What is Soft Computing? “The idea of soft computing was initiated in 1981 when Lotfi A- Zadeh published bis first paper on soft data analysis “What is Soft Computing”, Soft Computing. Springer-Verlag Germany/USA 1997.) «Zadeh, defined Soft Computing into one multiiseiplinary system 2S the fusion of the fields of Fuzzy Logic, Neuro-Computing, Evolutionary and Genetic Computing, and Probabilistic Computing. + Soft Computing is the fusion of methodologies designed to mode! and enable soli ns to real world problems, which are not modeled oF too difficult fo model mathematically. «The aim of Soh Computing is to exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, approximate reasoning, and partial truth in order 10 achieve close resemblance with human like decision making. «The Soft Computing — development history sc = 6c + NN + FL Soft Evolutionary Neural Fuzzy ‘Computing Computing Network Logi Zadeh Rechenberg McCulloch Zadeh 1981 1960 1943 1965 EC = GP es —P + GA Evolutionary Genetic Evolution _ Evolutionary Genetic Computing Programming Strategies. Programming Algorithms Rechenberg Koza Rechenberg Fogel Holland 1960 1992 1965 1962 1970- : med Hedeniue, Sef Computing 0 Widow f Commilronral 1) compuly Coomee 2) dUifeid atlbigeree 3) Malus Lenrmuys ho medtl f Onaalyze very tompin Phbuowors ¥ : re te (pete anal Com friele dh Tale’ op Imprtontes wrcusdont , peried Th amd “fpweimatee” FO MODEL fff nfs 9 Hamm Md Eablet Iu Aeloance ce i mn} Aiprinimabon fo achieve Hoctobitls Com |) pebutiron $ low cot pobihon.Definitions of Soft Computing (SC) Lotfi A. Zadeh, 1992 : “Soft Computing is an emerging approach t0 computing which parallel the remarkable ability of the human mind to reason and learn in environment of uncertainty and imprecision”. ‘The Soft Computing consists of several computing paradigms mainly : Fuzzy Systems, Neural Networks, and Genetic Algorithms. «Fuzzy set for knowledge representation via fuzzy If Then rules + Neural Networks : for learning and adaptation + Genetic Algorithms : for evolutionary computation These methodologies form the core of SC. Hybridization ofthese three creates a successful synerBi¢ effect; that is, hybridization creates @ situation where different entities cooperate advantageously for 8 final outcome. Soft Computing is still growing and developing, ence, clear definite agreement on what comprises Soft Computing has not yet been reached. More new sciences are still merging into Soft Computing. Goals of Soft Computing Soft Computing is a new multidisciplinary field, to construct new generation of Artificial Intelligence, known as Computational Intelligence. «The main goal of Soft Computing is to develop intelligent machines to provide solutions to real world problems, which are not modeled, or too difficult to model mathematically. «tts aim is to exploit the tolerance for Approximation, Uncertainty, Imprecision, and Partial Truth in order to achieve close resemblance with human like decision making. ‘Approximation ; here the model features are similar tothe real ones, but not the same,ui Incertainty : here we are not sure thatthe features ofthe model are the same as that of the entity (belief), Imprecision : here the model features (quantities) are not the same as that of the real ones, but close to them. Importance of Soft Computing Soft computing differs from hard (conventional) computing, unlike hard computing, the soft computing is tolerant of precision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. The guiding principle of soft computing is to exploit these tolerance to achieve tractability, robustness and low solution cost. In effect, the role model for soft computing is the human mind. The four fields that con: te Soft Computing (SC) are : Fuzzy Computing (FC), Evolutionary Computing (EC), Neural computing (NC), and Probabilistic Computing (PC), with the latter subsuming belief networks, chaos theory and parts of learning theory. Soft computing is not a concoction, mixture, or combination, rather, Soft computing a partnership in which each of the partners contributes a distinct methodology for addressing problems in its domain. In principal the constituent methodologies in Soft computing are complementary rather than competitive. Soft computing may be viewed as a foundation component for the emerging field of Conceptual Intelligence.Fuzzy Computing h ; n the real world there exists much fuzzy knowledge, that is, knowledge which is i ‘ Is Vague, imprecise, uncertain, ambiguous, inexact, or probabilistic in nature. Hi . luman can use such information because the human thinking and reasoning frequently involve fuzzy information, possibly originating from inherently inexact human concepts and matching of similar rather then identical experiences. The computing systems, based upon classical set theory and two-valued logic, can not answer to some questions, as human does, because they do not have completely true answers. We want, the computing systems should not only give human like answers but also describe their reality levels. These levels need to be calculated using imprecision and the uncertainty of