712 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

45. You cannot use Theorem 11.9 because f is not a differentiable function of x and y. So, we use the definition of directional
derivatives.
f ( x + t cos θ , y + t sin θ ) − f ( x, y )
Du f ( x, y ) = lim
t →0 t
  t   t    t  t  
f 0 +  , 0 +   − f (0, 0) 4 
 2  2  1  2  2  1  2t 2  2
Du f (0, 0) = lim  = lim   2  2   = lim  2  = lim which does not exist.
t →0 t t →0 t   t   t   t →0 t  t  t →0 t
  +  
  2   2  
 t t 
f 0 + ,0 + −2 1  2t 2 
If f (0, 0) = 2, then Du f (0, 0) = lim 
2 2
= lim  2 − 2 = 0
t →0 t t →0 t t
 
which implies that the directional derivative exists.

Section 11.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

1. F ( x, y, z ) = 3x − 5 y + 3 z − 15 = 0 5. z = x 2 + y 2 + 3, ( 2, 1, 8)
3 x − 5 y + 3 z = 15 Plane F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + 3 − z

2. F ( x, y, z ) = 36 − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 = 0 Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x Fy ( x, y, z ) = 2 y Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 36 Fx ( 2, 1, 8) = 4 Fy ( 2, 1, 8) = 2 Fz ( 2, 1, 8) = −1
Sphere, radius 6, centered at origin. 4( x − 2) + 2( y − 1) − 1( z − 8) = 0

3. F ( x, y , z ) = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 z 2 = 0 4x + 2 y − z = 2

4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 4 z 2 Elliptic cone y
6. f ( x, y ) = , (1, 2, 2)
x
4. F ( x, y, z ) = 16 x 2 − 9 y 2 + 36 z = 0 y
F ( x, y , z ) = − z
16 x 2 − 9 y 2 + 36 z = 0 Hyperbolic paraboloid x
y 1
Fx ( x, y , z ) = − Fy ( x, y , z ) = Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1
x2 x
Fx (1, 2, 2) = −2 Fy (1, 2, 2) = 1 Fz (1, 2, 2) = −1

−2( x − 1) + ( y − 2) − ( z − 2) = 0
−2 x + y − z + 2 = 0
2x − y + z = 2

7. z = x 2 + y 2 , (3, 4, 5)

F ( x, y , z ) = x2 + y 2 − z
x y
Fx ( x, y, z ) = Fy ( x, y, z ) = Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1
x2 + y2 x2 + y 2
3 4
Fx (3, 4, 5) = Fy (3, 4, 5) = Fz (3, 4, 5) = −1
5 5
3 4
( x − 3) + ( y − 4) − ( z − 5) = 0
5 5
3( x − 3) + 4( y − 4) − 5( z − 5) = 0
3x + 4 y − 5 z = 0

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines 713

8. g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , (1, −1, 2)
G ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 − z

Gx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x G y ( x, y , z ) = 2 y Gz ( x, y, z ) = −1

Gx (1, −1, 2) = 2 Gy (1, −1, 2) = −2 Gz (1, −1, 2) = −1

2( x − 1) − 2( y + 1) − 1( z − 2) = 0
2x − 2 y − z = 2

9. h( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 , (3, 4, ln 5)
1
H ( x, y , z ) = ln x2 + y2 − z = ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) − z
2
x y
H x ( x, y , z ) = H y ( x, y , z ) = H z ( x, y , z ) = −1
x2 + y2 x2 + y 2
3 4
H x (3, 4, ln 5) = H y (3, 4, ln 5) = H z (3, 4, ln 5) = −1
25 25
3 4
( x − 3) + ( y − 4) − ( z − ln 5) = 0
25 25
3( x − 3) + 4( y − 4) − 25( z − ln 5) = 0
3 x + 4 y − 25 z = 25(1 − ln 5)

10. F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 − 5 z 2 − 15, ( − 4, − 2, 1)

Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x Fx ( − 4, − 2, 1) = − 8
Fy ( x, y, z ) = 2 y Fy ( − 4, − 2, 1) = − 4
Fz ( x, y, z ) = −10 z Fz ( − 4, − 2,1) = −10

