Occ - TCW Module

MODULE # 1
INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the lessons, the student will be able to:
1. differentiate the different concepts of globalization;

2. identify the underlying premises on the varying definitions of globalization;
3. discuss the Advantages and disadvantages of globalization; and
4. come up with a working definition of globalization.
LEARNING CONTENT
 The Study of Globalization, pp. 1-15 (book available in the OCC Library)
Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library
Services & Publishing Inc.
According to Ariola (2018), Globalization is defined as:

1. Increasing interaction of people, states or countries through the growth of the international flow of
money, ideas, and culture primarily focused on economic process of integration that has social
and cultural aspects.
2. The interconnectedness of people and business across the world resulting to global, cultural,
political and economic integration.
3. Ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world to conduct business.
4. Free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated
manner.
5. Liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and foreign investment
6. Attracting global capital by opening up their economies to MNCs.
Globalization as defined by other Authors

 According to Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King, globalization as those processes by which the
people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.
 Anthony Giddens (The Consequence of Modernity) defined globalization as the intensification of
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worldwide social relations that connect distant localities where local happenings are shaped by
events across miles and vice versa.
 Roland Robertson (Professor of Sociology at the University of Aberdeen) described globalization
in 1992 as the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world
as a whole.
 Manfred Steger described the process of globalization as the expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across the world-time and across the world-space.
 Arjun Appadurai posits that globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration called "scapes" referring to movement of people, culture, goods and software, flow of
money and political ideas.
Advantages of globalization
 Creates jobs not only within the country but as well as export of jobs
 Has lowered prices and keeps interest low to fuel economic growth
 Has improved access to technology that brings fast innovation to communication and
transportation
 Results to greater productivity
 Spurs productive exchange of culture, ideas and social relationships between peoples
Disadvantages of Globalization
 Fuels inequality among poor and developing countries where they serve as source of cheap labor,
raw materials and destination of finished products
 Not all companies adhere to the protocols of social responsibility principle evidenced in
compliance to wages and working conditions of their workforce, protection of the environment
where they operate their business, among others
 Presence of MNCs and market integration in a country affects the growth of the domestic economy
and reduced of tariff duties
It is expounded by Ariola that it is important to study globalization due to the following reasons:
 The greater demand in industry and business, health, engineering and technology to work with
people of other nations and cultures
 Greater demand of promoting the local business and industry to other countries
 The need for countries and states to address global issues of climate change, clean water, clean
environment and need for renewable energy.
 Make the students aware of the intricacies of globalization, its advantages and disadvantages and
how to build on this learning for a model of collaborative and fair global partnership perspective.
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READINGS
 Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp. 1-5. Quezon City. Rex Book
Store
 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp1-15. Manila. Unlimited Books
Library Services & Publishing Inc.
 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. pp. 1-9. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
ACTIVITY
A. How Globalized is Your Home?

Make an inventory of everything you find essential in your home such as footwear,
clothes, computers, celfon, television, radio, washing machine, cookware, etc.
Organize your inventory into two types: First, things made in the Philippines and
Second, those that are foreign brands and list the countries of origin of your foreign-brand items. Do
the same in your kitchen, bathroom and living room.
Write your answers in your notebook.
B. View the 2 PPT presentations on the Introduction to Globalization and write your insights gained
from the content of the slides presentations. Put your responses in your Notebook with the
corresponding date you have written.
ASSIGNMENT
Instructions: Analyze each statement and answer what is asked for in the following
questions. Encode your responses in a long bond paper same Font & size and submit them
thru your Focal Person in your Class Folder.
 How would you define globalization from your understanding of your readings?
 What is the importance of studying globalization in your own terms?
 Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you know and tell where it originated? Identify
the nationality of the singer or the writer?
 What gadgets do you usually use to listen to music? Where do these gadgets come from or the
company that produced that gadget?
 Using a visual representation, tell something about the following item:
 Things I have Learned
 Things I have Realized and Appreciated
 Things I have Discovered
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ASSESSMENT
Write an Essay with the topic: "Using Metaphors of What Globalization Mean to Me"
It must consist 150-250 words either in Filipino or English, encoded in long bond paper
with the usual font and size.
REFERENCES
 Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City. Rex Book Store
 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library
 Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018
 Globalization. (2017, June 23). New World Encyclopedia, . Retrieved 00:57, March 9,
2018. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Globalization&oldid=1005295
 Steger, Manfred. Ideologies of globalization. http://socialsciences.people.hawaii.edu/
publications_lib/JPI%20Ideologies%20of%20globalization%20%20final.pdf Accessed March
8, 2018
 https://www.slideshare.net/hitakshi_23/globalization-57998363
 https://www.slideshare.net/larchi/history-of-globalisation
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MODULE # 2
THE STRUCTURE OF
GLOBALIZATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. define economic globalization from a world economy

2. identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization
3. define the modern world system
4. discuss the structures of globalization
LEARNING CONTENT
 The Structures of Globalization, pp. 17-20 (book available in the OCC Library)
Global Economy involves the international exchange of goods and

services expressed in monetary units of money, free movement of
technology and information.
World Economy is refer r ed to the human economic activity within and between nations that
include production, consumption, economic management, exchange of financial values and trade of
goods and services.
Global Economy or Economic Globalization is the interconnectedness of economies through

trade and exchange of resources like globalization of production, finance, markets, technology,
organizational regimes, corporations and labor. and resources.
Structures of Globalization
 The Global Economy (Discussion on India: a Case In Point. Show Slides PPT)
 Market Integration
 Global Interstate System
 Global Governance
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Actors that Facilitate Globalization:
The role of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) play an important role in the Creation
of the Global Economy or Economic Globalization. An international financial institution is
chartered by more than one country and subjects to international laws .National governments are the
usual shareholders or owners, although other international institutions and organizations also are
shareholders. The world's largest IFI is the European Investment Bank, with a balance sheet size of
Euro573 billion in 2016. (Ariola 2018)
The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are:

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) which include
 World Bank Group
 African Development Bank
 Asian Development Bank
 Inter-American Development Bank
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Main Objectives
1. IMF provides temporary financial assistance to member countries to help ease the balance of
payments adjustments
2. MDBs provide financing for development to developing countries through
 Long term loans (with maturities up to 20 years) at interest rates way below market
rates
 Very long-term loans (sometimes called credits with maturities of 30-40 years) at
interest rates below market rates
 Grant financing by some MDBs for technical assistance advisory service or project
preparation
World System deals with inter-regional and transnational division of labor that divides the world into
core countries, semi-periphery and periphery countries. Core countries focus on high skill, capital-
intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low- skill labor- intensive production and
extraction of raw materials, reinforcing the dominance of the core countries. This structure is unified
by the division of labor. It is a world-economy rooted in a capitalist economy.
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World System Theory is also known as the wor ld-system analysis or would-systems perspectives. A
multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change that emphasizes the world-
system (not the nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.
READINGS
 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp17-25. Manila. Unlimited

Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.
 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. pp. 1-20. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.
ACTIVITY
A. View the 2 PPT presentations on the Introduction to Globalization and

Globalization of the Economy, create/draw an image how globalization works in a
particular country like the Philippines or India. Put your creative work and insights in
a bond paper and make a screen shot for submission in our Google Classroom or
Email.
ASSIGNMENT
 Differentiate global economy from world economy.
 What are the features of economic globalization?
 How do the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) become instrumental in the creation of
the global economy? Give some of the IFIs operating in a global scale.
 How is the Philippines central to the history of economic globalization?
 From your analysis, does globalization experience of India become beneficial to their country
and people? Why?
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ASSESSMENT
Instruction: Collect at least 5 pictures of products whether goods or services that have
foreign brands operating in the Philippines as subsidiaries of multinational
corporations and make a brief description about the product and its mother country of
origin. Screen shot and submit it thru our Focal Person or Class Folder in the Google
Classroom or WPS.
REFERENCES
 Globalization. (2017, June 23). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:57, March 9, 2018.
 https://www.slideshare.net/gunacharlotte/globalization-of-world-economy-ppt
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MODULE # 3
MARKET INTEGRATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. revisit he role of international financial institutions in the global economy;

2. narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century
and
3. identify the attributes of global corporations
LEARNING CONTENT
 Market Integration in the Twentieth Century (book available in the OCC Library)
First wave of globalization (19th century-1914)

The first wave of globalization (19th century - 1914), the first era of Industrial Revolution,
was led by Great Britain who dominated the world thru the establishment of the British Empire, with
innovations of steam engine, weaving machine and many more.
It was noted according to Keynes that those with the means of capital in New York, Paris,
London or Berlin were able to trade internationally with stock companies where a major leap in the
field of world investments was the construction of the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean with
the Indian ocean as well as managed to build railways in India and in African colonies.
The first wave of globalization and industrialization had darker moments where most
European nations grabbed for a piece of Africa, and 1900 only Ethiopia was left in Africa.
However, India, China, Mexico or Japan, previously powers to reckon with, were not either
not able or not allowed to adapt to the industrial and global trends. They maybe either restricted by
Western powers or outcompeted because of lack of access to capital and technology.
Finally, many workers in the industrialized nations also did not benefit from globalization,
their work was replaced or deem identical with the availability brought by industrial machinery, or
their output undercut by foreign imports.
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The world wars
In 1914, the outbreak of World War I brought an end to the burgeoning high society of the
West including globalization. The financial markets caused a breakdown of the global economy
leading to the Great Depression in the US.
Second and third wave of globalization

The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy under a new
hegemon, the United States of America, aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution,
and the flourishing global trade, and due to the Iron Curtain Fall.
World trade became profound after the WWII with the European Union and other free trade
vehicles championed by the US who were responsible for the increase in international trade. In the
Soviet Union, there was a similar increase in trade, albeit through centralized planning rather than the
free market.
With the Curtain Fall, globalization became an all-conquering force and the creation of World
Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over the world to enter into free-trade agreements,
In 2001, even China, which for the better part of the 20th century had been a secluded, agrarian
economy, became a member of the WTO, and started to manufacture for the world. US is still in the
upper hand of the global trade, setting the tone.
At the same time, a new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet,
connected people all over the world that allowed for a further global integration of value chains.
Globalization 4.0
A new wave of globalization is once again upon us dominated by two global powers, the US
and China. The digital economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now becoming
a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing. It is further enabled by
artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-border hacking and cyber attacks.
At the same time, the global effect of climate change, cutting of forests, pollution among
others, brought devastating effects to globalization that becomes a growing concern of all nations.
As economic globalization is now the buzz phrase to all nations, many middle-class workers
are fed up with a political and economic system that resulted in economic inequality, social instability
in some countries.
As globalism becomes a political ideology, the idea of having a global perspective is
weakening now. In a speech delivered in Davos in January 2017, Chinese president Xi Jinping
addressed the topic globalization where some blame economic globalization for the chaos in the world.
But, he continued, “we came to the conclusion that integration into the global economy is a historical
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trend. [It] is the big ocean that you cannot escape from.” He went on to propose a more inclusive
globalization, and to rally nations to join in China’s new project for international trade, “Belt and
Road”.
Revisiting the Role of the International Financial Institutions in the Global Economy
The role of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) play an important role in the Creation
of the Global Economy or Economic Globalization. An international financial institution is chartered
by more than one country and subjects to international laws .National governments are the usual
shareholders or owners, although other international institutions and organizations also are
shareholders. The world's largest IFI is the European Investment Bank, with a balance sheet size of
Euro573 billion in 2016.
Market integration occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow
similar patterns over a long period of time. Groups of goods often move proportionally to each other
and when this relation is very clear among different markets. It is said that
the market integration should increase financial and economic efficiency, and lead to a higher
economic growth. However, market integration may increase asset return volatility, and cause
financial instability and contagion effects. (Wikipedia)
Global Corporation generally refer r ed to as a multinational corporation (MNC) or has
significant investments and facilities in many countries but lacks a dominant headquarter.
READINGS
 Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp 22-23Quezon City. Rex Book

Store
 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp19-21. Manila. Unlimited
Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.
 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. pp. 12-25. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
ACTIVITY
A. View the 2 PPT presentations on Globalization of the Economy and on Market

Integration. Guide for further discussions:
 Cite some examples of market integration in a globalized economy
 What are the reasons for market integration?
 Examine how globalization works in a particular country like the Philippines or
India. Examine the interlocking connections or integration of production,
market and consumption.
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ASSIGNMENT
 What is market integration?
 What are the types of Market integration?
 What are the merits and demerits of market integration?
 What is the importance of market integration in globalization?
ASSESSMENT
A. Prepare reaction paper to the Film: “The Corporation” directed by Mark Achbar
and Jennifer Abbott
Teacher Evaluation on the Reaction paper.
B. Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:

 Things that I Learned or Insights Derived from the Discussion (Knowledge)
 Things that I appreciated and/or Have Criticisms ( Attitudes)
 Things that Provide you Discoveries on the Nature of Globalization (Discovered)
REFERENCES
 www.weforum.org/agenda/2019
 The Corporation is available via YouTube
 https://www.slideshare.net/jpsivam/market-integration
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MODULE # 4
GLOBAL INTERSTATE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. discuss the historical evolution of the global interstate,

2. differentiate internationalization and globalization,
3. define the state and the nation and
4. differentiate internationalism from globalism.
LEARNING CONTENT
 Market Integration in the Twentieth Century (book available in the OCC Library)
A. Internationalization versus Globalization

1. Internationalization does not equal globalization although it is a major part of globalization.
2. Ariola said that globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot
be reduced to the tie between governments. It also refers to the global economic integration of
many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital
mobility but also by easy or uncontrolled migration.
Furthermore, according to Ariola, internationalization refers to the increasing importance of
international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, etc. International, means between or
among nations. The basic unit remains the nation, even as relations among nations become
increasingly necessary and important.
3. Four Attributes of Today's Global System
 There are countries or States that are independent and govern themselves.
 These countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
 There are international organizations like the United Nations that facilitate these interactions.
 Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives
of their own.
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Origin of this Global system
Concept of Nation-State -a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not
always organize themselves as countries.
Not all states are nations and not all nations are states. Example: The nation of Scotland has its
own flag and national culture but still belongs to a state called the United Kingdom.
The Bangsamoro in the Philippines is perceived by many to be a separate nation existing
within the Philippines, but through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine state. The
nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea whereas the Chinese nation may refer both to
the People's Republic of China and Taiwan.
4. Difference between Nation and State

A State refer s to a country and its government i.e., Government of the Philippines. A State has
four (4) attributes:
 It exercises authority over a specific population, called its citizens.
 It governs a specific territory.
 A State has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people follow.
 The most crucial is, the State has sovereignty
A Nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an " imagined community" that is limited

because it does not go beyond a given "official boundary," and because rights and responsibilities are
mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of that nation. The concept of "imagined" does not
mean that the nation allows one to feel a connection with the community of people even if she/he will
never meet all of them in his/her lifetime. Example: when you cheer a Filipino athlete in the Olympics,
it does not mean you know personally that athlete. Rather, you imagine your connection as both
members of the Filipino community.
Furthermore, In "Imagined Communities" (1983) Anderson argues that the nation is
an imagined political community that is inherently limited in scope and sovereign in
nature. ... The nation as imagined community came into being after the dawning of the age
of Enlightenment as both a response to and a consequence of secularization.
Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates state formation.
States become independent and sovereign because of nationalist sentiments that clamor for this
independence.
5. The Interstate System

 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM - The modern world-system is now a global economy with a
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global political system (the modern interstate system). Refers to the relationship between different
state union. It also includes all the cultural aspects and interaction networks of the human
population.
Evolution of the Interstate System and present-day concept of Sovereignty

 Concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia, a set of agreements signed in
1648 to end the Thirty Years' War between the major continental powers in Europe. The treaty
signers agreed to have complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each
other's affairs.
 The Westphalian system faced its first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte who believed in
spreading the principles of the French Revolution -liberty, equality, and fraternity, and challenged
the power of the kings, nobility, and religion in Europe. The Napoleonic wars lasted from 1803-
1815. The French implemented the Napoleonic Code that forbade birth privileges, encourage
freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. This system shocked the
monarchies and the hereditary elites of Europe and they mustered their armies to push back against
the French Emperor.
 Anglo and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 ending the spread of
the liberal code across Europe.
 To avert another war, the royal powers created a new system that restored the Westphalian system
thru the establishments of the Concert of Europe, an alliance of great powers - the United Kingdom,
Austria,
 Under the Metternich system (named after the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von Metternich), the
Concert of Europe's powers and authority lasted from 1815-1914, at the dawn of the World War I.
 Like the Concert system, the "great powers" still hold significant influence over world politics.
Example, the most powerful grouping in the UN, the Security Council, has a core of five permanent
members, all having veto powers over the council's decision-making process.
 The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into separate, sovereign entities - the
interstate system. The concept of internationalism arose as a desire for greater cooperation and unity
among states and peoples divided into two categories - the liberal internationalism and the socialist
internationalism.
 The Liberal Internationalism was posited by Immanuel Kant who likened states in a global system to
people living in a given territory - requiring a government to prevent lawlessness. It must give up
some freedoms, like the citizens of countries and establish a continuously growing state consisting of
various nations. Kant has an ideal of a global government.
 British philosopher Jeremy Bentham advocated the creation of international law that would govern
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the inter-state relations. He believed the objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation
that would create "the greatest happiness of all nations taken together."
 The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism in the 19th century was the
Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini, both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking
mini-states and a major critic of the Metternich system. He believed in a Republican government
(without kings, queens and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to create an international system. He argued that if the various Italian
states could unify, one could scale up the system to create, for example, the United States of Europe -
basis for global cooperation.
 Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), influenced by the thinking of Mazzini, became one of the 20th
century's most prominent internationalist. Wilson sa nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism. He forwarded the principle of self-determination - the belief that the world's nations
had a right to a free and sovereign government. He hoped that these free nations would become
democracies, because only by being such would they be able to build a free system of international
relations based on international law and cooperation. He became the most notable advocate of the
creation of the League of Nations. After the World War I in 1918, he pushed for the transformation of
the League of Nations into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.
 The League came into being that same year. Unfortunately, Wilson, the United States was not able to
join the League due to strong opposition from the Senate.. The League was not able to avert another
war from breaking out. World War II erupted. On one side the Axis Powers- Hitler's Germany,
Mussolini of Italy and Hirohito of Japan- who were ultra nationalists that has an instinctive disdain
for internationalism and preferred to violently impose their dominance over other nations. The Allied
Powers were composed of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Holland and Belgium.
 The League was the concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism. From Kant, it
emphasized the need to form common international principles. From Mazzini, it enshrined the
principles of cooperation and respect among nations-states. From Wilson, it called for democracy and
self-determination.
 Socialist philosopher Karl Marx, an internationalist but differed from Kant, etc. because he did not
believed in nationalism. He believed that the true form of internationalism should deliberately reject
nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones. Marx placed a
premium on economic equality; he did not divide the world into countries but into classes. The
capitalist class referred to the owners of factories, companies and other "means of production." The
proletariat class, according to Marx included those who did not own the means of production, but
instead, worked for the capitalists. Marx and his co-author Frederick Engels believed that in a
socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat "had no
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nation." They opposed nationalism because they believed that it would prevent the unification of the
working class.
 The Socialist International was established, a union of European Socialist and labor parties in 1889 in
Paris. Although short-lived, their achievements were the declaration of May 1as the Labor Day and
the crwation of the International Women's Day, and the successful campaign on the 8-hour law. The
SI collapsed during the World War I.
 More radical version of SI emerged through the leadership of Vladimir Lenin that created a new state
called the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic or USSR. The Bolsheviks did not believe in
obtaining power for the working class through elections, rather they exhortted the revolutionary
"vanguard" parties that led the revolution across the world.
Lenin established the Communist International (Comintern) in 1919 that served as the central
body for directing communist parties all over the world.
According to the author, it is less democratic because it followed closely the top-down
governance of the Bolsheviks.
 After Word War, Stalin re-established the Comintern as the Communist Information Bureau. It took
over countries in Eastern Europe when the United States, Soviet Union, and Great Britain divided the
war-torn Europe into their respective spheres of influence.
 Eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, communist internationalism also disappeared.
READINGS

 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing,
Inc.
 https://www.slideshare.net/CheldhayeDay/globalization-153976947
ACTIVITY
Review the PPT presentation on Globalization of the Economy and on the Global
Interstate and generate ideas that will support your answers to your assignments. See
the Link to the material or thru the PPT presentations sent to your GC and Google
Classroom.
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ASSIGNMENT
 Make a short summary of the evolution of the Global Interstate.
 Is there a difference between internationalism and globalization? Explain your
answer.
 Can a nation be a state or a state be a nation? Support your answer.
 What makes a global economy?
 Does market integration beneficial to economic globalization? Why?
 Explain the Liberal Internationalism and give the different views of its proponents.
 Explain the Socialist Internationalism and who are the proponents of this view and their
political constructs.
ASSESSMENT
Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:

REFERENCES
 https://www.slideshare.net/CheldhayeDay/globalization-153976947
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MODULE # 5
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. identify the roles and function of the United Nations,

2. identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century and
3. explain the relevance of the state amid globalization.
LEARNING CONTENT
A. What is an International Organization

When scholars refer to groups like UN or Institutions like IMF and World Bank,
they usually call them international organization (IOs) the term commonly used to
refer international inter-governmental organization or groups that primary made up
of member-states.
One major fallacy about international organization is that they are merely amalgamations of various
state interests. In the 1960's and 1970's, IOs become influential as independent organizations.
International scholar Michael and Martha listed the following powers of IOs.
Michael N. Barrnet and Martha Finnemore, international relations scholar s listed the following
powers of the IOs:
 IOs have the power of classification. Because IOs can invent and apply categories, they create
powerful global standards;
 IOs have the power to fix meanings. this is the broader function related to the first. Various terms
like "security" or "development" need to be well define. States, Organizations and individuals view
IOs as legitimate sources of information. As such, the meaning they create have effects on various
policies. For example, recently, the united Nation has started to define security as not just safety of
military violence, but safety from environmental harm.
 Finally, IOs have the power to diffuse norms. Norms are accepted codes conduct that may not strict
law, but nevertheless produce regularity in behavior. because of these power IOs can be sources of
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great good and great harm.They can promote relevant norms like environmental protection and
human rights.
After the collapsed of the League of Nations at the end of WWII, countries that worried about another
global war began to push for the information of a more lasting international league, the result was the
creation of UN should be considered a success.
The UN divided into five active organs. The General Assembly ( GA ) is UN's main policy making
and representative organ. Although GA is the representative organ in the UN, many commentator
consider the Security Council ( SC ) to be the most powerful. According to the UN this body consist of
15 member states .The GA elects ten of these 15 to two - year terms. the other five sometimes referred
to as the permanent 5 (p5) this are China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States.
The third UN organ is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) which is "the principal body for
coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on social and environmental issues,
as well as the implementation of international agreed development goals". It has 54 members of
elected for three- year terms. Currently it is the UN's central platform for discussions on sustainable
development.
Fourth is the International Court of Justice whose task " is to settle in accordance with international
law, legal desputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions reffered to it by authorized
United Nation organs and specialized agencies".
Fifth, the Trusteeship Council was assigned under the UN Charter to supervise the administration of 11
Trust Territories—former colonies or dependent territories—which were placed under the International
Trusteeship System. The system was created at the end of the World War II to promote the
advancement of the inhabitants of those dependent Territories and their progressive development
towards self-governance or independence.
Challenges of the United Nations

