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    Delineation of Necroleachate Pathways Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) - Case Study On A Cemetery in Brazil - Leitor Avançado Da Elsevier

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    Environmental Challenges § (2021) 100344 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Challenges ELSEVIER Journal homepage: wn.eiseviercomilocate/enve Delineation of necroleachate pathways using electrical resistivity ® tomography (ERT): Case study on a cemetery in Brazil sate | Leonides Guireli Netto“, Walter Malaguti Filho*, César Augusto Moreira*’, Fabio Tosi di Donato", Livia Portes Innocenti Helene sparen of Gy (0), Gece nd ct Sine iat (100, Sip Pal Se Unvrsty (NES), Ri Clara, So Pas Sat, Brest renin sia of Cegopy rl Ses IBGE, ras * Groton program Ceca Emmet! Soe, Gunes nd et Scent (GC, So Pad eae Une (MES, Ri Clr So “rae or Teka Resch (77) So Pe So Pa Sat Bre “ramet and Water Rares DpamanSioPalCale of Techy (PATO), Ja So Pao See, ra ARTICLE INFO AusTRact ime ‘iis an be od pl sac al ond oud conmiaon Bass We cy thr ao caleeon and weanet stun fms ven eget and rane Sie ‘lene produced dung esmperion ses Rutan emerald ine eof joenraurncon cities, where collective or family deposits with the absence of necroleachate collection devices predominates. The Sinn opal ci,he rcuren ate bee acne coed wi sl meni re cine ‘lements in the percolation and distribution of necroeachate in the subeurface. An important tool forthe dag ‘oss and evaluation of organic and inoryanie contamination in soll and sallow aquifers Is geophysies, though research methods related to the contrast f physical properties inthe presence of his type of contaminant. This "esearch consis ofa geoptysical investigation ina medium-sized cemetery i the southeastern Brazil using the DG resistivity method using three diferent electrodes arrays: Wenner, Schlumberger and Dipole Dipole. Add nally, sults were combined with the history of burs in he S years pir othe geoptysia study. The 2D Inversion models confi the presence of low resistivity anomalies relate othe presence of tonic compounds a visualization models with results ofthe three acquisition arrays are compared tothe mount of burial by ‘ompartmenalized areas ofthe cometey, which clearly reveals relationship of areas with high and recent re ‘eurrenceof bial and areas of low resistivity in dept. The results do nat present signet diferenecs between ‘rays, with laste in terns of oeation and dimension of the moat lgalicaat areas of low resi Formic eos 1, Introduction 1.1. Final destination of human bodies: overview The lack of planning and predictability of enviconmental impacts of, ‘human activities often results in long-term social and economic damage, ‘many of which are ireversible or ofa complex solution. The increasing concer in relation to climate change resulting from consumption oF even cultural habits has stimulated reflections and analyzes of current patterns. Within that context, the destination of human bodies in ceme- teries is a cultural habit harmful to the environment (Pacheco et al, 11001; Lash and Wellington, 2007; Canning and Szmigin, 2010). ‘Cemeteries impose an elevated level of contamination ue tothe ae- ‘cumulation of large amounts of effluent (neeroleachate) generated by * Coresponding author. the decomposition of bodies (Oliveira et al, 2012). The operational practice of cemeteries is what most significantly affeets the environ- ‘ment, especially because the process ishighly variable in time and space. ‘The predominance of underground burials in collective family deposit Jmplies a relatively constant renovation of bodies, inthis case, potential sources of contamination of sol and groundwater (Zychowskl, 2012) ‘Cemeteries are lively places with intense activity, precisely because they represent the majority form of destination of human bodies in ‘many countries, Studies show that cemeteries are present in almost all $570 Brazilian municipalities that currently have a poptlation of ‘more than 209 million people (Brazilian Insitute of Geographic and Statistical 20195 Silva, 1995). In eontras, there are approximately 4000 cremations per year, ina country with 1279,948 deaths registered in 2018 (Brazilian Institute of Geographic and Statistical 201; Sindicato mall adirese:eonidesneto@Ip.br (LG, Newo), walter malagut@unesp.be (W.M. lho), morelcac@reunesp.be (CA, Morera, via helene@faeesp.gou-br (LPL Helene) ps /do.or/10.1016/}enve 2021100348 Received 11 May 2021; Received in revise orm 19 October 2021; Aecepted 19 October 2021 2667-0100/0 2021 