− 8( x + 4) − 4( y + 2) − 10( z − 1) = 0
8 x + 4 y + 10 z = − 32 − 8 + 10
4 x + 2 y + 5 z = −15

11. x + y + z = 9, (3, 3, 3) 12. x 2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 = 7, (1, −1, 2)

F ( x, y , z ) = x + y + z − 9
F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 − 7
Fx ( x, y , z ) = 1 Fy ( x, y , z ) = 1 Fz ( x, y , z ) = 1
Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x Fx (1, −1, 2) = 2
Fx (3, 3, 3) = 1 Fy (3, 3, 3) = 1 Fz (3, 3, 3) = 1 Fy ( x, y, z ) = 4 y Fy (1, −1, 2) = − 4
Direction numbers: 1, 1, 1 Fz ( x, y, z ) = 2 z Fz (1, −1, 2) = 4
(a) (x − 3) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 3) = 0 Direction numbers: 1, − 2, 2
x + y + z = 9 (same plane!)
(a) (x − 1) − 2( y + 1) + 2( z − 2) = 0
(b) Line: x − 3 = y − 3 = z − 3 x − 2 y + 2z = 7
x −1 y +1 z − 2
(b) = =
1 −2 2

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
714 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

13. z = x 2 − y 2 , (3, 2, 5)
F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 − y 2 − z

Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x Fy ( x, y, z ) = −2 y Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1
Fx (3, 2, 5) = 6 Fy (3, 2, 5) = −4 Fz (3, 2, 5) = −1

Direction numbers: 6, −4, −1

(a) 6( x − 3) − 4( y − 2) − ( z − 5) = 0
6x − 4 y − z = 5
x −3 y − 2 z −5
(b) = =
6 −4 −1

14. xyz = 10, (1, 2, 5)

F ( x, y, z ) = xyz − 10

Fx ( x, y, z ) = yz Fy ( x, y, z ) = xz Fz ( x, y, z ) = xy
Fx (1, 2, 5) = 10 Fy (1, 2, 5) = 5 Fz (1, 2, 5) = 2
Direction numbers: 10, 5, 2
(a) 10( x − 1) + 5( y − 2) + 2( z − 5) = 0, 10 x + 5 y + 2 z = 30

x −1 y − 2 z −5
(b) = =
10 5 2

15. z = ye 2 xy , (0, 2, 2)

F ( x, y, z ) = ye 2 xy − z

Fx ( x, y , z ) = 2 y 2e2 xy Fy ( x, y, z ) = (1 + 2 xy )e 2 xy Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1
Fx (0, 2, 2) = 8 Fy (0, 2, 2) = 1 Fz (0, 2, 2) = −1

Direction numbers: 8, 1, −1
(a) 8( x − 0) + ( y − 2) − ( z − 2) = 0
8x + y − z = 0
x y − 2 z − 2
(b) = =
8 1 −1

( )
16. y ln xz 2 = 2, (e, 2, 1)

F ( x, y, z ) = y[ln x + 2 ln z] − 2

y 2y
Fx ( x, y, z ) = Fy ( x, y, z ) = ln x + 2 ln z Fz ( x, y, z ) =
x z
2 Fz (e, 2, 1) = 4
Fx (e, 2, 1) = Fy (e, 2, 1) = 1
e
2
Direction numbers: , 1, 4
e
2
(a) ( x − e) + ( y − 2) + 4( z − 1) = 0
e
2
x + y + 4z = 8
e
x −e y −2 z −1
(b) = =
( 2 e) 1 4

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines 715

17. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2 G( x, y, z ) = x − z

∇F ( x, y, z ) = 2 xi + 2 yj ∇G( x, y, z ) = i − k

∇F (1, 1, 1) = 2i + 2 j ∇G(1, 1, 1) = i − k

i j k
∇F × ∇ G = 2 2 0 = −2i + 2 j − 2k = −2(i − j + k )
1 0 −1
Direction numbers: 1, −1, 1
Line: x = 1 + t , y = 1 − t , z = 1 + t

18. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + z 2 − 25 G ( x, y , z ) = y 2 + z 2 − 25
∇F = 2 xi + 2 zk ∇G = 2 yj + 2 zk
∇F (3, 3, 4) = 6i + 8k ∇G (3, 3, 4) = 6 j + 8k

i j k
∇F × ∇G = 6 0 8 = −48i − 48 j + 36k = −12( 4i + 4 j − 3k )
0 6 8
Direction numbers: 4, 4, −3
x = 3 + 4t , y = 3 + 4t , z = 4 − 3t

19. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 14 G( x, y, z ) = x − y − z

∇F ( x, y, z ) = 2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk ∇G( x, y, z ) = i − j − k

∇F (3, 1, 2) = 6i + 2 j + 4k ∇G(3, 1, 2) = i − j − k

i j k
∇F × ∇ G = 6 2 4 = 2i + 10 j − 8k = 2[i + 5 j − 4k ]
1 −1 −1
Direction numbers: 1, 5, − 4
x = 3 + t , y = 1 + 5t , z = 2 − 4t

20. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 − z G( x, y, z ) = x + y + 6 z − 33

∇F ( x, y, z ) = 2 xi + 2 yj − k ∇G( x, y, z ) = i + j + 6k

∇F (1, 2, 5) = 2i + 4 j − k ∇G(1, 2, 5) = i + j + 6k

i j k
∇F × ∇G = 2 4 −1 = 25i − 13 j − 2k
1 1 6
Direction numbers: 25, −13, −2
x = 1 + 25t , y = 2 − 13t , z = 5 − 2t

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
716 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

21. F ( x, y, z ) = 3 x 2 + 2 y 2 − z − 15, ( 2, 2, 5) 24. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − z

∇F ( x, y, z ) = 6 xi + 4 yj − k ∇F ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 x − y − 2)i + ( − x + 2 y − 2) j − k

∇F ( 2, 2, 5) = 12i + 8 j − k 2x − y − 2 = 0
−x + 2 y − 2 = 0
∇F ( 2, 2, 5) ⋅ k 1
cos θ = = y = 2 x − 2  − x + 2( 2 x − 2) − 2
∇F ( 2, 2, 5) 209
= 3x − 6 = 0  x = 2
 1 
θ = arccos  = 86.03° y = 2, z = −4
 209 
Point: ( 2, 2, −4)

22. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 − y 2 + z, (1, 2, 3) 25. F ( x, y, z ) = 5 xy − z

∇F ( x, y, z ) = 2 xi − 2 yj + k ∇F ( x, y, z ) = 5 yi + 5 xj − k
∇F (1, 2, 3) = 2i − 4 j + k 5y = 0

∇F (1, 2, 3) ⋅ k 5x = 0
1
cos θ = = x = y = z = 0
∇F (1, 2, 3) 21
1 Point: (0, 0, 0)
θ = arccos ≈ 77.40°
21
1 1
26. F ( x, y , z ) = xy + + − z
x y
23. F ( x, y , z ) = 3 − x 2 − y 2 + 6 y − z
 1  1 
∇F ( x, y, z ) = −2 xi + ( −2 y + 6) j − k ∇F ( x, y, z ) =  y − 2 i +  x − 2  j − k
 x   y 
−2 x = 0, x = 0
1
y =
−2 y + 6 = 0, y = 3 x2

z = 3 − 02 − 32 + 6(3) = 12 1
x = = x 4  x = 1, y = 1, z = 3
y2
(0, 3, 12) ( vertex of paraboloid)
Point: (1, 1, 3)

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines 717

27. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3 z 2 − 3, ( −1, 1, 0)

Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x Fy ( x, y, z ) = 4 y Fz ( x, y, z ) = 6 z
Fx ( −1, 1, 0) = −2 Fy ( −1, 1, 0) = 4 Fz ( −1, 1, 0) = 0

−2( x + 1) + 4( y − 1) + 0( z − 0) = 0
−2 x + 4 y = 6
−x + 2 y = 3

G( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6 x − 10 y + 14, ( −1, 1, 0)

Gx ( x , y , z ) = 2 x + 6 G y ( x, y, z ) = 2 y − 10 Gz ( x , y , z ) = 2 z
Gx ( −1, 1, 0) = 4 G y ( −1, 1, 0) = −8 Gz ( −1, 1, 0) = 0

4( x + 1) − 8( y − 1) + 0( z − 0) = 0
4 x − 8 y + 12 = 0
−x + 2 y = 3
The tangent planes are the same.

