TEXTBOOK BHS INGGRIS 1 TPB Part 2 BARU

8.
ASTRONOMY
Learning Objectives:
After completing this unit, students are expected to be able to:
1. know the words in the reading passage connected to the study of life in the
outer space.
2. apply the words in context correctly
3. understand and correctly answer different types of questions in the reading
passage such as the main idea, detail, reference, inference, and vocabulary
questions
4. build sentences using the key words related to the topic
1. WARM-UP
Discuss these questions with a partner.
1. Have you recently seen a movie or TV show about space? Describe it.
2. Do you think life exists on other planets? Why or why not?
3. Do you think governments should spend a lot of money on space travel and research?
Why or why not?
2. BEFORE YOU READ

A. Labeling. Using the spaces below, label the numbered items in the pictures with the
words from the text.
1. ………………… 2. ……………………. 3. …………………… 4. ………………………..
5. ………………. 6. ……………………. 7. …………………… 8. ……………………….
The Hubble Telescope gets its name from astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953).
Since 1990, the Hubble Telescope has been sending images from space to Earth.
It has sent pictures of the eight planets in our solar system. It has shown us how
stars (like our sun) are born and die. It has also sent pictures of other planets and
stars in our galaxy, such as NGC 4414, pictured above. With the Hubble
Telescope, we have looked deep into space and have learned more about it and
ourselves.
B. Predict. Read the first paragraph on the next page. Answer the questions below. Then
read the whole passage to check your ideas.
36
1. What do Shostak and Barnett think?
a. We might soon communicate with beings from space.
b. We will probably never find intelligent life outside Earth.
c. We have probably already contacted beings from space.
2. What is one possible reason for Shostak and Barnett’s opinion?
< LIFE BEYOND EARTH ? >

1 Is there intelligent life on other planets? For years, scientists
Did you know?
said “no,” or “ we don’t know.” But today this is changing.
Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are astronomers. They
 In 2007, scientists in
believe intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe.
Chile discovered the
5 They also think we will soon contact these beings. most Earth-like
planet ever, Called
Why do Shostak and Barnett think intelligent life exists on Gliese 581c, it is
other planets? The first reason is time. Scientists believe the about 20 light-years
universe is about 12 billion years old. This is too long, say away from Earth.
Shostak and Barnett, for only one planet in the entire
10 universe to have intelligent life. The second reason is the  The Hubble
size—the universe is huge. Tools like the Hubble Telescope Telescope has
“have shown that there are at least 100 billion ….. galaxies,” shown that there are
says Shostak. And our galaxy, the Milky Way, has at least billions of galaxies.
100 billion stars. Some planets circling these stars might be
15 similar to Earth.
Looking for intelligent life

Until recently, it was difficult to search for signs of intelligent
life in the universe. But now, powerful telescope allow
scientists to identify smaller planets—the size of Mars or
Earth—in other solar systems. These planets might have
20 intelligent life.
Making Contact
Have beings from space already visited Earth? Probably
not, says Shostak. The distance between planets is too
 This radio telescope
great. Despite this, intelligent beings might eventually
in Canberra,
25 contact us using other methods, such as radio signals. In
Australia, is one of
fact, they may be trying to communicate with us now, but we the three that form
don’t have the right tools to receive their messages. But this NASA’s Deep Space
is changing, says Shostak. By 2025, we could make contact Network. The other
with other life forms in our universe.
37
3. READING COMPREHENSION
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question
1. What is the main purpose of this reading?
a. to explain how life started on Earth
b. to explain the beliefs of two scientists
c. to show how telescopes work
d. to describe what life on other planets might look like
2. What would be a good title for the second paragraph?

a. Earth: The Only Planet with Intelligent Life
b. The Age and Size of the Universe
c. Our Galaxy: The Milky Way
d. Why Intelligent Life Might Exist
3. Why was it harder to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe in the
universe in the past?
a. Planets used to be farther apart.
b. We did not have the right tools.
c. We could only see smaller planets from Earth.
d. all of the above.
4. What kinds of planets are most likely to have intelligent life?

a. smaller planets in our solar system
b. smaller planets in other solar systems
c. larger planets in our solar system
d. larger planets in other solar systems
5. In line 29, what does “life forms” refer to?

a. message c. intelligent beings
b. radio signals d. planets
B. Summary. Complete the diagram below with words from the reading.
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4. VOCABULARY PRACTICE
A. Completion. Complete the information with words from the box. One word is
extra.
allow powerful identify searching for messages

tools exist faraway planet galaxy
Does life 1.__________ on other planets? To answer this question,

scientists are using different methods. Some use 2.__________ radio
telescopes. Using these, they hope to get 3.__________ from intelligent life
on 4.___________ planets.
Other scientists are also 5.__________ life in and outside our solar system.
But these scientists aren’t only looking for intelligent (human-like) life. They
want to 6.__________ any kind of living thing on other planets. To do this,
these scientists use special 7.__________ that test whether any kind of life
exists on the 8.____________.
B. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the best answer.

