For flat mirrors, the law of reflection implies that images of objects are upright and the same

distance behind the mirror as the objects are in front of the mirror. The image size is the same as
the object size.

Refraction:

Snell's Law for the case n1 < n2, such as air/water interface

Refraction occurs when light travels through an area of space that has a changing index of
refraction. The simplest case of refraction occurs when there is an interface between a uniform
medium with index of refraction n1 and another medium with index of refraction n2 . In such
situations, Snell's Law describes the resulting deflection of the light ray:

Where and are the angles between the normal (to the interface) and the incident and
refracted waves, respectively. This phenomenon is also associated with a changing speed of light
as seen from the definition of index of refraction provided above which implies:

Where and are the wave velocities through the respective media.

Nature of Light:

Light is commonly observed in everyday life. However, the question is what the light is. Is light
made up of waves? Is light made up of particles? Is light a wave or particle or both. The answer
to this question is through experiment.
Wave nature of light and the electromagnetic spectrum: the wave nature of light is best
illustrated by wave comprising the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is a
wide range of waves which differ in wavelength or frequency.

Properties of Light:

 Light is an electromagnetic wave.

 It is differentiated by wavelength of frequency
 It travels at 3x108 m/sec in vacuum.
 Light takes the quickest path between two points, this is st line.
 It can be reflected, bent and interferes with itself just like other waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum: Electromagnetic spectrum is organized by wavelength and

frequency.

According to electromagnetic theory, the light is composed of electric field E and the magnetic
field B. The electric field and the magnetic field are perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Particle Nature of Light and Quantum Theory: The particle nature of light can be demonstrated
by several experimental observations e.g. radiation spectrum, the photoelectric effect, X-ray
production, and the Compton Effect.

Wave particle Duality: De Broglie gave a theory , momentum (particle nature)

Wavelength (a wave nature)

Light is actually both, at times it acts as if it is made up of waves while for some time other time it acts as
it is made up of particles.