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier BV. This san open aces aril under the CC BY.NC-ND license (sa /eeativecommons ong icensesby-n0-4/4.0/) 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett vm Calg 5021) 10344 wwe ow i = a : a < Td ie n on © X Raz. * aaurucrour AM 760800760000 (CEMETERY OF 'SAUDADE’- MONTE ALTO (SP) MONTE ALTO LEGEND T= vi iee caus Toe i macunsoncsoes Ta Fm aria —_ | ack partes factors 9 vr ques, wh coo fromtalge to lah pk fre santos, of nose {aged secon, arene ti bstorer "761000 Fig. 1. Location ofthe study area: regional and local geological context dos Cemitérios © Crematérios Partculares do Brasil 2020). Addition ally, the county's tropical climate and high precipitation levels (aroun 11500 mmyyear) contributes to the rapid decomposition and dehydra- tion of recently buried bodies, with almost immediate initial release of necroleachate (Alcintara, 1982; Zychowskl, 2012) Infiltration and flow of contaminants such as necroleachate in trop- Jcal sols varies predominantly according to the number of recurring burials, depth of the water table, hydraulic conduetvity and lay min- eras that make up the soil and thir cation exchange eapacity (Dent and Knight, 1995; Jonker and Olivier, 2012; Almeida etal, 2015). However, the construction conditions of the graves ean als restrict the access of the necroleachate to the soil: recent pits have internal lining in good ‘waterproofing conditions, while older ones or those with decades of use can present cracks in the internal lining that allow the rapid aceess of the contaminant tothe soil (Pacheco, 2012; Spongherg and Becks, 2000), 1.2. Impact ofthe new coronavirus pandemic om increased burials in ‘At the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020, in the context of the Incalth emergency caused by the SARS-CoV.2, the first variants of this, new virus eaused mild to moderate respiratory disease in most infected people. Elderly people and those with underlying medical conditions ‘were more likely to develop serious illnesses. However, new variants of the virus, with transmission rates even higher than the fist, have considerably inereased the rate of hospitalizations and, consequent, ‘a higher number of deaths, The fact is that the rapid and high rate of ‘transmission of the virus has eased the disease to reach all continents in few months (World Health Organization 2020). By the frsttwo-month, period of 2021, according toa survey by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization 2020), almost 3 million deaths had been recorded around the world. ‘The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the new coronavirus reached ‘the Brazilian territory atthe end of February 2020. In addition to the aforementioned scientific factors, the lack of information regarding the dissemination of COVID-19 in a context of great social inequality, a= Js the case in Brazil and other developing countries, where there are large populations living in precarious housing and sanitation conditions, Without access to quality water and in a situation of agglomeration, the spread of the virus occurred in all Brazilian municipalities, fom large urban centers as well as cities in the countryside of the country (Werneck and Carvalho, 2020), Ie follows, therefore, tha the numberof burials has inereased on all, continents. Even regions where countries have managed to better con- tain the spread of contamination by the virus have still experienced b= ‘man losses. Asi sone ofthe most common ways of disposing of human bodies, the number of burials has considerably increase inthe last 2 years in several cemeteries around the world (World Health Organiza vm Calg 5021) 10344 Fig. 2 A) Location map ofthe Monte Alto cemetery blocks; B) Map showing the number of burials er block nthe 5 years prior tothe geophyseal survey. ‘ion 2020). The increas in the number of burials and, consequently, the considerable increase in the generation of necroleachate is a problem of subsoil contamination that will come up in a short period. Ie becomes necessary to present invertigative techniques that can help the provision ‘of new burial areas during the period of inereased deaths and determine the development ofthe plume ofthe contaminant over time. 1.3. Geophysical methods asa too for investigating contamination in Geophystal methods in cemeteries ean be used for diferent pur- poses, Some studies have showin good results from the application of ‘geophysical methods forthe determination of graves in archaeological {investigations (Fkinc\ etal, 20125 Nero eta, 2016; Saris et al, 20075, Schultz etal, 2016). The monitoring of soil and