28. F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 12 y + 4 z + 42, ( 2, 3, −3)

Fx ( x, y , z ) = 2 x − 8 Fy ( x, y , z ) = 2 y − 12 Fz ( x, y, z ) = 2 z + 4
Fx ( 2, 3, −3) = −4 Fy ( 2, 3, −3) = −6 Fz ( 2, 3, −3) = −2

−4( x − 2) − 6( y − 3) − 2( z + 3) = 0
−4 x − 6 y − 2 z + 20 = 0
2 x + 3 y + z = 10

G( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 z − 7, ( 2, 3, −3)

Gx ( x , y , z ) = 2 x G y ( x, y , z ) = 2 y Gz ( x , y , z ) = 2
Gx ( 2, 3, −3) = 4 G y ( 2, 3, − 3) = 6 Gz ( x , y , z ) = 2

4( x − 2) + 6( y − 3) + 2( z + 3) = 0
4 x + 6 y + 2 z − 20 = 0
2 x + 3 y + z = 10
The tangent planes are the same.

29. (a) F ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy 2 − z, F (1, 1, 2) = 2 − 2 = 0

G( x, y, z ) = 8 x 2 − 5 y 2 − 8 z + 13, G(1, 1, 2) = 8 − 5 − 16 + 13 = 0

So, (1, 1, 2) lies on both surfaces.

(b) ∇F = 2 y 2i + 4 xyj − k , ∇F (1, 1, 2) = 2i + 4 j − k

∇G = 16 xi − 10 yj − 8k , ∇G(1, 1, 2) = 16i − 10 j − 8k

∇F ⋅ ∇G = 2(16) + 4( −10) + ( −1)( −8) = 0

The tangent planes are perpendicular at (1, 1, 2).

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
718 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

30. (a) F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4 z − 12

F (1, −2, 1) = 0

G ( x, y , z ) = 4 x 2 + y 2 + 16 z 2 − 24
G (1, − 2, 1) = 0

So, (1, −2, 1) lies on both surfaces.

(b) ∇F = ( 2 x + 2)i + ( 2 y − 4) j + ( 2 z − 4)k

∇F (1, −2, 1) = 4i − 8 j − 2k
∇G = 8 xi + 2 yj + 32 zk
∇G(1, −2, 1) = 8i − 4 j + 32k
∇F ⋅ ∇G = 32 + 32 − 64 = 0
The planes are perpendicular at (1, −2, 1).

31. Not necessarily. The gradients only need to be parallel. 34. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 4 y 2 − z 2 − 1

32. For a sphere, the common object is the center of the ∇F = 2 xi + 8 yj − 2 zk
sphere. For a right circular cylinder, the common object
The normal to the plane, n = i + 4 j − k
is the axis of the cylinder.
must be parallel to ∇ F .
33. F ( x, y , z ) = 3 x 2 + y 2 + 3 z 2 − 1 t
So, 2x = t  x =
∇F = 6 xi + 2 yj + 6 zk 2
t
The normal vector to the plane is − 6i + j + 3k. 8 y = 4t  y =
2
This normal vector is parallel to ∇ F . t
−2 z = −t  z =
6 x = − 6t  x = − t 2
t t2 t2
2y = t  y = x2 + 4 y2 − z 2 = + t2 − = t 2 = 1  t = ±1.
2 4 4
t
6 z = 3t  z = 1 1 1  1 1 1
2 Two points:  , ,  (t = 1) and  − , − , − 
2 2 2  2 2 2
t2 3t 2 (t = −1)
3 x 2 + y 2 + 3 z 2 = 3t 2 + + =1
4 4
1 35. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 − 9
 16t 2 = 4  t = ±
2
∇F = 2 xi + 8 yj + 2 zk
 1 1 1 1 1 1
There are two points:  − , ,  and  , − , − . This normal vector is parallel to the line with direction
 2 4 4  2 4 4
number −4, 8, − 2.
So, 2 x = −4t  x = −2t
8 y = 8t  y = t
2 z = −2t  z = −t
x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 − 9 = 4t 2 + 4t 2 + t 2 − 9
= 0  t
= ±1
There are two points on the ellipse where the tangent
plane is perpendicular to the line:
(−2, 1, −1) (t = 1)
(2, −1, 1) (t = −1)

