a BASIC | _ RIGGING | | & | | SLINGING COURSE»TOV “SGDDEUTSCHLAND 1. LEGISLATION Wherever you are working, you will find there is legislation regarding Health and ‘Safety which puts the onus con the employer to provide a safe place of work. This duly Includes the prevision ot all necessary Instruction, training and eupenision. Equally important, you will Find. thal a an employee, you will also have a responsibility 10 lake reasonable care for your Own health and safely and that of other people who may be affected by your conduct at work. “This includes complying with any safety requirements imposed by either your employer or the owner/operator of the work site. Should you be operating a crane, local regulations will dictate that Crane Operators should have received adequiate training or at least have the relevant practical experience to enable them to demonstrate their competence. KF you are involved with using lifting gear and equipment, you will be aware that as part of the certfication criteria, it must be inspected at reguiar intervals. Local standards will indicate ‘a maximum time span between these examinations but, outwith this, allitems of liting aear must be examined by YOU prior to each use to ensure so far as is practical they are in @ good state of repair and fit for purpose to carry out the intended task safely. {you are dealing with dangerous goods, there are Intemational regulations describing how they should be segregated if necessary, packaged safely and marked up with hazard labels as appropriate. 2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF RIGGER To Qualify as a Slinger/Banskman, the person should ¥ Be medically and physically fit have a good eye sight, hearing) ¥ Have been trained in the safe uss of liting equipment, ¥ Abily fo select and use the litng tackles as per load configuration, To be able to provide necessary signals for crane operators as per standard signals attached in this training material. To locate load in away, to ensure safety of load end working personnel. “To understand his companies’ rules and regulation, colour coding and certification of lifting tackle, : x To be able to communicate with radio where the crane operator is out of im. age.STEEL WIRE ROPE SLING What is a Wire Rope? A wire rope consists of steel wires in groups of between 6 and 60 or more twisted together into strands. The strands (numbering between 3 to & in simple constructions) are in turn twisted together around the core, The steel wire is drawn from rod of diameters between Core 6 and 10mm to wire of the exact diameter found to give the best performance in the rope to be made. Most specifications for wire ropes stipulate outside diameter tolerance of 44% and - 0%, so with upwards of 100 wires per rope the tolerance on each wire is in effect very small. As the wire diameter is reduced by drawing through progressively smaller tungsten carbide dies, the tensile strength is raised by cold working, so that by varying the number and sizes of dies, a wire can be produced with the correct diameter, with tensile strength ranging from 1420N/sq mm to upwards of 2150N/sq mm, and with the required characteristics of hardness and flexibility. The wires can be galvanized or left ungalvanized (or bright) This account is, of course, very much simplified. In practice, many variables are introduced and the number, size and arrangement of wires in the strand and strands in the rope (ie. the “construction” of the fope) carries according to the rope specification to give varying degrees of strength, flexibility, resistance to abrasion, crushing and shock loading. Some further explanation of these factors will be found in the ‘following pages. Every time a wire rope bends each wire moves slightly in relation to its neighbours, therefore the sizes and dispositions of the wires are very important to the performance and life of the rope. One distinction can clearly be drawn here between two different types of strand construction, Equal Lay and Cross Lay. Equal LayTUV SocersoND Equal Lay - all tayers of wire are in spirals of the same pitch, so that each wire supports or is supported by its length. These constructions are more compact, therefore have a higher density of steel than a cross lay, so the sttand is nol easily crushed out of shape and the wires do not have points of relatively high contact pressure, Examples of equal lay ropes are 6 x 19 Sale, 6 x 19 Filler and 6 x 36 Warrington Seale, which are shown in cross sections below: GX19 Seale 6x 19 Filler 6 x36. Warington Ordinary Construction 6x19 Ordinwy, 8x 19 Ordinary, 6 x.19 Seale WRC 8x 19 Ordinary, Fibre Core Fibre Core Fibre Core ‘Warrington Construction Filler Construction a 6x19 Waeringion, 8x19 Warrington, 6x21 Filler, Fibre 8x19 Filler, IWRC Fibre Core Fibre Core Core Basic 19 Wire Strand Construction 19 Wire Seafe Strand 19 Wire Warring Strand. 6x19 Sede IWRC Detaisof19 Wire 6x19 Warrington, Details of 19 Wire Ro} Beale Strand Fibro Core Rope. Warrington Strand 25 Wire Fille Strand 6x25 Filler, TWRC Rope __. Details of 25 Wire Filler Strand _CRS 6x15 @/N) FC | 6x19 (SINT) + 6x 19 (ROIGHGE/1) 6 wID-C24GH 6/1) {6x 198} IWRC, FC (6 x 16F). TWRE 6x 26(10/5 & SIS) 6 826 C10/S and 6 X31 (12/GFG/G/M) 6 x 31 (12/6+6/6/1) FC(6 x 26 WS) S/S) TWRE FC (6 x J6WS) IWRC (8) 6x19 group 6x36 (14 T and WN)FC 6x36 (147 and H/71) 6 x4 (16/8 and 8/81) FC {6 x 36 WS) TWRC (6X41 Ws 6x41 (16/8 and 8/81)" 6x46 Warrington Sela 6 x 49 Warrington Seale BARC (16/8 and S/B//1) FC (16/8 and 8/8/8/1) TWRC ) 6x36 group: 6x 19 and 6 x 36 construction groupsThe steel core will resist distortion when the rope is heavily loaded, Passing over relatively small clameter sheaves or pulleys, or subjected to drum crushing, Distortion may lead to impaired Rinning over sheaves etc, and may lead to failure due to unequal loading of individual wires, so where these dangers are present a wire rope with an IW.R.C. will normally give a tonger life than one with F.C, A rope with an I.W.R.C. is also superior in very het working conditions, such as steel making plant where the F.C. will soon dry out and cease to support the outer strands, In general a rope with an IW.R.C, has a breaking strength 8% higher than a similar rope with F.C Wire rope lay This term is applied in various ways: To describe the direction of rotation of wires and strands: In an Ordinary Lay (Regular Lay) rope, the wires are laid in one direction and the strands in the other, so that the visible wires appear to run parallel, fo the rope axis. In this construction rope under tension may rotate as the strands “unwind’, but at the same time the wires is the strands are being twisted more tightly, and a balance is achieved between the two opposing rotational foress. On relaxation of the tension on the rope it will return to its normal state. This construction has more resistance than Langs Lay to drum crushing when multi-layered. na Langs Lay rope, the wires and strands are laid in the same direction, so that the visible wires fun alan angle of about 30” to the rope axis. In this way a longer length of each wire is Presented 28 awearing surface to spread abrasion more evenly, so this construction offers @ high resistance {2 abrasion, ©.9. in eerthmoving equipment or conveyor systems. Langs Lay rope does not have wre Same built-in resistance to uniaying and therefore SHOULD NOT BE USED WHERE ONE END OF THE ROPE IS FREE TO ROTATE, The direction oF lay or rotation of the strands is normally right hand, but some machinery needs left hand lay ropes to achieve a balance of torques. A rope may be desoribed ae Right Hand Ordinary Ley, Right Hand Lang's Lay, Left Hand ordinary Lay or Left Hand Lang's Lay (see illustrations),TOV ‘SODDEUTSCHLAND Right Lay REGULAR LAY .. Left Lay REGULAR LAY Lay length is the length of the rope in which one strand makes one helical revolution around the core. This may be expressed as X mm (or inches) or as Xx rope diameter. A short lay rope has more elasticity than a long lay rope, and the lay length is dictated by the application for which the rope is intended. How the auti-Rotational Characteristic is Built into a Non-Rofating Rape ‘When the outer and inner The tendency of outer layers are laid in oppasite layer to rotate fo the directions. right is balanced by inner layer tending to ‘When énds are not properly selzed the cars can slip and either ‘Biotrade ori the other end or through the outer layerIt is possible for core slippageto-oteurifthe. SSS thimble i too small or if the rope end is not tightly seized Galvanizing To protect the rope from corrosion, a coating of zinc can be applied to the individual wires. Bridon Ropes apply this zinc coating by the Hot Dip process where the wires are passed through a bath of molten zinc. ‘Two levels of coating are available: “Z type" where the wires are galvanized and the wire is then drawn to its finished size, achieving @ higher tensile but lower zinc coat weight. ‘A pe" where the wires are galvanized after final wire drawing. This achieves a thicker coating of zine but with some loss in the physical properties of the wire Enginering ropes normally have the draw galvanized *Z type" coating, Strength and Flexibility Strength depends on fope size, construction and wire tensile strength. The standard tensile strength for engineering wire rope is 1770N/sq mm but wire ropes are made in a range of tensiles from 1420N/sq mm to 2150N/sq mm. Fibre cores (F.C.) can be of natural fibre (Sisal, Manila or Jute) or of man-made fibre (Polypropylene) and may initially give an impression of gfeater flexibility but can be a Problem in difficult service conditions due to core deterioration“SODSETTECND Independent Wire Rope Cores (|.W.R.C.) give better support to the load bearing outer strands of the rope leading to better fatigue life. The resistance to crushing of an IW.R.G, means that’ it retains its lubricant better than a fibre core. The greater the number of wires in the outer strands, the greater the flexibility. However, corrosion will affect small wires more quickly than larger wires. Its effect can be reduced by galvanizing. The fewer the number of wires in the outer strands, the better the resistance to abrasion and corrosion but flexibility is reduced. A Lang's Lay construction in six and eight strand ropes can be used to further improve wear characteristics but can only be used where both ends of the rope are fixed or the load is guided (.e. not free. to rotate). Multi-strand ropes are more liable to internal deterioration and are poor in bending fatigue, but are essential in some applications where limited rotation is needed. Whereas six strand rope has 6% of its breaking load in the core, a multi-strand has 50% of its breaking load in the core making internal inspection essential. Dyform® or compacted ropes have strands with a smooth appearance. The compacted strand increases the breaking load due to the greater volume of steel in the cross section. A Dyform® rope can replace a conventional rope but not vice versa. Important Note itis a legal requirement to be in possession of a test certificate before ropes are put into service. This will also identify the rope state the breaking and safe working loads and facilitate re-ordering,“SODDEUTSCHON WIRE ROPE MANUFACTURING Performance \"'a preformed ‘ope Is unlaid (ie. the strands and wires are separated) it will be seen that the slements all have their set helical forms and the rope can be easily laid up again. A preformed rope has the following advantages: 1) The rope is dead and is therefore more easily handled, 2) When the rope is cut, the cut ends do not automatically untay (Le. spring open) The process of preforming is carried out by a preforming head, through which the strands pass immediately before the closing head, in which they are formed into the wire rope. Cores The central core: of a steel wire rope maintains the circular section of the rope by supporting the Strands around it, The core may be of two classes: Fibre Cores - composed of vegetable fibre (e.g, Manila, Jute or more commonly Sisal) ot man- made fibre (suchas Polypropylene), which has the advantage of being more resistant to deterioration. Fibre cores are offen referred to as F.C. of F.F.C, and are impregnated with a suitable preservative lubricant. Steol Cores -may be a Wire Strand Core - W.S.C. (usually in ropes of a diameter less than emm) or a complete rope in itself, an independent Wire Rope Core - WRC. (usually of 7 x 7 construction - 6 strands of 7 wires around 1 strand of 7 wires),SODDELTIECHLAND ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE Any accident to your rope, for instance jumping @ sheave; or being struck. by falling rock or other objects being run over, or any of the many things that may happen to a ropecalls for particularly careful inspection and constant checking, as it is impossible to determine the strength remaining in the rope. If there is possibility of personal Injury, it is good practice to replace the rope immediately. If you have any question at any time regarding your wire rope installation, do not hesitate to call your Yellow Strand distributor. He will be glad to inspect your ropes and your equipment, make recommendations as to grade and construction of rope and give you suggestions for prolonging rope life HOW TO MEASURE WIRE ROPE‘dy j0u HM pue peauejeg si peo| Sy} Jey} YOSYD SYR ‘punOsH au) Jo 4eE]D ysnf peo] ayy Buys Ajmoys Aq epew 8q Pinoys syy (e143 aU payzew Apesjo you ese peo] 643 yo sjulod Buibuijs eu} yy ‘aN QVO7TSHL IO FINV IW JO INIOd SHI YO LHOIAM SLIA@ GVOTSHL AO FYLNIO FHL 28] Sw49} ajduis ul peo7 e yo Ayaei5 40 asjuep sys éqvo1 Vv 40 ALIAVES JO SYLNIO SHL SI LVHM ‘}_ UO poysew suey ¢ 8S8Y} SARY OP Jey} Sway 104) aBueYD 1! 3Sn. LON OG 41 uo peyrew SWI9}H € BSBY} SALY JOU Seop 7 14 apon Mojog ‘¢ “ON UOHLOAUEP] “Z “TMS ‘b “3'l Yuo peysew swe} ¢ SEY PUL UOHIPUOS poob ul S| juawidinbe Buns anoA papiaosd Peay! eq Ajayes ued yey, peo} oy Ss! (TM'S) peo Bupyom aes é(‘TM'S) avoT SNIMYOM S34VS JO ONINVAIN SHL SI LWHM SSSuonisod siuz Buc oguy BUIMS [ILM : ( ‘a q48u peourreg ao RIReIE) JO SHUSH al ‘B'9 1940 aeF | JUIN pooumect ‘peapuads‘SODDEUTSCHLAND WIRE ROPE TOLERANCES DIAMETER OF WIRE ROPE The components of @ wire rope each has a small but definite size tolerance. Therefore, the rope itself mst have a diameter at least equal to the nominal, or catalog, size never smaller, Standard ropes may exceed the nominal-diameter by the amounts shown below: [ Nominal Diameter of rope In Undersize Inches Oversize Inches Inches 0-% 0 172 | 1 6-18 0 _ 3/64 1 se- 1% 0 4/6 1 9n6- 2% 0 3/32 2 5/16 and larger oO 118 These tolerances do not apply to elevator pes. Consult our Engineering Dept. on elevator applications. > Establishing wire rope safe working load. > The Safe Working Load of wire rope can be calculated by the following formula SWL = M.B.L SF, Where: MBL = Wire Rope Minimum Braking Load SF. = Safety Factor SW. = Wire rope Remarks: The Safety Factor for the wire rope is 5:1 Example: > Asample of 1 dia steel wire rope has a M.B.L. of 40Tonnes. Determine the S.W.L. Answer: Since the S.F, for the wire rope is 5:1 then SWL= _40_ =8Tons 5 SWL = 8Tons > The wire S.W.L. can be achieved using common table produced by the wire rope mig. a sample of such table is shown hereunder:TOV “RIDETSSHEND TWO HOOK TURNING Two-hook turing is used for turning loads freely in air while supported. Turn loads in air only when