The UN is not a world government, and its functions is primarily because of voluntary cooperation of
states. If states refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN can be severely circumscribed.
The biggest challenge of the UN is related to issues of security, it is tough to council to release a
formal resolution much more implement it. Today, a similar dynamic situation is evident in Syria,
which is undergoing a civil war. Russia has threatened to veto any SC resolution against Syria; thus,
the UN has done very little to stop state - sanctioned violence against opponents of the government.
20
 Intergovernmental cooperation is at the centre of the global partner ship for
development. It has a vital role to play in the achievement of global development goals, in
terms not only of the resources and technical assistance it can provide, but also in the areas
of policy decision-making and norm-setting.
 Global governance encompasses the totality of institutions, policies, norms, procedures
and initiatives through which States and their citizens try to bring more predictability,
stability and order to their responses to transnational challenges. Effective global governance
can only be achieved with effective international cooperation.
It argues that international cooperation and the resulting governance mechanisms are not working
well.
 First, the current global governance system is not properly equipped to manage the growing
economic integration and interdependence among countries, both of which are compounded by the
current globalization process. Globalization tends to accentuate interdependencies among countries.
 Second, global governance structures and rules are characterized by severe asymmetries in terms of
access, scope and outcomes. While developing countries must abide by and/or shoulder the effects of
global governance rules and regulations, they have limited influence in shaping them. Meanwhile,
the unbalanced nature of globalization implies that important areas of common interest are currently
not covered, or sparsely covered, by global governance mechanisms, while other areas are
considered to be over-determined or overregulated by a myriad of arrangements with different rules
and provisions, causing fragmentation, increased costs and reduced effectiveness. These deficiencies
have contributed to the generation of asymmetric outcomes among countries and have had important
implications for inequality at the national level as well.
 Finally, current approaches to global governance and global rules have led to a greater shrinking of
policy space for national Governments, par-Global governance and global rules for development in
the post-2015 era particularly in the developing countries, than necessary for the efficient
management of interdependence; this also impedes the reduction of inequalities within countries.
Five Principles critical to guiding the reforms of global governance and global rules:
(i) Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities: This principle calls for
recognizing differences among countries in terms of their contribution and historical responsibilities in
generating common problems, as well as divergences in financial and technical capacities, in order to
address shared challenges. This principle also acknowledges the diversity of national circumstances
and policy approaches—a diversity which should be embedded in the architecture of global
governance as an intrinsic feature of the global community, not as an exception to general rules.
(ii) Subsidiarity: Issues ought to be addressed at the lowest level capable of addressing them. This
principle implies that some problems can be handled well and efficiently at the local, national, sub-
21
regional and regional levels reducing the number of issues that need to be tackled at the international
and supranational level. Subsidiarity suggests an important role for regional cooperation in addressing
issues of mutual concern.
(iii) Inclusiveness, transparency, accountability: Global governance institutions need to be
representative of, and accountable to, the entire global community, while decision-making procedures
need to be democratic, inclusive and transparent. Robust governance implies mutual accountability,
verified by transparent and credible mechanisms and processes to ensure that agreed commitments and
duties are fulfilled.
(iv) Coherence: Definitions of global rules and processes need to rest on comprehensive approaches,
including the assessment of possible trade-offs, so that actions in different areas will not undermine or
disrupt one another, but instead be mutually reinforcing. Enhanced coherence is also needed between
the international and national spheres of policymaking. This also requires improved coordination
among various stakeholders and enhanced information sharing.
(v) Responsible sovereignty: This principle recognizes that policy cooperation is the best way to
achieve national interests in the global public domain. It also requires Governments and States to be
fully respectful of the sovereignty of other nations so as to fulfill agreed policy outcomes.
The role of the United Nations is important in the global governance architecture. It argues that the
General Assembly, with its universal membership and democratic decision-making process, should
function as the main political forum for managing global challenges, in close interaction with the
Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies on economic, social and environmental issues.
READINGS

Inc.
 https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2014cdppolicynote.pdf
ACTIVITY
From the 17 Sustainable Goals of the United Nations, choose two (2) Goals and
explain why we need to advocate for the realization of these goals.
22
ASSIGNMENT
 Why is the United Nations considered an architecture for global governance?
 Discuss the Five Principles critical to guiding the reforms of global governance
and global rules.
 What are the roles and functions of the United Nations?
ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES
 https://www.sightsavers.org/policy-and-advocacy/global-goals/?
gclid=CjwKCAjwh7H7BRBBEiwAPXjadoj4U0hHw60Zm7J8N-CIZLfZgbgD8LSSgYTo3Qm-
gHNzf5nFTA6uchoCTqcQAvD_BwE
23
MODULE # 6 & 7
A WORLD OF REGIONS
GLOBAL DEVIDES: THE NORTH
AND THE SOUTH
ASIAN REGIONALISM
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. define the term "global south" from the Third World,

2. analyze how the new concept of global relations emerged from the
experience of Latin America,
3. analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization
and regionalization,
4. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism and
5. identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian Region.
LEARNING CONTENT
World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American imperium

Observing the dramatic shift in the world politics since the end of the Cold War,
Peter j, Katzenstein argues that regions have become critical to Contemporary world
politics. This view is in stark contrast to those who focus on purportedly stubborn
persistence of the nation State or the inevitable march of globalization. In detailed studies of
technology and foreign investment, domestic and international security, and cultural diplomacy
popular culture, Katzenstein examines the changing regional dynamics od Europe and Asia, which are
linked to the United states through Germany and Japan.
Regions, Katzenstein contends, are interacting closely with an American imperium that combines
territorial and non- territorial powers. Katzenstein argues that globalization internationalization create
open or porous regions. Regions may provide solution to the contradiction between states and market,
security, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism. Embedded in the American imperium, regions are now
central to the world politics. ( Peter J. Katzenstein, 2016)
North – south divide

The north south divide is broadly consider ed a socio economic and political divide. Generally,
definitions of global north include the United States, Canada, Western, Europe, as well as
24
Australia, new Zealand. The global south is made up of African, Latin America, and developing
Asia including the middle East. The north is hone to all the members of the GS and four of the five
permanent members of the United Nations security council.
The north mostly covers the west and the first world, along with much of the sound world, while the
south largely corresponds with the third world. The north may be defined as a richer, more developed
region and the south as the poorer, less developed region many more factors differentiate between the
two global areas. Global south lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies
are disarticulated, and their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product export.
In economic terms, the north – with one quarter of the world population – controls four – fifth of the
income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by any located
in the north. Inversely the south – three quarters of the world populations – has access to one – fifth of
the world income, as nations become economically developed, they may become part of the “ north”
regardless of geographical locations, similarly, any nations that do not qualify for “ developed” status
are in effect deemed to be part of the “ south”.
Global south
The global south is term that has been emerging in the transnational and postcolonial studies to
refer to the “ third world” ( I, e., Africa, Latin America, and the developing countries in Asia), “
developing countries,” “ less developed countries, “ and “ less developed regions.” The global south is
more than the extension of a metaphor for underdeveloped countries that refer to those countries'
interconnected histories of colonialism, neo- imperialism, and differential economic and social change
through which large inequalities in living standards, life expectancy and access to resources are
maintained.
Global south versus Third world