1. We measure distance in ___.
a. kilometers b. kilograms
2. If exercise allows you to relax, it makes it ___ for you to relax
a. possible b. difficult
3. If you contact someone, you communicate with him or her ___
a. in person b. by phone, email, etc.
4. If you have lived in a place your entire life, you have lived there ___ of your
life.
a. some b. all
5. The moon circles the Earth. This means the moon goes ___ the Earth.
a. around b. above
5. SENTENCE BUILDING
Make one sentence using the word(s) given on each item. The sentence must be at least
five (5) words long.
1. galaxy / solar system

____________________________________________________________________
2. telescope / launch
____________________________________________________________________
3. space ship / Earth
____________________________________________________________________
4. circle / Sun
____________________________________________________________________
5. signal / extraterrestrial
____________________________________________________________________
39
9. LEGENDS AND BIOGRAPHY
1. know the words in the reading passage connected to the history and
legends of female figures.
2. use the words in the right context
questions
4. build relevant, rational, and grammatically correct sentences using the key
words related to the topic
1. WARM UP
1. Who were the first people in your country? Are there any stories or legends
about them?
2. What stories or legends do you know from other countries?
3. Why do you think people like to listen to stories?
2. BEFORE YOU READ

A. Matching. Look at the information below. Match the words with the definitions
(1—4).
1. ________ to give something to someone and receive something in return
2. ________ group of people with the same language, customs, and traditions
3. ________ trip or journey to explore or discover something
4. ________ person that is part of a group, e.g., of a tribe
Real-Life Legend
More than 200 years ago, Meriwether The group traveled from St.
Lewis and William Clark led a group of Louis to the Pacific Ocean.
European-Americans on an expedition They traded with Native
to explore the western part of North American people to get food,
America. and they used a compass
(top right) to find their way.
Lewis kept a journal (left) of

the expedition. In it, he wrote The woman’s name was
about a Native American Sacagawea, and she came from
woman who became a the Shoshone tribe. Today there
member of the expedition in are many statues of her, and her
1805. face is on an American coin
B. Predict. Read the first sentence of each (below right).
paragraph on the next page.
Check (V)
the information you think you’ll read about. Then read the passage to check
your answers.
40
1. How Sacagawea helped the expedition
2. How Sacagawea died
3. How people remember Sacagawea today
Who Was Sacagawea?

1 There are more statues of her than of any other
American woman. Her face is represented on a U.S.
one-dollar coin. Clearly, she was an important
person in U.S. history. But what do we know about
5 the identity of the real Sacagawea?
Sacagawea was part of a Native American tribe

called the Shoshone. At the age of 11, she was
taken away by the Hidatsa people. She was living
among the Hidatsa when Meriwether Lewis and
10 William Clark met her in 1804. Lewis and Clark were
mapmakers. They were exploring the land in the
west. Sacagawea spoke two different Native
American languages, so they asked her to travel with
them.
15 Sacagawea soon became an important member of

the expedition. On May 14,1805, a strong storm We know she was a teenage
mother and could speak several
tipped over one of the boats. Sacagawea was able
languages. But much of
to reach many of the maps and other items in the Sacagawea’s life remains a
water. Her quick actions saved important knowledge mystery.
20 from being lost.
Sacagawea helped Lewis and Clark find a way

across the mountains to the Pacific. She helped
them make peace with Native Americans. She also
took care of her baby son.
25 Today, a Native American woman named Amy

Mossett teaches people about Sacagawea’s life. At
the site of an old Hidatsa village, Mosset says, “This
is where I feel closest to Sacagawea.” Sacagawea
died when she was about 25. Two hundred years
30 later, she is remembered as an important woman in
U.S. history.
One of the statues of Sacagawea.
41
3. READING
ING COMPREHENSION
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.
1. The reading is mainly about __________.
a. Why Sacagawea was able to speak several Native American languages
b. Why Sacagawea was in important woman in American history
c. Why Lewis and Clark went on an expedition to the west
d. Why Sacagawea left the Lewis and Clark expedition
2. Which sentence about Sacagawea

Sacag is NOT true?
a. Sacagawea was part of the Shoshone tribe.
b. Sacagawea lived with the Hidatsa tribe after she turned 11.
c. Sacagawea asked Lewis and Clark to take her on the expedition
d. Sacagawea took her child with her on the expedition.
3. Which person was NOT part of the expedition?

a. Sacagawea c. William Clark
b. Meriwether Lewis d. Amy Mossett
4. The word “tipped

tipped” (line 17)) could be replaced with _________.
a. looked c. kept
b. opened d. turned
5. The phrase “II feel closest to Sacagawea”

Sacagawea (line 28) is closest in meaning to
__________.
a. I can see Sacagawea b. I look like Sacagawea
b. I talk about Sacagawea c. I understand Sacagawea
B. Sequencing. Match the phrases (a—f) to the events on the timeline.

