _ '1II2J,/V1II-1'S*m

-2IU.{(1_)."p
-1 1 "'1
.cosy..p" (1-1III) ....1If .cosr.)" 4).:r
I -2

J."p ·cosrp " (a:. .It'.-1

,.2,'1 2 2 2 2 ·1 1 2 2 2 2) 1
,1 • 9 .'1. [- {a:. - (1_) .. R ~ U....) .. R. .~.
143 p
-1 1 _1 1 IJ -,
.2IU.{U_) ....p "inflp - (1_)'''1lI .,i~ .:r

ch01' ,110'1' ,/103 - ,1103 are sh_ OIl pace 15 fw tlIe coneSJ'C'ft'lilla o::ue of:r 'I 0 lIIIId.I ~ 0

c"Uu • 'I(c1 Uu .. c1 10u) ,Alb· '1(,11411 " ,110u) ll12u • 'I'C1 14u - c1 10u) ;t12u • 'I',z14u - ,110u )

~Go·~·~·~·~·~·~·~·10·~·~·~'i_0Il~eu

Whea :r • 0 the iAUfnls an ,iYell by;

1121 C.) • 1 123 C.) . 1125 (.) • c1 Ul • c I U3 • ,rIll· ,IU3 • 0

_1 -1 _1 _I
!141C+) .:r .1141 C.)· 1143 (.) .:r .I143 C.)· c1141 .:r ·Cl141. ,1141 .:r .,1141 .0
"InC.) • -N C.) • ~)'I.'I.iIrccn:. A C.) • -.'f123 (.) • $'I.'I.Cltol)-l
ln I23
• 2'1 2 -2 •.
"us,.) • -.1112S (.) • C.) .•• (...I)

cAUl • -CHUI • C?J'I.J,;.(~" uun1=~

,AU1 • -sH • (~'I.l-JJr.[{a:2.2 .. (1_)2}.{a:2.l1 2 .. (I __ )2}-I)
l21
cAI23 • -CH123 • C~'I.~.[(1"G.lI).(a:2%2 .. CI_)2 1-1 .. (1_~).{Q2.2 .. (1-ua)2)-1)
,A ] • -sH • (~)'I.a:.w . .lI2.{Q2.2 .. '1.. ~)21-1~{Q2.2 .. (1__)2 1-1
12 123

IIbea • • 0 the relevant int.pous are liven by;

.. ,
., ,
1 (0)
143

' .. ,
$It
{ T

arsi~" ., ,
.. ,
'I{

r> ,
 ......... 30

VIII. IlEJlEJlENCES

AHCfi. {1960}.- De sp~li.Il.t in .... b ~ _souoop el.tisch half -.41.. L.Ci.No NNedeliqen.
Vol. S. No.2. Delft LaborUory.
JARDEN, I.. (1~3).- Stresses IDlI displ.-u b • cross-.misotropil: soil. ~ . 13. Ita-no.
lOiSE, •• P.H. md mIN, S.H. eliS9}.- Dyqmc forc:es eune4 by..m, vehicles 011 • rwd sun-=-. Bun.
Iliglw. Bu. Bd No. 233, pp. 9-32.
ERDELYI, A. (1!lS4).- riMes of iatlaral trasfon$. Vou 1 _ 2. a.,t._ Nmusc:rtpt Pl'ojeet. Califomia
Inniuate of Teduaology ~ Hill).
GERRARD. C.M. (1961).- n.. a:d~trlc: 4el_d. of. ~PJMIOU'. cross_anisotropic elastic: half space.
1Jig1w. Ru. lkc•• No. ZZ3. pp. 36_44.
GEllItA&D. C.M. cul IWtP.ISCIf.... Jill. (1970) ,- Stresses ...d. displ_ts in • 10&dltcl orthortlamic half
space. CSIIlO, &1st. Div. of Applied '--chaic:s, rech. Pap. No.9.
KEARKlN, I.F.S. (1961).- "Applied. Anisotropic: Elasticity". (OXford Uab. Press).
1iXlNIHG, H. (1957).- Stress clis1:ri~iOD in .·~eous. anisotnlpic. elastic seld,·illfi11ite solid. Proc.
4th Int. CoQf. SolI Medl. F'" Enp,. Vol. 1. p. ;535.
LElHfITSnI. S.li. (1963).- "Theory of Elasticity of .. Aaisotropic Elastic Iody". HoldeD - Diy series in
Ml.tb. Pbysics.
lWllfIa:. H.O. lind. STARXS. a.J.H. (1941).- Stresses bnoreen t:yn ad. rod. .l. Z,.tn Ciu. BIfgre, 26, 3OSl.2S.
NlOfELL, J'.H. (1900).- The st.ress dinributillD in an _lotropic solid with an infinite pl_ b ~ .
PToc. Lcm4Ga Mat:b. Soc. Vol. 32. pp. 241-SI.
QlJD/LAI'l'. P.M. (1949).- A Foarier irItepal approac:b to an ae19tropic -.d.i~. Ph.D. Thesis. CaUforl:Iia
Institute of TedUlololY.
SNEIllUf, I.N. (19S1).- "FlJUrie:r T:rasfO'ns". CMcG:r-··Hill).
TItNft'EI. C.J'. (1J66).- "Inulftl Trmsf_ in Ma'theu.tical Physics". 3rd Ed. Methaens Mcaocn:Pbs Oft
Physical SWject.l;.
lfATSCIf, G.M. (1944).- "The Theel')" of Bessel FwletiODS". 2Dd Ed. caailridp lhiv. Press.
WOLF. 1:. (1935) •• Ausbnitung cIn kraft in cIe:r balbebene uall ill balbr_ bel anisot:repea uterial. Z. angaJ
~. ~eh., 26, (S). 249·S4.
APPENDIX B 31
IX. LIST OF TABLES OF INTEGRALS
page

I200C~), I 202 (W), I 204 C,) 34

O.S~ 1.0) 34
cI 200' SI 200
(lIl+a ..

0.5, 1.0) 36
cI 202' sI202
(lIl+a ..

I C,) , I 222 (,) , I 224 C,) 37

220
(lIl+a .. 0.5, 1.0) 38
/220' /220
0.5, 1.0) 39
cI 222 , /222 (lIl+a ..

I240C~), I 242 (,) 40

cI240' sI240 (lIl+a .. 0.5, 1.0) 41

A (,), A222 (,), A224 CljI) 42

220
cA220' sA 220 (wta .. 0.5, 1.0) 43

cA222' sA 222 (lIl+a .. 0.5, 1.0) 44

M220C~), M222 (ljI), M224 Cl/I) 45

cM220' sM220 (lIl+a = 0.5, 1.0) 46

0.5, 1.0) 47
cM222' SM222
(lIl+a ..

I 400 CljI), I 402 (l/I), I 404 (l/I) 48

cI 400' /400 (lIl+a = 0.5, 1.0) 49

/402' sI402 (lIl+a = 0.5, 1.0) SO

I420C~), I 422 (l/I), I 424 (l/I) 51

0.5, 1.0) 52
cI 420' SI420
(lIl+a ..

cI 422 , sI422 (lilt a .. 0.5, 1.0) 53

I 440 (ljI) , I 442 (l/I) 54

cI440' sI440 (lIl+a .. 0.5, 1.0) 55

A420C~), A422 Cl/I) , A424 CljI) 56 .

(IIlta .. 0.5, 1.0) 57

cA420' sA 420
0.5, 1.0) 58
cA422' sA 422
(Illta ..

M420(~)' M422 (l/I), M424 (l/I) 59

(lIl+a .. 0.5, 1.0) 60

l420' sM420

cJ.J422 , sM422 (lIl+a .. 0.5, 1.0) 61

368
 "

X. TAiLB OF nn'ECIlALS
 .34:
370 APPBNDIX B
I
ZOO
Cw)

1·.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25
.9842 .9342 .8394 .6366 .4<441 .3559 .2587 .1691 .1260 .1005 .0716
0 1.0000 .1257 .1003 .0Z1s.
.,25 .7808 .7661 .7219 .6419 .5312 .4248 .3474 .2558 .1685
.6061 .5735 .5192 .4514 .3839 .3272 .2487 .1665 .1250 .1000 .0714
.50 .6180 .0993 .0712
.75 .5000 .4920 .4689 .4328 .3887 .3434 .3021 .2380 .1635 .1237
.4087 .3929 .3686 .3388 .3072 .2768 .2256 .1595 .1220 .0985 .0709
1.00 .4142 .1175 .0961 .0700
1.50 .3028 .3001 .2925 .2806 .2657 .2490 .2319 .1994 .1497
.234' .2306 .2242 .2160 .2065 .1962 .1753 .1387 .1121 .0931 .0688
2.00 .2361 .1174 .0999 •.p85e ,0657
.3·00 .1623 .1618 .• 1603 .1580 .1549 .1511 .1468 .1372
.122' .1222 .1212 .1197 .1179 .1158 .110e .0995 .0982 .0780 .0620
4.00 .1231 ,0779 .0706 .0581
5.00 .0990 .098' ,0986 .0980 .0972 .0962 .0951 .0922 .0854
.0711 .0710 .• 0708 .0705 .0701 .0696 .0685 .0655 .0619 .0581 .0504
7.00 .0'111 .0465 .0448 .0410
·10.0 .0..99 .0501 .0501 .0500 .0499 .0497 .0496 .0492 .0480
.0340 .0340 .0340 .0340 .0.339 .0339 .0337 .0334 .0329 .0323 .0308
15.0 .0333
.0265 .0265 .0264 .0264 .0264 .0264 .0263 .0262 .• 02.60 •.!l257 tJl2~.o
20,0 .0250

IzozC")

1.25 1.50 2.00 3,00 4.00 5.00 7.00

,~ 0 ,25 .50 .75 1.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 .5000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
0 1.0000
,1575 • 747 1 .7080 .6071 .3627 .1395 .0638 .0211 .0053 .0017 .0010 .0004
.25 .0100 .0041 .0021 .0008
.50 .5528 .5390 .4937 .4068 .2815 .1658 .0950 .0370
.75 ... 000 .38806 .3532 .2951 .2228 .1542 .1026 .0471 .0142 .0059 .0030 .0011
.2847 .2606 .2233 .1787 .1350 .0985 ;0519 .0174 .0076 .0039 .0015
1.00 .2'29 .0101 .0055 .0021
1.50 .1680 .1643 .1538 .1380 .1189 .0991 .0805 .0512 .0212
.1056 .103' .0991 .0918 .0827 .0727 .0628 .0450 .0222 .0116 .0066 .0027
2.00 .0122 .0077 .0035
3.00 .0513 .0509 .0496 .0475 .0449 .0418 .0384 .0315 .0198
.0299 .0297 .0292 .0285 .0275 .0263 .0249 .0219 .0159 .0111 .0077 .0039
4.00 .0095 .0071 ,0040
5.00 .0194 .0193 .0191 .0188 .0184 .0178 .0172 .0157 .0125
.0100 .0099 .0098 .0097 .0096 .0094 .0089 .0078 .0066 .00S5 .0036
7.00 .0101 .0027
.0050 .0049 .0049 .0049 .0048 .0048 .0047 .0046 .0043 .0039 .0035
10 .0 .0020 .0019 .0018 .0015
15.0 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0020
,0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0011 .00.11 .0011 .0010 .0010 .001D .DD09
20.0

I z04 Cw)

.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50
.25 ,9131 .9433 1.0314 1.1092 .3882 -0.2686 -0.1952 _0.0766 -0.0201 -0.0083 -0.0042 -0.0015
.50 .7155 ,7143 .6917 .5711 .2720 .0071· -0.0691 -0.0530 -0.0180 -0.0079 -0.0040 -0.0015
.75 .5120 .4990 .4512 .3499 .2022 .0703 -0.0004 -0.0288 -0.0148 -0,0070 -0.0037 -0.0014
1.00 ,3536 ,3410 .3017 .2355 .1536 .0788 .0281 -0.0100 -0.0112 -0.0061 -0.0034 -0.0014
1.50 .1707 .1647 .1475 .1216 .0915 .0624 .0383 .0092 -0.0045 -0.0040 -0.0027 -0.0012
2.00 ,0894 .0870 .0799 .0693 .0567 .0437 .0319 .0142 .0001 -0.0020 -0.0018 -0.0010
.0311 .0296 .0273 .0244 .0212 .0178 .0117 .0037 .0005 -0.0004 -0.0006
3.00 .0316 .0038 .0015 .0004 -0.0002
4.00 .0143 .0141 .0137 .0130 .0121 .0111 .0100 .0077
5.00 .0075 ,0075 .0073 .0071 .0068 .0064 .0059 .0050 .0031 .0016 .oooe .0000
7.00 ,0028 .0028 .0028 .0027 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0023 .0017 .0012 .oooe .0003
.0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0006 .0005 .0003
10.0 .0010 .0003 .0002 .0002
15.0 .0003 ,0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003
,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
20.0 .0001
 UICIIDI'X • lS m
c/200 •• 0 • O.S

•
~ 1.DIlOD
... .5O .,. l.OO 1.25 1.50

.n"
2.00 3. DO 4.0D" 5.00 7.00
:0;'1,
• ••141
-.t.tJ..-.J7.Jt_ ,7'"
.50 .5'57 .5146
.9342
.713'
.5522
.13'4
,.6340
.5DZ3
.6366
.52U
.4430
.4441
.4262
.JUO
• 34tD
.;1292
.nl7
.25'5
.2504
.16.i
,1616
.1671
.1260
.•1251.
.1252
.1005
.• 100~
.1001
.az~
.0715
_•.7.' .4647 .4571 .4313 .4094 .3748 .3379' .J016 .2400 .1645 .1242 .0.96 .0713
1.GO .J721. .J6U .3574 .3401 .3201 .2'69 .2726 .2265 .160' .1221 .091' .0710
J'"
.1,50 .. ,
.1974
.2514
'.1969
.2549
.19'0
.2491
.1n3
.2413
.1199
.2316
.11S6
.2206
.1803
.1961
.1675
.1508
.1313
.1187
.1130
.0'69
.0940
.0703
.0.93
2.00
..L.OO _ -&JJ26 __ .• u n .1322· •.1316 .1301 .1297 .1212 .1242 .112' ~0990 .• O.I'L" .0663.
4.00 .0'9' .09" .0996 .0994 .0991 .0916 .09"11 .0.66 .0'17 .0147 .0769 .0624
-':.00. .079'· .079' .07" .0797 .0796 .0794 .0791 .0714. .0761 .0725 .0679 .0578
7.00 .0'71· .0571 .0571 .0571 .0570 .0570 ·.05" .0566 .055' .0547 .0530 .0414
10.0 .0400 .0401 .0401' .0401 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0399 .0397 .039:5 .0388 ".0372
15.0 .OU7 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0270 .0270 .026' .0267 .0203
~d--."2JI.a _...... 0211 • 0211 .0211 .0211 .0211 .0211 .0211. o.U11 ••_.0W__ . _OWl . nne..

cI 20l;l·to • I.'
•
~ 1·.0000
....?"'. .5O .,. 1·.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

..."•
• 5O
•...
.7519
.5291 .
.3692
.7369
.5192
.3667
.9342
•. .95
.4927
.3600
.13'4
.6115
.4576
.3496
.6366
.5196
.4119
.:5356
.4441
.4295
.3769
.31H
.3'"
.3531
.U21
.2951
.2587 .
.25116
.2553
.24..,
.16'1
.16'1
.168&
.1677
.1260
.1260
.1259
.1257
.1005
.1005
.1005
.1004
.0716
.0716
;0716
.0716
1. Dtl .2720 .272' .2730 .2725 .2691 .2.637 .2.541 .2257 .164' .1251 .1002 .0715·
1.50 .1'41. .175' .1773 .1799 .U24 .1842 .U46 .1798 .1523 .1211 .0992 .0713
2.00 .1216 .12.0 .1301 .1318 .133' .1360 .1379 .1399 .1325 .1146 .0'65 .0701
3.00 .0945: .014, .01S0 .0156 .01164 .0175 .0116 .0910 .0941 .0921 .0153 .0081
4. DO .0130 .0630 .0632 .0035 .0031 .0643 .0649 .0&62 .0690 .0707 .0701 .0624
5.00 .0'02 .0501 .0503 .0505 .0507 .050' .0512 .0520 .0531 .0"& .0566 .0547
7.00 .onl .035' .0357 .0J57 .0351 .0359 .0310 .0363 .0371 .0310 .0390 .0402
10.0 .1.250 .0246 .0246 .0247 .0247 .0247 .0248 .0241 .0251 .0255 .0259 .02&7
15.0 .0167 .0160 .0160 .01&0 .OUO .0160 .OUO .01&1 .01&1 .0162 .OU3 .0166
20.0 .01U .0127 .0127 .0127 .0127 .0127 .0127 .0127 .0128 .0121 .012' .0132

,l200 ..... 0.5

~ • ." .5O .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 J.OO 4.00 '.00 7.CD

•
.• 25
.0000
.0,",5
.0000
.10"
.0000
.1047
.0000
.0'01
.0000
.061&
.0000
.03&1
.0000
.0246
.0000
.0190
.0262
.0000
.0174
.0192
.0000
.OU9
.0177
.0000
.0167
.0172
.0000
.OU7
.01&9
.5O .135' .1489 .1370 .1150 .0862 .0"4 .041'
.75 ,1U' .1557 .1427 .1223 .0983 .0751 .0'&& .0351 .022.1 .OU' .0118 .0171
1.00 .135&, .141' ,1377 .1216 .1027 .0837 :0&71 .0439 .0257 .0205 .0107 .0174
1.50 .1107 .1253 .1195 .1106 .0997 .08" .07&3 .05&3 .On4 .024& .020' .0183
2.00 .0191 .1054 .102J .0974 .0'12 .0841 .0765 .0&17 .0400 .021' .0236 .01'4
~. 00 .OUII .0'" .0787 .0770 .0746 .0717 .0685 .0&12 .0468 .035' .0219 .0221
.03.3 ,0327 .0241
4.00
5. DO
7.00
.0417
.0393
.0213·
.0&51
.055'
.044'
.0&47
.0556
.0447
.0&39
.0552
.0446
.0628
.0546
.0444
.0614
.0'3'
.0441'
.0"8
.0530
.0438
.05&1
.0509
.0429
.D."
.0'"
.0407
.0400
.0310
.0347
.0350
.0271
.0295
10.0 .0199 .03&2 .03&2 .0J&1 .03&1 .03&0 .0359 .0356 .0347 .0337 .0324 .0295
15.0 .0133 .02'0 .0290 .02'0 .0289 .0289 .0289 .0281 .0215 .0212 .0277 .026&
20.0 .0100 .024' .0248 .0241 .0241 .0241 .0241 .0247 .024& .0244 .0242 .0237

sI ..... 1.0
200

~ • ." .5O .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

."• .0000
,1 1 "
.0000
.2011
.0000
.1199
.1.112
.0000
.0000
.1584
.1508
.0581
.10U
.0000
.0000
.1056
.033'
.0719
.0000
.0219
.0375
.0000
.0181
.021' .0188
.0000
.0172
.0000
.0169
.0177
.0000
.Ott7
.0171
.5O .;1'71 .2651
.2390
.75 .2474 .2345
.2562 .2031 .usa .133' .1025 .0584 .0214 .021' .0190 .0175
1.00 .21U .2130
.225' .193., .1701 .1448 .1198 . 0771 .03&7. .0250 .0208 .0182
1.50 .11165 .1711 .1&16 .1&06 .1511 .1395 .1265 .09811 ,0551 .0344 .0259 .0200
2.00 .1209 .1370 .1353 .13;14 .1283 .1230 .11&& .1013 .0613 .0441 .0323 .0226
3.00 .0121" .0916 ,0912 .0974 .0962 .0'''' .092' .0110 .0743 .0583 .0446 .02'0
4.00 .0620 .0716 .0"4 .0111 .077& .0770 .07&2 .0743 .0"4 .0&02 .0'0' .0355
'.00-004'-1--. 06U----. 0"2~. 0661.__• 0658_. 0&"__• 0652_ .0&42_ .0&13 .0570 .0516 .0398
.0521 .0520 .0520 .051' .0511 .0517 . 0513 .0503 .04119 .0-4-6-' .0'416
7.00 .035&
10.0 .0250 • DUO .0410 .040, .040' .040' .0408 .0407 .0404 .0399 .0393 .0315
15.0 .01&7 .0310 .0310 .0310 .0310 .Ul0 .0310 .030' .0301 .0300 .0304 .0297
20.0 .0244 .0244 .0244 .0244 .0243 .02U .0243 .0242· .• 0241 .0240 .02J&
• 012'
 m ......... .
1/2020 lIItO • O.S

