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Despite the urgency shown by all three parties—Bhutan, India, and China—to end the
border disputes, divergent interests continue to pose a significant challenge
The Chinese Ambassador to India was on a three-day visit to Bhutan from 10 to
13 October, where he met King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Prime Minister
Lotay Tshering, and Foreign Minister, Tandi Dorji. This visit comes one year after
Bhutan and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for a 3-step roadmap
to expedite boundary talks. The subtle yet significant development indicates that there is
an urgency to settle Bhutan’s border disputes amongst all the players—Bhutan, China,
and India. Yet the divergent interests of these three stakeholders will continue to pose a
significant challenge to any such solution.
China has often used carrots and sticks to seek a settlement with Bhutan. China has
attempted to woo Bhutan, especially with offers of assistance and people-to-people
contacts. In April 2022, China also helped Bhutan by providing medical supplies to fight
COVID-19.
However, the use of sticks has intensified in recent years. Starting from the late ’90s,
China has encouraged its citizens to settle in the disputed areas and grazing lands. In the
following decades, Beijing has built roads, infrastructure, and even permanent
settlements within Bhutanese territories. Between 2020-2021, satellite images indicated
the construction of new villages in the North and the West. These villages
are reinforced with military or police outposts, settlements, well-connected roads and
bridges. The increasing intimidation indicates China’s urgency to compel Bhutan to end
the border disputes and to also gain a strategic advantage against India.
The first challenge is to see if China would be keen on discussing the trijunction areas
with India—which means that Beijing has to shun its decades-old policy of treating the
Bhutan-China border dispute as a bilateral issue. This reapproach is even less likely
considering the strategic advantage of the Western disputed region and India’s
intensifying rivalry with Beijing.
The third challenge is that China’s solution to border disputes has often been inclusive of
establishing diplomatic relations with Bhutan. Such demands from Beijing will only
intensify as its tensions with the US and India increase. These developments will caution
India and the US and will also increase the stakes for Bhutan.
Bhutan has been keen on improving relations with China, but deep engagement or
establishing diplomatic relations has largely been dictated by other factors. Primarily,
Bhutan’s relations with both neighbours are dictated by the ‘Balance of Threat’
phenomenon. It shunned its isolationist policy and deepened relations with India as
China’s intimidation increased. As a result, Bhutan continues to be integrated with India’s
economy, security guarantee, and development assistance. On the other hand, China’s
violation of previous agreements, consistent intimidation, and the new territorial claims
has done little to counter this threat perception.
Bhutan has been keen on improving relations with China, but deep
engagement or establishing diplomatic relations has largely been dictated
by other factors.
Bhutan’s growth model of Gross National Happiness will also prevent any deeper
economic engagement with China since Beijing’s assistance is often economically and
environmentally unsustainable. This is likely to be the case unless the threat perception
from Beijing is mitigated. Although the recent visit of the Chinese ambassador indicated
some signs of perception management, a lot would be determined by China’s actions.
However, as Xi Jinping starts his third tenure and focuses on strengthening the Tibetan
borderlands, the threat perception is likely to prevail. Finally, to establish diplomatic
relations with China, Bhutan will also have to shun its policy of not
establishing diplomatic relations with any of the P-5 countries and staying away from their
great power politics.
Resolution to its border disputes will be an arduous task for Bhutan. There is an
indication that all the parties have shown interest and urgency in ending this dispute. Yet,
the momentum ahead will depend on how their interests and stakes are accommodated;
until then, a potential border settlement seems far too distant.
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