There is no third world; there is no global south; - (Martin Lewis). In the 1960s, 70s and 80s, scholars
divided the earth into three parts. The first world , the second world and the third world. The reigning
“three world theory,” however, was conceptually incoherent, combining, incommensurate, geopolitical
and socio- economic features. The “ first world “ encompassed all industrialized, democratic countries,
which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its struggle against the Soviet Union. Yet,
not all were: Finland and Switzerland, among others, maintained strict neutrality. The second world”
was Anchord on the industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European
satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located elsewhere. The “ third world” was
defined the simultaneously as the non-aligned world as an the global realm of poverty and under-
developed. Poor Soviet allies- Mongolia, Cuba, north Korea, and North Vietnam ( after 1975,
Vietnam) – were thus counted as third world in economic terms and as second world a political terms.
25
China’s cold war situation was even more ambiguous: a non industrialized country at the time, it
ceased to be a Soviet ally in 1961, and by the 1980s was no longer an enemy of the United States. Yet
it continued to be commonly mapped as part of the second world. (Martin W. Lewis, Nov. 15 , 2010)
How the “third world” Became the Global South” : the Origins of the Third World.
As published in the international Encyclopedia of the special sciences edited by A. Heelblod (2007)
the world was largely divided into several empires in the 19 th century, each empire processed a '
civilized central and peripheries that were more less primitive or even '” barbaric”. It is unlikely the
citizens of what is now often called the “ Global North” (“developed” or high-income countries) would
have given much thought to the inhabitants of what was to become known as the third world, and now,
the global south, also called “ developing” or low-income countries. When they did, most would have
considered these peoples to be inferior in some way, by virtue of being non-white , less educated, or
even “ primitive “This world” was coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy , a French demographer,
Anthropologies, and economic historian who compared it with the third Estate, a concept that emerged
in the context of the French revolution. ( first estate refers to the clergy and the monarch, second estate
to the nobility, and third estate to the balance of the eighteenth-century.
French population- is contrasted the poor countries to the first world ( the non- communist. High
income, “ developed” countries) and the second world ( Communist countries, which through not as
wealthy as theories of the first world, were then characterized greatest order, higher-Incomes and
longer life expectancies. Most people in the third world, though rules of European expectancies lived
far from global sources od Economic, political, and military powers, until very recently, most were
subjugated, most illiterate, and few may have been aware that even then, they formed a majority of the
world population, but such awareness was growing among, leader within these poor countries, many of
whom had been educated, at least partly, in Europe or America.. this awareness and exposure to
Western culture raised expectations and hopes and inspired many third world leaders to try to improve
colonial living conditions and win political Independence.
Global conception emerged from the experiences of Latin American countries

Growth rate in some Latin American countries have surprised many, they have been continuously high
for some years and promise to be so in the next period well.
Latin American's contributions are specially visible and relevant such as regionalism, security
management, and Latin American's relations with the outside world.
Asian Regionalism
Asian Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As results of a
successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only Richer, but also
26
closer together in recent years new technological trends have further strengthen ties among them as
have the rise of the PRC and India and the region growing weight in the global economy. But adversity
also played a role. The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt a sever setback too much of the region,
highlighting Asia's shared interests and common vulnerability and providing an impetus for regional
corporation. The challenge now facing Asia's policy makers is simply put yet incredibly complex: in
the early stages of Asia’s economics takeoff regional integration proceeded slowly, East Asian
economics, in particular, focused on Exporting to developed country markets than selling, to each
other. Initially, they specialized in simple, labor- intensive manufactures. As the more advanced
among them graduated to more sophisticated products, less developed economies filled the gad that
they left behind. The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of
development of flying geese, in this model, economies moved in formation not because they were
directly linked to each other, but because they follow similar paths, cincerthese. Development paths
hinged or sequential- and sometimes computing- ties to market outside the region, they did not initially
yield strong economic linked within Asia itself.
Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This is not because the region
development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly non-discriminatory and outward-oriented.
Rather, interdependence is deepening because Asia’s economies have grown large and prosperous
enough to be come important to each other, and because their patterns production increasingly depend
on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide ranging economies exchanges of
parts and components among them.
Regionalism versus globalization

Asian Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As results of a
successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only Richer, but also
closer together in recent years new technological trends have further strengthen ties among them as
have the rise of the PRC and India and the region growing weight in the global economy. But adversity
also played a role. The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt a sever setback too much of the region,
highlighting Asia's shared interests and common vulnerability and providing an impetus for regional
corporation. The challenge now facing Asia's policy makers is simply put yet incredibly complex: in
the early stages of Asia’s economics takeoff regional integration proceeded slowly, East Asian
economics, in particular, focused on Exporting to developed country markets than selling, to each
other. Initially, they specialized in simple, labor- intensive manufactures. As the more advanced
among them graduated to more sophisticated products, less developed economies filled the gad that
they left behind. The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of
development of flying geese, in this model, economies moved in formation not because they were
directly linked to each other, but because they follow similar paths, cincerthese. Development paths
27
hinged or sequential- and sometimes computing- ties to market outside the region, they did not initially
yield strong economic linked within Asia itself.
Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This is not because the region
development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly non-discriminatory and outward-oriented.
Rather, interdependence is deepening because Asia’s economies have grown large and prosperous
enough to be come important to each other, and because their patterns production increasingly depend
on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide ranging economies exchanges of
parts and components among them.
Regionalism versus globalization
Regionalism is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. Example is the
division of nation into states or provinces, business use Regionalization as total in management.
On other hand, globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of
worlds view, products, ideas, and other aspects, such as technology etc:
As to nature – globalization promotes the integration of economics across state borders all around the
world but Regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller
segments.
As to market – globalization allows to many companies to trade on international level so it allows free
market but in regionalized system monopolies are likely to develop.
As to cultural and societal relation – globalization accelerate to multiculturalism by free and
inexpensive movement of people but, Regionalization does not support this.
As to aid – globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a country
stricken by a natural disaster but, Regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other
areas.
As to technology advances – globalization has driven great advances in technology but advanced is
rarely available in one country or region.
Factors leading to the integration of the Asian regions.
Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to
upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. The objectives of agreement could range
from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political
Economy initiative where commercial interests in the focus for achieving brooders socio-political and
security objectives, as defined by national government . Regional integration has been organized
either via supranational institutional structure or through intergovernmental decision-making, or
combination of both.
Past efforts at regional integration have often focus on removing barriers to free trade in the region,
increasing the free movement of people labor, goods, and capital across national borders reducing the
28
possibility of regional aired conflict ( for example, through confidence and security building
measures) and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as environment, climate
change and migration.
Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries
of the same region of the economic zoned. In recent years countries within economic-trade regimes
such as ASIAN in southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity
exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign
markets resulting and growing prosperity.
READINGS

Inc.
 https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2014cdppolicynote.pdf
ACTIVITY
Image Creation: Create an image of the following aspects and describe your image:
1. A Global South Country
2. A Global North Country
3. An Example of a Third World Country
4. An Example of a First World Economy
5. An Asian Region
ASSIGNMENT
questions.
 How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?
 How are globalization and regionalization confronted Asian countries?
 Is there really a "first world", "second world", and "third world"? Why?
 Do you consider the Philippines as a "third world" country? Justify your answer.
29
ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
 Encyclopedia of the special sciences edited by A. Heelblod (2007)
 Peter J. Katzenstein, Cornell University press, Nov 16, 2015
 https://www.slideshare.net/lschmidt1170/chapter-1-4560042
 onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Akamatsu, 1962)
 www.geocurrents.info › economic-geography (Martin W. Lewis, Nov. 15 , 2010)
30
MODULE # 8
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. analyze how various media drive different forms of global integration and
2. explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production.
LEARNING CONTENT
 Cultural Imperialism and Cultural Pluralism, pp. 114-125 (book available in OCC
library)
 Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A college textbook in
contemporary world. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION (Claudio, 2018)