, ." I."
~1.0000
.15 .75 1.00 1",SO 2.00 3.00 4.00 '.00 7.00

~1'
•.. • 7123·
1.0000
.1."
1.00OD ·1.0000
.It"
,.,,, .as,•
,5793
.'000
.J57'
.0000
.1510
.0000
.0673
.0000
.0213
.DaOO
.OOS3
.0000
• 0021'
.0000
.DOIL.
.0000
.01104•

.."" .uoz·
.;1.7. .'0" .1'"
.flU: .:s." .2711 .1010 .0403 .0104 .0042 .0021 • 00111
.n51 .3021 .2073 .1"3 .113' .O'J!Il .1152 .0012 .00.$1 .0011
1.DO •UII .222' .20" .114• .1511 .un .t044 .0"3 .01'3 .• 011I1" .0041 .0015
1·'0
2",00 ,0122
.1092
.0621
.1063
.0617
.1015
,010'
.094'
,on3
.01"
.0'"
.0767
.0'3' .0'''
.04'"
.OZ4'
.02'.
.OU3
.0134
.00.0
• 007'
.0022
.002•
3.00 .0173 .027:' .02U .027' .0276 .0215 .0272 .0258 .0203 ,0139 • Q090_ ,ooU
•• 00 ,0152. .01'1 .01'3 .0154 .015' ,01" .Ots6 .0154 .0141' .0115' .01116 .004'
'.00 .00'7" .0097 .0097 .009' .oou .0099 .0099 .0100 .0097 •oou .007• .00.'
7.00 .004'· .004' .004' .004' .0049 .0050 .OOSO .0050 .0051 .0050 • 0047 . on•
lG.O .01124 .oon .0023 .01123 .00Z4 .01124 .0024 .00Z4 .0024 .0024· .0024 .0023
15.0 .0011 .000' .000' .000' .0009 .000' .0009 .0009 .0009 .0010 • ODto .0010
2.0 .0_ .• 0006· .0004 .000" .000" .0004 • 000"· .000" .000" .000" •000". .• 000... , '...A.OQt•

c/202 If to - 1.0

'~
"r ......
, !25 ... ." 1.00 1.2' 1·.'0 2.00 3.00 ".00· 5.00 1.00

•
.• 2.5
1.0000 1-.0000 1.00.OG 1.0000
.1S60 .1206 .6"" .5067
.5000
.3....1
.0000
.1910
.0000
.0121
.0000
.0221
.0000
.lio,..
.0000
.0025
.0000
.0011
.0000
.00"0 4
."
."
··...on
.1111
.4:lU·
.1'1'
.;3'01
.1105
.2191
.173'
.2"32
.1652
.1'"
.1514
.13'1
.1295
.0515
.0729
.0116
.0117
.00.... ·
.0070
.0022
.00u
.0001
.0012
1.00
1.SO
2.00
.0'" .01" .017-'
.005'
.012'
.0061
.0911
.0241
.0015
.1002
.0321
.0116
.10n
.0401
.0156
.1071
.0474
.02OG
.102'
.0527
.0244
.0764
.0548
.0312
.0259
.0340
.0305
.0091
.0156
.0190
.0041
.0016
.Oto4
.0016
.oon
.0036
!
3.00 .0012 .oon .0017 .0024 .0034 .0046 .0060 .0091· .0145 .0153· .0122 .0056
4.00 .0004· .0004 .0005 .• 000' .0011 .0015' .0020 .0032 .0060 .0013 .0019 .0063
'.00 ,ooot· .0001 .0002 .oon .0004 .0006 .000' .0013 .0027 .0042 .00'3 .005'
7.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0OGl .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0007 .0012- .0011 .0027
10,0 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 .OOGO .0001' .0002· .0004 .0001
15.0 .0000 -0.000:1 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001
2P.0 .0000 _0.0004··0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0004 _0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0004 -0.Q004· -0.0004:_-.Q •. OOU~

sI If to • 0.5

... ..
20Z

~ • ." 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

...."...•
1.00
.0000
.1147
.1711
.1143
.1596
.0000
.11n
.17,.
.1779
.152'
.0000
.12'4
.1116
.1566
.1337
.0000
.13,4
.1318
.1192
.1051
.0000
.0664
•0731
·.0727
.0000 .0000 • 0000 .0000 .0000 • 0000 .0000
.0410 "'0.0316 -0.0236 -0.0092 -0.0025 -0. 0014 -0.0006 "'0 .• 0002.
.0017 -0.0144 "'0.0133 "'0.0046 -0.0020 -O.OOto -0.0004
.0311
. 0426
.0052 -0.0091 _0.0056 -0.0027 -0.0014 "'0.0005
.0194 -0.0027 ...0.0055 -0.0031 -0.0017 -0.0007
1.50 .lG29 .09" .0906 ,0713 .0616 .0458 .0313 • 010' -0.0026 -0.0029 -0.0020 -0.000 •
2.00 .0666 .0653 .0614 .0553 .0"" .0396 .0313 .0161 .0016 "'0.0017 -0.0011 -0.0010
3.00 .0321 .0325 .0315 .0300 .0210 .0256 .022' .0170 .0071 .0017 -0.0003 "'0.0009
4.00 .0191 .0190 .0117 .0182 .0115 .0166 .0156 .0132 .0081 .0039 .0014 -0.0003
5~ 00 .0124 .01U .0123 .0121 .011' .0114 .0109 .0091 .0012 .0046 .0025 .0004
7.00 .0064- .0061 .0064 .0064 .0063 .0062 .0061 .0057 .004' .003' .0029 .0013
10.0 .0032 .0032 .0032 .0032 .0032 .ODJ2 .0031 .0031 .0028 .0026 .0022 .00l'
l'.O .0014 .0015 .DD15 .0015 .0015 .0015 .00l' .OOU .0014 .0014- .OOU .0011
20.0 .000' .000' .ODD' .0009 .0009 .0009 .0009 .000' .0001 .0008 .0001 .OOQ7_

,I202 .to. - 1.'

~
, ." ." ." 1.00 1.25 1.to 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
, .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
."
." .U16
.U;st .240'
.3411
.0'11 -0.0386 -0.0493 "'0.0191 -0.0051 -0.0022 -0.0010 -0.0004
.2603
.2t12
.1250
.2403
.043' -O.OOtl -0.0260 _0.0094 -0.0040 -0.0020 -0.0007
.2173
."
1.00
.3072
.21'3
.2905
.2094
.1326
.24"
.1879
.1231
.1905
.0790
.0193
.15"
· 0344 ...0.0111 ... 0.0115 -0.0055 "'0.0029 "'0.0011
• 0571 • 0091 _0.0104 -0.0063· -0.0036 -0.0014
1.50 .1071 .1067 .0876
.1031 .0961
.0760 .0627 .0350 .0003 -0.0053· -0.0041 -0.0019
2.00 .0619 .0617 .0609
.0572 .0538
.0"5 • 04'3 .0373 .OU' -0.0006 -0.0031 -0.002L
3.00 .0:177 .un .0275 .0277
.0273 .0269 .0263 .0244 .0174 .0015 .0023.... 0.0013
4.00 .OU6 .01" .0156 .0156
.0156 .0155 .0154 .0150 .0132 .0099 .0060 .0007
5.00 ,0100 .0100 .0100 .0100
.0100 • 0100 _ . 01 00__."0099_. 0093_. 0 012-. 0064~ _.0025___
7.00-----.0o51----.00'1---;o0'2~0052___;00'2 .0~52 .0052 .0052 .0051 .004' .0046 .0034
10.0 ,002'. .0026 .0026 .0026 .0027 .0027 .0027 .0026 .0026 .002' .0026 .0024
15.0 ' 0011 .00lS .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013
20.0 ,0006 ,000' .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 · 0007 .0007 .0001 .0007 .0007
 J7J
...-u. "
... ...
IUlI(tl

.".
, •
1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.00
~
1.00 1.25
.011<4

... ,ODOO .12'0 .nOD .3150 .5000 .4DOlI .U33 .2500 .1661 .1250 .1000
_. ~2t._ •..• ODOO .0940 .11'0 .260' .3005
.2101
.29.'
.2180
.2664
.210'
.2157
.1136
.1!5Z3
.1311
.1171:
.1092
.0"0
.089'
.061'
.0663
.0000· .0611 .1311 .181"
."
1.00
.0000
.0000
.04U
.0361
.0"2
,0691
.1303
,096.
.1'.1
.1161
.1652
.127'
.166'
.1330
.un
.1310
.1241
.1121
.1015
.09•.0
.0150
.0801
.DUO
.0613
1.50 .0000 .0201 .0402 .0"2 ,0709 .0812 • DIU .OU2 .0901 .oaos .070' .05'4
.0131 .0256" .0369 .0.61 ,05.' .0612 .0691 .0723 .0612 .062 • .0511
2.00 .0000
.0481 .0431
3.00 .0000 .0064 .0126 •0115 .0240 .021' .0333 .0.02 .04'6 .0'93
•• 00 .tOOO .0037 .007. .0109 .01'43 .011'5 .0205 .0256 .0326 .0361 .0372 .035'
,on. .0048 .0072 .00'. .0116 .0131 .0175 .0233 .DZ10 .0290 .0291
5.00 .01lDO
.0162 .018' .0207
7.00 ,DODO .0013 .00U .0037 .00.' .0061 .0013 .0095 .0133
10.0 .0000 .0006 .0012 .0011 .ooz. .0030 .0036 .00.' .0069 .Don .11103 .0126
.0003 .000' .000' .0010 .0013 .0016 .11021 .0030 .00'0 .00'8 .0062
U.O .0000
.0021 .0026 .0034
20.• 0 .0000 .0001 .0003 .000' .000' .0007 .0008 .0011 .0016

1 (tl

...., ...
222

~O
,
, ." ." 1.00 1.25 1.'0 2.00 3.00 '.00 5.00 7.00

.0000 .1211 .277' .502' ••••••• ••"7 .27.7 .1390 .1'10 .0320 .0203 .0103
.3670 .2~96 .13.:5 .O,H .0315. .0202 .0102
••• ,0000
.0000
.11"
.01'.
.2430
.1770
•38"
.2515
••75'
.2811 .2521 .2000 .1215 .0!J53 .0312 .0200 .0102

."
1.00
1.50
.0000-
.0000
.0000
.0632
.o~u
.0210
.120'
.0120
.0397
.16"
.1106
.1'"
.1833
.1252
.0640
.1158
.1256
.OU4
.1531
.1162
.0683
.1052
.au'
.060'
.0522
.0'15"3
.0397
.0302
• 0290
.025'
• 0196
.0191
.0177
.0101
.0100
.0096
2.00 .000.0 .0110 .0211 .0296 .035' .0400 .0'19 .0410 .0315 .022' .0161 .0091
~.IO .0000 .003' .0077 .ouo .0139 .0163 .0180 .0199 .0190 .0151 .0126 .0080
4.00 .0000 .0011 .0035 .0051 .0066 .0079 .0090 .0106 .OU6 .0109 .0095 .0061
5.00 .0000 .00Ot .001' .0027 .0036 .00'3 .0050 .0061 .OOH .0075 .0070 .0055
7.DD .0000 .0004 .0007 .0010 .0014 .0017 .0020 • 0025 .0033 .0031 .0039 .0036
10.0 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0009 .0013 .0016 .0018 .oozo
.0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .000' .0006 .0007, .0008
15.0 .0001 .0001 .0002 .000J . OOOJ .0004
.20 ~O .0000. .0000 .0000 : 0001 .0001 .0001

1 • (t)

...
22

, ••• ." 1.00 1.'0 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

"'"
1.2'

•••
.n·
.0000
.0000
.0891
.U27
.2.28
.2573
.6379
.4402
1.174'
.5240
.5165
.3751
.1756
.2037
.0371·
.0601
.005'
.0106
.0012.
.0032
.0007
.00i3
.0003
.0003
."
1.00
.0000
.0000
.0931
.0656
.1181
.1255
.0539
.210'
.16n
.0714
.2'.7
.1820
.079'
.2448
.1631
.0780
.1683
.1275
.0699
.0678
.0643
.0472
.0142
.0165
.0113
• 0045
.00"
.00,1
.0011
.0023
.0031
.0005
• 0006
.0009
1.50 .0000 .02U .0035 .0011
2.00 ,0000 .0131 .0247 .0335 .0381 .0.03 .0390 .0314 .0153 .0010
.0000 .oon .0061 • 0095 .OU6 .0130 .0138 .013' .0096 .0051 .0034 .0013
3.00 .0041 .0028 .0012
4.00 ,DODO .0012 .002· .0035 .004. .0052 .0057 .0062 .0055
5.00 .0000 .000' .0011 .0016 .0020 .0024 .0021 .0031 .0032 .0027 .0021 .0011
7.00 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0004 .0006 .0001 .0008 . .0010 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0008
•0000 .oo~ .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 • 000' .000 • .000•
10.0 .0001 .• 0001
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .-4000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 • 0001
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
20 ..0
 '" An'DDU.
"
cI220 ~~o • O.S

, 5.00 1.00
~
.25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00
, .0000 .U50
.093:1
.2500
.1120
.3750
.2552
.5000
.:lUg
.4000
.2903
.3333
.2653
.2500
.2154
.1667
.1522
.1250
.1111
.1000
.0949
.071.
.0689 \
.25 .0000
.50 .0000 .064' .1221 .16111 .1956 ,2064 .2040 .1817 .1318 .1090 .0899 .0663
.75
1.00
.0000
,0000
.0427
.0282
.0811
.05..4
.1122
.016'
.1346
.0'51
.1486
.108'
.1'"
.1115
.1503
.1228
.1236
.1100
.1OU
.0933
.0848
.0798
.0638
.0612
1.50 ,0000 .0131 .G211 .a397 .0512 .DiSH .0699 .0811 .0851 .0783 .0100 .05111
2.00 .0000 .007' .Ot55 .0231
.0103
.0305
.0137
.0375
.0112
.0439
• 0206
.054.
.0270
.0'''6
.0373
.O~46
.0421
.061)1
.0 ....2
.O5:!.2
• DoH 7 1
J.OO ,0000 .0034 .0068
4.00 .0000 .0019 .0038 .0057 .0071 .0096 .OU6 .01'5 .0227 .0282 .0316 .0333
5.00 .0000 .0012 ,0024 .0036 ,0049 .0061 .OOH .0099 .0148 .0192 .0227 .0262
7.00 .0000 .0006 .0012 .00111 .0025 .0031 .0037 .0050 .0075 .0101 .0125 .0162
10.0 .0000 .0003 .0006 .0009 .0012 .0015 .0018 .0024 .0036 .0048 .0061 .OU4
15.0 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0009 .0014 .0019 .0024 .0033
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0010 .0014

,luo ...to • 1.'

~
, .25 .5O .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1. 00
, .0000 .1250 .2500
.1153
.3750
.23'4
.5000
.2716
.4000
.2761
.3333
.2612"
.2500
.2145
.1661
.1520
.1250
.1110
.1000
.0949
.0114
.0619
.25 .0000 .0911
.1367 .1017 .0198 .0663
.50 .0000 .0521 .0970 .1307 .1560 .1141 .1833 .1153
.75 ,DODO .023' .0464 .0677 .017' .1060 .1206 .1341 .1203 .1001 .0844 .0637
1.00 ,0000 .0102 .0214 .0343 .0415 .0630 .0167 .0971 .lOZ9 .0911 .0189 .0610
1.50 .0000 .0024 .0054 .0095 .0151 .0220 .0298 .0464 .0615 .0111 .0671 .0554
2.00
3.Da
.0000
,DODO
,0001
.0002
.0018
.0004
.0033
.0001
.0054
.0011
.00e4
.0018
.0121
.0021
.0214
.0054
.0413
.0138
.0525
.0231
.0541
.0315
.0494
.0368 1
4.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0009 .0018 .0051 .0102 .0160 .0248
5.00 .0000 ,DODO .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0001 .0022 .0041 .0051 .0155
7.00 .0000 ,DODD .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0006 • 001] .00Z4 .0051
10. a .0000 -0.000'0 ·0.0000 ·0.0000 ·0.0000 ·0.0000 -0.0000 ·0.0000 .0000 .0002 .0004 .0013
15.0 .0000 ·0.0000 -0.0001 ·0.0001 .. 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 ·0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005 -0.0006
lO.O .0000 ·0.0001 .. 0.0001 -0. 0002 ·0.0002 ·O.Oll03 ·0.0003 -If.l1004 ·0.0006 ·o.OOGS ·0.0010 _0.0014

/2;!O lito .. O.S

, 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
•25 .50 . .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00
, .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

."
.50
.75
,0000
•0000
,DODO
.014'
.0223
.022'
.0308
.04;17
.0427
.0490
.0607
.0572
.0562
.0669
.06n
.0460
.0613
.0624
.0310
.0497
.0558
.0168
.0305
.0394
.0012
.0139
.0197
.0040
.1)011
.0114
.0025
.Oll50
.0074
.0013
.0026
.0038
1.00 ,DODO .01t! .0366 .0492 .• 0562 .0511 .0!f50 .0436 .0243 •0146 .0096 .0050
1.50 ,DODo .0127 ,0242 .0336 .0403 .0442 .0456 .0427 .0296 .0195 .0134 .0072
. 2.00 .0000 .0082 .0160 .0228 .0214 .0325 .03'2 .0366 .0305 .0223 .0161 .0092
3.00 •DaDo .0041 .0010 .OU8 .0152 .0182 .0207 .0242 .0256 .0227 .0156 .0120
4.00 .0000 .OOZ4 .0047 .0070 .0091 .0111 .OUO .0160 .0194 .Q.1U .0179 .0133
5.00 ,DODO .0016 .0031 .0046 .0061 .0074 .0088 .0111 .0144 .0159 .01;8 .0133
7.00 .0000 .0001 .0016 .0024 .0032 .0040 .0047 .0061 .0015 .0102 .0112 .0115
10.0 .0000 ,ODD' .0008 .0012 .0016 .0020 .0024 .0031 .0046 .00"· .0068 .0080
15.0 .0000 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0001 .0009 .0011 .!:t015 .0022 .0029 .0035 .0046
20.0 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005· .0001 .01109 .01113 .0017 .00Zl .00l8

l220 .. fa .. 1.0

~
, ." .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1. '0 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.00