absolutely necessary, It is the most difficult type of rigging operation and should be done only after careful preparation and caution have been executed. One sling on the Main hoist supports the load and acts as the pivot around which the turn is made. A second sling on an auyiliary hook is employed to provide control, Note: It is necessary to disconnect the Auxiliary sling prior to turning in air, and then to reconnect after the turn has been made. Aux MAI AU MAIN AUX MAH AUX MAN x Bo & ce] . fa _ 2 z 5 CONDITIONS TO CONSIDER FOR PROPER RIGGING ABRASION - A basket hitch made with a choker sling having both loops in one crane hook should not be used for turning loads because of the inevitable movement of the load against a small portion of the sling. This movement causes abrasion of the individual wires in the rope and possible actual failure of the sling. Where two crane hooks are available, 2 pair of two-legger bridle slings can be used — one placed to unwrap while the opposite sling wraps around the load. Slings should not be attached to the ends of a rolling load if either slippage or rubbing of the load against the sling will occur. DESIGN FACTOR = FIVETO ONE DESIGN FAGTOR = This is the number of times the recommended lifting capacity. is multiplied to equal the ultimate or breaking strength of the sling. Wire rope slings are recommended for use at a design factor of five or more. This design factor is designated to take care of any overload that cannot be foresees, such as shock loads, incorrect use or other unusual conditions. Catalog ratings are based on new slings, Load ratings on wom slings should be reduced. Never use a sling with a design factor less than three.‘SODDEUTSCHLAND SLING ANGLES — Sling angles are shown in different ways in various catalogs. Regardless of how the sling angle is stated, or the method used to figure the stress in a sling leg, the load rating should be the same. The following description applies to the included angle measured between one sling and a plumb line suspended from the hook 4 lot of misunderstanding results from the change in carrying capacity of a sling when the [eg angle is changed. Actually, there is no change in the tensile strength of the sling ley {What happens is that the operator is picking the load straight up or vertically, but the sling ‘sa is pulling at‘ disadvantage, For quick figuring in the shop, a 30° included leg angle causes a loss in Iif_ing capacity of 15%... .45°leg angle — 30% .... 60° leg angle —- 50%. It's not 100% accurate, but easy to remember and slightly on the safe side. SLING ANGLES \lis always good practice, within limits, to keep the sling leg angle as small as possible. However, the length and width of the load, the sling leg length or the available headroom sometimes determine the sling leg angle,—— ‘SOODEUTSCHLAND WIRE ROPE SLING CAPACITY CHART BS 1290 SIZE DIA 10mm(3/8") aaT |. 2ar 13mm(1/2") 2.2T 3.0T 221 4.6T 4.6T 33T 16mm(5/8") 33T 4.6T . 3.3T 6.9T 6.9T 4.6T 19mm(3/4") 4.7T 6.5T 4.1T 9.8T 9.8T 7.0T 22mm(7/8") 63T 8.8T 63T 13.2T 13.2T 9.4aT 25mm(1") 8.8T 12.3T $8T 18.4T 18.4T 13.27 28mm(1.1/8") 32mm(1. 1/4") 35mm(1.3/8"")+4 38mm(1.1/2") 44mm( 1.3/4") | | im(‘SODDEUTECHLAND It is neither economical nor good practice to exceed a 60° sling leg angle. Angles greater than 60° not only build up tension in the sling legs out of all proportion to the weight of the load; they also create a much greater “in-pull’ on the ends of the load. This Produces eccentrically loaded column effect. Long, slender objects have a tendency to buckle. Included angles greater than 60° indicate some thought should be given to the use of a lifting beam in connection with the lift. Lifting capacities on slings are misleading unless the sling angle is stated. A sling that will handle 10 Tons at 15° included leg angle will only handle 5 Tons if the angle is increased to 60°. Stresses per with Vértical | Sling Leg Per-i.000 Lbs Total-Load WHEE > Types of wire rope sling > The wite rope sling has been manufactured in 2 variety of shapes to suit different load configuration lift @ single, two leg, three leg and four leg wire rope sling is shown in here under. @ Basket bitch Mas.90? MeL (©) Basket hitch yaraltel 12.0 “Q) Straight pull mt (2) Choke hited, Moo(5) Two-legged sting M=L4 + © Four-leyiset! sting M=2.0 (a) Single strop (a) Straight puit | (2) Choke hiteh (3) Basket biteh (4) Basket hitch M=2.0 M=16 Max.90° M=2.8 parallel M=(0 (b) Endless sting » As shown in the above sketch the sling angle and configuration has direct affect ‘on the sling S.W.L. The factor M in each configuration can be applied in the formula to determine the exact S.W.L. of sling during the lifting operation.TOV ‘SODDEUTSCHLAND Figure 1. BASKET HITCH NOTE 1: The total load that may be lifted when the included angle does not exceed 90° is 1.4 x that marked on the sling. NOTE 2: A basket hitch should only be used when the sling is passed through part of the load and the load is balanced on the sling.‘SOODEUTSCHLAND Figure 2. SIMPLE CHOKE HITCH é NOTE: The total load that may be lifted is Q-2 * MAReo, ot ME Stine.‘SUnDeUTScHLAN Figure 3. DOUBLE AND CHOKED NOTE: The total load that may be lifted {+ x that marked on the sling.SOODEUTECHLAND Figure 4. CHOKE HITCH DOUBLE WRAPPED _ NOTE: The total load that may be lifiedis O,2 % MAGQLEO eal Me ClinkTOV ‘SOODEUTSCHLAND Figure 5. TVVO SINGLE LEG SLING USED IN BASKET HITCH NOTE: The total load that may be lifted provided that no included angle eXceeds 90° is 2x Sling SWE & lAWrong Wrong Split pipe N \ io-Bo] ayy 03 ajqeeoen pue Bulls yeu} 0} enbiun Bujeq Jequinu Buys ay} YM sHupjew uoHeoynuUap! enbiun sJeinjoejnuew ay} esn so sBujew uojeoynuep! enbiun uMmo si} 9}ee19 yeys juewpedeq yorz *sBullg yoes] 07 Asea yf Buyjew siojeiay} pue 6o7 payepdn ue Buruyejuyew ul Suesn sisse «LOO sul now,. se peduies 9q pinos yun euelg Arouyoy “21 -s0j9edsu] Bulg sdoy 341M payeuBbisep sjuewpedeq 4asp oui Ag ajnuuay sBuyg ay; uo pedweyjs Aj129|9 40 payea eq pinoys sequinN uoesyHUEp! dweis 1MS ‘ON ‘Ol oul "ASNLON OG “T'M'S ON “‘Joamoesnuew Ag paduieys si “T'S Bulls ONS 3dOw SyIM “(o¥# Buimeip ajdwexe 888) (Bulpuesjsiepun) “spuess Ueda (s) “(z# Buimesp ajdwiexe das) ‘SulBeopuig (7) “(L# Buimesp ajdwiexe aas) ‘sasiyy paxury (¢) “(Lt Bumeip ejdwexe ses) ‘ses, poyusmg (Z) “@OPES WOdy psAaowias 9q LSNIN Gus ayy ‘asn so uojoedsuy JO OW} JE SIqISIA JoU-sI “TMS OU H “dOLOSASNI GAZINSO938 Vv A@ GaL371dWO9 SI SIHL ‘SONTIS OLNO “TMW'S GSLV4 SHL dINWLS LNAINLYVdad MSSN/MANMO 3HL TIVHS SWIL ON LY uogeoyloeds s,eunjoeynuew Jed se Buls uo payew Alejo y's paey (1) ‘SMOT104 SV GSLSIT SNOLIGNOS B1GVLd39OVNN =SHL 3O ANV 4OS G3L03dSNI 3A TIVHS SONIIS 3dOu SYM ‘cas“BIRDCAGING IN WIRE ROPES” Example Drawing #2“@OBJINS aul 84} UO ODES JeAIIS JO Aulys @ 40} YOO] 3d0¥ G3LLid (4V4M FAISSSOXS) LV Td ‘pasinsso UD] OU; a18ym Bole up UI pouepey B Wom ‘paysnia aue sados osoyy Gani L# Gumesg ajdwexy (s6ulls jo asnsiw Aq pesned Ajjensn si siy_) «SAdOUY GSyNIM 8 GALL Id ‘GANALLV14 ‘NYOM ‘GSHSNYO, SASVINVG 3d0u SeIM“SauIM UBxOIg [eared UaYo ||iM ados e BuIxe|4 Ss Bulpueas ybipy pesneo yup uedo uy ayesapoul sapun pue ezjs sedoid BY) JO SBARSYS 13A0 BHuipueg payeoday Joye anines jo ynsas Se Soum Ueyoug “Buipeo| yooys Woy Buninsas QYM| JO UOISMIOIg “Bulpeoj yOoys Jo }/NSal & se UOIsNuJO/d a10D, og Guavig ajdwexg «ONIGNVYLS HOIH 8 NOISNYLOYd FYOD 3d0U SIM. A _“speuBis uejnGe. asn Udy} ‘pesy uo ysy dey “LSIOH NIVW 4SN *S9 [D4] [eJUOZLOY Hews ul puey saow ‘umop Buuiod sabuyeos ‘paemumop “8/2449 }e}uOZHOY jes UW! pueY aacw ‘dn Bunuiod saBuyasoy EDNYOA WIe840; YUM “LSIOH Aynoy puey 42490 (sides se umoys 5 3SIOH “JeUGIs LoROW 243 6 Jo 3U04j UL ssojuoRoW soejd pue jeubis uoow LAN puey Aue ea16 