a. is taken her people d. lives as member of the Shoshone
b. dies aged about 25 e. meets Lewis and Clark
c. save maps and other items f. Reaches the Pacific
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A. Completion. Complete the information with words from the box. One word is
extra.
knowledge represented female village land

tombs ago ruled legends site
The Woman Who Was A King

On the west of Egypt’s Nile River is a small ancient 1._____________ where
thousands of workmen once lived. There were the people who helped build the
2._____________ of Egypt’s late leaders. Nearby is the 3._____________ of one of
Egypt’s most magnificent buildings—the temple of Hatshepsut, Egypt’s greatest
4._____________ leader.
There are many stories and 5._____________ about Hatshepsut, but much of her life
is a mystery. “Nobody can know what she was like,” says Catherine Roehrig, author of
Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. But from the historical records, we do know that
Hatshepsut was a strongleader. “She ruled for 20 years because she was capable of
making things work,” says Roehrig.
Much of our 6._____________ of Hatshepsut comes from statues and images created
3,500 years 7._____________. In many of these, she is 8._____________ as a man
wearing male clothing and a false beard. It seems that, although Hatshepsut was a
woman, she 9._____________ the land of Egypt as a king.
B. Completion. Complete the information with words from the box. One word is
extra.
among clearly different identify knowledge

land body archeologist found finds
Mystery of the Missing Mummy

For years, archeologists had no 1._____________ of what happened to Hatshepsut
after her death. When 2._____________ Howard Carter found Hatshepsut’s tomb in
1902, he discovered many of the queen’s items, but her 3._____________ (or
“mummy”) was missing. What happened to it? More than 80 years later, the question
was answered. In 1989, archeologists began studying a 4._____________ tomb called
KV60, which was close to Hatshepsut’s. The body of a woman was found in the tomb,
but no one was sure of her 5._____________. In 2006, archeologist Dr. Zahi Hawass
decided to send the mummy for a CT scan. The scan showed the woman was missing
a tooth. In Hatshepsut’s tomb, a tooth had been 6.__________ inside a royal box. The
royal tooth was a close match for the mystery woman’s missing tooth. The study
showed that the woman was 7._____________ the lost queen. According to Dr.
Hawass, the discovery of Hatshepsut’s mummy is 8.____________ the most important
9.____________ in the history of Egypt.
43
Make one sentence using word(s) given on each item. The sentence must be at
least five (5) words long.
1. tribe / America
_______________________________________________________________
2. mummy / Egypt
_______________________________________________________________
3. history / queen
_______________________________________________________________
4. explore / languages
_______________________________________________________________
5. expedition / remote
_______________________________________________________________
6. tomb / Pharaoh
_______________________________________________________________
7. ruled / death
_______________________________________________________________
44
10. HISTORY OF THE SILK
1. know the words in the reading passage connected to the history of fashion
manufacture.
questions
1. WARM UP
1. Do you know any famous fashion designers?
2. Where in your country or city can you see people wearing interesting clothes?
3. When was the last time you bought clothes or shoes? What did you buy?
4. What type of fabric do you like the most? Jeans, cotton, leather, or silk?
2. BEFORE YOU READ

A. Completion. How much do you know about silk? Look at the pictures and
captions and complete the paragraph.
Silk comes from 1.___________, which aren’t really worms. They are
caterpillars. To become a moth, a silkworm first produces a long
2.___________, from its mouth. It uses this to make a 3.__________. We
then 4.___________ threads from the cocoons to make silk cloth.
B. Predict. Which country first used silk? Why do you think it has been popular
for so many years? Read to check your answers.
45
The Miracle of Silk
1 Silk. The word itself is beautiful. The story of silk starts
in China over 4,000 years ago. One legend says a
silkworm’s cocoon fell into a woman’s teacup. It then
opened into a single, unbroken thread. This was an
5 important discovery. The Chinese learned they could
use the cocoons to make cloth that was both beautiful
to look at and soft to touch.
Making silk was a protected secret in China for many

years. In other countries, silk was very rare and
10 valuable. Often it was worth more than gold. Legend
tells us that the secret finally got out when a princess
left China to go to India. In her hair, she secretly carried
Silk shoes on sale at
many silkworms.
a market in China
By the year 1 A.D., silk was sold as far west as Rome,

15 and all along the Silk Road, which connected China
with places in the Middle East and Mediterranean.
Eventually, around the year 300, silk also traveled from
China to Japan. Centuries later, in 1522, the Spanish
brought silkworms to Mexico.
20 Nowadays people around the world still make many

beautiful things from silk. But silk isn’t only beautiful. It
looks delicate, but it’s actually very strong. For
example, it has been used to make bicycle tires. And
some doctors even use silk threads in hospital
25 operations. Silk is also lightweight and warm. This
makes it great for clothes like winter jackets, pants, and
boots.
All of this from a little insect—the silkworm. That is the

miracle of silk.
a silk robe
46
1. This reading is mainly about _____________.
a. how silk is made
b. different types of silk
c. the history of silk
d. a Chinese legend
2. According to legend, how did people first learn about silk?