facts and rules that were applied. Fuzzy Sets Introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965, the fuzzy set theory is an extension of classical set theory where elements have degrees of membership. * Classical Set Theory — Sets are defined by a simple statement describing whether an element having a certain property belongs to a particular set. — When set A is contained in an universal space X,SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES Computational paradigm is classified into two viz: Hard computing and soft computing. Hard computing is the conventional computing. It is based on the principles of precision, certainty, and inflexibility. It requires ‘mathematical model to solve problems. It deals withs the precise models. This model is further classified into symbolic logic and reasoning, and traditional numerical modelling and search methods, The basic of traditional artificial intelligence is utilised by these methods. It consumes a lot of time to deal with real life problem which contains imprecise and uncertain information. The following problems ‘cannot accommodate hard ‘computing techniques: 1. Recognition problems 2. Mobile robot co-ordination, forecasting 3. Combinatorial problems Soft computing deals with approximate models. This model is further classified into two approximate reasoning, and functional optimization & random search methods, It handles imprecise and uncertain information of the real world. It can be used in all industries and business sectors to solve problems. Complex systems can be designed with soft computing to deal with the incomplete information, where the system behaviour is not completely known or the existence of measures of variable is noisy. 1.1.1 Soft Computing v/s Hard Computing Hard Computing | Soft Computing Teuses precisely stated analytical [It is Tolerant to imprecision, model. uncertainty, partial truth = and approximation, Itis based on binary logic and crisp It is based on fuzzy logic and systems. probabilistic reasoning. It has features such as precision and It has features such as approximation categoricity. and dispositionality. It is stochastic in nature. It is deterministic in nature. Tecan work with exact input data. [Tt can work with ambiguous and noisy data, It performs sequential computation. It performs parallel computation. It produces precise outcome. It produces approximate outcome.Comper OPlntpolion Parilims Aggie advanced Lemrete Lichniquo, te oblan werbable Aoliter Mhin Adrvonall home drome’ a Lecture-1 * What is optimization and why it is used? Optimization methods are used in many ateas of study to find solutions that maximize or minimize some study parameters, such as minimize costs in the production of a good or service, maximize profits, minimize raw material in the development of a good, or maximize production, ¢ What are the three elements of. optimization? Every optimization problem has three components: an objective function, decision variables, and constraints. © what is optimization algorithm An optimization algorithm isa procedure which is executed iteratively by comparing various solutions till an optimum or a satisfactory solution is found. With the advent of computers, optimization has become a part of computer-aided design activities, optimization methods that guarantee finding an optimal solution and heuristic optimization methods where we have no guarantee that an optimal solution is found © What Are Heuristics (Anumaan in hindi) A heuristic, or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem-solving that uses a practical method or various shortcuts in order to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient given a limited timeframe or deadline. © What is an example of heuristic? Heuristics can be thought of as general cognitive frameworks humans rely on regularly to quickly reach a solution. For example, if a student needed to decide what subject she will study at university, her intuition will likely be drawn toward the path that she envisions most satisfying, practical and interesting. «How is heuristic used today? Heuristics are those little mental shortcuts that all of us use to solve problems and make quick, efficient judgment calls. You might also call them rules-of-thumb;I eeol soarh (hl wal ) heuristics help cut down on your decision-making time and help you move from one task to the other without having to stop too long to plan your next step ¢ What is an example of a heuristic problem? Explanation. When you see a person with their hood up in a dark alley and you decide to subtly walk past a bit faster, your brain has probably used a heuristic to evaluate the situation instead of a full thought-out deliberation process. J ,_yev * How do you use heuristics in everyday life? bo People use heuristics in everyday life as a way to solve a problem or to learn something, Examples of Common Sense Heuristic 1. If itis raining outside, you should bring an umbrella. 2. You choose not to drive after having one too many drinks. 3. You decide not to eat food if you don't know what it is. . ws pearth AHoralare © What is Metaheuristic? 