AVT 4235

WIRED
COMMUNICATION
Wire and Wireless Communication
Presentation Outline

TODAY'S TOPICS

• Introduction to Wired Communication

• Early Types of Wired Communication
• Electrical Telegraph
• Telephone
• The History Of Telecommunication
• Wires
• Wires Sizes

Wire and Wireless Communication

Wired Communication
In computing terminology, the term "wired" is used
to differentiate between wireless connections and
those that involve cables. While wireless devices
communicate over the air, a wired setup uses
physical cables to transfer data between different
devices and computer systems.

Wire and Wireless Communication

 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

The key to great communication is being adaptable.

ANDREA JONES
Wired
Communication
Wired communication refers to the transmission of
data over a wire-based communication technology.
Wired communication is also known as wireline
communication.
Examples include:
telephone networks
cable television
internet access
and fiber-optic communication

Wire and Wireless Communication

Wired
Communication
Most wired networks use Ethernet cables to transfer
data between connected PCs. Also, waveguide
(electromagnetism), used for high-power applications,
is considered a wired line.
Many networks today rely on fiber optic communication
technology to provide clear signaling for both inbound and
outbound transmissions and are replacing copper wire
transmission. Fiber optic technology is capable of
accommodating far more signals than copper wiring while
still maintaining the integrity of the signal over longer
distances.

Wire and Wireless Communication

Early Types of 1830S – 1860S:
Wired TELEGRAPH

Communication the telegraph allowed instant communication over vast distances for
the first time in human history. Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by
Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the telegraph
Wired communications revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by
networks have come a transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations.
long way since the days of
the telegraph or the rotary
phone. It’s getting harder
and harder to remember a
time when if you wanted
to “reach out and touch
someone.

Wire and Wireless Communication

The Telephone - Brief History

01 1874 - The principal of the telephone was uncovered.

02 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, beating Elisha Gray by a matter of hours.

1877 - The very first permanent outdoor telephone wire was completed. It stretched a
03
distance of just three miles. This was closely followed in the U.S. by the worlds first
commercial telephone service.
04 1878 - The workable exchange was developed, which enabled calls to be
switched between subscribers rather than having direct lines.
05 1879 - Subscribers began to be designated by numbers and not their names.

1880's - Long distance service expanded throughout this period using metallic
06
circuits.

Wire and Wireless Communication

The Telephone - Brief History

07 1888 - Common battery system developed by Hammond V. Hayes, allows

one central battery to power all telephones on an exchange, rather than
relying on each unit's own battery.

08 1891 - First automatic dialing system invented by a Kansas City undertaker. He believed that
crooked operators were sending his potential customers elsewhere. It was his aim to get rid of
the operators altogether.

09 1900 - First coin-operated telephone installed in Hartford, Connecticut.

10 1904 - "French Phone" developed by the Bell Company. This had the transmitter
and receiver in a simple handset.

11 1911 - American Telephone and Telegraph (AT & T) acquire the Western Union
Telegraph Company in a hostile takeover. They purchased stocks in the
company covertly and the two eventually merged.

Wire and Wireless Communication

The Telephone - Brief History

12 1918 - It was estimated that approximately ten million Bell system

telephones were in service throughout the U.S.
13 1921 - The switching of large numbers of calls was made possible through the use of phantom
circuits. This allowed three conversations to take place on two pairs of wires.
14 1927 - First transatlantic service from New York to London became operational. The signal was
transmitted by radio waves.

1936 - Research into electronic telephone exchanges began and was

15
eventually perfected in the 1960s with the electronic switching system (SES).

16 1946 - World's first commercial mobile phone service put into operation. It
could link moving vehicles to a telephone network via radio waves.
1947 - Microwave radio technology used for the first time for long-distance
17
phone calls.

Wire and Wireless Communication

The Telephone - Brief History

18 1947 - The transistor was invented at Bell laboratories.

.
19 1955 - Saw the beginning of the laying of transatlantic telephone cables.

20 1962 - The world's first international communications satellite, Telstar was launched.

1980's - The development of fibre optic cables during this decade, offered the
21 potential to carry much larger volumes of calls than satellite or microwaves.