a. An Indian princess told people about it.
b. Someone found it on the Silk Road
c. A man from Rome brought it to China.
d. A silkworm’s cocoon fell into a woman’s teacup.
3. According to the passage, which sentence is NOT true?

a. Silk is very delicate.
b. A princess took silkworms to another country in her hair.
c. Sometimes doctors use silk in hospitals.
d. Silk can be comfortable to wear in cold weather.
4. In lines 9-10, it says, “In other countries, silk was very rare and valuable.
Often it was worth more than gold”. What does this mean?
a. You could only buy silk with gold
b. Silk was very expensive
c. Many people bought silk at that time.
d. In many countries, silk wasn’t very popular.
5. In line 22, we can change the word “actually” to _____________.

a. of course c. only
b. luckily d. in fact
B. Sequencing. Number the places, 1—5, in which people first used silk.
a. Rome ________
b. China ________
c. Mexico ________
d. Japan ________
e. India ________
A. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the best answer.
1. If something is valuable, it costs _____________ money.
a. very little b. much c. many
2. A jacket is a type of short ________________. You wear it to stay warm.

a. dress b. coat c. pants
3. A _____________ is an insect that can fly.

a. moth b. bird c. caterpillar
4. If something is unbroken, it is _____________.

a. in pieces b. continuous and complete c. not intact
47
B. Completion.. Complete the biography of Marco Polo using words from the box.
One word is extra.
rare cloth valuable nowadays discovery

legends worth Italy money was
Background
Marco Polo was from Venice, 1._________. In 1271, at
age 17, Marco went on a trip with his father and uncle
to China. 2.__________
__________, people often travel to
different places around the world. But in 1271, it was
3.__________, for people from Europe to visit Asia.
Life in China
After three years, the Polos reached China. There are
many 4.__________
__________, about Marco’s life there. One
story, probably true, is that while he 5._________ there
he met and worked ed for the Mongol leader, Kublai
Khan. While in China, Marco also made an interesting
6.___________: in many places in China, people used
paper 7.___________
___________ rather than gold to buy things.
That was not common in Europe.
The Return Home

After 17 years in China, Marco and his family finally returned to Venice. The Polos
brought with them silk 8._________________, jewels, and spices, which were
9.____________ a lot of money.
1. silk / industry
____________________________________________________________________
2. valuable / fabric
____________________________________________________________________
3. worth / women
____________________________________________________________________
4. surgery / silk
____________________________________________________________________
5. delicate / warm
____________________________________________________________________
48
11. ENVIRONMENT
1. know the words in the reading passage connected to the study of animal life
in the Antarctica.
questions
1. WARM UP
1. What’s your favorite animal? Why?
2. What animals are special to people
in your country?
3. Do you think animals have similar
feelings to humans? Why do you think so?
2. BEFORE YOU READ

A. Quiz. What do you know about emperor penguins? Circle T (True) or F (False)
for the sentences below. Then check your answers at the bottom of the page.
1. The emperor penguins is one of five kinds of penguins in Antarctica. T F

2. After the mother penguin lays an egg, she walks to the ocean. T F
3. As soon as the egg hatches, the baby penguin walks to the ocean T F
4. Emperor penguins learn to fly when they’re about one year old. T F
B. Predict. Look quickly at the photos, title, and headings on the next page. Check
(V) the information you think you’ll read about. Then read the passage to check
your answers.
 adult penguins and their babies
 young penguins getting older
 global warming and penguins
49
A Penguin’s Year
1 Saturday, May 23: The penguin Couple

I’ve arrived at the colony—a community of about 3,000
penguins. I’m studying two emperor penguins. I call the
male “Scar” (because of a mark on his back) and the
5 female “Sunrise.” They walked over hundred kilometers
from the ocean to get here. Soon Sunrise will lay an
egg. Then she’ll walk back to the ocean to forage.
Tuesday, July 29: Sharing the Work

Penguins parents work together to raise a baby. For
10 two months, Scar has been keeping the egg warm. It’s
on top of his feet and under a special piece of skin
called the “brood patch.”
Sunrise returned yesterday, and the couple moved their

egg from Scar’s feet to hers. This is difficult for
15 penguins. If the egg falls, it can freeze quickly.
In this cold environment, Scar has lost almost half of his

body weight. He needs to reach the ocean soon to
catch and eat fish.
Wednesday, September 9: New Life

20 The baby has hatched! Scar returned yesterday. Now
it’s necessary for sunrise to go to the ocean again.
Monday, October 19: Growing Up

The parents have made several trips to the ocean for
food. The baby is growing quickly.
25 Sunday, December 27: Into the Water