, .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .01100 .0000 .0000 • 0000 .0000 .0000

."
.50
.75
.0000
.0000
.0000
.02"
.0433
.0373
.0625
.0117
.0619
•0954
.1081
.0912
.1072
.1182
.1034
.0902
.1127
.1062
.0632
.0970
.1011
.0339
.0619
.0781
• 0144
.02'0
.0400
.0080
•0157
• 0230
.0051
.0100
.0149
•0025
•0051
.0076
1.00 .0000 .0267 .050' .0696 .0129 •0901 .0917 .0818 .0492 .0296 .0194 .0101
1.50 .0000 .01]4 .0264 .0384 .0490 .0'76 .0639 .0689 .0"0 .0394 .0212 .0147
2.00 .0000 .0154 .0221 .0299 .0364 .0421 .050' .0530 .0433 .0326 .0187
.00" .034 4 .02 4 0
3.00 .0000 .003' .0069 .0104 .OUI .0171 .0204 .0264 .0351 .0374
.0000 .0020 .oon .0059 .0071 .0097 .0116 .0154 .0221 .0261 .0215 .0251
4.00 ;0216 .0228
5.00 .0000 .OOU ~002' .0038 .0050 .0063 .007!! • 0100 .0147 .OU7
7.00 .0000 .000' .0013 .0019 .0026 .0032 .0039 .0052 .oon .0102 •0124 .0157
.0000 .0003 .0007 .0010 .0013 .0017 .0020 .0026 .0040 .0053 .0066 .0090
10.0 .0033 .0046
15.0 .0000 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0001 .oooe .0010 .0013 .0020 .0026
20.0 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0007 .0011 .0014 .0011 .0024
 APPENDIX B 39 375

c1222 Ulfa = 0.5

1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
.~ . 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25

0 .0000 .1281 .2779 .5029 ••••••• .4577 .2747 .1390 .0580 .0320 .0203 .0103
.25 .0000 .1180 •2463 .3846 .4424 .3632 .2527 .1350 .0575 .0318 .0202 .0103
.50 .0000 .0882 .1689 .2246 .2434 .2318 .1967 .1233 .0558 .0314 .0201 .0102
.75 .0000 .0543 .0995 .1295 .1449 .1482 .1401 .1050 .0530 .0306 .0198 .0102
1.00 .0000 .0303 .0561 .0756 .0887 .0961 .0973 .0844 .0490 .0294 .0193 .0100
1.50 .0000 .0095 .0187 .0274 .0352 .0417 .0465 .0497 .0389 .0262 .0180 .0097
2.00 .0000 .0036 .0073 .0112 .0153 .0193 .0229 .0281 .0283 .0221 .0163 .0093
3.00 .0000 .0009 .0018 .0028 .0040 .0052 .0066 .0094 .0132 .0136 .0119 .0080
4.00 .0000 .0003 .0007 .0010 .0015 .0019 .0025 .0037 .0061 .0076 .0079 .0065
5.00 .0000 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0017 .0030 .0042 .0049 .0049
7.00 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0009 .0014 .0019 .0026
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 .0010
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001

c1ZZ2 ",fa = 1.0

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
X 0
0
.0000
.25
.1281
.50
.2779
.75
.5029
1.00
•••••••
1.25
.4577
1.50
.2747
2.00
.1390 .0580 .0320 .0203 .0103
.25 .0000 •1236 .2560 .3578 .3635 .3437 .2613 .1381 .0579 .0323 .0203 .0103
.50 .0000 .0770 .1289 .1489 .1606 .1741 .1763 .1278 .0575 .0319 .0203 .0103
.75 .0000 .0192 .0344 .0483 .0642 .0816 .0963 .0991 .0555 .0316 .0202 .0103
1.00 .0000 -0.0026 -0.0012 .0057 .0172 .0313 .0457 .0645 .0506 .0308 .0200 .0103
1.50 .0000 -0.0053 -0.0092 -0.0106 -0.0091 -0.0047 .0019 .0172 .0327 .0268 .0189 .0101
2.00 .0000 -0.0030 -0.0057 -0.0076 -0.0086 -0.0084 -0.0068 -0.0006 .0146 .0193 .0164 .0098
3.00 .0000 -0.0010 -0.0020 -0.0030 -0.0037 -0.0043 -0.0047 -0.0046 -0.0009 .0048 .0083 .0080
4.00 .0000 -0.0005 -0.0009 -0.0013 -0.0017 -0.0021 -0.0024 -0.0028 -0.0025 -0.0006 .0020 .0050
5.00 .0000 -0.0002 -0.0005 -0.0007 -0.0009 -0.0011 -0.0013 -0.0017 -0.0019 -0.0015 -0.0004 .0022
7.00 .0000 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005· -0.0007 -0.0009 -0.0010 -0.0009 -0.0002
10.0 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0004
15.0 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002
20.0 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001

51222 Ulfa " 0.5

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1·.50 2.00

0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.25 .0000 .0111 .0316 .0846 .1355 .0688 .0225 .0049 .0008 -0.0001 .0001 -0.0000
.50 .0000 .0300 .0669 .1062 .1188 .0911 .0530 .0159 .0027 .0008 .0003 .0001
.75 .0000 .0353 .0683 .0919 .0975 .0850 .0628 .0269 .0055 .0017 .0007 .0002
1.00 .0000 .0299 .0554 .0719 .0774 .0723 .0604 .0334 .0087 .0029 .0012 .0003
1.50 .0000 .0161 .0301 .0403 .0460 .0474 .0451 .0342 .0138 .0054 .0024 .0007
2.00 .0000 .0085 .0162 .0225 .0271 .0298 .0305 .0277 .0157 .0075 .0037 .0011
3.00 .0000 .0029 .0057 .0083 .0105 .0124 .0137 .0150 .0130 .0088 .0054 .0020
4.00 .0000 .0013 .0026 .0038 .0049 .0059 .0068 .0081 .0087 .0075 .0056 .0026
5.00 .0000 .000' .0013 .0020 .0026 .0032 .0037 .0046 .0056 .0056 .0048 .0029
7.00 .0000 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0012 .0014 .0019 .0025 .0029 .0030 .0025
10.0 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0012 .0014 .0015
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .000·2 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003

51222 ",fa = 1.0

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~
0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00

0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.25 .0000 .0260 .0725 .1764 .2309 .1433 .0516 .0099 .0014 .0004 .0002 .0000
.50 .0000 .0692 .1385 .11132 .1885 .1616 .1128 .0365 .0057 .0017 .0006 .0002
.75 .0000 .061' .1085 .1345 .1420 .1346 .1151 .0612 .0124 .0037 .0014 .0004
1.00 .0000 .0361 .0663 .01174 .0990 .1018 .0966 .0693 .0203 .0064 .0026 .0006
1~50 .0000 .0113 .0225 .0331 .0425 .0498 .0543 .0543 .0310 .0127 .0055 .0014
2.00 .0000 .004!! • 0092 .0139 . .0187 .0234 .0276 .0331 .0298 .0173 .0087 .0025
3.00 .0000 .0013 .0025 .0039 .0052 .0067 .0082 .0112 .0157 .015~ .0116 .0047
4.00 .0000 .OOO!! .0010 .0016 .0021 .0027 .0033 .0046 ,0072 .0090 .0092 .0059
5.00 ,0000 ,0003 .0005 .0008 .0011 .0013 .0016 .0022 .0036 .0049 .00511 .0055
7.00 ,0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .00011 .0012 .0017 .0022 .0030
10.0 ,0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 .0007 .0011
15.0 ,0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 • 0001 .0002 . .0002. .0003 .0004
20.0 ,DODD .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002
 APPENDIX B 40
'" I 240 (t>

~
0
0
.0000
."
,0079
.5O
.0335
.75
.01142
1. 00
.2122
1.25
.2853
1.50
.2713
2.00
.2252
3.00
.1596
4.00
.1220
5.00

• 09155
7.00

.0709
."
.5O
.75
• GO liD
.00011
.0000
.0080
.• 0056
.0040
.0295
.0222
.0154
.0703
.oellll
.0321
.1267
.Q801
.1)525
.1666
.1059
.0704
.1199
.1210
.01136
.1692
.1271
.0955
.1336
.1114
.0925
.1012
.0939
.0919
.0888
.0800
.0719
.0659
.0612
.0568
1.00 .0000 .0027 ,0105 .0221 .0355 .04114 .0592 .0123 .0768 .0714 .0645 .0527
1. 50 .0000 .0013 .0051 .01011 .0117 .0249 .0317 .0427 .0530 .0541 .0518 .0452
2.00 .0000 .lIDO' .0027 .0058 .0097 .0140 .0184 .0265 .0370 .0410 .0"15 .0387
:5.00 .0000 .0002 .0010 .0021 .(1036 .0054 .0074 .0116 .0190 .0241 .0268 .0282
4.00 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0010 .0017 .0026 .0036 .0058 .0106 .01047 .0176 • 0207
5.00 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0005 .000g .0014 .0020 • 0033 • 0063 .0094 .0119 .0153
7.00 , 0000 • 0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0013 .0027 .0043 • 0059 .0086
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 • 0001 ,0001 • 0002 .0003 .0005 .0010 .0017 .0025 .00"1
15.0 .0000 ,0000 ,0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 ,0003 .0006 • 0009 .0015
20.0 ,0000 .aooo .oooa ,0000 .aooo • OOOG .GGO a , 0001 ,0001 .0003 .0004 .U007

I 242 Ct}

~0
0
.0000
."
.0000
."
.0000
.75
.0000
1.UO
.5000
1.25
.6400
1.50
.4444
2.00
.250a
3.00
.1111
4.00
.a!l25
5. 00
.0400
7.00
.0204
."
."
,0000
• 0000
.0054
.0069
.0243
,0302
.0857
• 0768
.2425
.1406
.3313
.1829
.2919
.1856
.1946
.1466
.0962
.0820
.0561
.0504
• 0368
.OU9
• 0193
.0182
."
1.00
.0000
.0000
.0051
• 0041
.0235
.0160
.0523
.0339
.0853
.0535
.1101
.0696
.1194
.0789
.1081
.0192
.0690
• 057'3
.0449
.0394
.0309
.0281
• 0171
.0160
1.50 • 0000 ,0011 • 0010 • 0144 .0229 .0308 • 0310 .0430 .0388 • 0300 .0229 .0140
2.00 .0000 .0001 .0032 • 0061 • 0108 .0150 .0188 • 0241 .0260 .a225 .0184 :0121
3.00 • 0000 .0002 .0009 • 0019 .0031 .0045 .oa6a .0081 .0119 .0124 .0115 .a089
4.00 •aaoo .0001 .0003 .00a7 .0012 .0017 .0023 .0036 .0058 .0069 .0012 .0064
5.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0011 .0011 .0030 .0040 .0045 .0045
7. 00 .0000 .0000 .0000 • 0001 .0001 • 0002 .0003 • 00'05 .0010 .0015 • 0019 .0023
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .aooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .oa03 • 0005 .0006 .0009
15.0 .0000 .0000 .OOOG .0000 .OOGO .0000 .OOGO .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003
2G.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 • 0000 .0001 .0001
 APn:ttDIX II
"
eIZ40 .. to .. 0.5

~ • ." .5O .15 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7..00

."•
.5O
.OOGO
.0000
.00lt
.007'
.0055
.0335
.0301
.0216
.0142
.0708
.0454
.2122
.1223
.0713
.2853
.1606
.0944
.2 713
.1757
.1107
.2252
.1677
.1217
.1596
.1331
.1097
.1220
.1070
• 0931
.0985
• OU7
.0,;,7
.0709
.0659
.0611
.0000
.15 .0000 .00;,. .0129 .0265 .0417 .0567 .0699 .0812 .0890 • 0104 .0711 .0565
1.00 .0000 .00lt .0073 .0151 .0246 .0347 .0445 .0603 .0714 .068! .0632 .0522
1.50 .0000 .0006 .0024 .0052 .0090 .0137 .0189 .0295 .OU5 .0493 .0491 · 0441
2.00 .0000 .0002 .0009 .0021 .0031 •0060 .0086 .0149 .0271 .03d .037.4 .0!68
3.00 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0005 .0009 •0015 .0023 .0044 .0103 .0163 • Dl08 .0250
4.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .OD02 .0003 .00D6 .0009 .0017 .0043 .0018 .0114 .0165
5.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 • 0008 .0020 .0040 .0063 .0107
1.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0013 .0022 .004'
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .OD04 .• 0007 .0015
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 • 0000 •0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002

ei240 ..to .. 1.'

~ • ." .5O .15 1,.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
.07\,19

."• .0000
.InDo
.00"
.00"
.0335
• 0317
.0175
.0842
.0706
.0328
.2122
.1100
.0483
.2853
.1436
.0652
. .2713
.1631
.0825
.2252
.1631
.1053
.1596
.1318
.1045
.1220
.1064
.090'
.0985
.0885
• 0115
•0658
.0607
.5O .0000 .004'
.05~6
.15 .0000 .00lt • 0045 .0094 .0162 .0253 .0365 .0596 • 0784 .0756 .0686
1.00 .0OGo -0 •. 0002 _0.0004 .0002 .0024 .0065 .0128 .0294 .0551 .OHO .D589 .0506
1.50 .0000 -0.0003 .. 0.0012 -0.0024 -0.0033 _0.0035 -0.0027 .0024 • 0211 .0352 .0401 .04\,17
2. 00 .0000 _0.Oci02 -0.0007 -0.0015 -0.0025 .0.0033 -0.0039 ·0.0036 .0043 .0164 .0251 .0313
3.00 .0000 -0.0001 _0.0003 -0. 0006 -0.0010 -0.0015 ·0.0020 -0.0029 ·0.0033 -0.0001 •0056 • 015'
4. 00 .0000 _0.0000 -0.01l01 -0.0003 ·0.0004 _0.0007 -0.0010 -0.0016 -0.0027 -0.0017 ·0. 0011 .0054'
5.00 .0000 _0.0000 _0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 ·0.0004 -0.0005 _0.0009 -0.0011 -0.0023 -0.0023 .0004
1.00 .0000 _0.0000 -0.0000 _0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0007 -0.0011 -0.001_5 -0.0016
10.0 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 ~0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0004 -0.0006 -0.0009
15.0 .OOGO .0000 ..0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 "0.0000 -0.0000 "0.0000 _1).0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 "0.0003
20.0 .0000 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 ·0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 "0.0002

/240 .. to .. 0.5

•
~ .GOOO ." .5O .15 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 '.00
.0000

."• •0000
.0000
.0015
.oott
.0000
.0032
.0000
.0115
.0194
.0000
.0299
.0334
.0000
.0392
.0428
.0000
.0364
.0447
.0000
.0240
.0361
.0000
.0120
.0104
.0000
• 0071
.0126
.0000
.0045
.00115
.0024
.0045
.5O .0000 •0080 .0116 .0064
.15 .0000 .0021 .0017 .0184 .0290 .0313 .0414 .0391 .0256 .0161
.0000 .00lt .0012 .0147 .0229 .0300 .0348 .0310 .0281 .0196 .0140 .0080
1.00 .0220 .0110 .0105
1.50 .0000 .0010 .0039 .0081 .0130 .0179 .0212 .0217 .0275
2.00 .0000 .000' .0021 .0044 .0073 .0105 .0137 .0190 .0232 .0213 •0179 .0120
3.00 .0000 .0002 .0007 .0016 .0027 .0041 .0056 .0088 .0140 .0161 .0159 .0129
4.00 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0007 .0012 .0019 .0027 .0044 .0081 .0105 .0122 .011l!
5.00 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0004 .0007 .ooto .0014. .0024 .0048 .0071
.0033
.0018
.0045
.0100
.0064
7.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0010 .0020
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000' .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .000' .0013 .0019 .0031
10 .0 .000 4 .0006 .0011
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0006
20.0

/2"0 .. to - 1..

':z" • ." .5O .15 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
.0000
'.00
.0000

."• .0000
.0000
.0000
.00lt
.004:1
.0000
.0017
.0114
.0000
.0260
.0371
.0000
.0567
.0513
.0000
.0740
.0727
.0000
.0111
.0792
.0000
.0480
.0697
.0000
.0140
.0406
.0000
.0141
.0251
.0091
.0169
.0041
.0091
.5O .0000 .0499 .0332 .0131 .0121
.15 .0000 .003' .0144 .0284 .0429 .0558 .0651 .0696
.0000 .002:1 .0086 .0117 .02l!2 .0386 .0478 .0589 .0527 .0312 .0277 .0160
1.00 .0326 .0207
1.50 .0000 .0007 .0028 .0063 .0109 .0165 .0225 .0339 .0447 .0404
.ooos .0011 .0026 .0046 .0073 .0105 .0118 .0310 .0351 .0324 .0232
2.00 .0000 .0133 .0229
3.00 .0000 .0001 .0003 .000' .0013 .0021 .0030 .0055 .0123 .0192
4.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0012 .0022 .0053 .0094 .0135 .0181
.0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .000l .0004 .0006 .0011 .0026 .0048 .0015 .0125
5.00 .0027 .0054
7.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .OG09 .01U7
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0009 .0018
10 .0 .0002 .0003 .000'
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .OOOG .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004
20.0 .0000
 \
'"
»,..DU. "
A:
220
(.> 1
.Z5 .5O .75 ::. ;00 1.i5 1.50 2.00 3.00 ".00 5.00 7.00
~ 1
0

."'31 .2419 ,1643 ',1240- ;099'- .0712

I
0 .~OOil .4961 .4'18 .4244 .36'" .U36
.Z5 .:SiD. .3811 .37" .3561 .3289 .2957 .2637 .2125 .UlO .1165 ,0'4' .~6'7
.5\1 .30YO .3062 .2978 .2840 .265. .2449 .2241 .1e19 ,1319 .10'4 .o9iio .0663
.75 .cSOO .2 4 110 .2421 .2328 .2206 .2069
.171.
.1'2'
.1680
.1668
.1489
.1210
.1181
.1021
.0967
.OaJ6
.aei;
.0640
.0611
1.00 .c0 71 .20::01 .2017 .1954 .1Il72
1.50 .::.514 .1507 .HII .1457 .1417 .1370 .1318 ',1211 .1013 .0151 .OHO •.0576
2.00 .11Bi) .un .1167 .U50 ,'1128 .1102 .1013 .1009 .087, .0766 .0613 .0537
3. CIC) .05.1.1 .0110 .0107 • 08111 .0792 .0712 .0771 .0'44 .0612 .0620 .0563 .0.69
.36H .0615 .0613 .0611 .0607 .0602 .0597 .0583 .0551 .0514 ,0418 .0413
".00
5.00
1.00
· (i.~'
... 355
.0·4\15
.0356
.0494
.0355
.04'3
.0355
.0.'1
.035'
.0488
.0353
.0".5
.0352
.0478
.0349
,0'5'
.03'1
.0'36
..0331
.041l
.0320
.0361
.0295
10.0 .32.i .0251 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0250 .02'9 •0248 .0245 .0241 .0231 .02~6
15.0 • 016~ .0110 • 0110 .0170 .0170 .0110 .0110 .0169 .0168 .0161 .0166 .0162
20.0 .~125 .01132 .0132 .0132 .0132 •0132 .0132 .0132 .0132 .0131 .ouo .0128

