Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Communication Systems

Chapter 1
Overview of Wireless Communications

Evolution of Mobile Radio
Communications (I)
 Improvements in digital signal processing (DSP), digital
modulation techniques, RF (radio frequency) technology,
large-scale circuit integration, and miniaturization
techniques have contributed for the evolution of today’s
mobile radio communications.
 In 1946, the first public mobile telephone service was
introduced in the U.S.
 Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and
larger tower in order to cover distances over 50 km.
 It was based on FM (frequency modulation) and push-to-talk
system.
 It needed 120 kHz of channel bandwidth in a half-duplex
mode.
 It required operator for switching purpose.
2
Communications (II)
 In 1950, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
doubled the number of mobile telephone channels by
reducing the channel bandwidth to 60 kHz.
 In the 1950s and 1960s, IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone
Service) was developed with full-duplex and direct-dialing
functionalities. Channel bandwidth was again halved to 30
kHz thereby increasing the number of channels.
 During the 1950s and 1960s, AT & T Bell Laboratories and
other telecommunications companies throughout the
world developed the theory and techniques of cellular
radiotelephony.
3
Communications (III)
 The world’s first cellular system was implemented by the
NTT (Nippon Telephone and Telegraph) company in Japan
and deployed in 1979.
 In Europe, the Nordic Mobile Telephone system (NMT 450)
was developed in 1981.
 The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was the first
U.S. cellular telephone system deployed in 1983.
 The European Total Accesss Cellular System (ETACS) was
deployed in 1985 which is virtually identical to the U.S.
AMPS system.
 In Germany, a cellular standard called C-450 was
introduced in 1985.
4
Communications (IV)
 The first generation European cellular systems are generally
incompatible with one another because of the different
frequencies and communication protocols used.
 The first generation European cellular systems are now
being repaced by the European digital cellular standard
GSM (Global System for Mobile) which was first deployed
in 1990.
 The GSM standard is the first universal digital cellular
system accepted worldwide.
 In 1991, the first U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) standard
services (Electronic Industry Association Interim Standard
IS-54 and later IS-136) were introduced.
5
Communications (V)
 Qualcomm developed the first cellular system based
on code division multiple access (CDMA) in 1993 in
U.S. The Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) standardized Qualcomm’s system as IS-95.
 In Japan, the Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) standard
deployed in 1993, provides digital cellular coverage
using a system similar to North America’s USDC.
6
Wireless Communications System
Definitions (I)
 Base Station (BS): A fixed station in a mobile radio system
used for radio communication with mobile stations.
 Mobile Station (MS): A station in the cellular radio service
intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations.
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC): MSC is the switching
center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large
service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects
the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN. An
MSC is also called a mobile telephone swtiching office
(MTSO)
7
Definitions (II)
 Forward Channel: Radio channel used for
transmission of information from the base station to
the mobile.
 Reverse Channel: Radio channel used for transmission
of information from the mobile to the base station.
 Control Channel: Radio channel used for transmission
of call setup, call request, call initiation, and other
control purposes.
 Page: A brief message which is broadcast over the
entire service area, usually in a simulcast fashion by
many base stations at the same time.
8
Definitions (III)
 Handoff: The process of transferring a mobile station
from one channel or base station to another.
 Roamer: A mobile station which operates in a service
area other than that from which service has been
subscribed.
 Subscriber: A user who pays subscription charges for
using a mobile communication system.
 Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneously
transmitting and receiving radio signals.
9
Evolution of Cellular Mobile Radio
Communications (I)
 First Generation (1G) Cellular Networks
 Are based on FDMA/FDD and analog FM technologies.
 Include AMPS, ETACS, and NTT systems.
 Were deployed in 1980s.
 Were developed mainly for voice communication.
 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
 Are based on digital modulation formats and TDMA/FDD and
CDMA/FDD multiple acess techniques.
 Include GSM, IS-136, PDC, IS-95 etc.