The baby is now on its own. Soon it will enter the water
for the first time. It will swim and eat until next April, and
then return here. After a few more years, it too will start
its own family.
50
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best for answer for each question.
1. Another good title for this reading would be ____________.
a. A Study of a penguin Family
b. Penguins Around the World
c. The Future of Wildlife in Antarctica
d. The Life and Death of a Penguin
2. When does the male penguin care for the egg without the female?
a. from May to July
b. from July to September
c. from September to October
d. from October to December
3. The word “hers” (line 14) refers to____________.

a. her movement c. her feet
b. her egg d. her return
4. What will probably happen if the egg falls onto the ice?
a. The parents will not be able to find the egg.
b. The egg will break open and baby will fall out.
c. Another penguin will take the egg.
d. The baby in the egg will die because of the cold.
5. Another way to say “on its own” (line 26) would be_________.
a. staying with its parents
b. protecting its own egg
c. living without its parents
d. able to communicate
B. Completion. Complete the flow chart below. Fill in each blank with one
or two words from the reading.
From Egg to Baby Penguin

1. A baby penguin’s life begins when the mother penguin lays________.
2. Penguin parents keep the egg warm on top of their _________ under
a piece of ________.
3. It’s difficult to do, but penguin must ________ their egg from one parent’s
feet to the other’s without letting it _______.
4. While one penguin parent keeps the egg warm, the other parent walks
to ________ to eat.
5. When the egg hatches, the penguin parents see their ________ for the first
time.
51
A. Matching. Read the information below and match a definition (a-f) with one word from
the paragraph.
Siberian tigers grow to 3 meters (10 feet) in length and are

the largest tigers in the world. They have thick fur because
they live in a cold environment—the frozen forests of east
Asia. Each tiger has a special pattern of black and orange
marks on its fur. These make the tiger difficult to see when
it is hunting. Tigers generally like to live alone. Male tigers
leave their parents when they are still young. Most other
types of cats do not like to enter water, but tigers love to
swim.
a. father and mother ________

b. natural conditions around a person or thing ________
c. unusual; not like other kinds ________
d. go into (something) ________
e. become larger in size through natural development ________
f. soft dense coat covering an animal’s body ________
B. Completion. Complete the information with words from the

box. Two words are extra.
lay disappeared communities necessary medicines

catch environment special raised wild
By the 1940s, the Siberian tiger had almost 1.__________. Hunting had left only 40 tigers
living in the 2.__________. Today, there are about 500 Siberian tigers in Asia, but only a
few live in the wild. Most Siberian tigers today are 3._________ in zoos.
One problem is that in some Asian countries tiger body parts are used to make traditional
4.__________. Some people therefore 5._________ and kill tigers to sell their body parts.
Also, the Siberian tiger’s forest home is under pressure from tree-cutting. As trees are cut
down, the tiger’s hunting ground gets smaller. Many people believe it is 6.__________ to
create more laws to keep the tiger’s natural 7.__________ safe. Saving the tigers might
also help the people who live around the area. When tourists come to see the tigers, they
bring money and jobs to the local 8.___________.
1. lay egg / father

____________________________________________________________________
2. hatch / chicks
____________________________________________________________________
3. incubate / brood patch
____________________________________________________________________
4. forage / ocean
____________________________________________________________________
5. environment / freezing
____________________________________________________________________
52
12. MYSTERY
After completing this unit, students
stude are expected to be able to:
1. know the words connected to the crime and investigation
investigation.
2. apply the words in the right context
passage such as the main idea, detail, reference, and vocabulary questions
4. build sentences using the key words related to the topic that are relevant,
logical, and structurally/grammatically correct.
1. WARM UP
1. Where are the hottest places in the world? The coldest? The highest?
2. Why do you think some people like to visit these extreme places?
3. Would you like to visit any of these places? Why or why not?
Since 1953, more than 2.000

climbers from over 60 nations have
reached the summit of Everest, the
Mallory and Irvine, 1924
world’s highest mountain
2. BEFORE YOU READ

A. Completion. Complete the information with answers from the box. Two
answers are extra.
8,850 1953 India oxygen Nepal

cold rises land peak avalanches
The Everest’s ’s height is 1._____________ meters (29,035 feet). Each year, it

2._____________ by another 4 millimeters. The first people to reach the summit of
Everest were Tenzing Norgay (a Sherpa from 3._____________
3._____________) and Edmund Hillary
(from New Zealand), in 4.______________. Climbing Everest brings health risks.
Climbers can get frostbite, especially on their fingers and toes,
toes, because of the extreme
5.______________. Most Everest climbers carry critical equipment like 6._____________
tanks to help them breathe during the climb. Concerning the number of deaths on Everest,
it was reported that more than 7.______________ died mostly due to
8._______________, large amounts of snow falling down the mountain.
53
B. Predict. Look at the title and read the first paragraph of the reading. What do
you think happened to Mallory and Irvine? Read to check your ideas.
Mystery on Top of Everest