Globalization entails the spread of various cultures. When a film is made in Hollywood, it is
shown not only in the United States, but also in other cities across the globe. South Korean rapper
Psy’s song “Gangnam Style” may have been about a wealthy suburb, but its listeners included
millions who have never been or may never go to Gangnam. Some of them may not even know what
Gangnam is. Globalization also involves the spread of ideas. For example, the notion of the rights of
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities is spreading across the world and
becoming more widely accepted. Similarly, the conservative Christian church that opposes these
rights moves from places like South America to Korea and to Burundi in Africa. There is an intimate
relationship between globalization and media which must be unraveled to further understand the
contemporary world.
31
Media is a means of conveying something, such as a channel of communication. Technically
speaking, a person’s voice is a medium. However, when commentators refer to “media” (the plural of
medium), they mean the technologies of mass communication. Print media include books, magazines,
and newspapers. Broadcast media involve radio, film, and television. Finally, digital media cover the
internet and mobile mass communication. Within the category of internet media, there are the email, the
internet sites, social media, and internet-based video and audio.
While it is relatively easy to define the term “media,” it is more difficult to determine what media
do and how they affect societies. Media theorist Marshall McLuhan once declared that “the medium is
the message.” He did not mean that ideas (messages) are useless and do not affect people. His
statement was an attempt to draw attention to how media, as a form of technology, reshape societies.
For example, since it was introduced in the 1960s, television has steered people from the dining table
where they eat and tell stories to each other, to the living room where they silently munch on their food
while watching primetime shows. Today, the smart phone allows users to keep in touch instantly with
multiple people at the same time. Consider the effect of internet on relationships. Prior to the cellphone,
there was no way for couples to keep constantly in touch, or to be updated on what the other does all the
time. The technology (medium), and not the message, makes for this social change possible.
McLuhan added that different media simultaneously extend and amputate human senses. New
media may expand the reach of communication, but they also dull the users’ communicative capacities.
Cellphones, for instance, expand people’s senses because they provide the capability to talk to more
people instantaneously and simultaneously. On the other hand, they also limit the senses because they
make users easily distractible and more prone to multitasking. This is not necessarily a bad thing; it is
merely change with a trade-off. The question of what media enhance and what they amputate was not a
moral or ethical one, according to McLuhan. New media are neither inherently good nor bad. He was
merely drawing attention to the historically and technologically specific attributes of various media.
THE GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM (Claudio, 2018)

McLuhan declared that television was turning the world into a “global village.” By this, he
meant that, as more and more people sat down in front of their television sets and listened to the same
stories, their perception of the world would contract. In the years after McLuhan, however, media
scholars assumed that global media had a tendency to homogenize culture. They argued that as global
media spread, people from all over the world would begin to watch, listen to, and read the same things.
This thinking arose at a time when America’s power had turned it into the world’s cultural heavyweight.
Commentators, therefore, believed that media globalization coupled with American hegemony would
create a form of cultural imperialism whereby American values and culture would overwhelm all others.
These scholars who decry cultural imperialism, however, have a top-down view of the media,
since they are more concerned with the broad structures that determine media content. Moreover, their
32
focus on America has led them to neglect other global flows of information that the media can enable.
This media/cultural imperialism theory has, therefore, been subject to significant critique.
Localizing the Material
If cultural globalization merely entails the spread of Western monoculture, what explains the
prevalence of regional cultural trends? For example, the regionalization of culture was a boon
to Filipino telenovelas. From 2000 to 2002, ABS-CBN aired Pangako sa ‘Yo starring Jericho
Rosales and Kristine Hermosa. The show soon became a hit in Singapore and Malaysia, and
its two stars became household names. In 2013, Cambodian TV even purchased the rights to
produce its own version of the show. Until now, Filipino telenovelas like Be Careful with My
Heart find audiences across Southeast Asia.
READINGS
 Critique of Cultural Imperialism, pp. 75-81 (book available in OCC library)
Inc.
ACTIVITY
The interconnectedness of media and the media industry is the driving force behind
globalization, which results in Hybridity (homogenization + heterogenization) and
Glocalization.
 Watch Globalization and Media: Part 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIc0KcVEX7g
 Then, provide other (or your own) examples of Hybridity and Glocalization
across cultures (food, entertainment, sports, clothes, etc.).
33
Hybridity Glocalization
1. Food 1. Movie
Tex-Mex cuisine Shark Tank
2. 2.
ASSIGNMENT
 Watch The Media Industry and Globalization. https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=amzcVwKE3Oc
 Complete the table below.
Characteristics of Globalization in the Media Industry
Positive Characteristics Negative Characteristics
ASSESSMENT
Write a report on an Asian musical act and its artist popularized by media. Answer
the following:
1. Where did the musical act/artist originate?
2. In which countries did the artist become famous?
3. How did the artist become famous?
4. Why do you think the artist became famous?
5. How is your report related to global media cultures?
34
REFERENCES
 Alex. (2018, December 14). Globalization and Media: Part 1 [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIc0KcVEX7g
Inc.
 Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A college textbook in contemporary
world. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
 McNiven, Devon. (2016, March 1). The media industry and globalization [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amzcVwKE3Oc
35
MODULE # 9
THEGLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs and
2. analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and, conversely,
global peace.
LEARNING CONTENT
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION (Claudio, 2018)

Religion, much more than culture, has the most difficult relationship with
globalism. First, the two are entirely contrasting belief systems. Religion is
concerned with the sacred, while globalism places value on material wealth.
Religion follows divine commandments, while globalism abides by human-made laws.
Religion assumes that there is “the possibility of communication between humans and the
transcendent.” This link between the human and the divine confers some social power on the latter.
Furthermore, God, Allah, or Yahweh defines and judges human action in moral terms (good vs. bad).
Globalism’s yardstick, however, is how much of human action can lead to the highest material
satisfaction and subsequent wisdom that this new status produces.
Religious people are generally less concerned with wealth and all that comes with it (higher
social status, a standard of living similar with that of the rest of the community, exposure to “culture,”
top-of-the-line education for the children). They are ascetics precisely because they shun anything
material for complete simplicity – from their domain to the clothes they wear, to the food they eat,
and even to the manner in which they talk (lots of parable and allegories that are supposedly the
language of the divine). A religious person’s main duty is to live a virtuous, sin-less life such that
36
when he/she dies, he/she is assured of a place in the other world (i.e., heaven).
On the other hand, globalists are less worried about whether they will end up in heaven or hell.
Their skills are more pedestrian as they aim to seal trade deals, raise the profits of private enterprises,
improve government revenue collections, protect the elites from being excessively taxed by the state,
and, naturally, enrich themselves. If he/she has a strong social conscience, the globalist sees his/her
work as contributing to the general progress of the community, the nation, and the global economic
system. Put another way, the religious aspires to become a saint; the globalist trains to be a shrewd
businessperson. The religious detests politics and the quest for power for they are evidence of
humanity’s weakness; the globalist values them both as means and ends to open up further the
economies of the world.
Finally, religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious evangelization is in itself a form
of globalization. The globalist ideal, on the other hand, is largely focused on the realm of markets. The
religious is concerned with spreading holy ideas globally, while the globalist wishes to spread goods and
services. Religions regard identities associated with globalism (citizenship, language, and race) as
inferior and narrow because they are earthly categories. In contrast, membership to a religious group,
organization, or cult represents a superior affiliation that connects humans directly to the divine and the
supernatural. Being a Christian, a Muslim, or a Buddhist places one in a higher plane than just being a
Filipino, a Spanish speaker, or an Anglo-Saxon.
These philosophical differences explain why certain groups “flee” the communities and create
impenetrable sanctuaries where they can practice their religions without the meddling and control of
state authorities. The followers of the Dalai Lama established Tibet for this purpose, and certain
Buddhist monasteries are located away from civilization so that hermits can devote themselves to prayer
and contemplation. These isolationist justifications are also used by the Rizalistas of Mount Banahaw.
These groups believe that living among “non-believers” will distract them from their mission or tempt
them to abandon their faith and become sinners like everyone else.
Communities justify their opposition to government authority on religious grounds. Priestesses
and monks led the first revolts against colonialism in Asia and Africa, warning that these outsiders were
out to destroy their people’s gods and ways of life. Similar arguments are being invoked by
contemporary versions of these millenarian movements that wish to break away from the hold of the
state or vow to overthrow the latter in the name of God. To their “prophets,” the state seeks to either
destroy their people’s sacred belief or distort religion to serve non-religious goals.
37
READINGS
 Effects of Globalization on Religious Practices and Beliefs
 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world, pp. 69-70. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.
 Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A college textbook in contemporary world,
pp. 134-140. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. (Books available in OCC library)
ACTIVITY
 Describe the contrasting nature of Religion (the religious) and Globalization (the
globalist).
GLOBALIZATION
RELIGION
38
 The following are concepts/notions associated with globalization. State their effects on religious
practices and beliefs. Give an example.
Impact on Religion Example
Secularization Theory
The Clash of Civilizations
ASSIGNMENT
Analyze the film The Rise of ISIS. Use the table below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IP-YKIFWOHk
1. How did this religion attempt to “globalize” (spread)
their faith?
2. How does religion cause global conflict?
3. How does religion promote global peace?
The ISIS religion attempted to “globalize” (spread) their faith by…
Religion causes global conflict by…
Religion promotes global peace by…
39
ASSESSMENT
Below are the major religions of the world (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism,
Judaism, and Shintoism) which differ in organizational structures, belief systems, and
points of origin.
Choose one major world religion and write a one-paragraph essay to answer the
questions:
1. How does your chosen religion assert its identity in the light of Globalization?
2. Is this religion engaged in politics in any way? Why or why not?
Answer must be brief but substantive.
REFERENCES

Inc.