water contarmination «an also be carried out using geophysical methods. The amount of total dissolved solids presents in necroleachate results in contrasting of phys eal properties which allows the geophysical data to infer the presence ‘ofthese chemical compounds in soil and groundwater (Les et, 2001 Helene eta, 2020; Herninder Soriano, 2014; Guireli Neto etal, 2020; Sara, 2003), ‘Geophysical methods have been used in graveyard management and contamination remediation. As a quick investigation technique on the location of contamination and the flow of the contaminant inthe sub- soil can asist in the operation ofthe cemetery (determination of new burial areas, rearrangement of the pits and contaminant remediation techniques for examples) in situations of great increase in the number of burials in a city, a isthe ease In pandemic scenarios (Neji, 2000; ‘Mussett and Khan, 2000; Knidel etal, 2007). ‘Several studies have shown satisfactory results in geophysical inves- tigations in cemeteries sites, with particular emphasis on the methods of DC Resistivity and Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) (Ekin etal, 20125 Sarvs etal, 20075 Bigman, 2014 Morgy etal, 2018). In cemeteries this type of study has an additional relevance due to its non-invasive char- acter, which respects the cultural characteristics and religious aspects involved inthis type of ste, ‘The frst research of geophysical investigations in cemeteries sites in Brazil was initiated by Matos (2001), followed by Castro (2008), Silva (1995), Silva et al. (2008), Amarante et al. (2015) and Xavier etal (2018). These studies discuss particularly relevant aspects forthe evaluation of necroleachate in tropical sols, characterized by a high content of clay minerals and with seasonal rain periods. The use of ‘geophysical methods in these works is limited to determining the possi- ble areas with the contaminant and its underground flow. ‘The present study shows the reslls of a geophysical survey, by ‘means of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), in a public cemetery located in Monte Alto city, in the northeast region of $0 Paulo State, Brazil. The electrical resistivity anomalies obtained were compare with the historieal survey of burials ofthe last 5 years. The main objective vas to identify the zones of anomalous resistivity vals, in contrast 10 the natural geological environment and its relationship with the quan- tity and distribution of the corpses in the area. 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett arte 40" 5] FER. ag ae LEGEND = Gometery area pee Cemetery entrance |— Vertical Electrical Sounding (SEV) [i em Reference Lines of Eloctvieal Tomography (LR) rma Chalege 52021) 10544 Fig. 3. Topographic and geophysical surveys inthe study ares. 2. Study ares 1nd background description 211. Monte ato cemetery ‘The cemetery has an area of approximately 50,000 m® and has been {in operation since 1903 (Fig. 1), Since then, mote than 22,000 burials hhave been earried out, resulting in an average of 17 burials / month or 204 per year. The cemetery area is divided into semi-regular locks, ia ‘which the graves were carried out in pts until the 19606, with the e mena z ae : Ene iE Z —— . » : Ens * no ca 0 » Fy 0 0 ance im ¥ © ere pty —__ 0 07 6430 200 273340 Resistivity (logt0) Sens | movocy | cHARACTERIETCS OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC PROFLE . Geological Formation: Bauru Group o Fine to medium size sandstone, beige in color. 16 Fig. A, Reference line and the local natural geological contest 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett rma Chalege 52021) 10544 Fig. 5. Rel of on ofthe SEV erred out ‘Apparent Resistivity (ohm m) Depth (m) 10 10 inside the cemetery a 1 10 Spacing (m) 100 these geological formations were classified into the following hydro- stratigraphic units Middle Bauru (Bauru Group) and Lower Bauru (Caius Group) Both units are free of locally confined aquifers, with granular and continuous porosity. The average saturated thickness of the aquifer is about 75 m (Sio Paulo's Department of Water and Energy 2005). The study area climate is classifed as high altitude tropical, in which the average temperature ofthe coldest month is below 18 °C and the ‘warmest month exceeds 22°, presenting dry winter and rainy summer, ‘The driest months have precipitation below 30 mm and the rainfall of this typeof climate wares from 1100 to 1400 mm per year, acording to the Kppen system (Mancini, 1990), According to Jimenez Rueda and Dematté (1988), the soils of the ‘Monte Alto region vary in color from reddish gray to rst red on horizon ‘A, reddish