1 Were Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay really the
first people to reach the top of Mount Everest? Some
believe British climbers George Mallory and Andrew
Irvine reached the summit previously—in June 1924.
5 Unfortunately, this is hard to prove because both men
vanished on the mountain.
Recently a team of climbers visited Everest, hoping to

solve1 visit mystery. Near Everest’s First step, on the
way to the summit, the team found Mallory’s oxygen
10 tank—evidence that he and Irvine were near the top.
Close by, a member of the team, Conrad Anker,
discovered Mallory’s body.
When the team examined Mallory’s body, they found

items like a knife and matches, but no photos. Why is
15 this significant? Mallory carried a photo of his wife with
him. He planned to leave it at the top of Everest, if he
reached the summit.
Mountain climber Conrad
Did Mallory and Irvine achieve their goal and reach the top? Anker discovered Mallory’s
Probably not, say Anker. Here is why. body on May 1, 1999.
20 Difficult Path, Poor equipment

Mallory and Irvine were last seen near Everest’s Second
Step. This is a 27–meter (90-foot) wall of rock. Climbing this
section of Everest is extremely difficult, even with modern
climbing equipment. Without the right tools, it is doubtful
25 Mallory and Irvine were able to proceed to the top.
No Frostbite
Mallory and Irvine were near the summit late in the day.
Climbers who reach the summit at this time need to camp at
the top. If you do this, it is common to suffer from frostbite.
30 But Mallory’s body had no sign of frostbite.
So what happened to Mallory and Irvine? Anker thinks they

probably turned back just after the First Step. When Mallory Mallory took a camera like this
was going down, perhaps he accidentally fell. Irvine’s body on his climb. It has never been
has never been found. Whatever happened, they will always found.
35 be remembered as early Everest heroes.
54
1. The reading is mainly about two climbers who________________.
a. solved a mystery about Everest
b. vanished on Everest
c. recreated Hillary and Norgay’s climb
d. invented new climbing tools
2. Which statement is TRUE?

a. Mallory and Irvine were last seen near Everest’s First Step.
b. Conrad Anker’s team found two bodies on Everest.
c. Mallory and Irvine were near the top of Everest in the morning.
d. Anker’s team found some of Mallory’s things on the mountain.
3. In line 16, what does “it” refer to?

a. the body
b. the oxygen tank
c. the summit
d. the picture
4. If Mallory and Irvine “turned back” (line 32), they__________ the mountain.
a. stopped and went down
b. went around
c. ride to walk up
d. stayed in one place on
5. Which statement would Conrad Anker probably agree with?

a. Mallory and Irvine definitely reached the top of Everest.
b. Mallory and Irvine never got close to the summit.
c. Mallory and Irvine got close, but didn’t reach the top.
d. Andrew Irvine probably reached the top, but not Mallory.
B. For and Against. Complete the chart with words from the reading. Which side
do you agree with?
Did Mallory and Irvine reach the top of mount Everest?

Reasons for Reasons against
Conrad Anker’s team discovered Mallory’s Climbing Everest’s Second Step is very
1.__________tank and 2.__________ near 5.__________, and Mallory and Irvine did
the First Step. not have modern 6.__________.
The team didn’t find a(n) 3.__________ of Mallory’s body had no 7.__________. This
Mallory’s wife. He planned to is common for people who 8.__________
4.__________ it at the summit. near the summit for the night.
55
A. Completion. Complete the information with the correct form of words from the box. One
word is extra.
achieved doubtful path proceed prove

significant suffer reached buried called
Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary 1._______________ the summit

of Everest in 1953. But there have been other 2._______________
“firsts” on Everest since then. Here are two.
 Can a woman climb Everest?
During a climb up Everest in 1975, an avalanche
3._______________ Japanese climber Junko Tabei in the snow. It
was 4._______________ that she would survive. Luckily, a group
of climbers from Nepal found and saved her. Twelve days later, on
May 16,1975, Tabei 5._______________ her goal and became
the first woman to reach the summit.
 Can a blind person climb Everest?
On May 25, 2001, blind American climber Erik Weihenmeyer
reached the summit and 6._______________ it is possible. There
In 1999 an avalanche in the
years later, he climbed Everest again with a group of blind Himalayan killed climber Alex
teenagers from Tibet. The 7._______________ to the top of Lowe (above, pictured in
Lhakpa Ri (one of Everest’s summits) was difficult. Some teens Antarctica), and badly hurt
Conrad Anker – discoverer of
8._______________ from extreme headaches (because of the Mallory’s body
lack of oxygen). Their amazing journey became a movie
9._______________ “Blindsight”. Did You Know?
B. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the best answer. Mt. Everest is known
in Tibetan (language)
1. If today is Monday, the previous day is/was________. as Chomolungma. In
a. Tuesday b. Sunday c. Saturday Nepali, it is called
Sagarmatha.
2. A newspaper has different sections. This means, it has _________.
a. different colors b. different parts c. different covers
3. If you proceed in a direction, you __________.
a. continue in that direction b. avoid that direction c. stop for a while
4. If you can buy whatever you want, you can buy__________.
a. anything b. all but one thing c. only certain things
Make one sentence using the word(s) given on each item. The sentence must be at
1. summit / survive
____________________________________________________________________
2. reach / risk
____________________________________________________________________
3. avalanche / frostbite
____________________________________________________________________
4. mystery / mountain
____________________________________________________________________
5. body / evidence
____________________________________________________________________
56
13. THE ANCIENT HISTORY
1. know the words connected to famous historical events and their mysteries.
questions
4. build sentences using the words related to the topic
1. WARM UP
1. What’s the most valuable thing you have ever found?
2. Do you know of any famous discoveries?
3. Why do you think people like looking for treasure?
4. Have you seen “Pirates of the Caribbean”?
Tell what the movie is about?
Empire of the Inca