0} puey uo eS5N “ATMOS SAOW “Apog $0 uo; uy spuey dse1> ‘SNIHLAYIAZ 90a “AyjequozioY ujiOy pue yDeq wae eaow ‘umop ued pepueyxe way “dO Awe i ENN. ee(Aquo saueis 42jmess 405) Apog jo pre] pue 24514 Ajpides u04j uy Aj/ed140A pozeyO. IS1j 49430 JO sue S405 sADW ‘UMOP UOROU Je[ND419 Aq pazeoipul UONDeuIp sued ‘popuayxe Suv | yoes} aysoddo jane} ‘Isy pasies ‘ Aq porestpu apis uo 9Des9 943 Pe “Opes oug ‘euler somes, J2@Ae43 Jo UoNOW Burysnd Gupjew ‘pastes Apyb}|s pue uedo puey ‘paemsoy POpusyxe way “(syDesL yjog BueID JejmesD) “TAVEL BSunuiod squiny3 yum BunUIOd squinuy YIM uolpesip-ul UOROW Bulysnd Apog Jo 3uo4j Uy S3SIy YIOG Apog jo you u! s}sly yJOg eyew ‘pasies Anysys (swioog GurdoasajeL) *(swioog BuidoosajeL) pue uddo puey ‘piaemsoy woos 1lovulay "WOOd GN3LXa pepuspe wy “TAAVEL SNOILVHAdO SNVYD ONITIOULNOSD YOs SIVNOIS GNVH“pause S| juawanow Pep] se Guo} se yno pue ur saoBuy x01) ‘umop Buguiod Quin? pepusixe ue YA “VOT JHL ASIVY GNW WOOd 3HL Y3MO71 “peaisap Ss} uaweaow peo] se Guo] se yno pue u) s4a6ul xay ‘dn Buquiod quinyy ‘pepueyxe We WM “dVO7 JHL Y3MOT 3HL ONV WOOd 3Hl aSIVY "woog §0 BuiMs jo uoNDa4Ip uy 4e6uy Yam qui Pepuspe WY ‘ONIMS *paemumop Buyuiod quiny3 ‘pasojo sioBuy pepusyxe Wy "WOOd Y3MO1 *paemdn Burgurod quinyg ‘pesojo ssaburs ‘papuayxe wy "WOO 3SIVY “sjeuGis sejnGo4 9sn ueua fpuey su0 YM Mogi dey “CLSIOH AYVITIXNY) 3NTIdIHM aSsn SND AN Ad ae MS ON IR sit‘SUODEUTECHIAND SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS Web sling are available in two materials — nylon and polyester (Dacron). Nylon is resistant to many alkalis whereas polyester is resistant to many acids. Consult the manufacturer before using web slings in @ chemical environment. Nylon slings are more common but polyester slings are often recommended where headroom is limited since they stretch only half as much as nylon slings. Synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purposes > Their relative sofiness and width create much less tendency to mer or scratch finely machined, highly polished or painted surfaces and less tendency to crush fragile objects than fibre rope, wire rope or chain, slings. f SYNTHETIC WER SLINGS BO NOT DAMAGE OR CRUSH Loaps Because of their flexibility, they tend to mald themselves to the shape of the load. WEB SLINGS MOLD THEMSELVES TO THE LOAD Synthetic web slings are not affected by moisture and certain chemicals. They do not rust and thus will not stair omamental précest concrete or stone. They are non-sparking end can be used safety in explosive atmospheres. They minimize twisting and spinning during lifting. Their light.weight permits ease of rigging, their sbfiness precludes hand cuits, and the: danger of harm from a free-swinging sling is minimal. They are elastic and stretch under load more than elther wire rope or chain and can thus absorb heavy shocks and cushion loads, in cases where sling stretching Must be minimized, a sling of larger load capacity or a polyester sling should be used. Synthetic web slings are available in a’ number of configurations useful in construction. ‘Sole ioaing & Strategy Course ~“noe TscHAND i TYPE OF WEB SLINGS TWISTED EYE SLINGS In Place of sewn eyes, web slings are available with metal end fittings. The most common are triangle and choker attachment for the other end. With this arrangement, choker and | Basket as well as siraight hitches may be ngged. Such attachments help reduce weer in the sling eyes and thus lengthen sling life. Choker End Fittings Telangle End Fittings METAL EXD FITTINGS Sele Rlooing 8 Staging Course Page 24 of 49Endless or Grommet Slings -both ends of one piece of webbing lapped and sewn to forms @ continuous piece. They can be used as vertical hitches, bridle hitches, in choker arrangements or as basket hitches. Because load contact points can be shifted with every lifi, wear is evenly distributed and sling life extended. ENDLESS OR GROMMET SLINGS Standard Eye-and-Eye—webbing assembled and sewn to form a flat body sling with an eye at each end and eye openings in the same plane as the sling body. The eyes may be either full web width or tapered by being folded and sewn narrower than the webbing width, STANDARD EYE-AND-EYE SLINGS Twisted Eye—an eye-and-sye with twisted terminations at both ends. The eye openings are at 909500 the plane of the sling body. This configuration is available with either full width or tapered eyes. Sweniyging & Staging course Page 25 of 49SaDDEUTECHLUMID The rated capacity of synthetic web slings is based on the tensile strength of the webbing, a factor of safety of #7and the fabrication efficiency. Fabrication efficiency accounts for loss of strength, in the webbing after itis stitched and otherwise modified during’ manufacture. Fabrication efficiency is typically 80 to 85% for single-pfy slings but will be lower for mult-ply slings and very wide slings. Although manufacturers provide, tables for bridle and, basket configurations, these should be used with extreme caution. At low sling angles on edge of the web will be overloaded and the sling will tend to tear. IFthe sting angle is too lov the web can tear here EFFECT OF LOW SLING ANGLE ON WEBBING | Slings with aluminum fittings should never be used in acid or alkali environments. Nyton and polyester slings must not be used at temperatures above 194°F (20°C), Inspect synthetic web slings regularly. Damage is usuelly easy to detect. Cuts, holes, tears, frays, broken stitching, wom eyes and wom or distorted fillings, and bums from | acid, caustics or heat are immediately evident and signal the need for replacement. Do not attempt repairs yourself | Marking (Sting Identification): Each sling shall be permanently marked to show: (@) Name or trademark of manufacturer | (b) Manufacturer's code or stock number (Cc) Rated loads (rated Capacities) for the types of hitches used | (d) Type of synthetic web material Page 27 of 49 i i i \ |Despite their inherent toughness, synthetic web slings can be. cut by Fepeated use around sharp-cornered objects and abraded by continually hoisting rough-surfaced loads. Protective devices offered by most sling manufacturers can minimize these effects. > Buffer strips of leather, nylon, or other materials sewn on the body of the sling protect against wear Leather pads are most resistant to wear and cutting, but are subject to weathering and differ from these of webbing. On the other hand, nylon web wear pads are more resistant to weathering, cils, grease and, most alkalis. Moreover they stretch in the same ratio as the sling body. Edge guards consist of strips of webbing or leather sewn around each edge of the sling. This is necessary whenever sling edges are subject to damage Sleeve or sliding tube wear pads are available for slings used to handle material with sharp edges. The pads are positioned on the sling where required, will not move when the sling stretches, adjust to the load and cover both sides of the sling. REC U LAR—This is Ce nye that i een on EDGEGUARD—A sirp of wedding > to exvs fixed protecnon & expected wear leather is sen around exch edge of the pots. They can be senn snyuhere on the sling Thic sting at any length ox one wade or on bolt sides necesnry for certain SLEEVE-«Sometimes called sliding sleeve os mbe ype wear eds, these pads are ideal for handling inaterial with sharp ‘t0g¢s because the sleeve doasn’t moe when the sling siretches ‘ond adjusts 10 the toad. Sleeves cover both sides of he sling and ‘can be shifled lo points of expected nwxdiiuin wear. WEB SLING >. Reinforcing’ strips sewn intocthersling eyes double or tiple the eye thickness and: greatly increase sling life arid safety. : > Coatings provide added resistance to abrasion and chemicals as well as a better orip on slippery