22 1980's, 1990s, to present - Huge advances in microelectronic technology over

the last two decades have enabled the development of cellular (mobile)
phones to advance at a truly astonishing rate. A cellular (mobile) phone has its
own central transmitter allowing it to receive seamless transmissions as it
enters and exits a cell.

Wire and Wireless Communication

History of Communication
ANCIENT 13TH CENTURY 1844
COMMUNICATION Printing Press Telegram
Cave Paintings

1800 BC 1876
16TH CENTURY
Smoke Signals First Telephone
First News Papers
Call

150 BC 1896
18th CENTURY
The Greek Way Radio
Postal Service

Wire and Wireless Communication

History of Communication
1927 1973 1996
Television First Modern-era Internet Phone
Mobile Phone

1962 1976
Commercial First Laptop
Telecommunication
Satellite

1970s 1983
Personal Computer Internet

Wire and Wireless Communication

Wires and Cables

Wire and Wireless Communication

 Wire
A WIRE IS A SINGLE STRAND OF METAL
CAPABLE OF TRANSMITTING POWER OR
DATA FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER.
WIRES ARE OFTEN PROTECTED IN A
PLASTIC COVERING THAT IS SOMETIMES
COLOR-CODED TO AID IN
IDENTIFICATION.
Cable
A WIRE IS A COMPONENT OF A CABLE.
CABLES ARE GROUPS OF TWO OR
MORE CONDUCTORS MADE UP OF
STRANDED OR SOLID WIRE THAT IS
TWISTED, WRAPPED, OR OTHERWISE
BOUND TOGETHER IN SOME WAY.
Wire
Some factors that will affect your choice of electrical wiring include color, label information
and applications. The information printed on the electrical wire covering is all that you
need to choose the correct wire for your home. Here’s some detailed information on the
various features of electrical wire, which will help you choose the correct composition:

SIZE OF WIRES
The proper wire size is critical to any electrical wire installation. Wire sizing indicates
the diameter of the metal conductor of the wire and is based on the American Wire
Gauge (AWG) system. The gauge of a wire relates to the wire's current carrying
capacity, or how much amperage the wire can safely handle.

Wire and Wireless Communication

SIZE OF WIRES
When choosing the right side of the wire, you must consider the gauge of the wire, the
wire capacity, and what the wire will be used for.
Wires that are not properly matched to the amperage of the circuits they serve can
create a notable risk of short circuits and fire.

Wire and Wireless Communication

WIRE GAUGE TOOL

Wire and Wireless Communication

Wire
WIRE LETTERING
Electrical wires and cables have markings stamped or printed on their
insulation or outer sheathing. These markings provide important information
about the wiring and insulation, including the wire size and material, the type
of insulation, the number of wires contained (inside a cable), and any special
ratings or characteristics of the wire.

Wire and Wireless Communication

Wire
WIRE LETTERING
The letters THHN, THWN, THW, and XHHN represent the main insulation
types of individual wires. These letters depict the following NEC requirements:
T – Thermoplastic insulation
H – Heat resistance
HH – High heat resistance (up to 194°F)
W – Suitable for wet locations
N – Nylon coating, resistant to damage by oil or gas
X – Synthetic polymer that is flame-resistant

Wire and Wireless Communication

Wire
WIRE LETTERING

Wire and Wireless Communication

WIRE LETTERING

Wire and Wireless Communication

COLOR CODES
Different color wires serve different purposes, like:.
Black: Hotwire, for switches or outlets.
Red: Hotwire, for switch legs. Also for connecting wire between 2 hardwired smoke
detectors.
Blue and Yellow: Hotwires, pulled in conduit. Blue for 3-4 way switch application,
and yellow for switch legs to control fan, lights, etc.
White: Always neutral.
Green and Bare Copper: Only for grounding.

Wire and Wireless Communication

COMPOSITION
Most wires are coated in an insulating material in order to prevent electrocution when
handling. Typically this insulating material is composed of plastic or rubber-like
material. However, very large wires used for electrical power transmission aren't
always insulated since they are far overhead and their danger is limited. Smaller wires
are often made of ductile material so that they can bend and be bent easily.