7 w A metaheuristic is a high-level problem-independent algorithmic framework that provides a set of guidelines or strategies to develop heuristic optimization algorithms In computer science and mathematical optimization, a metaheuristic is a higher- level procedure or heuristic designed to find, generate, or select a heuristic that may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem, ‘especially with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity © What are metaheuristic methods? Metaheuristic is an approach method based on a heuristic method that does not, rely on the type of the problem. © What is the meaning of metaheuristic? A metaheuristic is a high-level problem-independent algorithmic framework that provides a set of guidelines or strategies to develop heuristic optimization algorithms What is the difference between heuristic and metaheuristic? So, heuristics are often problem-dependent, that is, you define a heuristic for a given problem. Metaheuristics are problem-independent techniques that can be applied to a broad range of problems. — Howe one tompralalrondt rlplligenee. pavoclipwa wopluordicaled AObneng Ohta mi galion paste molahownlee algo MM Cape stly woe fwdelimminstic 2 4 prepram 4 Aldlayrmoulie or repeatable y produc, the Weg Same. Ot hen gureo The Aas nprt 0° reli eve monet hinw ky Alen’ tad Properties that characterize most met istics * Metaheuristics are strategies that guide the search process. * The goal is to efficiently explore the search space in order to find near— optimal solutions. * Techniques which constitute metaheuristic algorithms range from simple local search procedures to complex learning processes. © Metaheuristic algorithms are approximate and usually non-deterministic. © Metaheuristics are not problem-specific. pearl vs eon 7 ga non- cdeleinile fimdow~ moy Alana olf frew'ded og time ik & Crlled, even utin Lame orl” yariables are letaheuristics Classification: There are a wide variety of metaheuristics and a number of properties with respect to which to classify them 1, Local search vs. global search ‘A well known local search algorithm is the hill climbing method which is used to find local optimums. However, hill climbing does not guarantee finding global optimum solutions. Many metaheuristic ideas were proposed to improve local search heuristic in order to find better solutions. Tabu search is one such example. These metaheuristics can both be classified as local search-based or global search metaheuristics. Other global search metaheuristic that are not local search-based are usually population-based metaheuristics. Such metaheuristics includg ant colony optimization (ACO), Evolutionary computation, particle swarm optimization (PSO) , genetic algorithm ete 2, Single-solution vs. population-based ‘Another classification dimension is single solution vs population-based searches. Single solution approaches focus on modifying and improving a single candidate solution. Example: simulated annealing, iterated local search, variable neighborhood search, and guided local search. Population-based approaches maintain and improve multiple candidate solutions, often using population characteristics to guide the search; population basedSeach Mea hnayc, Exhauline Soren Heunvee Mgorlhn Borer Ngprillon ms ae naka fo focus 0 Space a . GU Acacked of hye » “OE & pespedde< Beer” que Mole soc? fo process 4 mectLled a0 make fhe Beanel. pon on peace Hay donot Lilenpaite bebven gard nodin and bad rodts Witt planing, 116 Obtnd beech”metaheuristics include evolutionary computation, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization, Another category of metaheuristics is Swarm (Jhund in hindi) intelligence which is a collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized agents in a population or swarm. Ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, social cognitive optimization are examples of this category. © What is an example of swarm intelligence? Examples of swarm intelligence in natural systems include ant colonies, bee colonies, bird flocking, hawks hunting, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence. ¢ What are the main features of swarm intelligence? The characterizing property of a swarm intelligence system is its ability to act in a coordinated way without the presence of a coordinator or of an external controller. © Why do we use swarm intelligence? Swarm intelligence (SI) is one of the computational intelligence techniques which are used to solve complex problem, SI involves collective study of the individuals behavior of population interact with one another locally. Especially for biological systems nature often act as an inspiration.metaheuristics include evolutionary computation, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization, Another category of metaheuristics is Swarm (Jhund in hindi) intelligence which is a collective behavior of, decentralized, self-organized agents in a population or swarm. Ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, social cognitive optimization are examples of this category. © What is an example of swarm intelligence? Examples of swarm intelligence in natural systems include ant colonies, bee colonies, bird flocking, hawks hunting, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence. © What are the main features of swarm intelligence? The characterizing property of a swarm intelligence system is its ability to act in a coordinated way without the presence of a coordinator or of an external controller. © Why do we use swarm intelligence? Swarm intelligence (SI) is one of the computational intelligence techniques which are used to solve complex problem. SI involves collective study of the individuals behavior of population interact with one another locally. Especially for biological systems nature often act as an inspiration.. fal fe eft Lemley emflen 1) farkung A, Con ona maureen | pub, wt“ oe C pteitvon 8 ay are A thew hine a) forgmira 4 * pall sept ap deca fn ul aa wet fece meg typionlly phevslin re hans not fried by pial) win, pe ete et ta, ws pret ton ord Ty Ty tale te od of aM eos Lin panto abstelrown we ade qorde ib fo ba te amt tl a4 hen cory mena \ . alt wwe ot dom a hare ie> DE mm oy te beat ev0ly fons alguns Fors t Come odd / z oa ep Ay ayay) 2 TH tar 2 ied by er ee Lecture-2 analy Kel tliretes esr a Differential evolution (DE) \ , ” 7 oe ponivded, ) YE bay 3 porn oiniye [ee permet” Pee 1M poly aed What is differential evolution used for? te Differential evolution (DE) is a population-based metaheuristic search algorithm that optimizes a problem by iteratively improving a candidate solution based on an evolutionary process. Such algorithms make few or no assumptions about the underlying optimization problem and can quickly explore very large design spaces Who invented differential evolution? Differential Evolution (DE) is an Evolutionary Algorithm for continuous function optimization proposed by Kenneth Price and Rainer Stor in 1995" What is evolution theory? Evolution, theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. The theory of evolution is one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory. Darwin and other 19th-century biologists found compelling evidence for biological evolution in the comparative study of living organisms, in their geographic distribution, and in the fossil remains of extinct organisms. The amount of information about evolutionary history stored in the DNA and proteins is virtually unlimited, Scientists can reconstruct any detail of the nary history of life by investing sufficient time and laboratory resources. What is differential evolution algorithm? Differential evolution is a heuristic approach for the global optimisation of nonlinear and non- differentiable continuous space functions. ‘The differential evolution algorithm belongs to a broader family of evolutionary computing algorithms. Similar to other popular direct search approaches, such as genetic algorithms and evolution strategies, the differential evolution algorithm starts with an initial population of candidate e solutions. These candidate solutions are iteratively improved by introducing mutations into the population, and retaining the fittest candidate solutions that yield a lower objective function value. The differential evolution algorithm is advantageous over the aforementioned popular approaches because it can handle nonlinear and non-differentiable multi- wiedimensional objective functions, while requiring very few control parameters to steer the minimisation. These characteristics make the algorithm easier and more practical to use, es tule ve poes compel on Gere . Process flow of DE Algorithm Selypt verluer 4 lize controlling parameters of DE 1 OB i z v 2. Randomly initialize population vector dy , He 43 7 Ee ttt —__5| Caleulate fitness value of each vector a th & t (elle ‘Mutation one he? i . fone Od ye Crossover fod fegteme OF att or T* Selection - J 1s termination condition satisfied? 2» mim ae ie ad Save the vector with minimum fitness | —) value as solution vector puts eed ab © vali iedtew fxs fevend Yoverchea DE is also a population based algorithm, in which each individual is called an agent, and is often represented as multi-dimensional real vector. Example: DE for synthesizing natural images Image morphing is a technique for producing inter-mediate images from some given images, and has been widely used in movie productionBretton fli mio tedmigne are rowuny con yom alyerilfote Neh yor Aas ve bam wey Gee oe cat evreleTron proces foe Atlamine afural ean nearer ea was proposed by Kenneth Price and Rainer Storn in the year 1995 and this algo- tit est evolutionary algorithms to carry out real number function optimization. DE is basically a stochastic population based direct search global optimization algorithm. Global optimization is required in numerous fields like engineering, statistics, finance, and so on. In the real world, many practical problems possess objec- tive functions that are non-differentiable, non-linear, non-continuous, flat, noisy, and multi-dimensional and have many local n minima. These types pes of problems are difficult to handle and are re challenging t to be solved by analytical methods. 