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines 719

4 xy
36. z = f ( x, y ) = , − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3
( x + 1)( y 2 + 1)
2

4 xy
(a) Let F ( x, y, z ) = − z
( )(
x + 1 y2 + 1
2
)
    4 y(1 − x 2 ) 4 x(1 − y 2 )
4 y  x2 + 1 − 2 x2  4x  y2 + 1 − 2 y2 
∇F ( x, y, z ) = i + 2 j−k = i + j−k
y + 1 ( x 2 + 1) 
2 2
x + 1 ( y 2 + 1) 
2
( y 2
+ 1)( x 2
+ 1)
2
( x 2
+ 1)( y 2
+ 1)
2
   
∇F (1, 1, 1) = −k

Direction numbers: 0, 0, −1
Line: x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 − t

Tangent plane: 0( x − 1) + 0( y − 1) − 1( z − 1) = 0  z = 1

 4 −4( −3) 6
(b) ∇F  −1, 2, −  = 0i + j−k = j−k
(2)(5)
2
 5 25

6 4
Line: x = −1, y = 2 + t, z = − − t
25 5

( y − 2) − 1 z +  = 0
6 4
Plane: 0( x + 1) +
25  5 
6 y − 12 − 25 z − 20 = 0
6 y − 25 z − 32 = 0

y2
37. f ( x, y ) = 6 − x 2 − , g ( x, y ) = 2 x + y
4
y2
F ( x, y , z ) = z + x 2 + −6 G ( x, y , z ) = z − 2 x − y
4

1
∇F ( x, y , z ) = 2 xi + yj + k ∇G( x, y, z ) = −2i − j + k
2
∇F (1, 2, 4) = 2i + j + k ∇G(1, 2, 4) = −2i − j + k
The cross product of these gradients is parallel to the curve of intersection.
i j k
∇F (1, 2, 4) × ∇G (1, 2, 4) = 2 1 1 = 2i − 4 j
−2 −1 1
Using direction numbers 1, − 2, 0, you get x = 1 + t , y = 2 − 2t , z = 4.
∇F ⋅ ∇G −4 − 1 + 1 −4
cos θ = = =  θ ≈ 48.2°
∇F ∇G 6 6 6

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
720 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
38. F ( x, y, z ) = 2
+ 2 + 2 −1 39. F ( x, y , z ) = 2
+ 2 − 2 −1
a b c a b c
2x 2x
Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 Fx ( x, y , z ) =
a a2
2y
Fy ( x, y, z ) = 2 2y
b Fy ( x, y , z ) =
b2
2z
Fz ( x, y, z ) = 2 −2 z
c Fz ( x, y , z ) =
c2
2 x0 2y 2z
Plane: ( x − x0 ) + 20 ( y − y0 ) + 20 ( z − z0 ) = 0 2 x0 2y 2z
2 (
a2 b c Plane: x − x0 ) + 20 ( y − y0 ) − 0 ( z − z0 ) = 0
a b c2
x0 x y y z z x2 y2 z2
2
+ 02 + 02 = 02 + 02 + 02 = 1 x0 x y y z z x2 y2 z2
a b c a b c + 02 − 02 = 02 + 02 − 02 = 1
2
a b c a b c

40. F ( x, y, z ) = a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 − z 2

Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2a 2 x

Fy ( x, y , z ) = 2b 2 y

Fz ( x, y, z ) = −2 z

Plane: 2a 2 x0 ( x − x0 ) + 2b 2 y0 ( y − y0 ) − 2 z0 ( z − z0 ) = 0
a 2 x0 x + b 2 y0 y − z0 z = a 2 x02 + b 2 y02 − z02 = 0
So, the plane passes through the origin.

