E K NAYYANAR MEMORIAL MODEL

POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
KALLIASSERY

REPORT
ON
INDUSTRIAL VISIT

Submitted By
ATHUL K
REG.NO:20240523

DEPARTMENT
OF
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
2022-2023
E K NAYYANAR MEMORIAL MODEL
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

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 KALLIASSERY

DEPARTMENT OF
BIOMMEDICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report is the bonafide record of the industrial visit by
by ATHUL K at JYOTHIS SKY HOSPITAL in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of Diploma in BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING of Technical education, Kerala state

PRINCIPAL GUIDED BY

MR. SAJITH P MRS. SANDHYA M.V

PRINCIPAL LECTURER IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

E K NAYANAR MEMORIAL E K NAYANAR MEMORIIAL

MODEL POLYTECHNIC MODEL POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE, KALLIASSERY COLLEGE, KALLIASSERY

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
INTERNAL EXAMINER

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DECLARATION

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 I hereby declare that this entitled INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT is my own
work and that to the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of
any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where
due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Place:chokli Name:
Date: Reg No:
Signature:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take opportunity to thank those gentle people who given their valuable guidance for
the successful completion of our hospital visit.

I express heartfelt gratitude to JYOTHIS SKY HOSPITAL, BAKKALAM for

providing us 3 days training experience on hospital visit.

I am extremely grateful to MR. SAJITH P, Principal, for providing the necessary

facilities, excellent infrastructure together with awesome environment to complete the
hospital visit.

I express my sincere gratitude to MRS. SANDHYA M.V, Co-coordinator and class

teacher who give encouragement, guidance and support.

I would like to thank MRS. ADWAITH, mentor Department biomedical and hospital
visit guide who give proper guidance.

I also thank all the staff members of the department for extending their helping hands
to make this seminar a success.

I would also like to thank all my friends and my parents who have prayed and helped me

during my work

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 ABOUT JYOTHIS SKY SPECIALITY HOSPITAL

The hospital is located at bakkalam, Kannur Dist., State of Kerala.jyothis sky hospital
offering class infrastructure, highly skilled and experienced medical specialists, caring &
compassionate nursing staff and technology which matches the best in the industry. Each
staff member of Jyothis Sky Super Speciality Hospital would hold the following values to be
the foundation of our identity. We shall endeavour to think and act at all times in accordance
with these values."

CONTENTS

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CHAPTER NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION 7
2 MEDICAL GAS PLANT 8
3 ELECTRO CARDIO GRAPHY 10
4 X-RAY 11
5 DEFIBRILLATOR 12
6 BED SIDE MONITOR 13
7 VENTILATOR 14

8 ULTRASOUND 15
9 ELECTROLYTE ANALYZER 16
10 VOLUMETRIC INFUSION PUMPS 17

CHAPTER 1

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 INTRODUCTION

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

The medical equipment (also known as armamentarium) is designed to aid in the diagnosis,
monitoring or treatment of medical conditions.
A bio-medical equipment technician is a viral component of the health care Delivery
system. Employed primarily by hospitals. BMETs an the people responsible for
maintaining facilities medical equipments.

TYPES OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

There arc several basic types:

Diapostic equipments includes medical imaging machines used to aid in diagnosis. Examples
MRI ultrasound. MRI machine. PFT and CT scanner equipment is used to maintain a patients
bodily functions. This includes medical ,ventilator, anaesthtic machine and heart lung
machine. ECMO. and dialysis machines.
Medical monitor allows medical staff to measure a patient medical state. Monitors may
measure patients vital signs and other parameters including ECG. EEG. blood pressure. and
dissolved gases in the blood.
Medical laboratory equipments automates or helps analyze blood, urine and genes

CHAPTER 2
MEDICAL GAS PLANT

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 Medical piped gas systems in hospitals. and most other healthcare facilities, are
essential for supplying piped oxygen. nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and medical air
to various parts of the hospital. These systems are usually highly monitored by various
computerized alarm systems

Fig 1.
OXYGEN

Oxygen may be used for patients requiring supplemental oxygen via mask. Usually
accomplished by a large storage system of liquid oxygen at the hospital which is evaporated
into a concentrated oxygen supply. pressure are usually around 380 kPa (55 psi). In small
medical centers with a low patient capacity, oxygen is usually supplied by multiple standard
cylinders.

NITROUS OXIDE

Nitrous oxide is supplied to various surgical suites for its anaesthetic functions during
preoperative procedures. Delivered to the hospital in standard tanks and supplied through the
Medical Gas system. System pressures around 345 kPa (50 psi).

NITROGEN

Nitrogen is typically used to power surgical equipment during various procedures.

Pressures range around 1.2 MPa (1 75 psi) to the various locations.

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MEDDICAL AIR

Medical air is supplied by a special air compressor to patient care areas using clean outside
air. Pressures are maintained around 380 kPa (55 psi). Medical air should never be used as
oxygen. Medical air cannot be used for HVAC controls or to provide power to surgery tool.
Medical air sources all be connected to the medical air distribution system and shall be used
only for air in the application of human respiration and calibration of medical devices for
respiratory application

CHAPTER 3

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 ELECTRO CARDIO GRAPHY

Electrocardiography is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a
period of time using electrodes placed on a patient's body. These electrodes detect the tiny
electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart muscles depolarizing during each
heartbeat

Fig 2.
In a conventional 12 lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the
surface of the chest. The overall magnitude of the he arcs electrical potential is then measured
from twelve different angles ("Leads") and is recorded over a period of time (usually 10
seconds). In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the heart's electrical
depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac cycle the graph of volume
versus time produced by this non-invasive medical procedure is referred to as an
electrocardiogram

A heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute is considered normal. A heart rate
slower than 60 beats per minute is said to be bradycardia and a rate faster than 100 beats pcr
minute is said to be tachycardia the physiologic rhythm of the heart is normal sinus rhythm.
wherein the senatorial node inebriates the cardiac cycle. In normal sinus rhythm a p wave
precedes every QRS complex and the rhythm is generally regular. If this is not the case. the
patient may have a cardiac arrhythmia.