loads. Coatings can be brightly coloured for safety or load rating. > Colton-faced nyion webbing affords protection for hoisting granite and other rough- surfaced material. Sulettgalags Stagtngy eourse “Page 26 of 48EXAMINATION AND REMOVAL CRITERIA A sling shzil be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall cmnly be retumed to service when approved by a designated person. (@) eacid or caustic bums (b) melting or charring of any part ofthe sling (c)_ taoles, tears, cuts, or snags» (€) broken or wom stitching in load bearing splices (e) excessive abrasive wear () _ kcnots in any part of the sling (G) excessive pitting or corrosion, or cracked, distorted, or broken fittings (*) other visible demage that causes doubt as to the strength of the sling I | SeteRiraing& Staging Conse Page 280049 39Sen ILLIGIBLE TAG 40PUNCTURES, SNAGS, TEARS punctures, snags, tears a_SNAGS PRAYING BNAGS PRAYING cA DAMAGE YARN damaged yarn 42id exposure ack 43BROKEN STITICHINGTYPICAL WEB AND ROUND SLINGS WITH SWL AND MODE MARKINGS THE S.WL. ARE IN TONNES SINGLE LEG < \ SLING UU # qj | BASKET 3 ASSEMBLY MODE | STRAIGHT} CHOKE BARALERL BASKET 90: ENDLESS WEB SLING & L, ROUND SLING | MODE FACTOR i 08 2 a4 W.LL. | COLOUR] SW -. MODE OF ASSEMBLY “S.WL 0 VIOLET 1 os 2 14 20 GREEN 2.0 16 4.6 2.8 3) YELLOW 3.0 24 60 42 3 GREY 40 3.2. . BO 5.6 5.0 | RED 5.0 4.0 10.0 7.0 _| 6.0 | BROWN 60 48 12.0 84 Bo BLUE 80 64 16.0 Th 190 [ORANGE [7 ik6 80 20.0 14.0 120 [ORANGE 1.0 9.6 24.0 16.8 A Safe Working E.oad and Mode of Cpreity tabet is sewn into the sting, the capacity cal also be Gesignated by cofour coding the entire fabric of the sling. 45CHAIN SLINGS MADE FROM STEEL Modem chains are made from steel. A number of grades of chain are mantrfactured which is dependant on the properties of the steel itsetf and the Heat treatment during manufacture Each grade of steel has its own strength and shock absorbing properties and it follows that chain slings manufactured from different steels have differing SAFE WORKING LOADS, All chain sling fittings, such as hooks, rings etc. are assembled with a similar type of steel to thal of the chain to which they are attached. Do not therefore interchange chain sling fittings. itis very important to check the SAFE WORKING LOAD marked ona r@ use as chains of the same diameter do not always have the me SAFE WORKING LOAD. The following grades of steel are in common use, where it may easily be seen the need to double check the SAFE WORKING LOAD marked on all items of lifting tackle. The safe working loads listed are all for 12.7 mm diameter chain. Grade M or Grade 40 higher tensile steel Amedium carbon steel which produces good general purpose chains, hooks and shackles with a SAFE WORKING LOAD of 2.0 tons. Grade S or Grade 60 alloy steel An alloy steel giving lighter slings and fittings, having high shock absorbing properties and resistance to wear with a SAFE WORKING LOAD of 3.0 tons. Grade T or Grade 80 alloy steel Ahigh alloy steel , much tarder than the lower grades giving a greater fesiStance to wear atthe same tithe retaining ample shook absorbing properties and allowing a ighter sling with a SAFE WORKING LOAD of 5.0 tons. 46CHAIN SLINGS | Chain Try to avoid using chain when it is possible to use wire rope. The failure of a single link of achain results in the complete failure of the chain, whereas the wire rope is made up of many wires and strands and they must all fail before the rope breaks. Chain usually gives no warning when it is about to break, other than obvious visible signs, whereas a wire rope breaks through a progression of snapping wires and strands which can usu: ally be clearly heard. Chain is not suitable for impact loading as there is no elasticity. A wire rope should not be shock loaded either, but it does allow limited flexibility. “Chains are better suited than wire rope for vertain jobs as they will withstand rougher handling and will not kink. Chains are much more. resistant to abrasion and corrosion than wire rope and well suited as stings in industrial plants for lifting loads such as heavy castings Ouadruple Leg Stings an: Master causing Counties ante Chain Grade Identification Chain should have an identifying mark stamped regularly on the link, as Indicated in illustration #76. Chain quality identitice- tion is confusing as every manufacturer uses a different sysiem of marking, although some 9f the more common markings for alloy hoisting chainare "A"',""T", or a version of the number "8", such as "80" or "800", asten uns Cran woos | Wastration #76 ~ Chain Identification = Verte end fiteag Coupling tink FIG. 6 CHal Loner sna Hitting chain Counting tint Lower and ftsng LING MAJOR COMPONENTS‘TYPICAL CHAIN SLINGS WITH SWL MARKINGS As an alternative to thé slamp markings’on rings etc. permanent metal tabs can be fitted showing the SWL and identity number 48GRADE 80 ALLOY STEEL CHAIN SLING CAPACITIES °-90° 90°-120° A LEG | s0°-1202 o°-90° 90°-120° | 0°- 90° 4-LEG ee i 10.0 45 | 3.2 13.0 7.6 | 5.4 16.0 11.3 | 8.0 19.0 16.2 | 11.5 20.0 17.6 | 12.5 : 21.8 | 15.5 22.5 | 16.0 23.8 | 16.9 You will note from the capacity ratings that for both 3 leg and 4 leg the Safe Working Loads are the same. In practice most of the load is taken up on only 3 legs of the sling. 495 SAFE USE OF SHACKLES. Assembly hackles should be inspected before use to ensure thet: {a} the body of te shackle and the pin are both identifiable as teing of the same quality grade; (b) alk earteienge re ceadsble: {el} the piss isvot the corvect type: {e) the threats of the pin and the body are undamaged: {e) the shactiie and pin are not distorted: (Q) the shack te asd pin ase not unduly worn; {o) the shackie and pin are fee from nicks, so cracks and eorrotion. Ensure, whee appropriate, that pin is cocrectly screwed into the dhickle eye, Le. tighten fing tight, then Jock using a srr tommy bar oF suhaile tac! so that the c’bilar of the pin is fly seated on.the shackle eye, Ensure that the pin is of the egreect bength so that ivpenetsates the full depth of the stewed eye and allows the colar of the pin to bed on the strface of the grilled eye. Incorrect seating of the’pin may be due to a bent pin, too tight Biting theeed or misalignment of pin holes, Dont use the sthackte under these circumstances, but refer the matter 0 acompetent person. ses, Never replhet a hackle pn with 2 Bot other thin one designed tor te purpose a4 may not be uhtable fot the lads mnpeueat dee yore 6 Never reptsce & shackle pin with ebolt Ceca The foad will bend the bore Figute 8. Sreeorect reptecemnent of shackle pin It is important in the eae of shackles fittes with » tote, agt and split eotter pi (type L, figure 7) that the length of the plain portion of the Blt ic such that the nut ‘will rn on the inner end of the thread and nt on the tyes of the shackle, hus lesving the Bolt fee to rosa, nd that the nut and bolt ate cross drilled for a soit covter, pin when in this position, Usa __ Silect Hie €ov¥tct type of shickle for sparticolsr appliestion from the information piven ‘Shackles should be fitted to the foad in = manner ‘hap athows the shackle body to take thé load in tut tine along its eontreline; and not in such a way that bending feacr are induced, ather than those for which the shackle is designed. See figure 9. reorrect Correct Figure 8. Corse nd focorvect eve of ibacktas 50SHACKLE INFORMATION MANUFACTURERS LOGO Designating angle of 2 keg hitch: Diameter of hackle Normally marked as W.L.L. (Weight Load Limit) When pin sci hard tight n¢ here Plain hole must be true with tapped hole 51“Bay a|BuIs 103 pasn SsepjoeYS OOP SIUM ‘sBuljs ojdyjnui Joy pasn sepjoeys Mog < Jo pouiad peo] 40) pesn ale Sep{OeYs 490} Ajoyes yA ANU puke yo < “SOM Ja}2M UO JO UOOSUUGD epjoeys uleUd, adh) ayes apioeys ureyS apjaeys Urey ulg punoy Uld Mal9g Spoeys soysuy punoy apaeys soyouy epjaeys Joyouy ulg punoy, 3 Wid MOI9S 52(usnuayuywu) uolsuewp yoauoo 403 ole epjoeys yoaug 50 %06 53 UVaTS LON. diNVLS TMS SapjOeYs U] JN990 ued 324} saGeweg Jo sajdwexy 9# Guimesg ajduexy/ Abts e8n SELES BucayyPacking Conect Figuee 10, U se of loose spacers on shackle pin Incorrect — Shackle pin. ‘bearing on running line ean work loose, Correct ~ Shackle pin cannot turn, Figuee 11. Use of shackles co avoid pin unscrewing: example ¥ 55ACCORDING TO U.S. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION RR-C-271B Approx. weight per 100 PCS “serew | Satery | pla | pin kgs kgs 2.25 - x 38 63 70 95 | 100 iss | 170 a 230 | 260 324 | 360 440 | 480 00 | 700 750 | 850 4400 | 1600 | | 1992.|.2100 3715 | 4200 - | 6900 - {12000 i MINIMUM BREAKING STRENGTH =6 TIMES 56 a SAFE WORKING LOAD.EYE BOLTS AND EYE NUTS There are two basic types of eye bolt:- with and without a collar,. The collar eyebo It is designed for side loading up to an angle of 45 degrees from the vertical. ~ ~ table for vertical ‘The eyebi “ho Coilar Is called a dynamo eyebolt, it is only lifts, no side loacking whatsoever, Ifa piece of equi pment is installed that needs to be lifted is installed with two dynamo eyebolts a spreader beam should be used to apply a vertical lift to both eyebolts, When fitting a eyebolt to a machine for lifting make sure the threads match and that the thread is of the correct length. Do not force the eyebolt or eye nut, but make sure the shoulder of the eye bolt or nut __ \s seciiré against’ the face of the machiné before attempting the lift. —_ For lifting of a vertically mounted electric motor or pump from side mounted eyebolts extreme care must be taken as @ right angled load is being applied to the eyebolt. You muxst ensure that the eyebolts so fitied are the ones designed for that particular purpose, not alternatives, It follows that it is not good working practice to remove an eye bolt or nut from a machine once installed. 57‘AOVIV JO TIAL SI WALLA “@'1 LNV1d St MaasWON “MANLOVANNVW 10 UVIA “CRUTAWAL F GTHONINOTHE COLLAR EYE BOLT AND NUT SUITABLE FOR SIDE LOADING UPTO 45 DEGREES FROMTHE VERTICAL THE DYNAMO EYEBOLT ONLY SUITABLE FOR A VERTICAL LIFTING 59speoayy pobeweg pue peddingpeo dis! on ty) SMOOH T3uxvE 3A3 SSYSARy GNNOY SMOOH dYNS Q Y9}E7] Buplooy eaR!sod taEM OOH ONITS HO O8dSd OOH YSHOHD ONIGMS OOH 3A3 901- YNHS ? 61 OOH ONILEOSONIGVaudS LYOUH. HOLWT ONISSIWARS HLIM 3eaS3eaS.LNI NVD d0O7T “sbare uoJaip Ul pey}lwad s| pou yotym jnoqe Aauedasosip apim e si oy) queuguedop WHSO/SHDO siqzalidde eu YIM 498YD : SLON “seoeds pauyuos ul suonoefoid Uo sBeus 3] 3Insed e se pue ‘Biq 00} s} doo} ety yeu Jory ‘3U3 O} snp pasn aq JoUURD SoUsUIOS yng ‘suoREInBas Apes Auew uj s} yor pougswi & SQ UORERSNIII “pus peop ou 0} paddyja sj edou so qnys joys y ‘aeindod sow s} yoiym pouew ayy SI gq LORBySNI}] “@Ul] Peo] au oBeweEp o} yGnoue 3145p eq JOU pinoys dijo ety pue eu!) peo) oy uo posed ¢! o1ppes dijo ow ‘}9eIs opi e OAEY Pinoys pus peep ayy “auy Peo} eu} 0} peddyja s} pus peep oy ‘y UoReRSNy! Ul “O'a'V # UORERSNIT UI UMoYs aie edos eum op so pus peop oly Buynoes Jo spoyjow eouyy uswyoeRe Pue peep otf Sujuseoucs fea suogeinBes Males Joyoos om we 420M S} 216th USYM Ai[eoIpo}ied Jo ynd eq Cc} pus e4p, Smojle iy “Aresoooou UeUR sounINy YENosLy pus peep oun ind 300s eBpem & o} edos eum e Guyoene UayNG? ‘peulquiod ATUOUUIOD ele elf TeASMOY Sjoyo0s abpam Wim asn 40) papuawiuosar you s} edayTHE TURNBUCKLE ‘The turnbuckle consists of a barre! with opposite threads at each end, into which ~ may be screwed a number of end fittings, such as:- eyes, hooks and a shackle type of fitting. raise ena ‘The opposing (clockwise and anti-clockwise threads) allow rotation of thé barrel to tighten or loosen the end fittings and attached slings. This is a very valuable and often under used item of lifting tackle. It is very useful for making adjustments to the rigging on odd shaped loads that require unequal sling lengths for a balanced lift. As with all items of lifting tackle, this should be marked with its Safe Working Load. SECURING OF TURNBUCKLE END FITTINGS (haa End Fittings must be secured¢ OOH THA ge HOON Sunw mve sn soW 00 “peasy 243 uo peoj 8Uf 0} ppe Asyy “way ym paddinba swos jou oP WOIUM sepjonquin; Uo synu We! ssn jou og “Buniy pue ay jo SWwedy OUR 490] 0} 3UeModuy si 3) quasaid si UonegIA 4) S6un3i4 pus epjonquins~ uopege: Ayoedeo paonpey Sey yoo} ang mer 243 suoReysny UI Peyeo|puy ere sjuewYoeye apyonquin; snoeA ooo'ez %b oos‘z oor'tz %b 00's ooz‘st wb 00's o0‘or + 000'r ove BIL 00's 02's % ‘osz'z oos'e ais oos‘t o0z'2 % ooo'L o0z't ae 002 008 SHS 00% oos % (spunog) (spunog) s6unyy pug. (seyou}) Bug ‘amg Jejowerg pug 400} ‘ekg ‘mer 49035 peO7 Bupuoyy ayes sepjonquing, 21423 Ul Peyeolpur eae sapjonquiny 40 speoy Gupjiom SHES BUI ‘UoHIod papeeiyy ayy Jo Jajoure|p 242 UO spuedep peo] Bupom ayes ayy “Papjem eq Jou pinoys Pue [e835 Aoye 30 9q pinoys sepponquin, 65CHAIN HOISTS No general description is needed of a chain hoist, for any rigger worthy of the fille is well “acquainted with il, There are, however, ‘four types of chain hoists, namely, ' the spur-geared, the screw jeared, differential, and the pull-litt types. he first three types are used for hoisting, while the last fype is used primarily for pulling a horizontal direction. For frequent use and where a minimum of labour is awallable to operate it, the spur ered hols! (Figs) ig, recommended, hough the cost of this hoist is the highest, it ‘will prove most economical to operate. Where the hoist is to be used infrequently, such as in a public garage, and where: ‘the first cost is a consideration, the screw-geared hoist is commonly used. For very frequent use, such as in a private garage and where light weight and low Cost'are important, the differential hoist finds its place In the screw-geered hoist (Fig.2) about 85 per cent of the energy the operator exeris 1s concerted into_useful work lifting the load; the other 15 per cent is wasted in overcoming the friction in the gears, bearing, Chains, etc. The screw-geared hoist transforms trom one-third of the energy input Some hoist manufacturers roduce a special ball-bearing differential joist, which has a higher efficiency. The screw-—geared and differential hoists have sufficient internal friction to prevent the load from running on the lowering motion. Ssuch’ is not the case with the spur-geared hoist, so a load brake is incorporate d with it. All chain hoists are designed with their hooks as the weakest parts, the two hooks not being interchangeable. In other words, If the hoist is overloaded it is first indicaled b the:spreading or opening up of the lower hook: As designed, the inner contour of the hook is an arc'of a circle, and any deviation from a circle is evidence of overloading. If sufficiently overloaded, the hook will gradually straighten Sut until it finally releases the load, and yet no damage should have been done ‘to other load-bearing parts of the hoist hioging & Staging Course 66 As shown in this illustration, a distorted hook is prima-fade evidence of not a minor covarload but rather of overloading of great magnitude. All the hooks shown are rated at fon capacity (2,000 Ib). Even an overload of 2,000 Ib does not cause noticeable distortion. An overload of 3,800 Ib on a 2.000 Ib boom causes very iille spreadir Yet it is not uncommon to see chain hoist: in. use-with the hook opened up and this required an-overtoad of 4,800 Ib. Of course, there is no excuse" whatsoever for overloading any chain hoist to this extend Fig.1 Typical spur Fig. 2 Typical screw: (geared chain hoist. ‘geared chain