Wire and Wireless Communication

COPPER
Copper wire - the most commonly used conductive wire - is cost-effective and offers a
low resistivity (only silver has a lower resistivity but is very expensive). It is used in
many commercial applications and therefore is widely available and comes in a variety
of different gauges. Copper is quite ductile as well as being a good conductor, which is
an added advantage for many applications.

ALUMINUM
Although aluminum wire is more cost-effective than copper, its
properties are not as favorable, it has a higher resistivity and has a
lower elasticity (it's more plastic) meaning that if heated enough it
expands and is more susceptible to diverging from its original shape
once the heat is reduced.

Wire and Wireless Communication

SUPERCONDUCTORS
Wires made from superconductors can carry much higher electric currents than what
is normally seen. For example, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN) a world record was recently set for maximum current transmission. The
superconductor was able to carry approximately 50x more current! Superconductors
are very advanced materials and are may be useful for future electrical transmission
systems.

Wire and Wireless Communication

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRE
Triplex Wires
Main Feeder Wire
Panel Feed Wires
Non-Metallic Sheathed wires
Single Strand wires

WIRE GAUGE, AMPACITY AND WATTAGE LOAD

To determine the correct wire, it is important to understand what
ampacity and wattage a wire can carry per gauge. Wire gauge is the size
of the wire, ampacity is how much electricity can flow through the wire
and wattage is the load a wire can take, which is always mentioned on the
appliance

Wire and Wireless Communication

 Cables

Wire and Wireless Communication

Cables
A CABLE MAY REFER TO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:
Alternatively referred to as a cord, connector or plug, a cable is one or more
wires covered in plastic that transmits power or data between devices or
locations. The picture is an example of what the power cord may look like for
your computer or monitor. The power cord is one example of thousands of
other cables found in and around computers.

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER CABLES:

A data cable and a power cable. A data cable is a cable that provides
communication between devices. For example, the data cable (i.e., DVI, HDMI, or
VGA) that connects your monitor to your computer allows it to display a picture
on the monitor. Other popular examples of data cables include CAT5, IDE/EIDE,
SATA, and USB cables.

Wire and Wireless Communication

Cables
THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER CABLES:
A power cable is any cable that powers the device. For example, the power
cord that connects to your computer and a Molex-style cable inside the
computer are both good examples of power cables. Below, is a listing of the
most common types of cables found with computers and electronics and
examples of devices that use them.

Wire and Wireless Communication

Types of Cables
There are more than 20 different types of cables available today, designed for
applications ranging from the transmission to heavy industrial use. Some of the most
commonly-used ones include:

NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE :

These cables are also known as non-metallic building
wire or NM cables. They feature a flexible plastic jacket
with two to four wires (TECK cables are covered with
thermoplastic insulation) and a bare wire for grounding.
Special varieties of this cable are used for underground
or outdoor use, but NM-B and NM-C non-metallic
sheathed cables are the most common form of indoor
residential cabling.

Wire and Wireless Communication

 UNDERGROUND FEEDER CABLE :
These cables are quite similar to NM cables, but instead
of each wire being individually wrapped in
thermoplastic, wires are grouped together and
embedded in the flexible material. Available in a variety
of gauge sizes, UF cables are often used for outdoor
lighting and in-ground applications. Their high water
resistance makes them ideal for damp areas like
gardens as well as open-to-air lamps, pumps, etc.
METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE :
Also known as armored or BX cables, metal-sheathed cables are
often used to supply mains electricity or for large appliances. They
feature three plain stranded copper wires (one wire for the current,
one grounding wire and one neutral wire) that are insulated with
cross-linked polyethylene, PVC bedding and a black PVC sheathing.
BX cables with steel wire sheathing are often used for outdoor
applications and high-stress installations.

Wire and Wireless Communication

 MULTI-CONDUCTOR CABLE :
This is a cable type that is commonly used in homes, since it is simple to use
and well-insulated. Multi-conductor or multi-core (MC) cables feature more
than one conductor, each of which is insulated individually. In addition, an
outer insulation layer is added for extra security. Different varieties are used
in industries, like the audio multicore ‘snake cable’ used in the music industry.