brown to red on horizon B, light yellow to dark red on horizon (C-Texturalelassis sand on horizon A sandy clay on horizon Band sandy clay, even clay on horizon C, Near to the cemetery site, a description of a geological driling, obtained from the Brazilian Geological Survey '8GB (Brazilian Geological Survey 2020), makes clear thatthe thology fs escemially sandy composed, 3, Methodology 3.1, Historical survey of burials in che cemetery ‘The cemetery site is divided into 69 blacks in which the graves are located, and burials are performed (Fig. 2A). To verily a possible cor. relation between geophysical anomalies and the density of burials, a esearch was carried out in the administrative records, The methodol- logy used was based on obtaining the number of burials, per block of the cemetery, from the year 2011 until 2018, prior tothe exeeution of the geophysical survey that occurred in 2016, in an attempt to map the density of burials (Fig. 28) ig, 2B shows the frequency of burials per block, in the last S years before the geophysical survey. The quantitative equivalent in vol- ‘ume (liters) of necroleachate produced, was calculated based on the relationship between body mass and the production of this eluent, since approximately 60% of the persons total weight is converted into recroleachate (Siva and Filho, 2011), 101001000 Resistivity (ohm. 3.2. Topographic and geophysical surveys inthe sly area ‘The topographic map of the cemetery and its surroundings (Pig. 2) was made from altitude measurements, collected from the Brazilian In stitute of Geography and Staisties (Brazilian Institute of Geographic and Statistical 2020), which enabled its calculation by the Surfer software, using the kriging method to interpolated the data. This interpolation ‘method was chosen due to how weights are assigned to different sam- ples. Krging weights the nearest neighbors to the point to be estimated, ‘obeying the non-bas criteria. Thus, it sa good method of interpolating topographic data collected within a specific area After this procedure, the result was compared with field measurements rom differential GPS and acrial images from Google Earth, showing good consistency. ‘The geophysical survey was carried out by using Electrical Resi tivity Tomography (ERT) to identity low resistivity anomalies, possibly ‘elated tothe presence of neeroleachate. In resume, the technique con slats in determining the electrieal resistivity, of the subsurface, from the introduction of an electri eurent inthe ground, and reading the poten tial diference by means of electrodes arranged in the aequisition lines (Telford etal, 1990; Loke and Baker, 1996). The measurement of un derground electrical resistivity values at different depth levels occurs through the application of specific arrays. The result of this aequisi- tion isa large amount of electrical resistivity data laterally as well in depth, Data are interpolated using dedicated software, resulting in continuous 2D images ofthe subsurface, Data can also be interpolated ‘through 3D inversions, fom thrcedimensional meshes of the study rca, as proposed in this work. In cemetery investigations using geophysical methods, the grid of ac- 4uistion tines is timited according tothe distribution of the graves. In this way, itis practically impossible to carry out acquisition lines with the same spacing between them, since the distribution of the cemetery blocks does not allow it. In this work, 11 lines of ERT were carried ‘out using three diferent electrodes arrays: Schlumberger, Wenner and Dipole-Dipoe. The lines have lengths ranging from 99 m to 180 m and ‘the spacing between them was 28 m to 40 m (Fig. 3). The distribution and spacing between the Hines, as well as the lengths, were established to cover the entire area of the cemetery and to provide better visualize tion of the electrical parameters of the subsurface. In this way, the 3 m spacing between electrodes were used in every ERT lines, In order to know the direction of the groundwater flow, in the cemetery area, a potentiometric surface of water table was ealeulated, 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett vm Calg 5021) 10344 ‘Schlumberger array 5 : no. v a r °° Se ; : ic in ee ee ee = sw ZR2 NE Wenner array Elevation {mi Ba 8 g eh Oe Distance im) Dipole-dipole array NE © Electrodes display ZR: Low Electrical Resistivity Zon —__ |; ° o7 130 200273340 Resistivity (log10) Fig. 6. Line 1-02 with emphasis tothe low resistivity areas. through the execution of four (4) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) (ig. 3). The electrode array used was the Schlumbeger, with