A Ct)
222

~
0

.::)000
."
.50UO
.50
.5000
.75
.5000
1.00
.5000
.1.25
..noD
1.50
.2222
2.00
.1250
3.00
.05"
4.00
.0313
5.00

• 0200
1.00
.0102
0
.Z5 .J181 .3162 .3662 .346" .3026 .2354 .1119 .1018 .0501 .0289 .0119 .0098
.5O .21~" .2130 .2620 .2418 .2110 .114" .1403 .0918 .0"60 .0273 .OUO .0095
.75 .201,10 .1971 .1183 .1131 .1541 .1321 .1110 .0716 .0416 •0254 .0110 .0091
1.00 .1404 .1 ..... .1383 .1286 .1161 .1023 .0881 ". 0655 .0314 .0235 .0160 .0018
1.50 .w,43 .08S1 .0804 .0162 .(1109 .0649 .0581 .0411 .0300 • 0201 .0142 .0011
2.00 ... 5~5 .05~4 .0512 .0492 .0"68 .0439 .0401 .0346 .02"1 .0111 .0125 .0014
3.00 · .. Z,1 .0255 .OZ52 .il241 .0240 .0231 .0222 .0201 .0159 .0123 .0096 .0062
.0149 .01"8 .0146 .01 4 3 .0140 .0136 .0128 • 01119 .111190 • 0014 .00~1
".00 · "l"i .11068 .00:58 .0042
5.00 .111191 .00¥1 .01196 .11095 .11094 •0093 .0091 .0081 .0018
1.00 .00':1 .0050 .01150 .0050 .0049 .0049 .0048 .0041 .110'" .0041 .00S1 .00311
10 .0 .00~5 .00~4 .0024 .0024 .ooz.. .0024 .002" .0024 .01123 .0022 .11021 .0018
15.0 · '01,:.1 .0010 .00111 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .111110 .0010 .0009
20. a .",oo~ .0",1,15 .0005 .0005 .00115 · 0005 .1l1l05 .0005 .00115 .0005 • 0005 .0005

AZ2"·)

.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.110 4.00 5.00 1.00

~
0 .Z5 .50
.Z5 • .. 565 .46"0 .4819 .5151 .4182 .2943 .1666 • 0611 .0191 .ooao .0040 .0015
.5O .;)3'78 .3516 .3540 .JJ53 .2818 .2011 .1334 .0608 .0114 .01115 .0040 .0015
.75 • .::500 .2528 .2411 .2192 .1833 .1406 .1021 .0526 .0114 .0016 .01lJ9 .0014
1.00 ...'1:)' .1136 .16'0 .141' .1252 .1005 •0715 .0 ...2 •0161 .oon •003e .0014
1.50 • 0838 .0195 .0126 .0640 .0541 .0455 .0302 • 0132 .0065 .00J5 .0014
· Q"3 .0056 .00J2 .0013
Z.OO • ~441 .0 .... 1 .0423 .0395 .0359 .0320 .0279 .0205 .0105
3.00 ••n5S .0151 .0153 .0141 .0139 .0130 .0120 .01199 .01163 .0040 .0025 '.0011
4.110 .wO/l .0011 .0010 .00611 .01166 .0063 .0060 .0053 .01lJ9 .0021 .0019 .0010
5.00 .r;OJS .0038 .0031 .0037 .01136 .0035 .0034 .0031 .0025 .0019 .0014 .0008
7.00 .0014 .cou .0014 .11014 .0014 .01114 .0013 .0013 .01111 .000' .01108 .0005
111.0 .;:00;; .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .000" .0004 .0003
15.0 .\:0011 .0002 .0002 .0002 .oe02 .OCl02 .OOOZ • 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
20.0 .\013 ... 1 .0uOl .01101 .0001 .0001 .0001 .r;001 .0001 .0001 .0DOl .0001 .0001
 43
APPE1I1JIX B .

~22& ~ta • 0.5

x.25
o
o
•:;OuO
.3808
.25 .50
.4961" - .4838'
.38~2 .3720
.75 1.00 1.25
':-46'18- -:-4244'--- : 3647-'-- - • 3136
.3524 .3253 .2934 .2624
2.00

.2121
3.00
.2419- --~'i643'
.1509
4.00
---.1240
.1164
5.00
"~'0995
i.oo
- ... ·0712
.0945 .• 0687
.50 .il!9/a . ;2951 ·-.2if69 .2738-:2572- ·.238j·--- .2199 .1860 .1384 :109:1 .0899 .0663
.75 .~3'3 .2306 .2256 .2179 .2082 .1973 .1858 '.1631 .1268 .1023 .OU4 .0639
1.00 .18oi · ... 1851· _.. -. 1823 '-:i:1ao-'-:T723--: :1658' --- .158'6 .1434 .1161' .095!f .osio- ;0616-
1.50 .12~8 .1295 .1286 .1272 .1252 .1227 .1197 .1128 .0976 .0840 .0730 .0572
2.00 .u9d7 .09~6 .0982 :09''7'''' :0968 .0958 .0945 .0912 .0827 .0738 .06:j7 .0531
3.00 .~603 .0663 .0662 .0661 . • 0659 .0656 .0653 .0643 .0615 .0577 .05.55 .045Z
4.00 .u4~9 .0499 .0498 .ti49i . -:li~jj .0496 .0495 :0491 .0480 .0463 .0441 .0394
5.00 .J3~9 .0399 .0399 .0399 .0399 .0398 .• 0398 .0396 .0391 .0382 .0371 .0342
7.00 .u2~5 .02~6 .0286 .0285 :0285 .0285 .0285 .0284 .0283 .0280 .0276 ;0265
10.0 .u2uO .02UO .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 . • 0200 .0199 .0198 .0194
15.0 .~lJ3 ;01~5 .0135 ;0135 .0135 .0135 .0135 .0135 .0135 .0135 . ;01.55 .0134
20.0 . 01UO .0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0105 .0105 .0105 .0105

x.25
o
o
.5000
.3760
.25

.4961
.3719
.50

.4838
.3606
.75

.4618
.3410
1.00

.4244
.3148
1.25

.3647
.2865
1.50

.3136
.2585
2.00

.2419
.2109
3.00

.1643
.1504
4.00

.1240
.1162
5.00

.0995
.094!:l
7.00

.0712
.0687
.50 .~645 ;2621 .2551 .2452 .2336 .2211 .2076 .1803 .1366 .1084 .08cj5 .0661
.75 .1946 .1840 .1822 .1795 .1759 .1714 .1658 .1520 .1231 .1007 .0845 .0636
1.00 .130D .1361 .1363 .1364 .1361 .1351 .1334 .1275 .1100 .0930 .0796 .0611
1.50 .0874 .08/6 .0880 .0888 .0896 .0903 .0909 .0911 .0867 .0785 .0699 .0560
2.00 .0643 .0644 .0647 .0651 .0657 .0663 .0670 .0681 .0684 .065; .06U8 .0511
3.00 .04,2 .0423 .0424 .0425 .0427 .0430 .0433 .0440 .0454 .0460 .04:;'4 .0418
4.00 .0315 .0315 .0315 .0316 .0317 .0318 .0320 .0323 .0332 .0340 .0345 .0339
5.00 .02:71 .0251 .0251 .0252 .0252 .0253 .0254 .0256 .0261 .0266 .0272 .0276
7.00 . (,179 .0178 .0178 .Q.178 .0179 .0179 .0179 .0180 .0182 .0185 .0187 .0193
10.0 .0125 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0124 .0124 .0125 .0126 .0129
15.0 .0(183 .0080 .0080 .0080 .0080 .0080 .0080 .0080 .0080 .0081 .0081 .0082
20.0 .0!l~3 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0064 .0064 .0064 .0065

i220 lll+a = 0.5

o 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
.25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 2.00

o o o o o o o o o o o o o
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.50 .;l/iSO .07~4 .0725 .0672 .0598 .0511 .0430 .0312 .0198· .0152 .0128 .0107
.75 .0717 .0790 .0757 .0704 .0636 .0562 .0490 .0371 .0239 .0178 .0147 .0118
1.00 .0679 .0752 .0724 .0681 .0628 .0569 .0509 .0404 .0269 .0201' .0163 .0127
1.50 .0553 .0632 .0617 .0593 .0563 .0529 .0493 .0420 .0304 .0233 .oa9 .0144
2.00 .:;449 .0530 .0522 .0509 .0493 .0473 .0451 .0404 .0316 .0251 .02U7 .0157
3.00 .0319 .0400 .0397 .0393 .0387 .03,79 .0370 .0350 .0304 .0260 .0224 .0175
4.00 .0243 .0326 .0325 .0323 .0320 .0317 .0313 .0303 .0278 .0250 .0225 .0183
5.00 .01\17 .02/9 .0279 .0278 .0276 .0274 .0272 . .0267 .U252 .0235 .0218 .oa5
7.00 .Cl'12 .::1224 .0224 .0224 - .0223 .0222 .0222 .0219 .0214 .0206 .0198 .0179
10.0 .0100 .01~1 .0181 .0181 .0181 .0181 .0180 .0179 .0177 .0175 .0171 .0163
15.0 .uo07 .0145 .0145 .0145 .0145 .0145 .0145 .0144 .0144 .0143 .0142 .0139
20.0 .uO:lO .0124 .0124 .U124 .0124 .0124 .0124 .0124 .0124 .0123 .0123 .0121

o 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

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.25 .50 .75 1.25 1.50
az a \I o o o o o o o o o o o
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.75 ... 237 .1301 .1244 .1160 .1059 .0948 .0·838 .0640 .0392 .0273 .0211 .01:;2
1.00 .1069 .1141 .1108 .1056 .0991 .0917 .0838 .0663 .0447 .0316 .0243 .0171
1.50 .u7~3 .0862 .0852 .0834 .0810 .0780 .0745 .0664 .0499 .0374 .0292 .U203
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2.00
3.00 .C411 .04"'4 .0492 .0490 .0488 .0484 .0479 .0468 .0433 .0388 .0340 .0260
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4.00 .03"'3
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7.00 .01/6 .0260 .0260 .0260 .0260 .0260 .0259 .0259 .0256 .0253 .0248 .0235
10.0 .~1':5 .0205 .0205 .0205 .0205 .0205 .0205 .0204 .0203 .0202 .0201 .0196
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10.0 .",0.. 6 .0016 .0016 .0016 .:)016 .0016 .0016 .0016 • 0015 • 001 4 .001' .0011
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2.00 .1.3~~ .03\19 .0307 .0304 .0299 .0291 .0281 .0253 .0177 .0105 .0065 .0027
3.00 .~lJ'I .OU9 • 013(1 .0138 .01311 .0131 .01U .0132 • 0117 .0093 .0069 .00J4
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1.00 .~O;::~ .OC26 .0026 .0026 .0026 .0026 .0026 .0026 .0026 .0025 .002!i .0022
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220

·.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

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0 .25 .50
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.75 -ii.~S\lO -0.2440 -0.2267 -0.2000 -0.1681 -0.1365 -0.1093 -0.0713 -0.0355 -0.0209 ~O •. 0137... :"0. DOn.
1.00 -U.~O/l -0.2030 -0.1912 -0.1732 ~ti.i516 ;0~1294 ~ti;iti8. -0.0766 -0.0414 ;0.0253 -0.0170 -0.0091
1.50 -1,/.1514 -0.1494 -0.1437 -0.1349 -0.1240 -0.1121 -0.1001 -0.0783 -0.0483 -0.0317 -0.0221 ~0.0124
2.00 -';.1100 -0.11/0 -0.1140 -0.1092 -0.1032 -0.0962" -0.0889 -0.0744 -0.0509 -0.0355 -0.02::>8 -0. 01!)i
3.00 -\l.uSll -0.0808 -0.0797 _0.0779 -0.0756 -0.0728 ~0.0697 -0.0628 -0.0492 -0.0379 -0.02~5 -0.1I18?
4.00·u,(J616 ~0.0614 -0.0609 -0.060·i -0.0590 ~0.0577 -0.0561 -0.0525 -0.0445 -0.0369 -0~0302 -0.0207
5.00 ·u.04'i5 -0.0494 -0.0492 -0.0487 -0.0482 _0.0474 -0.0465 -0.0445 -0.0395 -0.0343 -0.0294 -0.0214
7.00 -u.~3::>5 -0.03~5 -0.0354 -0.0353 -0.0351 -0.0348 -0.0344 -0.0336 -0.0314 :'0.0288 -0.0261 -0.0209
10.0 -"'.u2"; -0.02~0 -0.0250 .. 0.0250 ~1l.0249 :,,0.0248. -0.0246 -0.0243 -0.0235 -0.0224 -0.0212 -0.0185
-0.01/0 -0.0170 -0.0170 -0.0170 -0.0169 -0.0169 -0.0168 -0.0165 -0.0161 -0.01~7 -0.0146
15.0 -\1.0106
20.0 -U.Ol~5 -0.01.52 -0.0132 -0.0132 .~0.0132 -0.0132 -0.0132 -0.0131 ~0.0130 -0.0128 -0.0126 -.0.0121

M (ljI)
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.50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~0 -U.::>OuO
0 .25
-0.50UO -0.5000 -0.5000 0 .3200 .2222 .1250 .0556 .0313 .0200 .0102
.25 -u.;S707 -0.3709 -0.3418 -0.2607 -0.0601 .0959 .1140 .0868 .0455 .0272 .0179 .0095
.50 -U.;,!7~4 -0.2661 -0.2317 -0.1650 -0.0705 .0085 .0453 .0548 .0360 .0232 .01:;9 .0087
.75 -U.~O",O -0.1913 -0.1648 -0.1214 -0.0687 -0.0221 .008'4 .0305 .0274 .0194 .0140 .0080
1.00 -11.1404 -0.1403 -0.::'223 _0.0947 -0.0626 -0.0327 -0.0098 .0137 .0200 .0159 .0121 .0073
1.50 -\l.uS"O -0.0812 -0.0734 .0.0618 -0.0480 -0.0342 -0.0218 -0.0041 .0088 .0100 .0087 .0059
2.00 -1,/. d~S -0.0515 -0.0480 -0.0425 -0.0359 -0.0289 -0.0220 -0.0104 .0019 .0055 .00::>9 .0047
3.00 -u.1,;2~' -0.02~3 -0.0244 .0.0228 -0.0209 -0.0186 -0.0162 -0.0114 -0.0040 .• 0001 .0019 .0027
4.00 ->l.Ul"; -0.0148 -0.0145 .0.0139 -0.0132 -0.0123 -0.0113 -0.0091 -0.0051 -0.0021 -0.0003 .0013
~.OO -1I.UO>l' -0.0096 -0.0095 -0.0093 -0.0089 -0.0085 -0.0081 -0.0070 -0.0047 -0.0027 -0.0013 .0003
7.00 -1,j.uO::>O -O.OO~O -0.0050 .0.0049 -0.0048 -0.0047 -0.0045 -0.0042 .. 0.0034 ·0.0026 -0.0018 -0.0006
10.0 -u.OiJ<::S -0.0024 -0.0024 -0.0024 -0.0024 -0.0024 -0.0023 -0.0022 -0.0020 ·0.0017 -0.0014 -0.0009
15.0 -u.uO ... l -O.OillO -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0009 -0.0008 -0.0006
20.0 -Ii·. ,,0,,6 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0"05 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 ..0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0004

M (1/1)
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.25 .50 .7~ 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~ -U.4S0S
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.~S
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.50 .0322 .0146 .0077 .0029
.75 -u.2500 -0.2462 -0.2094 -0.1308 -0.0189 .9703 .1025 .0813
-U.170S -0.16/3 -0.1377 .0.OB81 -0.0284 .0217 .0494 .054:5 .0273 .0133 .0073 .00cB
1.00 .0062 .0026
1.50 -li.OS::>3 -0.080B -0.0680 -0.0490 -0.0275 -0.0077 .0072 .0210 .0177 .0105
-u.(:4'" -0.0429 -0.0376 _0.0298 -0.0207 -0.0117 -0.0039 .0063 .0103 .0076 .00:;1 .0023
2.00 .0026 .0034 .00.50 .0017
3.00 -U.ul::>S -0.01::>4 -0.0143 -0.0126 -0.0105 -0.0082 -0.0058 -O.OOlB
4.00 -u.lJO/l -0.00/0 -0.0067 .0.0062 -0.0056 -0.0048 -0.0040 -0.0024 .0001 .0012 .0015 .0012
-u.uO,)S -0.0037 -0.0036 -0.0034 -0.0032 -0.0029 -0.0026 -0.0019 ·0.0006 .0002 .0007 .OOOB
5.00 -0.0003 -0.0000 .0002
7.00 -v.OOJ.4 -0.0014 -0.0010\ .0.001 4 -0.001:5 -0.0012 -0.0012 -0.0010 -0.0006
10.0 -U.OOUS -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.oon5 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 .0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0000
15.0 -U.lioul -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001
20.0 -U."Oul -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 "0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000
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1.25 1.50 2.00
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.50 -0.2978 -1).2896 ·0.2653 .0.2285 ·0.1858 -0.1443 .0.10.2 ·0.0643 -0.0287 .0.0161 "0.0102 -0.0052-
.15 -0.0::3.13 -1l.i!2/i! ·0.2127 .0.1914 -0.1665 -0.1406 -0.1159 ·0.0769 :,:0.0377 _~_0.,_021'__ "0.~1~3~Q
.. Q_0.74
1.00 -0.1501 -0.1832 ·0.1751 .0.1628 ·_·0.1478·· .. b.1311 ';'0.1140 -:':0;0831 .. 0.0448 "0.0270 -0.0179 ·0.0094
1.50 -0.12'J15 -O.12tl9 -0.1263 .0.1220 ·0.1161 ·0.10'0 -0.1008 .. 1l.0833 -0.0532 -0.0347 -0.0239 ·0.0131
2.00 -a.lii8? -0.0983 ·0.0973 .0.,)956 -0.0931 ·0.0898 -0.0859 ·0.0763 ·0.0556 "0.0392 -0.028~ ;0.0162'
3.00 -O.u~63 -0.0662 ·0.0660 .0.0656 ·0.»649 ·0.0641 -0.0629 .0.0599. ·0.051? ~0.0'13_-0.• 03~? .~O"P~!.
4.00 -O.04~Y ·0.1l4'l8 -0.04'7 .. 0.0496 .0.0494 .0.0490 _0.0416 _0.0474 -0.0437 ·0.0315 -0.0321 -0.0229
5.00 -0.113'17 -0.il399 ·0.0399 .0.03.8 -0.0397 ·0.0395 _0.0394 -0.0318 ·0.0370 "0.0342 -0.0301 -0.0235
7.00 -il.i/Z8S ·0.D2el6 ·0.0285 ·0.0285 -0.0285 -0.0284 .0.0214 -0.0282 -0.0276 -0.0267 '-0~02S4 --0.021'·
10.0 -0. L:2:10 ·O.02UO ·0.0200 .O.021l0 ~0.0200 ·o.1l200 -0.0200 ~0.0199 ·0.0197 ·0.0195 ·0,0111 -0.017J
15.0 -0.11133 -0.01J5 -0.0135 .0.0135 -0.0135 .. 0.0135 -0.0135 .. 0.0135 ·0.0134 ;'0.013. ·O.OU3 ··0.012.. ·•
20.0 -\1.11100 ·0.01U6 -0.0106 .0.0106 ·0.0106 ·0.0106 -0.0105 .~.0105 ·0.0105 ·9~0105 -0.0104 ~O.010~.