41. f ( x, y ) = e x − y

f x ( x, y ) = e x − y , f y ( x, y ) = −e x − y

f xx ( x, y ) = e x − y , f yy ( x, y ) = e x − y , f xy ( x, y ) = −e x − y

(a) P1 ( x, y ) ≈ f (0, 0) + f x (0, 0) x + f y (0, 0) y = 1 + x − y

(b) P2 ( x, y ) ≈ f (0, 0) + f x (0, 0) x + f y (0, 0) y + 1 f

2 xx (0, 0) x 2 + f xy (0, 0) xy + 1 f
2 yy (0, 0) y 2 = 1 + x − y + 12 x 2 − xy + 1 y2
2

(c) If x = 0, P2 (0, y ) = 1 − y + 1 y 2 . This

2
is the second-degree Taylor polynomial for e − y .

If y = 0, P2 ( x, 0) = 1 + x + 1 x 2 . This
2
is the second-degree Taylor polynomial for e x .
(d) f
x y f ( x, y ) P1 ( x, y ) P2 ( x, y ) z
P2

0 0 1 1 1 P1 4
−2 −2
0 0.1 0.9048 0.9000 0.9050
1
2
0.2 0.1 1.1052 1.1000 1.1050 x −2
2
−4 y
0.2 0.5 0.7408 0.7000 0.7450
1 0.5 1.6487 1.5000 1.6250

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.7 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 721

42. Given z = f ( x, y ), then:

F ( x, y , z ) = f ( x, y ) − z = 0
∇F ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = f x ( x0 , y0 )i + f y ( x0 , y0 ) j − k
∇F ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) ⋅ k
cos θ =
∇F ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) k
−1
=
2 2
 f x ( x0 , y0 ) +  f y ( x0 , y0 ) + ( −1)
2

1
=
2 2
 f x ( x0 , y0 ) +  f y ( x0 , y0 ) + 1

Section 11.7 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables

1. g ( x, y) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 3) ≥ 0
2 2
2. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + 1 ≥ 1

Relative minimum: (1, 3, 0) Relative minimum: (0, 0, 1)

Check: g x = 2( x − 1) = 0  x = 1 x
Check: f x = = 0  x = 0
g y = 2( y − 3) = 0  y = 3 x + y2 + 1
2

y
g xx = 2, g yy = 2, g xy = 0, d = ( 2)( 2) − 0 = 4 > 0 fy = = 0  y = 0
x + y2 + 1
2

At the critical point (1, 3), d > 0 and g xx > 0  relative y2 + 1

f xx =
minimum at (1, 3, 0).
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32

x2 + 1
f yy =
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32

− xy
f xy =
(x + y 2 + 1)
32
2

At the critical point (0, 0), f xx > 0 and

f xx f yy − ( f xy ) > 0.
2

So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.

3. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y + 6 = ( x + 1) + ( y − 3) − 4 ≥ − 4
2 2

Relative minimum: ( −1, 3, − 4)

Check: f x = 2 x + 2 = 0  x = −1
fy = 2y − 6 = 0  y = 3
f xx = 2, f yy = 2, f xy = 0

At the critical point ( −1, 3), f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) > 0. So, ( −1, 3, − 4) is a relative minimum.
2

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
722 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

4. f ( x, y ) = − x 2 − y 2 + 10 x + 12 y − 64

= −( x 2 − 10 x + 25) − ( y 2 − 12 y + 36) + 25 + 36 − 64 = −( x − 5) − ( y − 6) − 3 ≤ −3
2 2

Relative maximum: (5, 6, − 3)

Check: f x = −2 x + 10 = 0  x = 5
f y = −2 y + 12 = 0  y = 6
f xx = −2, f yy = −2, f xy = 0, d = ( −2)( −2) − 0 = 4 > 0

At critical point (5, 6), d > 0 and f xx < 0  relative maximum at (5, 6, − 3).

5. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 12 y − 3

f x = 2 x + 8 = 0
 x = − 4, y = 6
f y = 2 y − 12 = 0

f xx = 2, f yy = 2, f xy = 0

d = ( 2)( 2) − 0 = 4 > 0

At the critical point ( − 4, 6), d > 0 and f xx > 0  ( − 4,6, − 55) is a relative minimum.