maximum, spacing between current electrades of 100 m (Ward, 1990). Through this geophysical technique, the depth of the water table level, a the test sites was obtained, which varied between 9 and 10 m. The poten tiometrie surface, which was ealeulated by interpolating the water table alticudes values, indicated a general ow from NE to SW, consistent with the topography of the terrain, which presents a slight slope tothe South In adaition, a reference line was catred out foreach aay, ina local 70 m northwest of the cemetery boundary, and upstream of the ground ater ow. Due co unplanned urban growth, cemeteries are usually en ‘compassed by urban clements, sich as residences, shops, and industries, ‘Thus, areas around cemeteries that have exposed natural terrain to al- low the execution of geophysical surveys are quite rate. Pig. makes it clear thatthe place, where the reference line was carried out, is the only possible. “Another important factor, in choosing the location ofthe reference line, was the presence of subsurface geotechnical and geological inves- tigations, near the study area, The Brazilian Geological Survey (BGS) maintains a database of wells permanently updated, and from that, the accurrence of a geological drilling, located one block northwest from the reference line, was Kdentifed. This information was useful {for the lithological and geophysical interpretations in the present study (Brazilian Geological Survey 2020) (Fig. 3. 83. Dara processing Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were col lected using an ABEM Terrameter LS resistivimeter, which allows the acquisitions ofa high-density dat, in the form of mult-electrode tomo- sraphie acquisition, improving the subsurface coverage and the achieve ‘ment of desirable resolution levels, regardless of the array employed. The fel data obtained from ERT technique, are presented inthe form of pseudo-sections of appareat electrical resistivity, which represents the variation of resistivity with depth at levels that are dependent on the spacing between the electrodes (Ward, 1990; Moreira etal, 2016), 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett rma Chalege 52021) 10544 Schlumberger Numer of burns poroquere | sas | 4070 | 7100 Groundwater ow: «~~ Neccchorane | coro Ot | oto emo | se —_—=____ =» or iam) a7 as — A ess (0) ig. 7. SD models showing the lines of southern scelor and the respective interpretations 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett vm Calg 5021) 10344 i i * stn 2 = sw BRA : NE j~ Dance mt Dipote-dipole array Electrodes display ZR: Low Electrical Resistivity Zones 20 27 3340 Resistivity (logt0) Fig. 8. Resistivity secon for line 1-05, ‘The ERT data collected were processed using an open-souree soft ware written in Python, ResIPy (Blanchy et al, 2020). The software makes use of R2 inversion code for solving 2D resistivity problems and [R3tinversion code for 3D eurrent flow in an unstructured (tetrahedral) or structured (triangular prism) mesh (Binley and Kemna, 2005). The data cleaning and quality control was performed automatically by the software. The first step of data cleaning removed duplicate values and invalid measurements, suchas quadrupoles where current electrodes are also potential electrodes, Then, ResIPy modeled the data ecrors for DC resistivity (data error analysis). This procedure was the same from the 2D sections and all the acquisitions lines were analyzed individually Unstructured fnite clement triangular mesh was used for 2D lines. ‘Triangular meshes are more indicated in studies of areas with complex topography because they are more versatile, which is one of the reasons for choosing this type of mesh for 2D inversion (Blanchy et al., 2020), For the SD inversion it was used an unstructured tetrahedral mesh [a Doth cases, the mesh elements tend to be finer near the electrodes and get coarser at greater distances from the electrodes (Hoy etal, 2019), ‘The software allows to control the level of refinement ofthe mesh by specifying a characteristic length associated with each electrode node. For 20 tine processing, the characteristic length associated with each electrode node relationship used was the software default, 1/2. The Jength associated wit each electrode node for the 3D model, the ratio ‘vas changed 10 4. In both eases the numberof triangles and tetrahedrons was large, which allowed the creation of robust models. Fr 3D models, there is another main option for mesh construction: the growth factor. This option allows to define how much the mesh elements wil expand with distance from the electrode nodes. The software builds the 3D mesh