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1.00 -0.1360 ·0.1363 -0.1367 .0.1361 -0.1337 -0.1266 -0.1207 _0.0982 -0.0549 _0.0321 -0.0206 ·0.0105
1.50 -0.0&74 ·0.087' -0.0893 ·0.0911 -0.09211 -0.09311 -0.0936 -0,0867 -0.0656 ·0.0433 -0.0292 -0.0153
2.00 -\l.064J -0.il646 -0.0654 ·0.0667 -0.0612 -0.0697 -0.0709 .0.0718 -0.0641 _0.0491 ·0.03;7 .. 0.0197
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".00 -0. OJH -0.1l315 -0.0316 .. 0.0319 -0.0321 -0.0325 -0.0329 .0.0339 -0.0359 ·0.0367 ·0.03'6 -0.0285
5.00 -O.:l2H -0.02~1 -0.0252 ·0.0253 -0.0254 .0.0256 -0.0259 .0.0264 -0.02711 -0.02119 ·0.0294 -0.0271
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10.0 -0.012; -0.0123 -il.0123 ·0.0123 .3.0124 -0.0124 ·0.0124 .0.0125 ·0.0127 -0.0129 ·0.0132 -0.0138
15.0 -G.:lOIIJ -O.OiJelO -,).0080 .o.ooso -0.0010 .0.0060 -0.0080 .0.0080 _0.0011 -0.00'2 -0.0013 -0.0085
20.0 -ii.C003 -iJ .Oil03 -(l.0063 .0.0063 -0.0063 .0.0063 _0.0064 .0.0064 -0.0064 .0.0065 -0.0065 -0.0067

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4.00 -a.(;2 4 J -0.0325 -0.0322 .0.0316 ·0.03011 .0.0298 -0.0286 _0.025! -0. 0197 -0.0142 -0.0103 -0.0065
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5.00 -0.00.' -0.004& -0.0049 .0.0049 -0.0049 _0.0050 -0.0050 ·0.0050 -0.0048 ·0.0040 -0.0028 -0.000&
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, .25 .5O .75 1. 00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00
_. 00 5.00 1.00

.25 1.2161 1.2JU 1. 0310 .4516 ·0.5536 ·0.29151 -0.01512 ·0.0139 ·0.0012 .0011 ·0.0001 .0005
.5O .141& .6921 .5130 .1919 ·0.0971 .. 0.1_07 ·0.0110 ·0.0201 ·0.0026 -o.OOO!. -0.0002 -0.0000
.75 .4160 .3193 .2136 .1250 ·0.0001 ·0.050_ -0.0"1 ·0.0197 ·0.0032 ·0.0001 ·0.0003 -0.0000
1.00 .2:122 .2120 .1561 .oau .0211 .0.0127 -0.0222 ·.0.OH9 -0.0034 -0.000~ ·0.0003 -0.0001
1.50 .0'U .0744 .0595 .0_00 .0212 .0071 -0.0012 ·0.005' -0.0028 ·0. 0!l10 -0.0004 -0.0001
2.00 .0323 •0306 .0261 .0199 .0134 .0016 .0033 -0.0011 ·0.0011 ·0.0009 -0.0004 -0.00111
3.00 .0071 .00" .0069 .0060 .00-' .0037 .0027 .0010 -0.0003 ·0. 0004 -0.0003 ·0.0001
_.00 .0026 .002' .0025 ;0023 .0020 .0011 .001_ .00015 .0001 -0.0001 ·0.0001 -0.0001
5.00 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0009 .0001 .0001 • 0005 .0002 .0000 ·0.0000 -0.0001
1.00 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0000 -0.0000
10.0 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 •0001 .0001 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 •0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .00110
 APPENDIX B 49 385

c'400 w~a = 0.5

.25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
,;;-"
0
0
.5000 .4688 .3750 .2188 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0135
.0000
.0047
.0000
.0013
.• 0000
.0005
.0000
.0003
.0000
.0001
.25 .2948 .2753 .2197 .1406 .0687 .0285
.50 .1682 .1585 .1324 .0984 .0656 .0399 .0233 .0092 .0025 .0010 .0005 .0002
.75 .0077 .0938 .0835 .0692 .0537 .0389 .0268 .0124 .0036 .0015 .0008 .0003
1.00 .0601 .058' .0549 .0491 .0418 .0337 .0259 • 0142 .0047 .0020 .0010 .0004
1.50 .0276 .0275 .0270 .0261 .0246 .0224 .0197 .0139 .0060 .0029 .0015 .0005
2.00 .0154 .0155 .0155 .0154 .0151 .0145 .0137 .0113 .0063 .0033 .0018 .0007
3.00 .0068 .0068 .0068 .0069 .0069 .0069 .0069 .0065 .0051 .0035 .0022 .0010
4.00 .0038 .0038 .0038 .0038 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0035 .0029 .0022 .0011
5.00 .0024 .0024' .0024 .0024 .0025 .0025 .0025 .0025 .0024 .0022 .0018 • 0011
7.00 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0009
10.0 .0006 .000' .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006
15.0 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
20.0 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 •.0001 .0001 .0001

cl400 w~a = 1.0

4.00 5.00 7.00
~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00

0 .5000 .4688 .3750 .2188 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000· .0000 .0000 .0000
.25 .2651. .2471 .1965 .1326 .0767 .0366 .0159 .0053 .0013 .0005 .0003 .0001
.50 .1069 .1030 .0939 .0825 .0676 .0490 .0311 .0114 .0028 .0011 .0005 .0002
.75 .0:575 .0394 .0435 .0467 .0463 .0415 .0334 .0171 .0044 .0011 .0008 .0003
1.00 .0141 .0158 .0200 .0249 .0284 .0294 .0277 .0191 .0062 .0024 .0011 .0004
1.50 .0030 .003' .0050 .0072 .0097 .0120 .0137 .0144 .0085 .0038 .0019 .0006
2.00 .0010 .0011 .0017 .0025 .0036 .0048 .0060 .0080 .0078 .0047 .0026 .0009
. 3.00 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0011 .0014 .0022 .0037 .0039 .0030 .0014
4.00 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0015 .0021 .0023 .0016
5.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0007 .0010 .0013 .0014
7.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0007
10.0 .0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002
15.0 .0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
20.0 .0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001

51400 w~a = 0.5

4.00 5.00 7.00
~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00

0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .oouo
.25 .0731 .0679 .0522 .0241 -0.0024 -0.0090 -0.0054 -0.0024 -0.0006 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0000
.50 .0810 .074' .0561 .0308 .0089 -0.0022 -0.0048 -0.0032 -0.0011 -0.0005 -0.0002 -0.0001
.75 .0667 .061' .0485 .0314 .0156 .0049 -0.0006 -0.0027 -0.0014 -0.0007 '-0.0003 -0.0001
1.00 .0505 .0475 .0394 .0286 .0179 .0092 .0035 -0.0012 -0.0014 -0.0008 -0.0004 -0.0002
1.50 .0287 .0277 .0249 .0208 .0161 .0115 .0076 .0022 -0.0007 -0.0007 -0.0005 -0.0002
2.00 .0177 .0174 .0163 .0146 .0125 .0102 .0079 .0041 .0003 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0003
3.00 .0084 .0083 .0081 .0077 .0072 .0065 .0058 .0043 .0017 .0004 -0.0001 -0.0002
4.00 .0049 .0048 .0047 .0046 .0044 .0042 .0039 .0033 .• 0020 .0010 .0003 -0.0001
5.00 .0031 .0031 .0031 .0030 .0030 •.0029 .0028 .0025 .0018 .0011 .0006 .0001
7.00 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0014 .0012 .001C .0007 .0003
10.0 .0008 .000ll .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0006 .0006 .00U4
15.0 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003
20.0 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .00,02 .0002 .001l2

51400 w~a = 1.0

0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4'.00 5.00 7.00
az"..
"'" r
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
0 .0000
.25 .1411 .1307 .0982 .0455 -0.0006 .. 0.0154 -0.0112 -0.0046 .. 0.0012 -0.0005 -0.0003 -0.0001
.50 .1360 .1245 .0943 .0570 .0243 .0028 -0.0066 -0.0065 -0.0023 -0.0010 -0.0005 -0.0002
.75 .0913 • 0861 .0721 .0536 •034-2 .0174 .0053 -0.0041 -0.0028 -0.0013 -0.0007. -0.0003
1.00 .0582 .0565 .0514 .0434 .0335 .0230 .0134 .0011 -0.0027 -0.0016 -0.0009 -0.0003
l.50 .0274 .0272 .0265 .0251 .0230 .0200 .0164 .0087 .. 0.0002 -0.0014 -0.0010 -0.0005
2.00 .0156 .015' .0154 .0151 .0146 .0138 .0127 .0096 .0028 -0.0002 -0.0008 -0.0005
.0069 .0069 .0069 .0069 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0062 .0044 .0021 .0005 -0.00U3
3.00 .002S .0015 .0002
4.00 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0038 .0033
.0025 .002' .0025 .0025 .0025 .0025 .0025 .0025 .0023 .0021 .0016 .0006
5.00 .0012 .00u9
7.00 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012
.0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006
10.0 .0006 .0003 .00Cl3
15.0 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003
.0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
20.0
 APPENDIX B SO
386
/402 wTa = 0.5

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50

0 1.0000 .9522 .7953 .4622 ••••••• -0.1280 -0.0562 -0.0193 -0.0051 -0.0020 -0.0010 -0.0004
.25 .5712 .5300 .4004 .1844 -0.0093 -0.0638 -0.0438 -0.0177 -0.0049 -0.0020 -0.0010 -0.0004
.50 .2885 .2630 .1976 .1159 .0475 .0018 -0.0157 -0.0130 -0.0045 -0.0019 -0.0010 -0.0004
.75 .1350 .1250 .1029 .0749 .0470 .0220 .0045 -0.0064 -0.0037 -0.0018 -0.0009 -0.0004
1.00 .0635 .06U .0557 .0471 .0362 .0239 .0125 -0.0003 -0.0027 -0.0016 -0.0009 -0.0003
1.50 .0172 .0175 .0182 .0184 .0176 .0154 .0122 .0054 -0.0005 -0.0010 -0.0007 -6.0003
2.00 ;0063 .0065 .0071 .0078 .0082 .0082 .0076 .0054 .0010 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0003
3.00 .0015 .0016 .0017 .0019 .0022 .0024 .0025 .0026 .0016 .0006 .0001 -0.0001
.0006 .0006 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0010 .0011 .0011 .0007 .0003 .0000
4.00 .0004
5.00 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0006 ·.0005 .0001
.0001 .0001 .0001 ;0001 .0001 .OOO!!. .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0001
7.00 .0001 .0001 .0001
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

/402 alTa = 1.0

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50

.9522 .7953 .4622 ••••••• -0.1280 -0.0562 -0.0193 -0.0.051 -0.0020 -0.0010 -0.0004
0 1.0000
.25 • 5097 .4655 .3318 .1579 .0479 -0.0378 -0.0460 -0.0186 -0.0054 -0.0020 -0.0009 -0.0004
.50 .1377 .1252 .1041 .0922 .0742 .0395 .0042 -0.0130 -0.0048 -0.0020 -0.0010 -0.0004
.75 -0.0052 .0030 .0222 .0404 .0481 .0426 .0276 .0005 -0.0040 -0.0019 -0.0010 -0.0004
1.00 -0.0248 -0.0193 -0.0055 .0102 .0223 .0275 .0257 .0108 -0.0022 -0.0017 -0.0010 -0.0004
1.50 -0.0138 -0.0128 -0.0099 -0.0054 -0.0002 .0049 .0087 .0108 .0026 -0.0006 -0.0007 -0.0003
2.00 -0 •.0067 -0.0065 -0.0058 -0.0047 -0.0031 -0.0012 .0008 .0042 .0041 .0010 -0.0002 -0.0003
-0.0019 -0.0017 -0.0014 -0.0011 -0.0003 .0014 .0016 .0009 -0.0000
3.00 -0.0022 -0.0022 -0.0021 .0006 .0007 .0003
4.00 -0.0009 -0.0000 -0.0009 -0.0009 -0.0008 -0.0008 -0.0007 -0.0005 .0001
~.OO -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0002 .0001 .0003 .0003
7.00 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000 .0001
10.0 -0.0~01 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 .0000
15.0 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
20.0 -0.0000 -0.0000' -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0" 0000 -0.0000 -0.0000

/402 wTa = 0.5

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00

.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
0 .0000
.25 .1598 .1528 .1266 .0476 -0.0587 -0.0418 -0.0119 -0.0021 .0002 -0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000
.50 .1778 .1632 .1172 .0454 -0.0147 -0'.0309 -0.0208 -0.0055 -0.0007 -0.0001 -0.0000 -O.OOuO
.75 .1355 .1227 .0879 .0437 .0069 -0.0123 -0.0157 -0.0078 -0.0013 -0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0000
1.00 .0904 .0829 .0630 .0380 .0153 -0.0001 -0.0074 -0.0074 -0.0018 -0.0005 -0.0002 -0.0000
1.50 .0389 .0369 .0315 .0239 .0157 .0083 .0026 -0.0028 -0.0022 -0.0008 -0.0003 -0.0001
2.00 .0187 .0182 .0166 .0141 .0111 .0079 .00.49 .0006 -0.0015 -0.0009 -0.0004 -0.0001
3.00 ;0061 .0060 .0058 .0054 .0049 .0042 .0035 .0021 .0001 -0.0005 -0.0004 -0.0002
4.00 .0026 .0026 .0026 .0025 .0023 .0022 .0020 .0015 .0006 .0000 -0.0002 -0.0002
5.00 .0014 .0014 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0006 .0002 -0.0000 -0.0001
7.00 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0003 .00Q2 .0001 -0.0000
.0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0000
10.0 .0000 .0000
15.0 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.• 0

sI402 wfa = 1.0

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00

0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.25 .3133 .2988 .2368 .0771 -0.0784 -0.0797 -0.0271 -0.0038 -0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000
.50 .2968 .2648 .1791 .0802 .0047 -0.0363 -0.0401 -0.0133 -0.0015 -0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0000
.75 .1609 .1473 .1138 .0734 .0346 .0033 -0.0155 -0.0171 -0.0030 -0.0007 -0.0002 -0.0000
1.00 .0761 .0738 .0664 .0537 .0371 .0194 .0039 -0.0108 -0.0045 -0.0012 -0.0004 -0.0001
1.50 .0216 .0219 .0222 .0221 .0207 .0177 .0133 .0034 -0.0041 -0.0020 -0.0008 -0.0002
2.00 .008 7 .0088 .0091 .0094 .0097 .0095 .0089 .0061 -0.0006. -0.0019 -0.0010 -0.0003
3.00 .0024 .0025 .0025 .0026 .0027 .0028 .0029 .00?9 .0020 .0003 -0.0005 -0.0004
4.00 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0008 .0003 -0.00u3
5.00 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0007 .0006 .0004 -0.0000
7.00 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
10.0 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
15.0 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.0
 387
APPENDIX B Sl
1 (,)
420

.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50
.1220 .2252 .2832 .2122 .0992 .0635 .0335 .0143 .0079 .0051 .0026
0 .0000
.0717 .1282 .1496 .1267 .0867 .0586 .0325 .0141 .0079 .0050 .0027
.25 .0000 .0494 .0298 .0136 .0077 .0050 .0026
.50 .0000 .0410 .0724 .0858 .0801 .0646
.75 .0241 .0427 .0523 .0525 .0467 .0390 .0261 .0129 .0075 .0049 .0025
.0000 .0072 .0048 .0025
1.00 .0000 .0147 .0265 .0335 .0355 .0338 .0302 .0222 .0120
.0062 .0116 .0154 .0177 .0184 .0179 .0154 .0099 .0064 .0044 .0024
1.50 .0000 .0079 .0056 .0040 .0023
2.00 .0000 .0031 .0058 .0081 .0097 .0106 .0110 .0105
,0010' .0020 .0029 .0036 .0042 .0047 .0051 .0048 .0040 .0031 .0020
3.00 ,0000 .0023 .0027 .0029 .0027 .0024 .0017
4.00 ,DODO .0005 .0009 .0013 .0017 .0020
.0002 .0005 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0016 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0014
5.00 .0000 .0008 .0010 .0010 .0009
7.00 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006
.0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0005
10.0 .0000 .0001 .0002 - .0002
15.0 ,0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001
20.0 ,0000

1 (1/1)
422

1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25

.0000 .2500 .5000 .7500 .5000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
0 .0003 .0001 .0001
.25 .0000 .1578 .2921 .3592 .20425 .0838 .0325 .0079 .0017
.0901 .1583 .1794 .10406 .0813 .0425 .0132 .0025 .0008 .0003 .0001
.50 .0000 .0034 .0011' .00004 .0001
.75 .0000 .0497 .0859 .0981 .0853 .0609 .0390 .0154
.0278 .00483 .0569 .0535 .0432 .0316 .0152 .0039 .0013 .0006 .0002
1.0'0 .0000 .0042 .0017 .0008 .0002
1.50 .0000 .0096 .0173 .0218 .0229 .0213 .0183 .0118
2.00 .0000 .0039 .0073 .0096 .0108 .0110 .0103 .0080 ,0038 .0017 .0009 .0003
.-0010 .0018 .0026 .0031 .0035 .0036 .0035 .0024 .0015 .0008 .0003
3.00 .0000 .0014 .0010 .0007 .0003
4.00 .0000 .0003 .0006 .0009 .0012 .0013 .0015 .0016
.0001 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0005 .0003
5.00 .0000 .0003 .0003 .0002
7.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.0 .0000

1 42i1/1)

.75 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.,00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50 1.00

.25 .0000 .32'93 .6962 1.0713 .5682 -0.1013 -0.0882 -0.0278 -0.0051 -0.0014 -0.0009 -0.0003
.50 .0000 .2116 .3942 .4598 .2917 .0734 -0.0055 -0.0149 -0.0041 -0 •.()014 -0.0006 -0.0002
.75 .0000 .1181 .20049 .2240' .16044 .0801 .0262 -0.0032 -0.0029 -0.0012 -0.0005 -0.0001
1.00 .0000 .0631 .1073 .1184 .0967 .0610 .0309 .0041 -0.0016 -0.0009 -0.0005 -0.0001
1.50 ,0000 .0188 .0327 .0385 .0365 .0295 .0210 .0081 ;0003 -0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0001
2.00 .0000 .0065 .0116 .0146 .0152 .0140 .0116 .0066 .0012 .0001 -0.0001 -0.0001
.0012 .0022 .0030 .0034 .0'036 .0035 .0029 .0013 .0004 .0001 '-0.0000
3.00 .0000 .0002 .0000
4.00 .0000 .0003 .0006 .0008 .0010 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0008 .0004
5.00 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0003 .0002 .0000
,DODO .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0000
7.00 .0000 .0000
10.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
15.0 .0000 ' .0000
20.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
 ,.. Uf>DlDIZ. 52

cI420 ..fa. O.S 1

, ." ." 7.00
~
.50 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

, .0000 .1220 .2252 .2'32 .2122 .0"2 .0635 .033' .• 0143 .007' .DOn .OOZ6
."
.50
• 0000
.0000
.0.81
• 034t
.122.1
,0603
.1415
.0723
.122.3
.0713
.0871
.0619
.0596
.0495
• 0327
.O]OZ
.0141
.0138
.0079
.007•
.0050
.0050
.0026
.0026

