Energy Demand in Buildings:

The Essentials, Part III

Prof. Dr. L.C.M. Itard & Dr. P.I. van den Brom

Picture: Sam McAfee, shutterstock Sequence Number: US-0E5D7C35D-1

Energy Demand in Buildings:
The Essentials, Part III
Prof. Dr. L.C.M. Itard & Dr. P.I. van den Brom

Picture: Sam McAfee, shutterstock Sequence Number: US-0E5D7C35D-1

Energy design of buildings

BUILDING ENERGY
1. Choose the right size of HVAC DEMAND
the HVAC equipment SYSTEMS
2. Determine and minimize
the annual energy demand
 Energy design of buildings

30 800

Hourlly solar radiation on vertical south plan,

25 700
Hourly outdoor temperature, NL (oC)

600
20
500

NL (W/m2)
15
400
10
300
5
200 ENERGY
0 100 DEMAND
-5 0
1 731 1461 1 731 1461
Time (hours) from April to June Time (hours) from April to June
Hourly calculations using a typical climate year
Make the energy balance on all hours of a year
Heating Cooling

hour 1: Eunb,1 = Etrans,1+Event,inf,1+Esol,1++Eint,1 -Eunb,1 0

hour n: Eunb,n = Etrans,n+Event,inf,n+Esol,n++Eint,n 0 -Eunb,n

hour 8760: Eunb,8760 = Etrans,8760+Event,inf,8760+Esol,8760++Eint,8760 -Eunb,8760 0

Annual heating demand = ∑"#$%

! Hea6ng

Annual cooling demand = ∑"#$%

! Cooling
 Annual space heating and cooling demand
Nominal Heating Load Nominal Cooling Load
Pheating = 1.6 kW Pcooling = 1.8 kW
1,8 2

1,6 1,8
Hourly heating demand (kWh)

Hourly cooling demand (kWh)

1,4 1,6

1,4
Heating load (kW)

Cooling load (kW)

1,2
1,2
1
1
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,4 0,4
0,2 0,2

0 0
1 731 1461 2191 2921 3651 4381 5111 5841 6571 7301 8031 1 731 1461 2191 2921 3651 4381 5111 5841 6571 7301 8031
Time (hours) from January 1st,1:00 to December 31st, 24:00 Time (hours) from January 1st,1:00 to December 31st, 24:00

Annual heating demand = Annual cooling demand =

∑"#$%
! Hourly Hea6ng demand ∑"#$%
! Hourly Cooling demand
Example: 3646 kWh annual heating demand; 605 kWh annual cooling demand
Simplified method: Equivalent Full Load Hours FLH
Steps to follow
Qnom,heating = 1.8 kW
• Calculate the nominal load for heating
and for cooling Qnom,heating and Qnom,cooling Qnom,cooling = 2.2 kW Apartment

Typical Equivalent Full load Hours in the Netherlands

• Find in literature/regulations/design Residential Offices Schools
guides/experts: FLHheating and FLHcooling
FLHheating [h] 1500 1200 1000
FLHcooling [h] 100 1000 1000

• Yearly energy demand:

Eyear,heating = Q nom,heating x FLHheating Eyear,heating = 1.8 x1500= 2700 kWh
Eyear,cooling = Q nom,cooling x FLHcooling
Eyear,cooling = 2.2 x100 = 220 kWh
Domestic Hot Tap Water
Annual Energy Use hot tap water:
𝐸!"##$%&$#'( = 365 & 𝜌𝑉𝐶% 𝑇!"# − 𝑇)"*+ /3600 [Wh]

Typical daily volumes of hot tap water: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (1000 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚3)
Residential Offices Schools 𝑉 = 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 [𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦]
𝐶! = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (4187 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)
130-160 L/dwelling 3.8 L/person 2-7 L/student 𝑇"#$ = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ([oC] or [K])
𝑇%#&' = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ([oC] or [K])

Nominal Heating Load hot tap water:

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑃!"##$%&$#'( = 𝜌𝑉 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐶% 𝑇!"# − 𝑇)"*+ [W] 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ~ 0.1 − 0.16 𝐿/𝑠
Electricity demand
Indicative values for nominal powers for lighting Plight (W/m2) Nominal power Lighting:
Residential Office Retail School Theatre 𝑃!"!#;"%&'( = 𝑃"%&'( # 𝐴)"**+ [𝑊]

Annual electricity demand Lighting:

2 10 18 15 30
𝐸!"!#;"%&'( = 𝑃!"!#(;"%&'( # ℎ"%&'(%,& . ϒ [Wh]
Indicative values for nominal powers for appliances Pappliances (W/m2)
Nominal power Appliances:
Residential Office School Server room 𝑃-.."%-,#!/ = 𝑃-.."%,-#!/ # 𝐴)"**+ [𝑊]

2 10 5 >500 Annual electricity demand Appliances:

𝐸-.."%-,#!/ = 𝑃-.."%-,#!/ # ℎ-.."%-,#!/ . ϒ [Wh]

Nominal power Ventilators:

𝑉: 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 [𝑚3/𝑠] 𝑉 # ∆𝑝
∆𝑝: 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (200 − 800 𝑃𝑎) 𝑃!"!#;0!,( = [𝑊]
𝜂
ℎ0!,( ~6132 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠, (70% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑛) Annual electricity demand Appliances:
𝐸!"!#;0!,( = 𝑃!"!#;0!,( # ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [Wh]

𝐸TUTVWXYVZU = 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐; 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐸Z[[UYZ\VT] + 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐; 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 [𝑊ℎ]

Picture: Sam McAfee, shutterstock Sequence Number: US-0E5D7C35D-1