 PBS Frontline. (2014, October 8). The rise of ISIS [Video]. YouTube. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=IP-YKIFWOHk
40
MODULE # 10
THE GLOBAL CITY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. identify the attributes of a global city and
2. analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization.
LEARNING CONTENT
 The Global City, pp. 86-93 (book available in OCC library)

Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing,
Inc.
DEFINING THE GLOBAL CITY

In her article, The Global City: Introducing a Concept, sociologist Saskia Sassen (2005), who
popularized the term Global City in the 1990s, explains that the original concept was a product of the
globalization of economic activity which called for a new type of organizational structure, as well as
the need for a theorization buttressed by several organizing hypotheses. These hypotheses are as
follows:
1. The geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization is a key factor feeding
the growth and importance of central corporate functions. The more dispersed a firm's operations
across different countries, the more complex and strategic its central functions—that is, the work
of managing, coordinating, servicing, financing a firm's network of operations.
2. These central functions become so complex that increasingly the headquarters of large global
firms outsource them: they buy a share of their central functions from highly specialized service
41
firms — accounting, legal, public relations, programming, telecommunications, and other such
services.
3. Those specialized service firms engaged in the most complex and globalized markets are subject to
agglomeration economies. The mix of firms, talents, and expertise from a broad range of specialized
fields makes a certain type of urban environment function as an information center. Being in a city
becomes synonymous with being in an extremely intense and dense information loop.
4. The more headquarters outsource their most complex, unstandardized functions, particularly those
subject to uncertain and changing markets, the freer they are to opt for any location, because less
work actually done in the headquarters is subject to agglomeration economies. This further
underlines that the key sector specifying the distinctive production advantages of global cities is the
highly specialized and networked services sector.
5. These specialized service firms need to provide a global service which has meant a global network
of affiliates or some other form of partnership; thus, strengthening cross border city-to-city
transactions and networks. The growth of global markets for finance and specialized services, the
need for transnational servicing networks due to sharp increases in international investment, the
reduced role of the government in the regulation of international economic activity — all point to the
existence of a series of transnational networks of cities.
6. The growing numbers of high-level professionals and high profit making specialized service firms
have the effect of raising the degree of spatial and socio-economic inequality evident in these cities.
The strategic role of these specialized services as inputs raises the value of top level professionals.
Types of activities and workers lacking these attributes, whether manufacturing or industrial
services, are likely to get caught in the opposite cycle.
7. The growing informalization of a range of economic activities which find their effective demand in
these cities, yet have profit rates that do not allow them to compete for various resources with the
high-profit making firms at the top of the system. Informalizing part of or all production and
distribution activities, including services, is one way of surviving under these conditions.
According to Claudio (2018), Sassen’s criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily
economic, who identified three initial global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which are
hubs of global finance and capitalism. They are the homes, for instance, of the world’s top exchanges
where investors buy and sell shares in major corporations. New York has the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE), London has the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE), and Tokyo has the Nikkei.
It should be noted that the amount of money traded in these markets is staggering.
However, Claudio (2018) argues that limiting the discussion of global cities to these three
metropolises is proving more and more restrictive. The global economy has changed significantly since
Sassen wrote her book, and any account of the economic power of cities today must take note of the
42
latest developments. Recent commentators have expanded the criteria that Sassen used to determine
what constitutes a global city. Though it is not as wealthy as New York, movie-making mecca Los
Angeles can now rival the Big Apple’s cultural influence. San Francisco must now factor in as another
global city because it is the home of the most powerful internet companies – Facebook, Twitter, and
Google. Finally, the growth of the Chinese economy has turned cities like Shanghai, Beijing, and
Guangzhou into centers of trade and finance. The Chinese government reopened the Shanghai Stock
Exchange in late 1990, and since then, it has grown to become the fifth largest stock market in the
world.
Others consider some cities “global” simply because they are great places to live in. In
Australia, Sydney commands the greatest proportion of capital. However, Melbourne is described as
Sydney’s rival global city because many magazines and lists have now referred to it as the world’s
“most livable city” – a place with good public transportation, a thriving cultural scene, and a relatively
easy pace of life.
Defining a global city can thus be difficult. One way of solving this dilemma is to go beyond the
simple dichotomy of global and non-global. Instead of asking whether or not one city is a global city (a
yes or no question), it is better to ask: In what ways are cities global and to what extent are they global?
Coronacion and Calilung (2018) underscored the following essential traits of a Global City:
1. There is an apparent presence of a variety of international financial services notably in
finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing.
2. Headquarters of several multinational corporations.
3. The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institutions.
4. Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area.
5. Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities.
6. Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level.
7. Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics.
8. Focal point of media and communications for global networks.
9. Dominance of the national region with great international significance.
10. High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector.
11. High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international student
attendance, and research facilities.
12. Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment
facilities in the world.
13. High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
43
READINGS
 The Global City, pp. 157-175 (book available in OCC library)

contemporary world, pp. 134-140. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing
Corp. (Books available in OCC library)
ACTIVITY
 Give the four characteristics (and examples) of a Global City as discussed by

Claudio (2018).
 Identify the drawbacks of global cities.
44
ASSIGNMENT
Research on a particular Global City. Then. answer the following:

1. How would you describe this city?
2. What is this city known for?
3. What makes this city a Global City?
ASSESSMENT
If Manila were a global city now, what would be the challenge that the country might
face? What could be the solution? Just give one.
REFERENCES

Inc.

 Sassen, S. (2005). The global city: Introducing a concept. The Brown Journal of World
Affairs, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.saskiasassen.com/pdfs/publications/the-global-city-
brown.pdf
45
MODULE # 11
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. explain the Theory of Demographic Transition as it affects global population.
LEARNING CONTENT
 Global Demography, pp. 96-107

Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Demographic Change and Its Economic Impact, pp. 191-194
Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A college textbook in
(Books available in OCC library)
THE ‘PERILS’ OF OVERPOPULATION (Claudio, 2018)

Development planners see urbanization and industrialization as indicators of a developing
society, but disagree on the role of population growth or decline in modernization. Such notion on the
‘perils’ of overpopulation brings back the ideas of British scholar Thomas Malthus who warned in his
1798 An Essay on the Principle of Population that population growth will inevitably exhaust world
food supply by the middle of the 19th century. Malthus’ prediction was off base, but it was revived in
the late 1960s when American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne, wrote The Population
Bomb, which argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and the 1980s will bring about global
environmental disasters that would, in turn, lead to food shortage and mass starvation. They proposed
46
that countries like the United States take the lead in the promotion of global population control in order
to reduce the growth rate to zero. Their recommendations ranged from the bizarre (chemical castration)
to the policy-oriented (taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child-related products) to monetary
incentives (paying off men who would agree to be sterilized after two children) to institution-building (a
powerful Department of Population and Environment).
There was one reason for this fear to persist. The rate of global population increase was at its
highest between 1955 and 1975 when nations were finally able to return to normalcy after the
devastations wrought by World War II. The growth rate rose from 1.8 percent per year from 1955 to
1975, peaking at 2.06 percent annual growth rate between 1965 and 1970.
By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be
“diverted” and “wasted” to feeding more mouths. This argument became the basis for government
“population control” programs worldwide. In the mid-20th century, the Philippines, China, and India
sought to lower birth rates on the belief that unless controlled, the free expansion of family members
would lead to a crisis in resources, which in turn may result in widespread poverty, mass hunger, and
political instability.
THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGES TO GLOBALIZATION (Coronacion, &