A royal son named Pachacuti, “Earth Shaker,”
becomes leader of the Inca tribes in 1438. Over
time, the Inca under Pachacuti build roads and
develop great cities like Cusco and Machu Picchu.
The Inca move north into land that is now part of

Ecuador. They create many pieces of jewelry and
other objects made of gold.
The Inca enlarge their empire until it measures

nearly 4,000 km (2,500 miles) from north to south
and includes as many as 16 million people. The High Priest of the
Sun, an Inca religious
After his father dies in 1527, a leader named leader, holds up a golden
bowl to the Inca gods.
Atahuallpa fights to become king. In 1532, Spanish
soldiers under commander Francisco Pizarro arrive A gold statue
in Peru. Pizarro asks Atahuallpa to meet him in the of an Inca girl.
town of Cajamarca. Atahuallpa thinks he is safe, but
he is walking into a trap . . .
2. BEFORE YOU READ

A. Matching. Read the information above and match each word in blue with its definition.
1. ____________ yellow metal that is very valuable
2. ____________ items; things that have a certain shape or from
3. ____________ a person in charge of a military unit, e.g., an army
4. ____________ members of an army
B. Predict. Read the title and first paragraph on the next page. What do you think happened
next? What was the “treasure”? Read the passage to check your ideas.
57
Lost
Treasure
of the
Inca
An illustration of Pizarro capturing the Inca Emperor Atahuallpa.
1 The legend of the Inca gold begins in 1533, when the Inca were at war
with the Spanish. The Spanish commander Francisco Pizarro captured
the Inca king Atahuallpa at his palace in Cajamarca—now part of Peru.
Pizarro made a deal with the Inca. He would let Atahuallpa go, but he
5 demanded a huge amount of gold. Pizarro received some gold, but
then he told his soldiers to kill Atahuallpa. Angry at the murder of their
king, the Inca put the rest of the gold in a secret mountain cave.
Fifty years later, a poor Spanish soldier named Valverde fell in love
with an Inca woman, the woman’s family took him the see the treasure.
10 He wrote an account of the trip and explained how to find the gold.
With Valverde’s instructions, a Canadian named Barth Blake may have

found the gold in 1886. In a letter, he wrote, “There are thousands of
gold and silver pieces…” He also described “… the most incredible
jewelry.” Blake says he took a few of the objects. “I could not remove it
15 alone,” he said, “nor could thousands of men.”
No one knows whether Blake’s story is true, as he disappeared soon

afterwards. Mark Honigsbaum, author of Valverde’s Gold, thinks the
gold was likely taken out centuries ago. “If not,” he says, “and if it’s still
there, I think it’s lost forever.”
58
1. What is the main idea of this reading?
a. The story about the Inca gold came to us from Valverde.
b. We may never know the truth about the Inca gold.
c. Pizarro was the only person who ever saw the Inca gold.
d. Barth Blake wrote a letter about finding the Inca gold.
2. The Inca king was named____________.

a. Pizarro
b. Atahuallpa
c. Cajamarca
d. Valverde
3. In line 6, the word “his” refers to ____________.

a. Pizarro’s
b. Atahuallpa’s
c. The Inca’s
d. Valverde’s
4. The “rest of the gold” (line 7) means the gold that ____________.
a. Was still underground
b. The Inca gave Pizarro
c. Pizarro’s soldiers had found
d. The Inca had not given Pizarro
5. What is Mark Honigsbaum’s opinion on the gold (line 17-19)?

a. People will probably find it in the future.
b. People may have found it in the past.
c. The story about the gold is almost certainly not true.
d. Barth Blake probably took all of the gold.
B. True or False. According to the passage, are the sentences below true or false?
Circle T (True), F (False), or NG (not given in the passage).
1. Pizarro wanted to live in the palace in Cajamarca. T F NG