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 CHAPTER 4
X-RAY

X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light.

An x-ray machine sends individual x-ray particles through the body. The images are recorded on a
computer or film.
Structures that are dense (such as bone) will block most of the x-ray particles, and will appear white.
Metal and contrast media (special dye used to highlight areas of the body) will also appear white.
Structures containing air will be black, and muscle, fat, and fluid will appear as shades of Gray.

Fig 3.

CHAPTER 5
DEFIBRILLATOR

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Defibrillators are devices that send an electric pulse or shock to the heart to restore a normal
heartbeat. They are used to prevent or correct an arrhythmia, an uneven heartbeat that is too
slow or too fast. If the heart suddenly stops, defibrillators can also help it beat again.
Different types of defibrillators work in different ways. Automated external defibrillators
(AEDs), which are now found in many public spaces, are used to save the lives of people
experiencing cardiac arrest. Even untrained bystanders can use these devices in an
emergency.

Other defibrillators can prevent sudden death among people who have a high risk of a
lifethreatening arrhythmia. They include implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), which
are surgically placed inside your body, and wearable cardioverter defibrillators (WCDs),
which rest on the body. It can take time and effort to get used to living with a defibrillator,
and it is important to be aware of possible complications.

Fig 4.

CHAPTER 6
BED SIDE MONITOR

Bedside and patient monitoring is critical to patient care in the ER as well as the intensive
care settings. Medical personals and hospital staff rely heavily on Electronic Medical Records
(EMR) to visualize and measure a patient’s health. Clinical decisions are often compromised
when vital healthcare data is inaccurate, incomplete or delayed, making the hassle of manual
data gathering a necessity and negatively impacting a hospital’s performance. But bedside
patient monitoring systems are not just required for patients in trauma. These are also used for
long-term patient monitoring for vital signs to prevent complications and ensure full
recovery.

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 Fig 5.

CHAPTER 7
VENTILATOR

You may be put on a mechanical ventilator, also known as a breathing machine, if a

condition makes it very difficult for you to breathe or get enough oxygen into your blood.
This condition is called respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilators are machines that act as
bellows to move air in and out of your lungs. Your respiratory therapist and doctor set the
ventilator to control how often it pushes air into your lungs and how much air you get.

You may be fitted with a mask to get air from the ventilator into your lungs. Or you may need
a breathing tube if your breathing problem is more serious. When you’re ready to be taken off
the ventilator, your healthcare team will “wean” you or decrease the ventilator support until
you can start breathing on your own.

Mechanical ventilators are mainly used in hospitals and in transport systems such as
ambulances and MEDEVAC air transport etc. In some cases, they can be used at home, if the
illness is long term and the caregivers at home receive training and have adequate nursing and
other resources in the home. Being on a ventilator may make you more susceptible to
pneumonia, damage to your vocal cords, or other risks or problems.

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Fig 6.

CHAPTER 8
ULTRASOUND

Fig 7.

An ultrasound machine makes images so that organs inside the body can be examined. The
machine sends out high-frequency sound waves, which reflect off body structures. A

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computer receives the waves and uses them to create a picture. Unlike with an x-ray or CT
scan, this test does not use ionizing radiation.

The test is done in the ultrasound or radiology department.

• You will lie down for the test.

• A clear, water-based gel is applied to the skin on the area to be examined. The gel
helps with the transmission of the sound waves.

• A handheld probe called a transducer is moved over the area being examined. You
may need to change position so that other areas can be examined

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 CHAPTER 9

ELECTROLYTE ANALYZER

Fig 8.
Electrolytes play multiple roles in the maintenance of body functions such as sustaining
proper body Ph, regulating function of the heart and other muscles, and participating in
enzymatic functions. Electrolytic imbalances can result in congestive heart failure, diabetes
insipidus, and kidney diseases. For these reasons electrolytic analysis is a key factor in patient
diagnosis and treatment. Electrolyte analyzers measure electrolytes in serum, plasma and
urine. Major components of an electrolyte analyzer are - reagents, electrode module,
peristaltic pump, and sample probe. Automated systems feature comprehensive test menu, a
high throughput as well as STAT testing

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 CHAPTER 10

VOLUMETRIC INFUSION PUMPS

Volumetric infusion pumps (VIP) are medical devices capable

of delivering continuous and very specific amounts of fluids
at very slow to very fast rates. Infusion pumps are commonly
used to control the flow of intravascular drugs, fluids, whole
blood, and blood products to patients. Infusion pumps are
used to provide fluids on a regular interval, or through patient
control, in place of having a nurse repeatedly perform
injections. The VIPs are designed to overcome issues that can
occur with the size of fluid drops, making them more precise
than a standard intravenous drip. Coupled with a high level of
accuracy, VIPs provide a series of alarms which address
issues from battery life to air bubbles in tubing. VIPs are used
in hospitals to increase precision and efficiencies with patient
care and drug administration.

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