through a plane half space given the electrode postions. Topographic values of the electrodes are superimposed on the mesh nodes through 2 interpolation (Boyd etal, 2019). Additional topography points (top08- "raphy of the terrain) were also inserted. The mesh construction options allowed the generation of a robust mesh consistent with the topography ofthe study area “The 20 data inversion makes use of the Occam's based R2 inversion code of ResiPy. The regions were diseretized in a triangular mesh and {the inverse solution was based on a regularized inversion with linear fl- tering, combined with weighted least squares (Binley and Kemna, 2005). ‘As mentioned in topi 3.2 Topographic and geophysical surveys inthe study are, the layout of the pits inside the cemetery imposed limitations ‘on the grid of ERT lines. The spacing between the acquisition lines varies {rom 25 to 40m. This distance between the ERT lines i statistically quite acceptable to perform the data interpolation (Chiles and Delfner, 1999), ‘The electrical tomography acquisitions provide many sampled points These data willbe interpolated laterally. As the ERT lines are parallel, it is considered that the data of an ERT line was interpolated with the 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett rma Chalege 52021) 10544 ‘Schlumberger ninersoras | @ | @ Dent sie: 708m rsa sas | 4070 | 7190 Necocroure | 9 {Lov ce Rosy Zoe esimato (| *900_| 2300 | 3220 2 ah crt Ray oe Resa Cost Fig. 9. 0 models showing the Lins of central stor andthe respective interpretations. 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett Table 1 20 and 30 resistivity inversion parameters ‘easton Une fray Tine eg a) NS Dipole Dipole Le Dipole Dipole as 2 Seumberyee 180 asi 3 sehunbernee 148 an Dip Dipole ne Dip Dipole 157 Dipole Dipole 13 0 Sehumbergee 0 Dipole Dipole iz 0" Sehumbergee 117 an emer 50 nersion parameters or 30 BRT mos ay RMS Mist Number of erations data of two other lines on the side. Therefore, as the ERT Tines have lengths from 100 to 180 m, the distances between the interpolated lines represent around 10 to 20% of the total length of the ERT line. Other works showed satisfactory results, even making use of ERT lines with greater spacing between them (Moreira et al, 2017; Casagrande eta, 2020; Upadhyay et al, 2020) ‘The AD data inversion of electrical resistivity data begins with the {generation of the 2D mesh from the 20 lines, As the lines are parallel, ‘the model was generated fom the inversion processing mode ofthe 20 parallel lines present in the software. The Rt inversion code use an ‘Occam's type solution. The solution is based on a regularized objective function combined with weighted least squares, This procedire aims to produce a uniform distribution of electrical resistivities that fits the data Ginley, 2015), The numberof iterations for each acquisition line was 10. The inversion parameters for 2D and 3D models (RMS misfits) are shown in Table I ‘The 3D inversion ofthe data allows the visualization of geophysical data in the form of three-dimensional models. These models allow to generate electrical resistivity maps for different levels of depth, from the same geophysical data, As the present study intends to identify the Dbehavior of the percolation of the necroleachate in the basement af the cemetery, the 3D inversion of the data decreased the RMS misfit and facilitated the correlation withthe information ofthe burials in the study area. The resistivity values were adjusted on a singe logarithmic scale rma Chalege 52021) 10544 of log 10 to facilitate comparisons and interpretations, ranging from 0 Amo 42m. 4, Results and discussions 4.1. Resalis ouside the cemetery domain: uncontaminated environment ‘From the comparison of the resistivity values ofthe profile carried ‘out outside the cemetery (ig) with those inside, it was possible to in {er a range of values representative of the altered physical environment. ‘The infiltration and percolation of necroleachate, in the ground, tends to decrease the electrical resistivity value of the natural environment, since itis an effluent composed essentially of a large amount of organic ‘matter and mineral salt, responsible forthe release of ions that increase the eletrical conductivity ofthe contaminated soil (Zychowskl, 20125, Dent and Knight, 1995; Silva etal, 2000). “The geological drilling obtained from the Brazilian Geological Sur- vey = SGB (Brazilian Geological Survey 2020), provided information about the lithological context where the reference line was cartied out (ig. 4). The well profile makes clear that the lithology essentially sandy