 Were deployed in 1990s.
 Focuss on high capacity to replace 1G systems.
 Use circuit-switched networks that limit data throughput rate up to 10
kilobits per second, which is too slow for rapid email and Internet
brwosing applications.
 Short messaging system (SMS) is a popular feature of GSM.
10
Communications (II)
 GSM
 Is based on TDMA standard
 Supports eight time slotted users for each 200 kHz radio
channel
 Has been deployed widely in Europe, Australia, South
America, and some parts of the U.S.
 IS-136
 Is based on TDMA standard.
 Is also known as North American Digital Cellular (NADC)
 Supports three time slotted users for each 30 kHz radio
channel.
 Is popular in North America, South America, and Australia.
11
Communications (III)
 PDC
 Is based on TDMA standard.
 Is similar to IS-136.
 IS-95
 Is based on CDMA.
 Is also known as cdmaOne.
 Supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally coded and
simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25 MHz channel.
 Is widely deployed in North America, Korea, Japan, China,
South America, and Australia.
12
Communications (IV)
13
Communications (V)
 2.5G Cellular Networks
 Are based on data-centric standards.
 Use of upgraded 2G equipment and softwares to support
higher data rate transmissions for fast Internet.
 HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)
 Is a circuit switched technique that allows a single mobile
subscriber to use consecutive time slots in the GSM standard.
 Is able to provide a transmission rate of up to 57.6 kbps to
individual users by using four consecutive time slots.
14
Communications (VI)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
 Is a packet-based data network suitable for non-real time
Internet usage.
 Supports multi-user network sharing of individual radio
channels and time slots.
 Can support many more users than HSCSD.
 Subscriber units are automatically instructed to tune to
dedicated GPRS radio channels and particular time slots for
“always on” access to the network.
 Dedicated subsciber is able to achieve as much as 171.2 kbps
when provided all eight time slots of a GSM radio channel.
15
Communications (VII)
 EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
 Is a more advanced upgrade to the GSM standard.
 Introduction of 8-PSK
 Allows multiple modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
 Use of GMSK for low data rate and use of 8-PSK for high data
rate
 Is sometimes referred to as Enhanced GPRS or EGPRS.
 Normally provides data rate of about 384 kbps per single
GSM channel.
 Can provide several Mbps of data throughput using
multicarrier transmissions.
16
Communications (VIII)
 IS-95B
 Provides high speed packet and circuit switched data access
on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple
orthogonal user channels for specific users and specific
purposes.
 Allows a dedicated user to use eight different user Walsh codes
simultaneously and in parallel for an instantaneous
throughput 64 kbps.
17
Communications (IX)
 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
 To provide multimedia services
 International Telecommunications Union-Radio
Communication Sector (ITU-R) has formulated a plan IMT-
2000 (International Mobile Telephone -2000) to make a
single, ubiquitous wireless communications standard for all
countries throughout the world. However, the standards were
divided into GSM/IS-136/PDC and CDMA (IS-95) in 2G.
 The 3G evolution for GSM, IS-136, and PDC systems leads to
wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), also called UMTS (Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service).
 The 3G evolution for CDMA systems leads to cdma2000.
18
Communications (X)
 ITU IMT-2000 standards organizations are separated
into
 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) for W-CDMA standards
based on backward compatibility with GSM and IS-
136/PDC and
 3GPP2 (3G Partnership Project) for cdma2000 standards
based on backward compatibility with IS-95.
19
Communications (XI)
 W-CDMA (UMTS)
 Evolved under European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI).
 It is packet-based wireless service designed for high data
rate.
 It supports data rates up to 2.048 Mbps per user (if the
user is stationary) thereby allowing high quality,
multimedia, streaming audio, streaming video, and
broadcast-type services to consumers.
20
Communications (XII)
 cdma2000
 cdma 2000 was developed under Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA) of the U.S.
 Cdma2000 1×RTT (Radio Transmission Technology)
uses a single 1.25 MHz radio channel. It supports data
rate of up to 144 kbps per user.
 cdma2000 1×EV provides CDMA carriers with the option
of data only (cdma2000 1×EV-DO) or with data and
voice (cdma2000 1×EV-DV).
21
Communications (XIII)
 The cdma2000 1×EV-DO option dedicates the radio
channel strictly to data users, and supports greater than
2.4 Mbps throughput per user on a particular CDMA
channel.