."
1.00
1.5G
,0000
.0000
,0000
.0163
• 0011
.0022
.0295
• 014'
.00."
,0380
• 02Q6
.006l!
.0417
.0246
.0090
• 0409
.0264
.0110
.0369
.0261
.0123
.0263
.0216
.0129
.0131
.0122
.0098
,0076"
.0073
.00"
.0049
.00.1
,DO'"
.0025
.0025
.00Z4
2.00 .OGOO .0001 .0017 • 0027 .0031 .004' · 005' .0073 .DOn: .00" • 0041 • 0023
3.00 .0000 .000l .0004 .0007 .0009 .0013 .0016 • 0024 .0033 .0034 ."0030 .0020
.0000 .0001 .0002 .aOOl .0003 .0005 ,0006 .0009 .0015 .0019 .0020 .0016
".00 .0012
'.00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 · 0004 .0007 .0011 .0012
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0005 .0006
7.00
10.0
.0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.oooa
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0000
.0001
.0000
.0002
.aooo
.0002
.0001
1
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.0 .0000 .QOOO .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
1
~1420 .. to· ..,
~
, ." .5O ." 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.0D 5. 00 7.00

, .0000 .1220 .2252 .21132 •ii!122 .0992 .0635 .0335 •.Q143 .0079 .0051 .0026

."
.50
.0000
• 0000
.0601
.01U
.104 4
.0294
.1191
.0399
.1100
.0413
.01172
.0516
.0622
.0476
.0334
.0315
• 0143
.0142
.0079
.0079
.0051
.0050
.0026
.0025
."
1.00
.0000
.0000
_0.0001
_0.0021
•0024
·0.0036
-0.0029
.00114
.. 0.00111
"0.0036
.0162
.ODZ4
.0234
.0077
.0.0033 -0.0020
.0276
.0126
·0.0001
.02511
.0175
.004'
.0137
.0127
.0085
.0079
.0077
.0067
• DUD
.0050
.0047
.0026
.0026
.0025
1.50 .0000 -0.0017
2.00 .0000 -0.0001 "'0.0016 "0.0021 -0.0025 -0.0024 ·0.0021 -0.0004 .0038 .0049 .0041 .0024
·3.00 -0.0003 -0.0005 -0. 0001 ·0.0010 -0.0011 ·0.0012 -0.0012 -0.0003 .0012 .0021 .0020
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0 .2311.0 .2422 .2188 .1197 .1250 .oeoo .0556 .0313 .0139 .D01! .00;0 .0026
.25 .15014 .H16 ,-u~e. .1103 tJI~~! ,.OU1 .0.52 ,02]1 .0121 .0073 ,0047 .,0025
;Sll .09,5 :0926 .118.4 ;-1;172:;( .0586 .0'61 .0361 .0232 • 0115 .00611 .0045 ,0024
• 75 .0625 .0609 • 056• .0498 .0<123 .0350 .02811 .0197 .0104 !OD6 4 .0043 .0023
1.00 .O.~~ : 0420 .0395 .0357 ;031.4 .0270 .0230 .0161 .009. .0059 .0040 .0022
1.50 .024::9 .0226 .0217 ,0204 .0161 .0110 .0152 .0120 .0076 .0050 .00'" .0020
2.0& .ijlJ9 .0138 .013' .0129 .0122 .0114 .0105 ,0088 .0061 .a043 .0031 .0018
-3.0D • OO~$ ,0066 .0065 ,.01163 ,C\l~.1 • 0059 .0057 .0051 .0040 .0031 .0024 ,01115
4;00 ~oo3!1 : OOJ8 .003" :0037 .0036 .0035 .0035 .0032 .0027 .0023 .0019 .0013
5 ..'(10 .uO.6 .002" .002' .0024 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .11020 .0011 .0015 .0011
1.00 .00.j,] '-0013 .0013 '-0012 :0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0009 .0001
10.0 .Oh~ .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .• 0006 .0006 .0006 .OOOS • ODDS .0005
IS.0 .1;0113 .0003 .0003 '-0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002
20.0 .ijOll2 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001

"4::::(·)

.~ 0 .25 .50 • 75 1.00. 1. 25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.00

0 .,0llO .<leel .<1'04 .3716 .2122 .019" .0423 .0161 • OUB .0020 .0010 .0004
.25 .2",1 .21:;1 .2546 .21100 .1209 .0689 .0385 .0158 .0048 .0020 .0010 .0'004
.50 .Hu8 ; 1515 .1446 .11 .... · .0191 .0516 .0329 .0149 .00"6 .0019 .0010 .000"
.• 15 .10i/0 .0925 .OB55 .0698 .0'25 .0314 .0260 .0131 .00"3 .0019 .0010 .000"
1.00 .06111 .0566 .0529 .04'" .0355 .0211 .0201 .0111 .00"0 .0015 .0010 .000"
1.50 .02,4 .02"2 .0231 .0206 .0111 .0141 .0120 .0011 .0033 .0016 .0009 .0003
2.00 .1j1"; • 0121 • 011 1 • 0108 •0091 •008' .0013 .0053 .0026 • 0014 .OOOB .0003
3.00 .0042 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0036 .0034 .0031 .0025 .0016 .0010 .0006 .0003
4.00 .Dois .0011 .0011 .0018 .a011 .0016 .0015 .0013 .0010 .0001 .0005 .0002
5.00 .0010 .0010 • 0009 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0009 .00118 .0006 .0005 .00114 .01102
1.011 .0111,14 .01104 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0001
10 .0 .011111 .0001 • 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001. .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
15.0 .001,10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.11 .01lllO .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 ,"0000 .0000 .00011 .0000

A. (ill)
424

~
0 .25' .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.511 2.00 J.OO 4.00 5.00 7.00
.25 .04JJ .61113 .5853 .4797 .2153 .11655 .0211 .00"4 .000.4 .0005 .0001 .0007
.50 .37.H .346.4 .3167 .2392 .1397 .0650 .0283 .0066 .0008 .0002 .0001 .0000
.75 .~ooiJ .18Y1 .1719 .1301 .0853 .0<187 .02611 .0017 .0011 .0003 .0001 .0000
1.00 .1101 .1060 .096t .0758 .0535 .0345 .0210 .0076 ;0013 .0003 .0001 .1l1l00
1.50 • ~3~~ .03/2 .0341 .0291 .0229 .0171 .0122 .0059 .0014 .0004 .00U2 .0000
2.011 • ~101 .01>3 .0146 .0126 .0106 .0068 .0069 .00.40 .0013 .0004 .0002 .0000
3.00 .I.IG~Y .0038 .0031 .1103~ .003:' .OG28 .0024 .0011 .0008 .000.4 .0002 • 0000
4.00 .1.10,,3 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0010 .oooe .0005 .0003 .0001 .0000
5.00 · ~G\i~ .0006 .0005 .0005 • 0005 .0005 . 0005 .0004 .0003 .0002 .00U1 .0000
1.00 .\10 ... 2 .0002 .0001 .0001 .000:' .0001 .0001 .0001 .0DOl .0001 .0001 .0000
1lI.0 .GOll:! .OOUO .0000 • DODO .OOOQ .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
15.0 .OOIJC .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .01l00 .0000 .0000 .0000 .OOOG .0000
20.0 .0011::1 .0000 .oooe .0000 .0000 .0000 • DilDO .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
 APPENDZX.B 57

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o
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.25
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.2188
.75
.1797
1.00
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1.25.
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1.50
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2.00
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3.00
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4.00
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5.00
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7.00
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.25 .14/ 4 .1425 .1283 ,1066 .0820 ~0~0_6 .0450 .0271 .•.!l127 I.OJl?1, .•..!!.!!47. .. .llJl~~
.50 .US41 ;0816 -"'0748 ;0651- :0543- .0440 ~'il352 ;0230 .0115 .0068 .0045 .0024
.75 .04l:lS .0479 .0452 ,0412 .03~5 .0316 .0269 ,01?? .0104 .0063 .0042 ;0023
1.00 .03UO ~0297 .0287' .0272' -:0252 -:0229 :0204 .0157 ;'0092 ;0058 .'0040 •if022
1.50 .al~S .0138 .0137 .0135 .0131 .0126 .0120 .0104 ,0072 .0049 .OOJ5 ,0020
2.00 .\Jon .oon .0077 .0077 ~'il077 .0076 .0074 .0069 .0054 ,0041 .0030 .0018
3.00 .aO~4 .0034 .0034 .00340 .0034 .0034 .0034 .0034 .0031 •. 00.27 .0022 .g.Ql?
4.00 .uei9 ~0019 .0019 .00i9" ':0019 .0019 .0019 ;0019 ;0019 .0018 :0016 .0012
.0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0011 ,0oD~
5.00 .0012 .0012
7.00 .00U6 .0006 .0006 .0006 :0006 .0006 :0006 '-0006 ;0006 .0006 :0006 .0006
10.0 .00u3 .0003 .0003 ,0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 ,0003 .0003 .0003
.00ul ~0001 .0001 .0001 ~'oDoi .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 ;0001 ~oooi
15.0 ,0000 ,0,000 .0000
20.0 .Ooul .0000 .0000 .0000 .01l.00 .0000 .0000 .0000 ,0000

a .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7.00

~
.25 .50
.1250 .0800 .0556 .0313 .0139 ,0078 .00jO .0026
a .25UO .2422 .2188 .1797
.0127 .0073 .0047 .0025
.25 .1326 .1278 .1150 .0962 .0766 .0588 .0445 .0270
.50 .U5~5 .0525 .0500 .0467 .0427 .0378 .0323 .0223 .0114 .0068 .0045 .0024
.75 .Ol~8 .0192 .0204 .0217 .0225 .0223 .0212 .0173 .0101 .0063 .0042 .0023
1.00 .Ooil .0075 .0086 ,0101 .0116 .0127 .0132 .0126 .0087 .0057 .0040 .0022
1.50 .(;OlS .0016 ,0020 .0026 .0033 .0041 .00'48 .0059 .0058 ,0045 .0034 .0020
2.00 .e01l5 .0005 ,0007 .0009 .0012 .0015 .0019 ,0026 .0035 ,0033 .0027 .0018
3.00 .00111 .0001 ,0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 ,0011 .0015 .0016 .0013
.Oouo .0000 ,0000 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 ,0006 .0008 .0009
4.00 .0003 .0004 .0006
5.00 .Oouo .0000 ,0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002
7.00 .00110 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001' .0001 .0002
.ilOUO -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -·0.0000 -0.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
10.0·
15.0 .aouo -0.0000 -0,0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
20.0 .UOIiO -0.0001 -0.0001 -0,0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000 -0.0000

a 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~~
.25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25

a o a o o o o o o o o o o
.25 .,,305 .03~5 .0313 .0245 .0156 .0087 .0049 .0020 .0006 .0002 .0001 .0000
.50 .04u5 .03ij9 ,0341 .0271 .0193 .0127 .0082 .0037 .0011 .0005 .0002 .0001
.75 .il3~3 .0321 .0286 .0237 .0183 .0134 .0096 .0049 .0016 .0007 .0004 .0001
1.00 .U2;)2 .0245 .0224 .0193 .0159 .0125 .0096 .0055 .0020 .0009 .0005 .0002
1.50 .0144 .0141 .0134 .0123 .0109 .0095 .0080 .0055 .0025 .0012 .0007 .0003
2.00 .OOl:l9 ~00ij8 .0085 .0081 .0075 .0068 .0061 ,0047 .0026 .0014 .0008 .0003
~.OO .U0 42 .0042 .0041 ,0040 .0039 .0037 .0035 .0031 .0022 .0014 .0009 .0004
4.00 .00.::4 .0024 ,0024 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0020 .0016 .0012 .0009 .0005
5.00 .U016 .0016 ,0016 ,0015 .0015 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0012 .0010 .0008 ,ODDS
7.00 •.:louS .0008 ,0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0004
10.0 .00U4 .0004 ,0004 ,0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003
15.0 .001J2 ~0002 .0002 ,0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
20.0 .00\Jl .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001

a .50 .75 1.00 1.25 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.00

~
.25
a o o o o o o o o o o o o
.25 .07115 .0680 .0599 ,0464 .0302 .0174 .0100 .0041 .0012 .0005 .0003 .0001
.06l:l0 .06~1 .0571 ,0460 .0345 .0242 .0164 .0076 .0023 .0010 .0005 .0002
.50 .0014 ,0007 .0003
.75 .04;)7 .0443 .040.7 .0354 .0294 .0234 .0178 .0098 .0033
.02'i! .0287 .0274 .0253 .0226 .0195 .0163 .0105 .0041 .0018 ,0010 .0004
1. 00
.Ul,H .01S6 .0135 .0132 .0127 .0120 .0111 .0089 .0048 .0025 .0014 .0005
1.50 .0027 ,0016 .0007
2.00 .UO/S .0078 .0077 .0077 .0076 .0074 .0072 .0065 .0045
3.00 .00oSs .0035 .0035 ,0035 .0035 .0034 .0034 .0033 .0030 .0024 .0017 .0009
.UO~O .0020 .0020 .0020 .0020 .0019 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0017 .0014 .0009
".00 ,0012 .0012 .0011 .0008
5.00 .U012 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012
7.00 .00116 .0006 ,0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006
.00U3 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003
10.0 .0002 ,0002
15.0 .uOul .0002 .0002 ,0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
20.0 .!JOlil .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
x o .25 .5O ... 1.00
58

l<412 .. to..'O 0.5

1.25 1.50
.0423
2.00
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,OD2O
5.00 1.00
i
o .5000 .4881 .4'0' .3776 .2122 .0794 • 0010
."
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.2556
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.2650
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.1207
.1118
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.0151
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t9.919
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.75 .0675 .062' .05911 .0507 .0417 ._0321 .0246 ~0131 ,00'4
1.00 .oJie .0307 .OZ97 ;0215 ; OZ46 .0211 :0174 .OUI :-o"oii .0011
1.50 .0086 .00151 .0089 .OD91 .oovo .001.5 .0012 .0065 ,0033 .0016 .0009
·;000'
2.00 • 0031 .0033 .003' .00;'-6 :0031 .003' .0039 .0036 .0024 ;001 •
.aooe .0009 .0010 ,-0011 ,.0012 ,.091.1-
;~:.:: .;g-:~~
3.00
".00 ,fiOOl
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:0003
.0001
.0003. .0003 ; :.::~ .000' .0004 .0005 ,0005
'.Da • 0001 • QOOl .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 ·9002 J9.0.03 .0002
1.00 .0000 .0001 .0001 ~OOIU .0001 .0001 ; 00·01 .0001 ,0001 ,000l ~oooi
10.0
15.0
.0000
.00110
.0000
:0000
.0000
.0000
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.13000
.0000
.iiooo
.0000
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.0000
.0000
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-; 00-00 1
20.0 .!JOVO .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

c:~'22 .. to· 1.0

o 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.00

~
.25 .5O .15 1.00

o .5000 .4881 •• 50' .3776 .2122 .0194 .0423 .OU1 .0048 ,0020 • OOlO .0004
.25 .2S4! .232' •2102 .151' .1148 .0101 .0'21 .0111 ,00.1 ,0020 ,0010 .000 •
.5O .06S, .0626 .0588 .0532 .G4I2 .0.12 .0311 .0157 .0041 • 0020 .0010 ,0004
.75 -0.0026 .0015 .00.' .0112 .G162 .0181 • 0184 ,G129 .0046 .0020 .0010 ,0004
1.011 -0.0124 -0.0096 -0.0073 ":0.002. .002' .0G61 .008. .0081 ,0042 .001 , .0010 .000.
1.'0 -a.allOY -0.006" -1l.0059 ,,0.0041· ·0.OG33 • 0.0016 -0.0001 ;0022 .OU8 .0011 .0009 .000 •
2.00 -O.OO~4 -0.0033 ·0.0031 ..0.0029 -0.0025 .. 0.0020 -0.001. .0.0002 ,0013 ,0012 ,0008 .OCl03
3.00 -v.aOll -0.0011 -0.0011 ..0.0010 ·0.0010 .. 0.0009 -0.0001 .0.0006 -0.0001 .0003 .000. • 0003
4.00 -O.uOOl' -0.0005 =-1l.0005 ..0.0005 ·0.000' .0.0004 -0.000. .0.000. ·0.0002 ·0.0000 .0001 .0002
5.00 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 ·0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 "0.0002 -0,0002 -0.0001 -0.0000 .0001
1.00 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 _0.0001 ·0.0001 ·0.0001 -0.0001 "0.0001 .0.0001 ·0.0001 -0.0000 -0.0000
10.0 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 .0.0000 ·0.0000 .0.0000 -0.0000 ·0.0000 "0.0000 ·0.0000 ·0.0000 -1.0000
15.0 -0.0000 -o.QOOO -0.0000 .. 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 .0.0000 ·0,0000 -0. 0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
20.0 -v.oooo -0.0000 ·0.0000 ·0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 ·0.0000 -0.0000 ·0.0000 .. 0.0000 -0.0000

o .25 .75 1.00 1.25 2.00 J.OO •• 00 5.00 '.00

~
.5O
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
.25 .0799 .07601 .0127 .0512 .0243 .oou .0019 .0001 .0001 .0000 -0.0000 ·0.0000
.5O .Oa8i .0816 .0140 .0551 .0331 .0166 .0075 • 0011 .0002 ,0000 .0000 .0000
.75 .Q671 .0613 .055' .0.25 .0290 .0177 .IHOO .0031 .0004 ,0001 .0000 .0000
1.tlO .0452 .0414 .0380 .0301 .0229 .0159 .0103 .00.0 .0007 .0002 .0001 .0000
1.50 .0195 .01115 .0116 • 0155 .0130 .0104 .0080 .0043 .0011 .0003 .0GOl ,0000
2.00 .009. .00Yl .ooe. .a082 • 0013 • 006 • .0054 .0036 .0013 ,0005 .0002 .0ClOO
3.00 .00'30 .0030 .0030 .002' .0027 .0026 .002· • 0019 .0011 .G006· .0003 .0001
4.00 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0010 ,0001 .0005 .0003 ,0001
5.00 .0001 .0007 • 0001 .OG01 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .000' .000 • .0002 .0001
1.00 .Q003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001
10.0 .1/001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .oou .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
15.0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 ,0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20.0 .OoeD .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

~ • ." o .5O ... 1.00 1.25 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7.00

o
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o o
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o
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,0000
.75 • 0965 .0736 .061' .0558 .042' .0306 .0201 .0071 ,0010 .0002 .0001
1.00 .03&1 .0~69 .0351 .0325 .0282 .0231 .0117 .0087 .0016 .000.· .0001 .OOCIO
1. 50 .0105 .0109 .0110 .0111 .OlD9 .0105 .0096 .0072 .0026 ,0008 .0003 .ClOOl
2.00 .DOH .0044 .0044 .00.5 .00.6 .G047 .0041 .00.3 .0025 ,0011 .0004 .0001
J.OO • DOH • 0012 .0012 .G013 • 0013 • G013 .0014 .001 • .0013 .0010 • 0006 .0002
".00 .l,ID05 • 0005 .OG05 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0006 .0006 ,OOO~ ,0005 ,0002
5.00 .u003 .00il3 .OG03 .0003 .0003 · 0003 .0003 .0003 • 0003 .0003 .0003 ,OD02
, .00 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 • 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .• 0001
10.0 .0000 .0000 .OOGO .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 ,0000
15.0 .aouo .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 ,0000 .0000 .DOOO
20.0 ."0"'0 .00ilO .oooe; .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 ,0000 .0000 .0000
 Al'.l'DZJrZ ·s S9 395