composed, i consistent with the electrical resistivity values obtained in the reference line. AAs the minimum resistivity value (1og10), in the reference line is 25, it was inferred that lower values, than this, are representative of {the physical environment, altered by the presence of the neroleachate ‘The clectroresistivity property of the environment is altered due to the composition ofthe necroleachate. This liquid is viscous, grayish brown, strong smell and variable degree of pathogenicity. In Brazil, one ofthe pioneering works on the contamination by necroleachate in cemeter- ies was carried ut by Pacheco et al. (1991) who studies cemeteries in the state of Sio Paulo. They found contamination by microorganisms = total coliforms, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus reducing sulphite clostridia, and others coming from decomposition of buried corpses in the sil. Increases in electrical conductivity near to graves are associated t0 the high content of inorganic elements and dissolved organic matter (Méalvao, 2021), The variations in electrical resistivity values in the sub- soil can be mapped by geophysical methods, as proposed in this study. In this way, iis possible to identify the natural material (without the presence of the contaminant) and the anthropogenic material (contam- {nant fling the pores of the si 42. Results of vestigations inthe cemetery area Comparative aspects ofthe variation of resistivity will he discussed {in function of the diferent arrays used For that, i€ was selected some representative ERT lines ine 1E-02 (south), line 18-05 (center andl IE-11 (north) and 3D models were also generated showing the lines of cach sector and the respective interpretations. In all models by seetor, the depth slice used was 705 m. This value was applied hecatse its the average value ofthe water level depth in the study area, identified by VESS (Hig. 5) "The occurtences of large low resistivity anomalies were classified as: ‘ZR1 and ZR2 - Southern portion ofthe cemetery; 23 and ZR - Central portion; ZR5, ZR6 and ZR7 - Northern portion. These anomalies were interpreted as the presence of necroleachate inthe study area. "The occurrences of large high resistivity anomalies were classified as: HIRI - Souther portion of the cemetery; ZHR2 - Central portion; ZHR3 ‘Norther portion. Some factors can explain the high electrical ress ity values obtained in some areas inside the cemetery. The lithology of the urban region of Monte Alto city is characterized by fine to medium, eventually coarse, massive sandstones. This typeof lithology has higher clectrical resistivity values than other lithologies, such as clayey soil Data acquisition was earried out during the dry season, whieh reduces the infiltration of rainwater inthe superficial layers, The degree of sat ‘uration of the material is one of the factors that ean decrease electrical 16M, WMP, CA, Mort ‘vrmet Chale 5 (221) 10344 Schlumberger array Ree gro ovtance Wenner array ReDwe =e Eno. sw gn 0 stance © Electrodes display EEE Cae 2R: Low Electrical Resistivity Zones Resistivity (logt0) ig, 10. Resistivity values or I-11 with emphasis tothe low sesitity values resistivity values. Another important factor isthe use of the area. AS it isa cemetery, there are several anthropic activities that can influence the physical environment and, consequently, changeit conditions. The ‘opening of pits, for example, is one of the activities that change the natural conditions f the environment. 42.1 Southern portion ofthe cemetery In the southern portion of the cemetery, inthe section of tine IE-02, the occurrence of large anomalies of low resistivity (ZRL), varying fom, 0.1 (og 10 2m) to 1.5 (og 10 Gm), are noticed, In relation to thee location (length and depth) there are similarity between the Wenner and Schlumberger arrays, and litle disagreement between these and the Dipole-Dipoe array (Fg. 6), In this region many burials have been car- red out in recent years, s0 there was enough time forthe necroleachate to inflate the sil ‘In all lines ofthe southern portion of the cemetery (lines 1, 2 and 2), superficial condictive anomalies were identified in the SW por. tion (Z82). Overlapping the historical burial on the 3D model, it is ‘noted that there were not many burials inthe region of this anomaly (282). However, analyzing the entre area of the cemetery, itis iden- Lifled that in the central portion ofthe cemetery there were several re: cent burials and that, due to the direction of the underground water flow obtained by the VES's, the necroleachate percolated to this region ig. 7. “Analyzing the relationship betwcen