 cdma2000 1×EV-DV supports both voice and data users,
and can offer usable data rates up to 144 kbps.
 The cdma2000 3×RTT standard uses three adjacent 1.25
MHz radio channels that are used together to provide
packet data throughput speeds in excess of 2 Mbps.
 The cdma2000 3× has a very similar user data rate
throughput when compared to W-CDMA.
22
Simplex and Duplex
Communication
 Simplex Communication Systems
 In simplex systems, communication is possible in only
one direction.
 E.g., paging system.
 Duplex Communication System
 Half-Duplex Systems: allow two-way communication
but in one direction at a time. E.g., walkie-talkie.
 Full-Duplex Systems: allow two-way communication in
both directions simultaneously. E.g., telephone.
23
Duplex Communication: FDD &
TDD (I)
 FDD (Frequency Division Duplex):
 Forward channel and reverse channel use different
frequency bands.
 The transmit and receive frequencies are normally
separeted by about 5 % of the nominal RF frequency.
 FDD is used exclusively in analog mobile radio systems.
24
Duplex Communicaiton: FDD &
TDD (II)
 TDD (Time Division Duplex):
 A single frequency channel is used. The channel is
divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station
transmits on the time slots alternately.
 TDD is only possible with digital transmission formats
and digital modulation, and is very sensitive to timing.
 TDD is used only for small area wireless applications.
25
Radio Spectrum
26
Conventional Mobile Radio vs.
Cellular Mobile Radio
 In conventional mobile radio communication,
a single powerful transmitter is located at the
highest spot to cover the largest service area
up to 50 kilometers of radius.
 In cellular mobile radio communication,
a service area is divided into many smaller
areas (also called cells) and each cell
is served by its own low-power transmitter.
 By doing this, the same frequency can be
used in several cells thereby increasing the capacity.
27
Cellular Mobile vs. Wireless Local
Loop (WLL) (I)
 Cellular Mobile
 Is intended to provide
communication for
people on the move.
 Must have global
coverage.
28
Loop (WLL) (II)
29
Loop (WLL) (III)
 Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
 WLL can be also termed as Fixed Wireless Access (FWA).
 Base station has an antenna at the top of a tower or building.
 Subscribers have a fixed antenna that has a line-of-sight to the
base station antenna.
 The base station is linked to a switching center wired or
wirelessly.
 The switching center is connected to local telephone lines or
other telephone networks.
 An Internet Service Provider (ISP) may be connected to the
switch.
 WLL is used at frequencies greater than 10 GHz.
30
Features of Cellular Mobile Radio
 Frequency Reuse: This concept increases the capacity
of the mobile communication system.
 Directional Antennas: are used for good reception of
signal.
 Broadcast Messages and Paging: to transfer the same
information to all the mobile users of all the base
stations.
 Handoff: is used for uninterrupted service while going
from one cell to another cell.
31
Digital Cellular Radio
 Digital cellular radio technology was developed to
allow more customers to be served by a reduced
number of towers and to allow the addition of
advanced features. It provides security too.
 It uses different access technologies: FDMA, TDMA,
CDMA, and SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access).
 It uses digital modulation technique such as PSK
(Phase Shift Keying).
 It incorporates digital signal processing technologies
including voice digitization, speech compression,
control and data channel coding etc.
32
Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) System
(I)
 PMP communication is the one that establishes
communication from one point to many other points
simultaneously.
 PMP systems include cellular and WLL systems.
 A PMP network topology consists of a central base station
(BS) that supports multiple subscriber stations (SS),
providing network access from one location to many.
 In the down-link direction, the base station broadcasts the
signal to all the remote terminals within its serving cell.
 In the up-link direction, a “multiple access” method is
required for the transmission from remote terminals to
avoid interference.
33
Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) System
(II)
34
References
1. Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications,
second edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.
2. Digital Cellular Technology,
http://www.globalspec.com/reference/52291/203279/
chapter-3-digital-cellular-radio-technology
[2015/09/27]
3. Point-to-Multipoint Topology,
http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Point-to-
multipoint_topology [2015/09/27]
35

Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Communication Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Communication Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

Overview of Wireless Communications

You might also like