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Ai do aabitve glebay Aileen of a Hill Climbing Le eupleyed , & eben confer Hill Climbing is a heuristi Iefaimisrlech bite caries al ig isa heuristic search used for mathematical optimization problems eee we of Artificial Intelligence. Given # large st of inputs and a good euristic function, it tries to find a sufficiently good solution to the problem. This solution may not be the global optimal maximum. ‘Above, mathematical optimization problems imply that hill-climbing solves the problems where we need to maximize or minimize @ given real function by choosing values from the given inputs. ‘Heuristic search’ means that this search algorithm may not find the optimal solution to the problem. However, it will give @ good solution in a reasonable time. A heuristic function is a function that will rank all the possible alternatives at any branching step in the search algorithm based on the available information. It helps the algorithm to select the best route out of possible routes. Introduction to Hill Climbing Algorithm Hill Climbing is a self-discovery and Teams algorithm used in artificial intelligence algorithms. Once the model is built, the next task is to evaluate and ‘ing is one of the optimization techniaes which is used in optimize it. Hill clim! srificial intelligence and is used to find Tocal maxima. Hill Climbing is an iterative search algorithm and starts the solution with the arbitrary defined initial ution with incremental state. Then, the algorithm progresses to find a better so! change. The idea js to see the neighbor state and compare jt with the current state of the neighbor state is better; the neighbor state will become a current state, and the same cycle continues until no neighbor state is better than the current state. Features of Hill Climbing Algorithm Simple in Nature: Hill climbing algorithm is an incremental algorithm and tries a simple strategy by comparing the neighbor with the current state, and if the neighbor is heuristically better, it will accept the neighbor state. Iterative: Hill Climbing is an iterative algorithm, and it starts with an arbitrary initial solution for a problem; it then tries to finda better solution than the current state by making an incremental change. ‘Types of Hill Climbing Algorithm ‘There are basically 3 types of Hill climbing algorithms 1, Simple Hill Climbing:Dbangene ru cine drgern fo trch the Cp fa Lull ™ tegry — werlrer 2) Non ane too troll te See fhe Peak while yom are Unnlang oarint Aucfaee of “he Kl ane hove vy : tung fat lasers he NO Ohne reganctnng te around tow Caent penton and tate “Mot ep tuk clorvele, oe PK ts rant 3) Ome poseabte nny world be % Pow tomell ruee uly Ths ora umbih a fod be arncvreal Whee al : a ; he ~ Hibs Areal 1b perl af tore, hesgpls. Lo ped 6 leumdicd 4 be the a pront ancl Corrtopond, & "he fbn fe be Atbianed by the hilt hinbing pbaliny 0 alee apbticd h freblinns Where —/Me Ponpose ib Yo Keak the © foweut poent- ea not Jin Atiohas + pets! hy Seve TS A Ue wt nvtt bei te totlowed oe 0 btmoline Aeferree % a Valles clescem ding2. Steepest Ascent Hill Climbing 3. Stochastic Hill Climbing 1. Simple hill climbing As the name itself suggest, simple hill-climbing means step by step climbing the hill. One can climb the hill till there is the possibility of reaching a higher. altitude than the current one. The same applies to simple hill climbing, it examines a neighboring state, and if it is having a higher cost than the previous one, it considers the new state as the current state. Simple Hill climbing Algorithm: Step 1: Initialize the initial state, then evaluate this with neighbor states. If it is having a high cost, then the neighboring state the algorithm stops and returns success. If not, then the initial state is assumed to be the current state. Step 2: Iterate the same procedure until the solution state is achieved. The initial state is assumed as the current state and is compared with the neighboring state again. If the new current state is a desired or state, then the algorithm stops and returns success. Or If it is not, then it makes a new neighbor as its current state and compares it with neighbor states again and proceeds further. This iterative approach is continued until the solution or goal state is achieved. Step 3: Retum success and exit. 2. Steepest-Ascent Hill climbing As the name suggests, it is the steepest means takes the highest cost state into account, This is the improvisation of simple hill-climbing where the algorithm examines all the neighboring states near the current state, and then it selects the highest cost as the current state. Thus, it is faster than simple hill climbing. Simple Hill climbing Algorithm: Step 1: Initialize the initial state, then evaluate this with all neighbor states. If it is having the highest cost among neighboring states, then the algorithm stops and returns success. If not, then the initial state is assumed to be a current state. Step 2: Iterate the same procedure until the solution state is achieved. The initial state is assumed as the current state and