hoist. (ale & Towns Mfg. Co} | (Yale & Towns Mfg. a)Sele loolay & Staghay Course Viner & hosts has been severely ovedsades. it swould bes rexplaced by 2 new hack, Raver aitemnpl te Feege 2 sprees hock back ialo Shape. A mew hook ls too cheap to vavrant taking arty chiacces with an overtoad neoe, W there te evidence of severe overloading, have the chain heisl sent fo mie maintenance shop for 41 Complete internal examination and ouerhaut. Pay particuter attention lo Ine wear ‘on the brake caused by excessive load, Occasional in a manufacturing plant a chains hoist Is used for lowering materlal ints oll Baths oF for holding material while itis sprayes with eit In elthercase the toad chain may be coated with an aenestve amount of eit and whan Ine heals! is operated the oll is traaslered lo the sprocket and may evertualy in tts way in the loud Drake. mus teduoing ls holding powar, For service euch as this the screw ented ce difierential holst should be wees Only forgect steel should te used for betel Fiore 2. typeal et econ feputable manufacturers with same such paris ‘ade of cast iron or malleable icon latnagecting a chain anise Ris aot seeessary 12 examine the hooks ad ‘tout appearance oF te chan cafetuly. bet 2 more thorough examination & vary Ingonant. Figuie (4) shows & hosk of @ chain bela Ril was used In a Iadustial plant for continuous service on itvee stilts. A safery Inspector anserved that tha neck wes bal) ‘rom, snd he ordered i caplacad by 2 new hook. However, he tai to Inspect the chain aroughly. Much Lo he surprise of at crecemned, wen tha nook wat femaved, 4 was discovered thal the chain was in eve ‘rota conciton than the: hook, as txseales Dy the one fk remaining atlgcnes te the hook Fer puting horizontally. (Fip. $) such as wen romoving Wee alumips, batter tubes, o¢ uenigies stuck th the mud, a crew geared load hook if the load being lowered shutd foul fen cbsituction. It ts good practice to lastat e* the hook 2 rugged safety Ia!0n seh ws no: roadly obiainable, make a mousing of sevesal ‘weeps of maria rope yar or twin on the hock, type ehbin hols. Fate & Towsn Mig Co) Figure. “his hook wos earcemned by the Sate'y tospestor. Upon vernava rors chain hors! the worn Wakwras orscovered | Figure 5. Lover Operated Oaviee for puting et tape vertiesly or harizonlally (Gephoist. Inc} 67SLINGING PROCEDURE PREPARATION 4. Assessing the weight of the load. Before starting any lifting always know the weight of the load to be lifted, usually is marked on the packing case, it not use a weighting device (S.L.!) or check the manifest or loading list. Checking the route or path. Always check the path that the load will be traveling through, look out for overhead obstructions or personne! working in the vicinity. Make sure that they are aware of the lift that is going on, and always ensure that wooden bearers or similar are available and in position to land the (if. Select your lifting material. Select your lifting equipment, ensuring that it has the 3 items on it, ie. colour code, S.W.L. & |.D. markings, if it does not do not use it, change it for lifting equipment that does have these 3 items on it. inspection of your lifting equipment. Now that you have selected your iifting equipment, check it for wires broken, nicks or gouges in your shackles, and generally badly worn equipment. Centre of gravity. The centre of gravity of any lift can usually be found already marked on its lifting case, however, if it is not, a trial lift should be carried out with caution. Controlling the load. In any ‘lifting cosetor it "is @8sential that Control of the load is: maintained at all times. To ensure this the use of a tagline is most important, as a rigger it is your responsibilty to make sure that all litting operations do have at least | No. Tagline attached, ‘Sule ggtag 8 Shaging eoarse 68TOV LIFTING OPERATION 7. Positioning the hook of the crane. Using the correct crane signal the appointed banksman will center the hook over the centre of the Graviy, ensuring that the crane operator is able to see him at all times during the lift, 8. Taking the weight. The appointed banksmen will again check the path of the lift ensuring that it is clear, when he is satisfied it is safe to continue, he will take the weight of the lifl and “float” the lift, checks will be made to make sure that the load will not slip, when the banksman is sure everything is secure, he will instruct the crane operator to move the load using the correct crane signals 9. Safety Awareness. When carrying out any lifting operation, always expect trouble, if you are aware that something could go wrong, then you will be able to react that much quicker. | 1 Traveling the toad, Now that you have started moving the load you must ensure that the | crane operator can see you at all times. On completion of the travelin of the load, always ensure that the wooden blo: or anything that will enable you remove your slings safely are positioned correctly. | 11. Landing the load, | On completion of traveling the load, instruct tHe crane operator to “stop” the load movement, Position the load above the wooden blocks, then instruct the crane operator to lower the loads “slowly” until the | load has been landed safely. Once the load has been landed you can safely remove the slings, coil or roll them up and stow them safely away until then next time. 69SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR BANKSMEN 1. Everything possible should be done to ensure the complete safety of the crans and all personnel 2. Ensure crane operator and banksman are familiar with signals to be used. 3. Be aware of obstructions within crane outreach and working area. 4. Be aware of wind speed (pressure). 5. Know the weight of the load and become familiar with single line maximum loads. When lifting personnel, ensure safely catch if fitted to the hook and is in good working order. 6 Stand in a position where the crane operator can clearly see you. If your instructions are not being followed, i.e. the crane stops, it may well be that tie crane operator has lost sight of your signals. 7 Check that lifting gear being used is slung correctly to the load. 8 — When lifting, stop load just clear of deck to check balance and security of loed before carrying on 9. Always use clear and distinct signals to contro! lifting operations and in poor light conditions exaggerate all crane signals. 10. Warm other personnel in the area of the movement of the load. 11. Ensure all hands are free from the lifting gear and stand clear before the crane takes the load. Do not stand between the load being lifledowered and any obstruction. 13. Make it clear to the crane operator when load has to be moved and placed if possible precede each load to its destination. 14. Neverstand beneath a suspended load or allow other persons to do s0. 15. Keep a check on other activiies within the cranes operating area to avoid development of unforeseen hazards. If anything out of the ordinary occurs STOP-CHECK. ‘Safe higgtog & Staging course 7 70Tov SODGEDTSCHUAND If the crane stops and your instructions are not being followed, it may be that the Crane operator has been given a signal to stop by someone who has seen a situation devetoping which you have missed, 18, When banking use extreme caution when the crane is approaching its. minimurn radius Become familiar with maximum boom angles. 20. Do not slew or drag loads over the deck as this imposes severe side stresses onto the crane boom, Ensure the crane operator never leaves the crane unattended with a load on the hook. Never instruct cranes to slew outboard when divers are in the vicinity 28, Ensure crane is manned at all times wien supply boats are tied up in case a quick cast offis required Ensure helicopter landin; heticopter. 