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.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~o -0.2500
0 .25 .:10
-0.2266 -0.1563 -0.0391 .1250 .oaoo .0556 .0313 .0139 .0071 .0050 .0026
;25 -0.1524 -0.1372 -9.·.Q..9~! -0.0334 ...Q.l!~ ·...Qn~. !!t~?3 ,,02?7. ,.9Uo! ,JI.~6~ .0045 .0024
.50 -0. 09'·~ -a'; oa69 -0.0634 .il-:ii'3iO -0.0048 .0104 .0154 .0148 .0091 .0058 .iio40 .0022
.75 -0.0625 -0.0577 -0.0449 -0.0279 -.9.. 01~J .!9..!.00~0 .0051 "Og87 .0070 .0049 .00035 .OO~Q
1.00 -0.0429 -0:0402 -O~0330 ~~234 -0.0137 -0.0059 -a .0006 .0043 :'0052 ;0040 .00030 .0018
1.50 -0.0229 -0.0220 -a .9195 ~O.Ol,~!!, -,!!.91U ~.JO~O -0.00'8 -0.0005 .0024 .0025 .0022 ,0015
2.00 -0.01J9 -0.0136 -0.0125 -0,0109 -0.0091 -0.0071 -0.0053 -0.0024 .0006 .0014 .0015 .0012
3.00 -0.0066 -0.0065 -0.0062 -9~~o!~ ~q.Q~j~ ~O,OO4~ -0.0041 -9.~028 ~0,0009 ..' POOl ,~005 ,0001
4.00 -0.0038 -0:0038 -0;0037 -0.0035 -0.0033 -0.0031 -0.0028 -0.0023 -0.0013 -0.0005 -0.0001 .0003
5.00 -0.0025 -0.002' -0.002' -Q.!t9~~ -Q..!.!!~i? ~9.'p.q21 -0·0020 -9,0018 -0.Op12 -0.0007 -0.0003 .,0001
7.00 -0.0013 -0.0013 -0.0012 -0.0012 -0.0012 -0.0012 -o.oou -0.0011 -0.0009 -0.0006 -0.0004 -0.0002
10.0 -U.0006 -0.0006 -0 .J!.PQ.~ -.!!,.0006 -j! .Jl,OO~_ !!O..,.l!!!O6 -0.000~ -Q,Q.Q.06 -O,OP05 -O.Q004 -0.0004 -0.0002
15.0 -U.0003 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.~003 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002
20.0 -U.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -O,~OOl -0~0001 -0.0001 -0,0001 -0.0001 -.0.0001 -0,0001 ~0,0001

Af (1/l}
422

.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7,00

~o -0.5000
0 .25 .50
-0.4641 -0.3449 -0.0846 ••••••• .2074 .0985 .0360 .0098 .0040 .0020 .0007
.25 -0.2957 -0.2750 -0.168. .0032 .1567 .1407 .0818 .0334 .0093 .,0040 ,0021 ,0007
.50 -0.1708 -0.15/5 -0.0935 -0.0129 ;'0508 .0660 .0533 .0277 ,0089 .0038 .0020 .0007
.75 -0.1000 -0.0925 -0.0581 -0.0184 .0142 .0293 .030' .0207 .0079 .0036 .0019 .0007
1.00 -0.0607 -0.0566 -a .038!5 -0.0177 .0006 .0118 .0162 .0144 .0068 .0033 .0018 .0007
1.50 -0.0254 -0.0242 -0.0181 -0.0122 -0.0056 -0.0003 .0033 .0060 .0045 .0026 .0016 ,0006
2.00 -0.0125 -0.0120 -0.0101 -0.0077 -0.0050 -0.0025 -0.0005 .0020 .0027 ,0019 .0013 .0006
3.00 -0.0042 -0.0041 -0.0037 -0.0033 -0.0027 -0.0020 -0.0014 -0.0004 .0007 .0009 .0007 ,0004
4.00 -0.0018 -0.0018 -0.0017 -0.0016 -0;0014 eO.0012 -0.0010 -0.0006 .0000 .0003 .00041 .0003
5.00 -0.0010 -0.0010 -0.0009 -0.0009 -0.0008 -0.0007 -0.0007 -0.0005 -0.0001 .0001 .0002 ,0002
7.00 -0.0004·-0;0004 -0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0000 .0001
10.0 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001-0.g001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001· -0.0000 -0.0000
15.0 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -a ..0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0,0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
20.0 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0 •.0000 -0.0000 -0,0000 -0,0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000

H (ljI)
424

.15 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3,00 4,00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50
.25 -0.64~3 -0.6183 -0.4527 .0221 .7689 .3636 .1093 .0184 .0017 -0.0002 .0002 .0002
•50 -0.3739 -0.346• -0.1962 .0413 .2368 .2057 .1093 .0274 .0034 ,0008 .0003 ,0001
.75 -0.2080 -0.1897 -0.1017 .0058 .0861 .0991 .0731 .0274 .0044 .0011 .0004 .0001
1.00 -0 .1161 -0.1060 -0.0601 -0.0085 .0317 .0472 .04n .0225 .0047 .0013 .0004 .0001
1.50 -0.0399 -0.0372 -0.0249 -0.0109 .0017 .0100 .0134 .0117 .0042 .0014 .0005 .0001
2.00 -O.Olbl -0.0153 -0.0116 -0.0071 -0.0026 .0012 .0036 .0051 ,0030 ,0013 .0006 .0001
3.00 -0.0039 -0.0038 -0.0033 -0.0026 -0.0018 -0.0010 -0.0003 .0007 ,0011 .0008 .0005 .0001
-0.0013 -0.0013 -0.0012 -0.0010 -0.0008 -0.0006 -0.0004 -0.0001 ,0003 .0004 ,0003 .000'1
4.00 ,0002 .0002 .0001
5.00 -0.0006 -0.0006 -0.0005 -0.0005 -0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0003 -a .0001 ,0001
-0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
7.00 -0.0000 -0.0000 .0000
10.0 -O.UOOO -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
15.0 -0.00110 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -O.OOO~ -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0,0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
20.0 -O.Oouo -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
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1.00 -0.03UO -0.0290 -0.0262 _0.0219 -0.0165 -0.0108 -0.005' .0015 .0046 .0039 .ouo .00la
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20.0 ~U.UOUl -a.oooo -o.ollaa -0.0000 -0.0000 -0. 0000 -0.0000 _0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000

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398
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of 'WIiform thicknsBs. Proc.7th Int.Conf.Soil
POULOS, H.G., 1972. The behaviour of la:teraUy- Mechs.Fndn.Eng., Vol.l, pp.38S-389.
leaded piles: III. Sock£ted piles. Jnl.Soil
Mechs.Fndns.Divn., ASCE, Vol.98, NO.SM4, pp.341~360. STAMATOPOl/LOS, A.C., 19S9. Lineazol.y variable 'Load
distribution on a 1'ectanguI.ar founda1:ion. Jnl.
POULOS, H.G., BOOIER, J.R. and RING, G.J., 1972. SOil Mech.Fndns.Divn., ASCE, Vo1.8S, No.SM6,
SimpU'fi€d eak:ulation Of ~ t defomat:i.cn.s. pp.137-152.
Soils and Fndns., Vol.l2, No.4, pp.1-17.
STEINBRENNER, W., 1934. Tafel.n ZUJ" Setzungbereehnung.
REISSNER, E. and SAGOCI, H.F., 1944. Forced torsional, Die Strasse, Vol.l, p.121.
osciUaw:ms of an eZastic half space. Jnl.Appl.
Phys., Vol. IS, pp.6SZ-662. SUZUKI, K., 1966. Fundamental study on the rocMtNss
mBaBUNment by Darehole dsformation method. Proc.
SADOWSKY, M.A. and STERNBERG, E., 1947. StNS8 con- 1st Cong.Int.Soc. Rock Mechs., VOl.Z, pp.35-40.
centration al'01DUi an eltipsoida.~ cavity in an
infinite body ZDZder aroit;rmry stress perpendicu1.ar TERZAGHI, K. and rJOIART, F.E .• 1952. Stresses in
to the a:ci.s of tile cavity. J .Appl.Mech., Sept., %'Ock abou.t cavities. Geo'technique, Vol.3,
pp.A191-AZOl. pp.S7-90.

SALAKJN, M.O.G., 1968. E'ltmtic modul,i of a strcrtif- niENN de BARROS, S., 1966. IJert.ecticn fcctot' charls
i.ed l"OCk lJI:ISs.· Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci., S. foro ~ and throes-layer ei.astic systems. High.
pp.519-S27. Res.Record No.14S. pp.83-108.

SANBORN, J .L. and YODER, E.J., 1967. StNsses and UESHITA. K. and MEYERHOF, G.G., 1967. Deflection Of
displ.acements in an elastic m:u;s under semi-eZZ:£p- mu.l.tiZayel' soil. systems. Jnl.Soil Hechs.Fndns.
soidal. loads. Proc. Second Int.Conf. on S'truct. Divn., ASCE. Vol.93, No.5M3, pp.2S7-282.
Design of Asphalt Pavelllents. Univ. of Michigan,
pp.309-319. UESliITA, K. and MEYERHOF, G.G., 1968. Surface dis-
p'Lacement of an elastic 'Layer tmd21' 'WIiformly dis-
SCHIFFMAN, R.L. and AGGARWAlA, D.B., 1961. Stresses tributed loads. Highway Res.Record No.228,
and dispZacememt8 produced in a semi.infinite eZastic pp.l-lO.
solid by a rigid el.l.iptical. footing. Proc. 5th
Int.Conf. Soil Mechs.Fndn.Eng., Vol.l, pp.795~801. URENA., R. De., PIQUER, J.S., MUZAS, F. and SANZ SARAOtO,
J .M., 1966. Stress distribution ir. O'1'Oss·aniso-
SCHIFRMAN, R.L., 1963. Discussion to paper by /t.E. tropic media. Proc.lst Cong.Int.Soc.Rock Mech.,
Han and C.Il. Leve'Ll.. High.Res.Record, No.39, Lisbon, Vol.l. pp.313-317.
p.82.
VERRUIJT, A., 1969. St:1'esses duB "to ~ty in an
SOlIFFMAN, R.L., 1968. The inj7.uerwe of a.dh6:sWn em eZactio haZf-pZanli lJith notci!('!$ f'1T' moum1s.
the stNsses and disr/Lacements in an eZastic haZf- Drukkerij Wed.G. Van Soest N. \'., AmsterdalQ.
space. High. Res. ReCord No.Z8Z, pp.17-24.
 RBrBBZNCES

VERSTRAETEN, J., 1967. S1;ztesses and disp7.acements in

eZtzstic 'Layezoed systems. Proc.2nd Int.COIlf.St:ruct.
Design of Asphalt Pavemen'tS. Univ. of Michigan,
pp.277-290.

VESIC, A.S., 1961. Bending of beams zoes1:ing on iso-

t;zropi.c eZtzstic solid. Jn1.Eng.Mechs.Divn., ASCE,
Vo1.87, No.EM2, pp.35-53.

VESIC, A.S., 1963. Discussion, Session III, Proc.

1st Int.Conf.Struct.Design of Asphal't Pavements,
Univ. of Michigan, pp.283-290.

WARDLE, L.J. and GERRARD, C.M., 1972. The equiva7-ent

anisot;zropic pz'Opeztties of layezeed %'OCk and soil
masses. C.S.I.R.O. Aust., Unpubl.Rept.

WAY, E., .1940. Sone obsezovations on the theozty of

con"tact p2'e88U2'eB. ASME, Jnl.Appl.Mech., Vol. 7,
No.4, pp.A-147-157.

WESTERGAARD, H.M., 1939. A pzrobZem of e7.asticity

suggested by a pI'ObZem of soiZ mechanics: soft
mateztiaZ zteinfozteed by numerous stzoong hozoiaontaZ
sheets. Sixtieth Anniversary Volume of
S. Timoshenko, Contributions of Mechanics of Solids,
MacMillan Pub.Co., New York, 1939.

WE51'MANtr, R.A.) 1963. Layezoed systems subjected

to BU%'face sizears. Jnl. Eng. Mechs. Divn. , ASCE,
Vo1.89, No.EM6, pp.177-l91.

WHITMAN, R.V. and RICHART, F.E., 1967. Design

procedul'es fozo dynanicaZZy Zoa.d8d foundations.
Jnl.
Soil Mech.Fndns.Divn., ASCE, VoL93, No.SM6, pp.169-
193.

YEGOROV, K.E. and NITCHIPOROVICH, A.A., 1961.

Reseazocn on the defZection of foundations. Proc.
5th Int.Conf.Soil Mechs.Fndn.Eng., Vol.l, pp.861-
866.
 AUTHOR INDEX

Ag'9uw&lll., D.B •• 169-171 GorbuDov-Pollsaaov. M., 260,262,268

Ahlvin. it.G•• 43-49 Gray, H., 38,40,41,62,314
AIlbruays, N.N •• 62 Griffith, J.H., 195
AndJ:ew., J:..F•• 198 Groth, N.C., 92,93,99

Banerjee, P.):;., 180-182, 262 Barr, M.E •• 50,54.112,192,196,197,314

Barber, E.$ •• 50-52,77,88-91,163 Harrison, W.J., 184,185,187,192,309,337,346
Barden. L•• 184,341 He~, R.F.S •• 10,316,343
~ . D.O., 168 Heller, S.R., 240
Bart, R•• 240 Hete:Dyi, M•• 27
Siet. It.A.. 252 8019, X., 245-247
Bonse, R.P.H., 344 H099' A.H.A., 258
Bookar. J. Jl.. 199 Boll, D.L., 54,66,132.195-197,314
Sorowi~•• S., 165,167,249,250,255.258
Brock. J.S., 240 J~, J.C., 240,304
Brown, C.B•• 226-228 Jones, A., 145-159
Brown, PoT., 194,195,198,252-251,260-267 JurgensClD. L., 35,36,38,42,3.14
~~. D."•• 13.19.113-W,l32,141,142
Buzns. J.O., 255,256 Itirk, J.M., 145
Buttertb.lcS. R., 180-182,262 XOlollO'7, G.B., 314
Byeroft, G.N •• 166 ltoniJ:l9' H., 183-186, ·341
Xrlzek, R.J., 246,248
carothers, S.D., 314 Xuhn, S.H., 344
~. C.R•• 92,93,99
Clough, R.W., 199,207,208,225 Lambe, T.w., 313
COOk, N.C•• 240,304 Lee, I.It., 168,169,249-251
1iekhnitllkii, S.G•• 314,341
o.vis, &.H., 97,98.116,119,120,162,182,269,219,304 Love, A.E.H., 314
Deresiewiez, H•• 74-76 Lovell, C.W., 50,54
Dinqwall, J.e., 225 L'ure, A.E., 8,11
Dooley. J.e•• 184 LyPler, J., 26
Dou9"lu. D.J., 97,98.304
Duncan, J.H•• 26 Madh.av. M.R., 296
Duval, W.l •• 231.239 Harwick, H.D., 344
Matte., N.S •• 271,272,278,279,281
E90rov, X.E •• 112,167,168,258,314 Helan, E., 27
Meyerhof, G.G., 107.112,113,116-118,142,160,163,164
Fadua, R.E., 54,57,192 Mic:bll11, J.H., 28,184,341
Pillunger, P., 226 Milovic:, O.K., 111,112,116.121-129,172-177
Finn, W.D.L•• 305-307 MiD4l1n, R.D., 17,18,95-99 ,232,233
Florin, V.A •• 314 Mirata, T., 225
Foster, C.R.., 4)-45 Mit~l1, J.It., 145
FI»:, E.N., 94,181.182 Moon, W.M., 297-303
Fbx, L., 138-140 Multi, L, 166
Frohlich, O.It~, 195 MuSIthe.llsbv1J.i, N. t., 165 ,166

Geddes, J.D., 33-35 Neuber, H., 236, 241

Gerrard, C.M., 142,184,185,187,188-192,309,337,341,346 Newaaxlt, N.M•• 1.2,77-87
Gibson, LE., 193-195, 19S Nichiporovich, A.A., 179
Giroud, J.P., 14,54-73.107-110 Nishida, Y., 94,95
Goodier, J.N., 314
Goodman, L.E., 226-228 Obert, L., 231.239
_____________,,>5_
 i

1
.,.
,•

0' crk. N., 163

o.tulle.r9. J .0•• 40
PaDIer. L.A., 163
~ttili!, J:.R•• 145
Perle!!, •• H•• 208-224
Pl~. V.P •• 19

PTikbcl· henlro,
..,
Poulos, B.G•• 13.19,28,77.96.103,132.162.118,179,199-
204,258.269.271.272,278,279.281,183,291,

0.:£ •• 19

_inner. E., 167

Ric:bard. LX., 245.246
Ricbart. r.E., 168,229-231,236-239,241-244

SIl9OCi. 8.1'.. 167

54 1eeon, M.D.G., 191
SUbom, .1.10., 76
Scbife.&nn. a.L., 50,52-54,169-171
Scott, a.F., 37,38,314
Scri,,-r, F.B•• 225
s.rebryanyi. It.V., 258.260,262,268
SiMkczr. O. :t&. 19
Sben. C-lC•• 145
Sbepberd, If.H•• 27,28
Skopek• .1•• 92.93
<>nedQon. I.N, 167.319.346
sonne:, I •• 130,131,180
S~t:l:IpoQ1o$. A.C., 62
StaEks, B.J.B., 344
SteiDbft:llDU, W., 162
Taylor. B., 25,116,119,120,162,182
Terzaghi, K., 229-231, 236-239,241-244
1beDn de .BarrOs.
S., 141.142,160-162.164
T ~ . So, 314
Gournier. J.P., 116,121-129
TrNlter. c.J., 319,346

Deshita, :1:•• l07,112,ll3.U6-U8.142.160.163.164

'Cl~. H.B •• 43,46-49

UreIla, R.De, 10.183.184.314

v~jt. A •• 208
Verstnoeten. J., 162
vesic, A.S., 164,252

Wardle, L.J., 191

Matinee, B., 107~109
Watson, G.N., 319,346
Way, E., 169
Westerr;lOJard, H.H., 192
WestllaIln, R.A., 142~145
Whitman. R.V •• 168
wolf, K., 314.341
WoodWard, R.J'., 199,207,208,225