6. f ( x, y ) = − 2 x 4 y 4

f x = − 8 x3 y 4 = 0
 x = 0 or y = 0
f y = − 8 x 4 y 3 = 0
Every point along the x-axis or y-axis is a critical point.
f xx = − 24 x 2 y 4
f yy = − 24 x 4 y 2
f xy = − 32 x3 y 3
d = 0 at every critical number.
f = 0 for all critical points, which are relative maxima.
For all other points xy ≠ 0, f ( x, y ) < 0.

7. f ( x, y ) = 7 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 7 x + 16 y − 13 8. f ( x, y ) = z = x 2 + xy + 1
2
y2 − 2x + y

f x = 14 x − 7 = 0 1 f x = 2 x + y − 2 = 0 Solving simultaneously

 x = , y = −4 
f y = x + y + 1 = 0  yields x = 3, y = −4
f y = 4 y + 16 = 0 2
f xx = 14, f yy = 4, f xy = 0 f xx = 2, f yy = 1, f xy = 1, d = 2(1) − 1 = 1 > 0.

1  At the critical point (3, − 4), d > 0

d = (14)( 4) − 0 > 0 and f x  , − 4  > 0.
 2 
and f xx > 0  (3, − 4, − 5) is a relative minimum.
1 −187 
So,  , − 4,  is a relative minimum.
2 4 

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.7 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 723

14. f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) ( y + 4) ≥ 0
2 2
9. f ( x, y ) = − 4( x 2 + y 2 + 81)
14

(a) f x = 2( x − 1)( y + 4) = 0 critical points:

2
For x = y = 0, f (0, 0) = − 4(81)
14
= −12. 
f y = 2( x − 1) ( y + 4) = 0 (1, a ) and (b, − 4)
2

For all other ( x, y) values, f ( x, y ) < −12.

(b) f xx = 2( y + 4)
2
So, (0, 0, −12) is a relative maximum and (0, 0) is the
f yy = 2( x − 1)
2
only critical point.
f xy = 4( x − 1)( y + 4)
10. f ( x, y ) = x − xy − y − 3 x − y
2 2
At both (1, a) and (b, − 4), f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = 0.
2

fx = 2x − y − 3 = 0
Because f ( x, y ) ≥ 0, there are absolute minima at
f y = −x − 2 y − 1 = 0
(1, a, 0) and (b, − 4, 0).
Solving simultaneously yields x = 1, y = −1.
(c) Test fails at (1, a) and (b, − 4).
f xx = 2, f yy = −2, f xy = −1

d = ( 2)( −2) − ( −1) = −5 < 0

2

At the critical point (1, −1), d < 0  (1, −1, −1) is a

saddle point.

11. f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (9)( 4) − 62 = 0
2

Insufficient information.

12. f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −9)(6) − 102 < 0

2

f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).

13. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 3

(a) f x = 3x 2 = 0 
x = y = 0
f y = 3 y 2 = 0

Critical point: (0, 0)

(b) f xx = 6 x, f yy = 6 y, f xy = 0

At (0, 0), f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = 0.
2

(0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.

(c) Test fails at (0, 0) .

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
724 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

15. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 4 xy + 5, R = {( x, y): 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2}

f x = 2 x − 4 y = 0
 x = y = 0 (not in region R)
f y = −4 x = 0 
y

4
Along y = 0, 1 ≤ x ≤ 4: f = x 2 + 5, f (1, 0) = 6, f ( 4, 0) = 21. 3

2
Along y = 2, 1 ≤ x ≤ 4: f = x − 8 x + 5, f ′ = 2 x − 8 = 0
2
1
f (1, 2) = −2, f ( 4, 2) = −11.
x
−1 1 2 3 4
Along x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2: f = −4 y + 6, f (1, 0) = 6, f (1, 2) = −2. −1

Along x = 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2: f = 21 − 16 y, f ( 4, 0) = 21, f ( 4, 2) = −11.

So, the maximum is ( 4, 0, 21) and the minimum is ( 4, 2, −11).