is compared with all its neighboring states again. If the new current state is a desired or state, then the algorithm stops and returns success. Or If it is not, then it makes a new neighbor as its current state and again compares it with all possible neighboring states and finds a state with the highest cost among them and proceeds further. This iterative approach is continued until the solution or goal state is achieved.Step 3: Return success and exit. 3. Stochastic hill climbing This algorithm is another variant of a simple hill climbing algorithm. Stochastic does not evaluate with all the neighboring states to decide new which one to bea new state. Here the improvisation is random. It will select any of the neighbors to move forward. The question that arises here is why? To answer that, let’s see the above two algorithms; simple hill-climbing just interacts with the first neighbor and if it’s better assumes it as the current state, and if not, it will give a result and exit. On the other hand, the steepest hill climbing is a greedy algorithm, and chances are there it will also be stuck in some local optima. But the beauty of choosing random neighbors with high costs gives stochastic to avoid local optima. The steps of the algorithm are almost the same, but it randomly selects neighbors. State Space diagram for Hill Climbing edurekal The State-space diagram is a graphical representation of the set of states(input) our search algorithm can reach vs the value of our objective function(function we intend to maximise/minimise). Heres 1. The X-axis denotes the state space ie states or configuration our algorithm may reach.2. The Y-axis denotes the values of objective function corresponding to @ particular state. The best solution will be that state space where objective function has maximum value or global maxima. Following are the different regions in the State Space Diagrams © Local maxima: It is a state which is better than its neighbouring state however there exists a state which is better than it (global maximum). This state is better because here the value of the objective function is higher than its neighbours. © Global maxima: It is the best possible state i because at this state, objective function has the highest value. * Plateau/flat local maxima: It is a flat region of state space where neighbouring states have the same value. « Ridge: It isa region which is higher than its neighbour's but itself has a slope. It is a special kind of local ‘maximum. Current state: The region of state space diagram where we are currently present during the search. (Denoted by the highlighted circle in the given image.) He Cembey mag oten wb ¢ eg enikenst 7 Leta oflina , plateaux wv odgeg When in the state space diagram. This Us Holi share: Irtrote under etter Conds banoa abecda of comt 3 jas tur pl b/ Would be selected for further exploration: cal optima i plateaux / ridges Hill climbing s usually quit efficient in (he search for an na sito complex optimization problem, However, t may rup into trouble under certain ions, eB» existence of Local optima, plateaux, or ridges within the state space- aloptima, Often the state space of a maximization problem hasa peak that's higher than each of fahouring states but fower than the global maximum, Such ¢ Pam A called a local maximus aiarly a minimization problem may have local minima, Big, 11.32 shows @ ‘one-dimensional objec m anction containing local optima and plateau. Since the hil climbing procedure examines only «solutions in the Immediate neighborhood of the current solution It wil find no better solution once reaches a locally optimal state. As a result, there is a chance that the local optima, and not the global puna, 16 erroneously Identified as the solution of the problem. Global maxima ;Plateaux function f(x) | Local maxima Objective J \ J _—— 2. Problem of local optima and plateaux sa flat region inthe state space (Tig: 11 32) where the neighbouring states have the same value of the objective function as that of the current state, A plateau may exit at the peak, or asa shoulder, as shown In FIg- 11.32, In case itis. a peak, we have reached a local maximum and there is no chance of finding a beller state, However, fit Is a shoulder, it Is possible (o survive the plateau and continue the journey al0n8 the rising side of the plateau, Fig. 11.3% Plateaux, A plateau‘Ajsnoauey[nuis SUOH}I24IP quasayip ul aaoul ey cee ar0jaq sajna Texaaas Atdde 04 s} saSprz YIM Teap OF ABayers poos V YF SPISINO surod aM [JUN UOIaIIp sures ay} UT sdaqs zaqfews atqeMmoyre oe eee Avur am ‘dum( iq e Supyeut jo uojstaord ou st azenp Jf ~e2eds yorBas au} jo * © purl pue uoTpamp autos ur dum( 81q e ayeut Aeur au0 «neayeyd e adessa OL * se some Jo ‘Buysuosd se Oe eae ‘Sunsruord IST ynq uoHNPap JuasapIp B Buope Aouso! e aye) Woy) PUB 2721S snojAaid auros 0) SuPpemppeq YSnomp papprei aq eur eumdo yeoo] ye pms Bur Jo wroiqoid ayy, * “smo Aem ay} Jo wordizosap Jaraq & st axa} WoyeBOIe sura[qord ay} aazos 0} aayuRTeNs jou op Aayy Joy & djay soyyse} asayy y8noyj Jaaamoy “s21}9e} UTE}? 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