_ _ _ _ _~T~.9OZPV, X.E•• 179

Yoder, E.J'., 76
 INDEX

~pica&aS. spbe.roi4al. 243

c:ircul.a:r 10&4, 185,337-397 (see also TunDel.sJ
l..iDe ~. 184 Ce=ti p~~,
1WiiU" radial sha&r stress on c:irl:le. 356 lilIe lo.a, 26
l.iJw&r r..u.al abaa%' 41spae-nt CD ei.rele. 362 point 10&4, 17
llne&r vartie&l displac..ent ~ cizcle., 354 Circu1.&r ~ ,
liuar ..meal stress co c:irele. 352 anisotnJP,ic: _a, 184,337-397
l..iQea:r t;orsioa.al displa It on eirele. 362 c:ca.iw. lo..s.in9, SO
llne&r toniCln&1 stress CD circle, 360 f1Aiu layer, lll,178
Illl1ti-l&yer sysr-s. 187 bori%Olltal loAd on balf space, 50
point lbad. 183 /' bon-tal lo.s on two !ayen, 142
rigid eirele. 185 ~ liDear radial shear 4isp1~t, 358
stxu;s-stra1.n eqIl&Uons, 9,313.343 linear r.s.bJ. she-.r stress, 356
strip loac1. 184,309-335 linear torsional shear stress, 360
tmifora sbelLl: suess on circle. 362 l.iJle.ar tors~ s.heU' disp1.. t, 361
UZl.ifQDII shear 4i8:pJ Ie It. on circle. 364 line&r -nic:a.l 4.Upla~t, 350
~eal disp1..a_t. on ci.rcl.e. 350 liDear _rtieal. stzwss, 352
'VlI!rtical stress on eirel_, 348 nca-hc.oqe"eQus half apa.c:e, 194,l96
A ~ t .lUtic: IKMluli for cylinder•. 303 non·bcJ!mgeneowa: 1ayar, 198
Approxiaate solutions ri9i4 in half sPACe, 180
eabukmeftts, 225 rigid. on half spact, 166
IllI1lti-l&yer systulS. 162 ri9id. on layer, 178
rigid area displaee.ent. 182 rough on ba1f space, 52
Axial l~ OD piles. 269-282 shear loading 50,356-365
Axial s~try. equilibriUlll equations. 7 s\1baurface 1oadinq, 94,180
unifo=- shelU: displaeeaant, 364
Base 10&4 in pile, 269.271.272,278-9 unifci%m ahear a~ss, SO, 362
BaSe. yielding ben.ath layer. 305 unifom vertical displac:u.nt, 350
rotating beneath layer. 305,306 unifom. vertic:al stress, ~3,348
Battered piles, 296 vertical load on two layers, 138
Beam, equations of bel:l4inq. IS _rtic:al load on three layers, 145
on elutic: foundation (s•• rafts) Circular raft,
sending, eqIlations of. 15 on balf spac:e, 166,255
Bendinq ......t. on finite layer, 178,258
c:ireular p1ll.te, 15 Circ:ular ring', rigid on half space, 167
circular raft, 255-261 Circular tunnel,
li.ned circular t=el. 248 lined in infiD.ite masa, 245
piles. 286-9 1IIllined. in half space, 232
reetan9Vlar plate, 15 unlined in 1nfiniUl _ _ , 229
r.~~ raft. 262·8 cc.patabillty equations, 8
strip raft. 250--5 Caaprusib1e pUlIS, 271-280
Bipolar eQO%din&tes. 232 Concentrated. load1.l1g
Boussinesq probl_. (see point 1oadin9)
qenerUiud.. 195 COI1ical load.in9 on e1.rele, 50
line 10K. 26 CCostraiDad .cduJ:as, 9
poiDt l.o6d.. 16 COI1struc:t1on in lifts,
Bulk .~". 8 ellbAZllcaent, 199,207
Bulk ~us. 9' slope, 228
Bunaisttr p=Ole.. 19 COotaet pressure,
c:irc:le on anisotropic: JaIlSS, 185

.,
circular raft, 256,258,261
re~ r&ft, 262·8
 rigid drcle. 166.178-9 reetm~esuperpos1tiOll.12
rigid ellipse. 169 sector aetbod. 13
rigid eJIIII:lIli"~ed am. 180-1 strip OD md~ic ..... 187
ri¢4 ring'. 167 Gn.vity field. 7
rigid strip. 165.172 Groups of piles.
strip raft. 249.250.252 u:i&Uy lOilded. 279
Coa.to'lrS af s~. laterally ~ . 291
circle OIl tift) l.ayen. 138.139.142
strip OIl balf space. J6 Il&il .,...,.
~ load. aD strip. 39 <see s~-i.D.fi.n.ite aus)
CGrreeticn factors far N - u eharts. 77.80.83.84 sorlzoa.tal l.oad1n9'.
crack. elliptical. 240 c::irc:1.e. aDisert::=pic:: . . .s. las. 337-397
cross-aI1isot.ropic ::IUS drcle on ~ space. 37.50
(see Clisottgpic IIIllU) c::irc::le an two ayers. 142
CUtting. traPezoidal. 208 Utu!t load.. on hU!'-spac::e. 26
Cylinder. thick vall. 297 N.-ark c:hart:s. ~·91
with rigid end plates 297 piles. 283-296
Cylin4rlcal caordia&tes. 7-9 point load. h&lf-spilc:e. 17
point Load. nonhtmD9eneous IllaSS. 195
Differential deflection af ratts. 254.255.257,261 ree::tanq1e on half s~. 54
D1n:ction. cosines. 2 rectangle on layer. 116
Displ&c-.:1ts. due to piles. 273-7 rectangle. nonhclalogeneous ..... 197
d<;n definition far :nll:tanql.s, 116 rigid cire1e. 166
Distortion factor far elliptical tunnel.. 238 rigid rectangle. 168
Down4rag- OIl piles rigid strip. 172
(see neq&tive friction) strip. anisotropic IIlUS. 184.3~335
subslttfac::e rectNl9I.e:. 97.100
Eceentric.loading. rigid std..p. 172
&lutici.ty. equat:iclll;s af. 10-12 Inc::li.nad 1~9.
elastic par_ter:s. nlaticc between. 9 deCOlPOSit1oa. of. 14
EllipticU &n&. rigid strip on layer. 172
ri¢4 co bUt" space. 169 IDelusioa in i.n.finite ..... 304
1mUo12 10m aD bal.f space. 74 Inc::~tal eaI1StrUCticln ot slope. 228
Zl1iptic:&l c:oardilla~. 236.240 Ilx:nDe:nt.al dh:pJac t of .....kM:nt. 1.99.207
Elliptical crack. 240 Infinite _So
Elliptical. tuzmal. 236 c::i.rculAr t=e1 in. 229
£lIbarI"'-t. on bUt" SpilCl!. 208 elliptieal tunDe.l in. 236
ClC layex. 225 inc::lusion in. JO.t
(lII. ri¢d base. 199 liDa loadinCJ. 26
~n"""t~. lined tl::IImel in. 245
strip on half s~. 38-42.208 point l~g. 16
reetangle OIl half spilc:e. 62 rec::t;anlJUlar t:ulmal in. 239
......... u ~ spherical cavity in. 240
<s. . subsurface loadsl spheroidal cavity in. 243
EquiUbrlu. equati.OllS 6;7 Infinite raft. 262
Equivalent lJIOC1IIli. Infinite slopes (see Slopesl
repeated laYer systelll. 191 Infinite strip (see Strip)
plan. straiA. 9 In.finite two-la,yer sys~. 19
plane stress. 9 Infinite vedcJe. 28
three layers. 164 Intaqrals. for circle on anisottQpic:: IIIllSS. 370-397
two 1ayen. 142 tor ort:horbclllltlic:: GWlSs. 330-4
Existing solutions. Inteqration for sector curves. 13
~ttopic:: IIIllSS. 341 Interaction factors.
ortborhcllbic mass. 314 .na.lly l.a.ded piles. 279-28J
laterally l0aae4 piles. 291-5
nzed he.a pile. 283 Interior loa.4ing
F1xing _ t o pi1.e head. 287.289 (see St:bsu:r£&c::e loadinCJ)
pUe tip. 289 Isatropic solutions. u part1c:ulu eases of
Fl.x1bility factor. anisotropic solutions. 322-9.348-364
~ raft. 255.258
rectangulu" raft. 262 J f~ fer strip raft. 252
stxip. 249.252
piles. 283 xelvin prob1_. line load. 16
Fles:ihUity ratio. ~ tunnel, 245 point load. 26
Four-layer systemS. 162
Free head. pile. 283 ~'. ~te.rs. 9
equ.atiOD. 11
tapla....
Gener&l.iud loaclinq. wteral loading.
battered piles. 296
____- ! N ~ ' s _t:hoci. 12
finite layer. 132 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pile grollp. 291
 INDBX
single floating pile, 283
tip-restrained pile, 287
Layer, anisotropic, 187.
axially loaded pile in, 270,272,278
circle on, 111
embankIIIent on, 225
generalized loading, 132
laterally loaded pile in, 287
line loading, 28
non-homogeneous, 198
point loading, 19
rectangle on, 113
rigid circle on, 178
rigid rectangle on, 180
rigid strip on, 172
rotating base in, 305,306
sector curves, 132-7
trianqular loading on strip, 107
uniform loading on strip, 103
yielding base in, 305
Layered systems, approximate solutions, 162
two layer, 138
three layer, 145
four layer, 162
Lifts, in embankment analysis, 199,205
Line loading,
anisotropic half· space, 184
apex of infinite wedge, 28
axially symmetric, 32
finite length on half-space, 26
finite layer, 28
infinite mass, 26
linearly varying subsurface load, 34
non-homogeneous half space, 196
quarter-space, 27
semi-infinite mass, 26,27
strip raft, 249
uniform subsurface load, 32
Linearly varying displacement,
circle, 354,356,361
strip, 325,329
Linearly varying modulus, 193
Linearly varying stress,
circle, 352,356,360
half spaCe, 41
rectangle, 59,70
strip, 38,324,328
Lined circular tunnel, 245
!Dad types; circle on half space, 344
strip on half space, 317
Loci of principal stress, 26,36,41
Maxi.muID IIICIIIeIlt in pile, 287,290
Maximum shear stress, 2
Mean displacement,
embedded rectangle, 94
rectangle on half space, 57
Melan problems, 27
Method, sector, 13
solution for anisotropic mass, 346
solution for ortho:d1ombic mass, 319
Mindlin problems, 17,18
Modulus variation, generalized
Boussinesq case, 195
Mohr circle, pole construction, 4
strain, 6
stress, 3
Moment loading,
piles, 283-296
409
rigid circle on half space, 166
rigid circle on layer, 179
rigid rectangle on half-space, 168
rigid rectangle on layer, 180
rigid strip on half-space, 165-6
rigid strip on layer, 172
stiff vertical plate, 304
strip raft, 252
Multi-layer systems, 138-164
Nearly-rectangular tunnel, 239
Negative friction on piles, 278
Newmark's method, 12,13
Newmark charts, half space, 78-91
layer, ·132
Non-hClllOqeneous mass, 193-8
Normal loading approximation for embanlaaent, 208-211
Observed displacement of embankment, 199
Octahedral stresses, 3
Odemark's method, 163
Orthorhombic mass,
stress strain equations, ·315
strip loading, 309-335
Palmer and Bcu:ber's method, 163
Parabolic loading in circle, 52,54
Piles, axially loaded, 269-282
battered, 296
end-bearing, 278-281
floating, 269-278
groups, 279-282,291-5
laterally loaded, 283-296
negative friction, 278
rigid cap 9I1, 271
tip-restrained, 287
Plane strain, 3,9,11
Plane stress, 3,9,11
Plate, circular hole in, 229
elliptical hole in, 238
equations of bending, 15
(see also Rafts)
. Point load,
anisotropic half-space, 183
approximation for pile effect, 272
circular raft, 258-9
finite layer, 19
half space, 16,17
infinite mass, 16
infinite raft, 262,268
inside two layers, 19
non-homoqeneous mass, 195
rectangular raft, 262-7
strip raft, 252-4
Poisson's ratio, 8
Pressure distribution on laterally loaded piles. 285
Principal planes, 2,6
strains, 5
stresses, 2
Quarter space, line loading, 27
Radial loading on circle. 356,358
Rafts, 249-268
circular on half space, 255
circular on layer, 258
infinite extent, 262,268
rectangular on half space 260-8
strip ()n . h.Cl.1:~~c:e_,2~!:l:25~._
 410 INDEX

Recipxocal theorem, 66,77 embanlaaent loading, 62

Rectangles , superposition of, 12 embedded. rigid areas, 180
Rectangular area, laterally-loaded pile, 283-286
embaDlaDent loading, 62 line loading in, 27
horizontal load on half space, 66 line loading on, 26
horizontal load on layer, 116 linear JIIOdulus variation, 193
linearly vcu:ying loads, 59,70 Newmark charts for, 78';"91
non-hOlllOgeneous mass, 197 point loading in, 19
rigid on half-space, 168 point loading on, 16
rigid on layer, 180 :rectangular loading in" 92-94,97-102.
sign definition for displacements, 116 :rectangular loading on,54-73
subsurface loading, 92-94,97-102 rigid circle, 166
vertical load on half space, 54 rigid ellipse, 169
vertical load on layer, 113 rigid :rectangle, 168
Rectangular rafts, 260-8 rigid ring, 167
Rectangular tunnel, 239 rigid strip, 165
Reduction factor for subsurface loads, 94-6 ring loading, 32,167
Reinforced material, 192 sector curves for, 77
Relative displa~t of strip on half space, 36,37, semi-ellipsoidal loading, 76
194 semi-infinite loading, 41
Repeated layer systems, 191 strip loading in, 93
Retaining wall, stresses on, 306-7 strip loading .on, 36
Rigid a:reas, 165-182 subsurface line loads, 32-35
circle on anisotxopic mass, 186 triangular loading, 38
circle on half space, 166 unifo%m loads, 36-91
circle on layer, 178 Shear displacement of circle, 364
displacement approximations, 182 Shear loading, on circle, 50
ellipse on half space, 169 embedded :rectangle, 99
embedded areas, 180 (see also Horizontal loading)
end plates on cylinder, 297 Shear lIlOCiulus, 8-10
rectangle on half-space, 168 increasing with depth, 193
rectangle on layer, 180 Shear stress, linear on circle
ring on half-space, 167 on anisotropic mass, 187,190,356,360
xough strip on half space, 165-6 maximum, 2
smooth strip on half space, 165 octahedral, 3
strip on layer, 172 ' \lI1iform on circle on anisotxopic mass, 362
Rigid rafts, Sign convention, 1
circular, 178,179,258 for horizontal displacements, 116
:rectangular, 260-7 Single-lift embaDlaDent displacement, 199
Ring loading on half space, 32 Slopes, 28,226
rigid on half space, 167 incremental construction, 228
Rotating retaining wall, 307 smooth base, beneath layer, 107,112,113,130,180
base beneath layer, 305 interface between layers, 140
Rotation of piles, 283,284,288 Spherical cavity in infinite mass, 240
rigid circle on half space, 166 coordinates, 7,8
rigid circle on layer, 179 symmetry, equilibrium equations, 7
rigid rectangle on half space, 168 Sphexoidal cavity in infinite mass, 263
rigid rectangle on layer, 180 Standard embankment, 207
rigid strip on half space, 165,166 Steinbrenner's method, 116,162
rigid strip on layer, 172-7 Stiff plate, 304
stiff plate, 304 Stiffness factor for pile, 271
Rough circular a:rea on half space, 52 Strain, analysis of, 4
rigid end plates on cylinder, 297 definitions, 4,5
rigid strip, 165,166 in plane, 5
strip raft, 249-251 in th:ree-layer system, 145
invariants, 6
Sector curves for half space, 78 matrix, 5
curves for layer, 132-7 Mohr's circle of, 6
curves for subsurface loads, 96 principal, 5
Sector method, 13 Stress, analysis of, 1
use for circle, 14,112 components on any plane, 2
Semi-ellipsoidal loading on ellipse, 76 distribution along pile, 269,271,285
Semi-infinite mass, function, 11
axially-loaded pile, 269-277 invariants, 2
circular loading in, 94 matrix, 2
circular loading on, 43-54 Mohr's circle of, 3
oxosa-anisotxopic, lS3,309-335,337-397 octahedral, 3
elliptical loading, 74 principal, 2
embankment on, 208 -strain relationships, 8,9,315,343
 INDEX
strip, anisotropic half ,space, 184,309-335
anisotropic layers, 187
embankment loading on half-space, 40
linear shear displacement on, 327
linear shear stress on, 326'
linear vertical displacement on, 325
linear vertical stress on, 38, 324
non-homogeneous half space, 193
non-homogeneous layer, 198
rigid on half space, 165
rigid on layer" 172
subsurface loading, 93
triangular load on layer, 107
triangular load on half space, 38,40
uniform shear displacement on, 327
uniform shear stress on, 326
uniform vertical displacement on, ,323
uniform vertical load on, 36,37,322
vertical load on layer~ 103
Strip raft, transverse behaviour, 249-251
longitudinal behaviour, 252-255
subgrade reaction solutions for rafts, 259,260
SUbsurface loads, circle, 94
line, 32,34'
point, 17
rectangle, 92-94,97-102
rigid circle, 180
rigid rectangle, 181
sector curves~ 96
Superposition, interaction factors, 281,291
loading, 14
rectangles; 12,54,92,97,116
Thick-wall cylinder, ,2-97
Three-layer $Ystems, 145
Thrust in lined circular tunnel, 248
Tip force in pile, 290
Tip-restrained pile, 287-'290
Torsional loading on circle, 167,360,,362
Torsional moment in rectangular raft, 262,264-7
Trajectories· of principal stress,
line load on half-space, 26
load over half surface, 41
Transformation of axes, 2,5
Translating base beneath layer, 305
retaining wall, 306
Trapezoidal loading on layer, 107
Triangular loading, circle on half space, 50
strip on half space, 38:"40
strip on layer, 107
Triaxial specimen, 297
Tunnels, circular in half space, 232
circular in infinite mass, 229
elliptical, 236
lined circular, 245
nearly rectangular, 239
(see also Cavity)
Two-'dimensional stress systems, 3
Oeshita and Meyemof's method, 164
Unlined openings, 229-245
circular in half space, 232
circular in itifinite mass, 229
elliptical, 236
nearl!l{ rectangular, 239
spmrical, 2'40
spheroidal, 243
Variable modulus with depth, 193,195
411
Vertical loading,
anisotropic half space, 183-192,309-335,337-397
circle on anisotropic mass, 185,348-352
circle on half space, 43
circle on layer, III
circle on non-homogeneous mass, 194,196,198
circle on three layers, 138
circle on two layers, 145
ellipse on half space, 74
embedded ar'O!as, 92-102,180,181
line load on half space, 26
line load on layer, 28
line load on non-homogeneous mass, 196
Newmark charts, 78-91
piles, 269-282
point load in half space, 17
point load on' half space, 16
quarter spacei' 27
raftS, 249-268
rectangle on half space, 54
rectangle on layer" 113
rectangle on non-h6mogeneous mass, 197
rigid circle on half space, 166
rigid circle on layer, 178'
rigid ellipse, 169 '
rigid rectangle on half space, 168
rigid rectangle on layer, 180
rigid ring, 167
rigid strip on half space, 165
rigid strip on layer, 172
sector curves, 78,96,132-7
strip on anisotropic mass, 184,309-335
strip on half,space, 36
strip on .layer, 103
strip on non-'homogeneous mass, 193,198
subsurface circle, 94,180
subsurface rectangle, 92-94,97-102,181
subsurface strip, 93
Vesic's method, 164
Volume strain, 8
Wedge, line loading at apex, 28,
linearly "increasing load oli sides, 226
stresses due to weight, 226
Westergaard problem, 192
Winkler material, equivalence of elastic mass, 193
Young's modulus, 8