16. f ( x, y ) = 12 − 3x − 2 y has no critical points. On the line y = x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, y

f ( x, y ) = f ( x) = 12 − 3x − 2( x + 1) = −5 x + 10 3
y=x+1

and the maximum is 10, the minimum is 5. On the line y = −2 x + 4, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 2 (1, 2)

y = − 2x + 4
f ( x, y ) = f ( x) = 12 − 3x − 2( −2 x + 4) = x + 4 1 (0, 1)

(2, 0)
and the maximum is 6, the minimum is 5. On the line y = − 12 x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
x
1 2 3

y=− 1x +1
f ( x, y ) = f ( x) = 12 − 3 x − 2( − 12 x + 1) = −2 x + 10
2

and the maximum is 10, the minimum is 6.

Absolute maximum: 10 at (0, 1)

Absolute minimum: 5 at (1, 2)

17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 , R = {( x, y): x ≤ 2, y ≤ 1}
y

2
f x = 2 x + 2 y = 0
 y = −x
f y = 2 x + 2 y = 0
x
−1 1
f ( x, − x ) = x 2 − 2 x 2 + x 2 = 0

Along y = 1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, −2

f = x 2 + 2 x + 1, f ′ = 2 x + 2 = 0  x = −1, f ( −2, 1) = 1, f ( −1, 1) = 0, f ( 2, 1) = 9.

Along y = −1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2,

f = x 2 − 2 x + 1, f ′ = 2 x − 2 = 0  x = 1, f ( −2, −1) = 9, f (1, −1) = 0, f ( 2, −1) = 1.

Along x = 2, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, f = 4 + 4 y + y 2 , f ′ = 2 y + 4 ≠ 0.

Along x = −2, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, f = 4 − 4 y + y 2 , f ′ = 2 y − 4 ≠ 0.

So, the maxima are f ( −2, −1) = 9 and f ( 2, 1) = 9, and the minima are f ( x, − x) = 0, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.8 Lagrange Multipliers 725

18. f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + ( y − 3) + ( z + 1) ≥ 0
2 2

fx = 2x = 0 

f y = 2( y − 3) = 0 Solving yields the critical point (0, 3, −1).
f z = 2( z + 1) = 0 

Absolute minimum: 0 at (0, 3, −1)

2
19. f ( x, y , z ) = 9 −  x( y − 1)( z + 2) ≤ 9

The absolute maximum value of f is 9, and realized at all points where x( y − 1)( z + 2) = 0.

So, the critical points are of the form (0, a, b), (c, 1, d ), (e, f , − z )

where a, b, c, d , e, f are real numbers.

20. d = f xx f yy − f xy 2 = ( 2)(8) − f xy 2 = 16 − f xy 2 > 0 24. False. Consider f ( x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 .

 f xy 2 < 16  −4 < f xy < 4 Then f x (0, 0) = f y (0, 0) = 0, but (0, 0, 0) is a saddle

point.
21. d = f xx f yy − f xy 2 < 0 if f xx and f yy have opposite
25. False. Let f ( x, y ) = x 2 y 2 (See Example 4 on page 944).
signs. So, ( a, b, f ( a, b)) is a saddle point. For example,
consider f ( x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 and ( a, b) = (0, 0). 26. False.

22. A is an absolute maximum. Let f ( x, y ) = x 4 − 2 x 2 + y 2 .

B is an absolute minimum. Relative minima: ( ±1, 0, −1)
C is neither.
Saddle point: (0, 0, 0)
23. False.
Let f ( x, y ) = 1 − x − y .

(0, 0, 1) is a relative maximum, but f x (0, 0) and

f y (0, 0) do not exist.

Section 11.8 Lagrange Multipliers

1. Maximize f ( x, y ) = xy 2. Minimize f ( x, y ) = 2 x + y
Constraint: x + y = 10 Constraint: xy = 32
∇f = λ ∇ g ∇f = λ ∇ g

yi + xj = λ (i + j) 2i + j = λ yi + λ xj
2 = λy  y = 2 λ
y = λ
 1 = λx  x = 1 λ
x = λ x = y = 5
x + y = 10 xy = (1 λ )( 2 λ ) = 2 λ 2 = 32

f (5, 5) = 25 λ 2 = 1 16
λ = 1 4, x = 4, y = 8
f ( 4, 8) = 16

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.