COAXIAL CABLE :
A coaxial (sometimes helix) cable features a tubular insulating layer that protects
an inner conductor which is further surrounded by a tubular conducting shield
and might also feature an outer sheath for extra insulation. Called ‘coaxial’ since
the two inner shields share the same geometric axis, these cables are normally
used for carrying television signals and connecting video equipment.

Wire and Wireless Communication

 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE :
Like the name suggests, this type consists of two wires that are twisted together. The individual
wires are not insulated, which makes this cable perfect for signal transmission and video
applications. Since they are more affordable than coaxial or optical fiber cables, UTP cables are
often used in telephones, security cameras and data networks. For indoor use, UTP cables with
copper wires or solid copper cores are a popular choice, since they are flexible and can be easily
bent for in-wall installation.

RIBBON CABLE :
Ribbon cables are often used in computers and peripherals, with various conducting wires that run
parallel to each other on a flat plane, leading to a visual resemblance to flat ribbons. These cables are
quite flexible and can only handle low voltage applications.

TWIN-LEAD CABLE :
These are flat two-wire cables that are used for transmission between an antenna and receiver, like
TV and radio.

Wire and Wireless Communication

 DIRECT-BURIED CABLE :
Also known as DBCs, these cables are specially-designed coaxial or bundled fiber-optic cables,
which do not require any added sheathing, insulation or piping before being buried underground.
They feature a heavy metal core with many layers of banded metal sheathing, heavy rubber
coverings, shock-absorbing gel and waterproof wrapped thread-fortified tape. High tolerance to
temperature changes, moisture and other environmental factors makes them a popular choice for
transmission or communication requirements.

TWINAXIAL CABLE : PAIRED CABLE :

This is a variant of coaxial cables, which This is a variant of coaxial cables, which
features two inner conductors instead of features two inner conductors instead of
one and is used for very-short-range high- one and is used for very-short-range high-
speed signals. speed signals.

TWISTED PAIR :
This cable is similar to paired cables, but the inner insulated wires are twisted or intertwined.

Wire and Wireless Communication

 DIRECT-BURIED CABLE :
Also known as DBCs, these cables are specially-designed coaxial or bundled fiber-optic cables,
which do not require any added sheathing, insulation or piping before being buried underground.
They feature a heavy metal core with many layers of banded metal sheathing, heavy rubber
coverings, shock-absorbing gel and waterproof wrapped thread-fortified tape. High tolerance to
temperature changes, moisture and other environmental factors makes them a popular choice for
transmission or communication requirements.

TWINAXIAL CABLE : PAIRED CABLE :

This is a variant of coaxial cables, which This is a variant of coaxial cables, which
features two inner conductors instead of features two inner conductors instead of
one and is used for very-short-range high- one and is used for very-short-range high-
speed signals. speed signals.

TWISTED PAIR :
This cable is similar to paired cables, but the inner insulated wires are twisted or intertwined.

Wire and Wireless Communication

Cable Color Code
Color coding of cable insulation is done to determine active, neutral, and earth conductors. The
NEC has not prescribed any color for phase/active conductors. Different countries/regions
have different cable color coding, and it is essential to know what is applicable in your region.
However, active conductors cannot be green/yellow, green, yellow, light blue or black.

Cable Size
Cable size is the gauge of individual wires within the cable, such as 14, 12, 10 etc. – again, the
bigger the number, the smaller the size. The number of wires follows the wire-gauge on a
cable. So, 10/3 would indicate the presence of 3 wires of 10-gauge within the cable. Ground
wire, if present, is not indicated by this number, and is represented by the letter ‘G’.

Safety is very important, and if your installation of wires and cables is not proper, it could lead
to accidents. Before you start any electrical project that includes wiring and cabling, you need
to obtain permission from your local building inspector. Once the job is done, get the
installation inspected for compliance with local codes and regulations.

Wire and Wireless Communication

To give you additional information about wired communication, access the following Youtube
link below:

Data Transmission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rFZtCovx28&t=16s

Types of Wires and Cable

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIABVfyFVcA

Wired Communication

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6J4iV46WDI&t=44s

Wire and Wireless Communication

THANK YOU!

Wire and Wireless Communication