19 officers are consulted before working in vicinity of When working with supply boats the ultimate decision is with the supply boat captain, although consultation must take place with the OlM/crane operator! captain. When preparing a load for lifting, keep the crane hook well clear of personnel 27, Do not ride on @ hook or a load and do not allow anybody to do so. ‘Sale onlay 8 Suagurg Bourse - 71Tov SAFETY PROCEDURES: CRANES OFFSHORE Personnel and equipment transfer to and from supply boat. 1 When. using the personnel transfer basket always make sure that the following procedures are followed A) When landing the personnel transfer basket on the moving deck of the supply boat, always lower enough slack in the crane wire to stop the personnel transfer basket lifting clear of the supply boat deck, during rough sea conditions causing injury to transfer personnel When carrying out personnel transfer from the ship to the supply boat, always remember that it is easier and safer for you, the crane operator, to adjust your personnel transfer baskets to the supply boat's position than for the supply boat captain to, try and adjust- his supply boat's position to your crane. Especially if passengers- are on the personnel transfer basket. When landing equipment on the deck-of the supply boat, always lower enough slack in the crane wire immediately the load has landed on the supply boat deck, otherwise in rough sea conditions the supply boat will fall away during wave moverrnent, causing the load to return ‘to the crane wire giving “shock loading” both to the crane wire and the crane boom. This is to be avoided as either wire rope failure or crane boom collapse could occur. Any rane operation involving the offloading or back loading of materials to/from a supply boat then the operator must observe the following instructions. 4) Ensure that all supply boat personnel are standing clear of the load_ being lowered of lifted, B) Ensure that the load is fitted with a tagline. C) When lowering the load to the supply boat the operator must make sure that the load is lifted clear of personnel on deck of the platform i.e. do not travel the load over peoples heads, and when over the side of the platform the load must be sited over the water (see) and never above the supply boat's deck or accommodation. Likewise when hoisting a load from the supply boat fo the platform the load must be sited over the water (sea) as soon as the load can safely clear the supply bosts side/gunwale. While this operation is ongoing all supply boat personnel must retire to a place of safety. When the load is clear of the supply boats side, the operator must keep the load over the water and not above the supply boat. When the load is at the required height for transfer to the platform the operator must cheok that the personnel both on the supply boat and the platform are clear of the load unfit, its landed on the platform Salo lgolas 8 Stagéerar boarse 72Factors Se Cranes Rated CapacityTOV CONFIGURATION OF CRANE BASE The capacities in the load chart depend on the crane’s base (how it is set up) as follows, « Carrier-Mounted Cranes (including lattice boom, and rough terrain units) Fey ieee C ‘The base will be either: [ “ON OUTRIGGERS” | OR [ “ON RUBBER” | * Crawler-Mounted Cranes The base willl be either: CRAWLERS RETRACTED CRAWLERS EXTENDED ‘The base will be either: “ON STABILIZERS” oR “ON RUBBER” ‘Sefohiggiay® Suapiag course * ~ 74PID. ING RATE Load chart ratings apply only when the load is Vertically in fine with the boom tip at alt tines, fast swings, Rapid swing rates make this an impossible condition to meet, (1) START SWING (1) When the sewing is stertes te oad dll bebrine the boom fo caushig Side Ineding end raducihg cepeels, Sore Beahag 2 Stasing Course ‘Therefore, load chert capacities do not allow for ‘The swing rate must be adjusted to keep the load direct below the boom tip at all times, (2) DURING swine (2) Rapid swinging of s oad couses 10 tt away fom Ye machine Frovensing the ad rave 9nd ‘ecuelng capacty: the kad wil seo ‘5p behind the boom ip causing ste nadeg. 75 (3) STOP SWING s (9) When the crane's swing is storped the loed will keep gong Causing side looding and redociray capactyfy saxty 998) BREF AypeGrS oH} 2 JaySy B wi01; Ouapas , CRANE'S CENTER OF GRAVITY & PRINCIPLE OF LEVERAGE “seuss 2691 ou uysea:24) pue sno Buydoosefe| . peoy mp Curseeiou pue imap bugioog, “Mem Aus popeopero aq ueD SOLE: Salohiggng 2 Stmgheg toorse 76INCREASE OF LOAD RADIUS Load chart ratings apply only when the hoist ine loading (Section 8.7), the following is vertical at all times and the load is freely conditions produce non-vertical hoist lines Suspended during the lift. if the line is nol which result in increased load radius and vertical, regardless of the reasons, capacity is reduced capacity. lost. In adclition to the examples relating to side- + Reaching beyend the vertca! extende the load ‘adus ané tends to draw the boom forward snd decreases the crane’s capacty, tat tip ot fal ‘easly ant with 3 tower Nook foad than tated load ha fer the som ip rade. + Rapid swing causes increseed load recive which “decreased stably end reduces capactty © iting inside the boam ep radue pits © bed ‘compenert en tha Boor thet ects to tip it Dacward. Ater the lad ls clear of the ground tt wil suing out lnereashg the raclae and tend to ts the crane forward 77SIDELOZSDING Load chart ratings apply only when the load is picked up directly under the boom tip. Hf the load is to cither side of the boom tip, sideloading occurs and decreases capacity. This applies to both lattice and telescopic booms and is one of the most common causes of boom failure. It usually causes structural failure and always occurs without weming. Under vert leads the boom bate highAlmost sli cirane manufacturers specify in the It is advisable to avoid handing locds “SER lad chart that chan ratings musi be reduced present targe wind-catching susfaces, — under windy conditions, and they may also result could be loss of control of the load: ===amm fecommend a shut-down wind velocity. in crane even though the weight of the toa<———=—= aimost all @ases a when the wind speed within the normal capacly of the crane. exceeds 30 mph, it is advisable to stop operations. 20 mph wind exerts a force of only + 8 [<== on a flat-surfaced load (ile force on a4 ft, @==—=— Wind affects both the crane and the load, fl. sheet of Plywood = 36 Ibs.) so only kose——= reducing the fated capacity of the crane. Never having very large sail areas would recajemes— make a full capacity lif if il is windy. Use a greal crane Capacity de-rating. Al 30 mph, howe== deal of discretion even when iting under the wind exerts a force of 2.53 tb/ft2 of moderate wind conditions of 20 mph. surface area (equals 80 Ibs. on a sheet of by Bf. plywood). This wind forcs an the lox 30 mph is enough to cause non-vertical #——— lines and loads that are very difficult to cont: =m oom srength Is moat stectes ive the wine ‘sre the site eA 11 009 specs thet booms be designed (ovittstend thelr trated é bed pkg ste oad ual fo 2% ofthe rated ‘eee pha 20mph wing rn the se, Boor ough is thecefote equate to hancta winds ‘om tha eke up to 20 ‘Teh but ro alowanee ie trai for he effect ef tha ‘Wha on the oad, <——_Lead chart capacities do nat allow for sudden The following situations create such condi- starting or stopping of the lead, impact loading tions and reduce crane capacity below the or sudden machine movements, chant ratings. sndsucdomy tress fine + Sudden release sf eloed causes Dertiaps topple, Pace all oads gently to alow oem deftcion and pendant steton gradual raurn (o rermat Sate loghage Stages Cours 80