the anomalies identified and the historical burial survey, i€ is observed that the Wenner and Dipole Dipole arrays determined the most resistive regions (ZHRL),cletrieal resistivity values of 4 (log 10 2m), These areas are consistent with the points where fewer burials have been catred out in the lst § years 4.2.2, Central portion ofthe cemetery “The sections of line IE-05 (central portion of the cemetery) presents low resistivity anomalies in the SW half of the profile (ZR), located close to the surface, between depths of approximately 7,5 m to 12 m forthe three arrays (Pig. 8). Another low resistivity anomaly was de termined by the 3 arrays in the NE portion of the area (ZR3). This 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett rma Chalege 52021) 10544 Schlumberger a ass) a NO ‘e\ ‘0 izes > ‘Depth ie: 125 m numberof tale | @ persqre | tas | 4670 | 71-90 | Groundwater tow Nessun | 4500 | 2300 | 200 ‘2tow Gece Ress Zanes £2? STi con Aa arg — Team A Resistty (oo) Fig 11. 30 models shoming the lines of nrthem sector and the respective interpretations. 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett rma Chalege 52021) 10544 Schlumberger Wenner Dipole-Dipole 13200 a7 Resistivity (log10) Fig. 12. 3D models in diferent depth levels with indication of mes with low resist values, 1.6. No, WM. ita, CA, Merrett rma Chalege 52021) 10544 Inerated Map 4 ont sm CCometery area: yr flow: Loo — wae]. |. | [0 @|® Neaecrowre | 200 | 620 | 1020 | 1500 | 2300 | s220 else 67a setae as ea) Resistivity (log10) Wenner array en—> en —> 8 cy ee 7 6 es ea ea X Axis (rm) Schlumberger array 760 X Axis (m) Dipole-dipole array X Axis (rm) Fig. 19, Modeled elect cesistivity map, under the dietion of groundwater low and bua density inthe ast 5 yea region has experienced many burials in recent years. The high rates fof necroleachate generation at these points, associated with the un- =tc=dowolals, 2020 acesed OS BY aman. (oaningL, Samia, 2010, Death nd por the unter caieamentl ens, “Mask Mane 6 (11-12), 1139-142 d10 108002672573 2010505800. Cusgrande, MES Morea, Cab, Tana, D.Ay 2000 Study of generation a un ertound. ow “of cit mine dralage in waste ook ple ian tain ‘ie ie eal ey nog. Pare Ap: Ct. 177, 709-72. com, Di 08 Canceingo wfca © ogg db cone ‘om Jain, orale —CE "Brea 3. Geophys. 26, ISI-27L dorno 1350/0102 aenzooRooaNLON, Cl =P, Dein, P1998 Geosttti: Modeling Spt] Uncertainty. Wey, New ‘en Bi, ight, MLA, 1985, Watery grav: the leaf ydgeaogy in cemetery pace: Am Gall. une Ae 2,182 hin, YL, Kaya, MA, Bosarn, C, Kiso, 1, Demin A. Dung, C. 2012 Genta ae in tenho the Shy ‘mie Medios Arial” Anhacom. 12“) 146188” Aess in nepal com sces/2012 pau pa ema Ly Cambrai, Cp, 1998 RS revs eatifea contest epoconl ev. ra. Ge 243), 164176 Cui Neto, L. Bots, AML Gal, VL, Sea Pea, LP, Gand, OC, ff geoenvronmental vestigation for deerminaion "of the cont Ian atulor "by onan compounds. Appl” Geophys, 10408 nip doLorg/10.1016jppes.2020.108089, Hele: LPL, Mori, Bot RC, 200 detention fect tration ad ‘hw pty inn by moar lees rv tonmpapy ERD). Eon ‘Mnf Avex 193, 248-29, do 107/061 20 20 ender Soran, M1, 201 Envoamentl Rsk Asean of Sl Contamination, ue, New Yok 905. Jimenes Randa J Donat, JL, 1988 Sls origina de lant de Fornaio ‘rs (Gap aur) daria de Mente A Rev. Bee. ane. Slo 12 (2), vm Calg 5021) 10344 nin J 2012 Mel onion ee te snd inet cscon ten nats ne evtee te oR nema ee osx ey don i ee ‘Lach, J., Wellington, F., 2007. Competitive advantaye on 2 warming planet. Harv. Bus. ance ee Pere re ren ere nr re en a ee ee maar ee ee ee ee ‘dai:10_31080/ASML2020.04.0752. - tue eric De nnn ar ae” he ee ee a cee: eee ee rr pea eae ea coped a ee ee genre resp omer pergeris ‘acl oe canencene eee we oh cet ese bua «Meg e es ote cance ees aeernee ence ee a occa ee earn et sete ie ta eer rence Chere A mer, fo Noe a ee ey oe ee ae eee Oe pf pe ec mene ro cea Be ey re ee Se ees cae EAT RS et cn Ea at “bin igen utes Sut tas age aoe SiMe eer en ea ee se, matt nrobain alu ac ee een See eee ae re ee! "2012. Busi grounds impact on groundwater and pubic health: an overview. Water Sperr sm cenneeanaio a aes te ea cc eee ee ee ee ete eee ee sto bs etme fie ney, 208 oP ito er Lime ancl lence oper sty re i nascar see - ‘lori, p. 16 . -..r—~—i———h ‘Stal tal ri inti ero ace a ca etree eee Seas eS a ee ee ef cnet et a Ge genus ow Se rele ae aera oe ee Taba ceem nietacin stead eine na sO ate agate ee eee ae nas aati eas at tt a eee ere ee SRA es as ee Tie fated | teahite cin oe Si Sea ee eee ee tae Mar aimagson io hater atinupercimsenae a ee eee ate aa oes anon ae a rrrt—~—

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