2. The Inca gave Pizarro some of the gold. T F NG
3. Valverde was helped by an Inca family. T F NG
4. Blake says he took away hundreds of valuable items. T F NG
5. Honigsbaum wrote a book about the Inca gold. T F NG
59
A. Matching. Match each definition (1-5) with one word from the information below.
The disappearance of the Amber Room is one of the

greatest mysteries in the art world. The room was built
using large amounts of precious stone called amber,
which was then covered in gold and jewels. Visitors
described the room as so beautiful that it could be the
Eighth Wonder of the world.
In 1716, Tsar Peter the Great received the room as a gift

from the King of Prussia (now part of Germany) after the
two countries made a peace deal. Over the years, the
Russians made the room even bigger, using up to 6 tons
(6,000 kilograms) of Amber. In 1941, Germany took over
parts of Russia. The Germans demanded that the Amber
Room be given back to them. It was returned to Germany, This copy of the Amber Room in St.
Petersburg, Russia, gives an idea of how
where it was placed in a museum. By 1945, after the war beautiful the room was.
had ended, the Russians found nothing left of the Amber
Room. It had simply disappeared, never to be found again.
1. To get something from someone who gives it to you ____________.

2. How much there is of something ____________.
3. An agreement with someone ____________.
4. To ask for something in a strong, forceful way ____________.
5. To say what something is like ____________.
B. Completion. Complete the information using words from the box. Two words are extra.
visitors author instructions letters amount

incredible killed receives bombed hidden
Near the end of World War II, Germany knew that is was losing. Its towns were being
bombed, and many German soldiers had been 1._______________. Fearing the
Russians would take back the Amber Room, the government gave 2.______________ to
cut the room into pieces and hide them in boxes. However, the boxes went missing, and
the Amber Room has not been found since. What happened to the room? According to
some 3._______________, it was destroyed when the area was 4.______________.
Some people believe that the boxes containing the treasure sank to the bottom of the
ocean while being shipped. Others believe the room is 5._______________
underground. If that is true, it would be an 6._______________ find for treasure hunters.
Larisa Bardovskaya is director of the Tsarskoye Selo museum, which housed the original
Amber Room. Every year she 7.________________ many accounts and emails about the
Amber Room from people around the world. “We hear people saying they found the
Amber Room three or four times a year,” she say. Today 8.______________ to the
museum can see a copy of the room. That way, they can imagine what this incredible—
and mysterious—room really looked like.
60
Make one sentence uisng the words given on each item. The sentence must be at
1. treasure / Pizzaro
_______________________________________________________________
2. soldiers / attack
_______________________________________________________________
3. disappear / jewelry
_______________________________________________________________
4. hidden / found
_______________________________________________________________
5. palace / empire
_______________________________________________________________
61

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8.

2. BEFORE YOU READ

1. ………………… 2. ……………………. 3. …………………… 4. ………………………..

5. ………………. 6. ……………………. 7. …………………… 8. ……………………….

2. What is one possible reason for Shostak and Barnett’s opinion?

< LIFE BEYOND EARTH ? >

Looking for intelligent life

2. What would be a good title for the second paragraph?

4. What kinds of planets are most likely to have intelligent life?

5. In line 29, what does “life forms” refer to?

allow powerful identify searching for messages

Does life 1.__________ on other planets? To answer this question,

B. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the best answer.

1. galaxy / solar system

2. BEFORE YOU READ

Lewis kept a journal (left) of

Who Was Sacagawea?

Sacagawea was part of a Native American tribe

15 Sacagawea soon became an important member of

Sacagawea helped Lewis and Clark find a way

25 Today, a Native American woman named Amy

One of the statues of Sacagawea.

2. Which sentence about Sacagawea

3. Which person was NOT part of the expedition?

4. The word “tipped

5. The phrase “II feel closest to Sacagawea”

B. Sequencing. Match the phrases (a—f) to the events on the timeline.

knowledge represented female village land

The Woman Who Was A King

among clearly different identify knowledge

Mystery of the Missing Mummy

2. BEFORE YOU READ

Making silk was a protected secret in China for many

By the year 1 A.D., silk was sold as far west as Rome,

20 Nowadays people around the world still make many

All of this from a little insect—the silkworm. That is the

2. According to legend, how did people first learn about silk?

3. According to the passage, which sentence is NOT true?

5. In line 22, we can change the word “actually” to _____________.

2. A jacket is a type of short ________________. You wear it to stay warm.

3. A _____________ is an insect that can fly.

4. If something is unbroken, it is _____________.

rare cloth valuable nowadays discovery

The Return Home

2. BEFORE YOU READ

1. The emperor penguins is one of five kinds of penguins in Antarctica. T F

1 Saturday, May 23: The penguin Couple

Tuesday, July 29: Sharing the Work

Sunrise returned yesterday, and the couple moved their

In this cold environment, Scar has lost almost half of his

Wednesday, September 9: New Life

Monday, October 19: Growing Up

25 Sunday, December 27: Into the Water

3. The word “hers” (line 14) refers to____________.

From Egg to Baby Penguin

Siberian tigers grow to 3 meters (10 feet) in length and are

a. father and mother ________

B. Completion. Complete the information with words from the

lay disappeared communities necessary medicines

1. lay egg / father

Since 1953, more than 2.000

2. BEFORE YOU READ

8,850 1953 India oxygen Nepal