Calilung, 2018)
It goes without saying that Demographic changes affect the phenomenon of Globalization to a
large extent. For instance, the changes in population distribution and population growth might impact
economic and political policies of nation states. In fact, according to a World Bank report in 2013,
ageing, migration, educational convergence, and women’s growing participation in the labor force – all
linked to the underlying demographic transition – help to shape countries’ comparative advantage. For
instance, if a country slows down on its population growth, there could be more capital that can be
infused on socio-developmental aspects like improving education. An improved education level can
boost the competitiveness of people in the global job market. In addition, as the size of the working-age
population increases in some countries and decreases in others – and as a global middle class emerges –
the size and the composition of import demand is also changing, with further effects on trade flows. For
instance, trade in services, such as healthcare and education, is likely to increase. Demography has
shaped trading patterns since antiquity. The early demographic transition in Europe was bound up with
its position at the center of the global trading system, as a source of both manufactured goods and
migrants. The rise of Asia’s population prefigured its role at the heart of the global economy.
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE (Coronacion, & Calilung, 2018)

Below are the available indicators of what can be expected in the next-half century.
1. All signs suggest that there will be continued but slowing population growth. This continued growth
47
will result in the addition of roughly 3 billion people to the world population, before it stabilizes
around 2050 at about 9 billion. Managing this increase will be an enormous challenge and the
economic consequences of failing to do so could be severe.
2. The world’s population is ageing, and the growth in the sheer number of elderly people will be huge.
The United Nations predicts that 31 percent of China’s population in 2050 – 432 million people -
will be aged 60 or over. The corresponding figures for India are 21 percent and 331 million. No
longer can ageing be thought of as a developed-world phenomenon.
3. International migration will continue, but the extent is unclear. The pressures that encourage people
to migrate – above all the lure of greater economic well-being in the developed countries - will
undoubtedly persist, but the strength of countervailing policy restrictions that could substantially
staunch the flow of migrants is impossible to predict.
4. Urbanization will continue, but here, too, the pace is impossible to predict. Greater economic
opportunities in the cities will surely continue to attract migrants from rural areas, but environmental
and social problems may stymie growth
5. Countries with robust health care system and medical infrastructure will be the choice destinations of
migrants post pandemic period although such possibility might be met with stricter migration
policies.
READINGS
 Debasish. (n.d.). Theory of demographic transition (with diagram). Economics

Discussion. Retrieved from https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/population/
theory-of-demographic-transition-with-diagram/4479
 Mr. Sinn (2018, October 14). Stages of the demographic transition model
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1_KBTk5FhQ
48
ACTIVITY
 Under the following points of view, state how population growth affects economic development.
Use the table below.
Population Population Population

Pessimists Optimists Neutralists
49
ASSIGNMENT
Stages of Demographic Transition
Complete the following statements.
The current state of the Philippines in relation to the four stages of demographic transition is
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
To move to the next stage, the Philippines must

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT
According to neo-Malthusian theory, OVERPOPULATION is the culprit
behind the Philippines’ persistent economic poverty. But according to Feminists, our
country remains poor because of unequal distribution of wealth, LACK of public
safety nets like universal health care, education, gender equality, and employment
opportunity.
Essay Writing
Discuss the following topic. Answer must be brief but substantive.
The persistent economic poverty in the Philippines is mainly caused by its ever-increasing
population growth. Do you agree or disagree? Support your answer.
50
REFERENCES

Inc.

 Debasish. (n.d.). Theory of demographic transition (with diagram). Economics Discussion.

Retrieved from https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/population/theory-of-demographic-
transition-with-diagram/4479
 Mr. Sinn (2018, October 14). Stages of the demographic transition model [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1_KBTk5FhQ
51
MODULE # 12
GLOBAL MIGRATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the
2. global movements of people,
3. display first-hand knowledge of the experience of OFWs and
4. discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being of states.
LEARNING CONTENT
 Benefits and Detriments of Migration, pp. 109-117

Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Global Migration, pp. 204-219
(Books available in OCC library)
52
MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018)
The ease of travel, technologically-driven means of transportation and communication have
definitely become an impetus to migrate, especially with push and pull factors as additional driving
forces. On the other hand, the intermixing and conglomeration of people of various races and
nationalities has pushed the bounds of the nation states towards becoming more dynamic imbued with a
truly global appeal. The development that several industrial countries continue to experience may have
been spurred by trade liberalization and increased economic integration.
This, on the other hand, also serves as huge pull factors for migrants to consider these countries
as their settlement. The resultant effect is an assimilation which does pave the way for a more
cosmopolitan and global environment. In simplistic terms, just as anything and everything right now
falls within the ambit of Globalization, migration likewise is affected by Globalization. However, states
have often firmly resisted applying similar deregulatory policies to the international movement of
people, and data show that migration is showing no signs of slowing down. International migrants
would now constitute the world’s fifth most populous country if they all lived in the same place.
As well as encouraging migration, globalization also produces countervailing forces. For
example, as businesses grow and become more internationalized, they often outsource their production
to developing countries where labor costs are lower. This movement of jobs from developed nations to
the developing world mitigates certain economic factors leading to migration. In other words, in a
global economy jobs can move to potential migrants, instead of migrants moving to potential jobs.
REASONS FOR GLOBAL MIGRATION
Political Economic Environmental

civil strife, wars, need for search for better disaster-driven migration
asylum opportunities (climate change and
desertification)
e.g. refugees e.g. expatriates e.g. environmental refugees
Challenges and Prospects

 Human Trafficking  Integration
 Terrorism  Increased Racism
53
READINGS
 Castles, S. (2000). International migration at the beginning of the twenty first

century: Global trends and issues. International Social Science Journal. Retrieved
from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/bpl_images/journal_samples/
issj0020-8701~52~165~258/258.pdf
ACTIVITY
 Identify the effects of global migration both for the sending and receiving
countries.
Sending Country Receiving Country

(Migrant’s country of origin) (Migrant’s country of destination)
Benefits
Detriments
54
ASSIGNMENT
 Conduct an online interview with a former or current OFW. Use a matrix to

answer the following questions:
1. Benefits of migrating/working as an OFW
2. Detriments of migrating/working as an OFW
3. Overall personal experience as an OFW
4. Relationship of working as OFW to globalization
 Present the transcript of the interview.
ASSESSMENT
Essay Writing
Discuss the hidden costs in the rising number of Filipino migration. Answer
must be brief but substantive.
REFERENCES
 Castles, S. (2000). International migration at the beginning of the twenty first

century: Global trends and issues. International Social Science Journal. Retrieved
from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/bpl_images/journal_samples/
issj0020-8701~52~165~258/258.pdf
 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A college textbook in contemporary

world. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
55
MODULE # 13
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. differentiate stability from sustainability.
LEARNING CONTENT
THE WORLD’S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS (Claudio, 2018)
The Conserve Energy Future website lists the following environmental

challenges that the world faces today.
1. The depredation caused by industrial and transportation toxins and plastic in the ground; the
defiling of the sea, rivers, and water beds by oil spills and acid rain; the dumping of urban waste
2. Changes in global weather patterns (flash floods, extreme snowstorms, the spread of deserts) and
the surge in ocean and land temperatures leading to a rise in sea levels (as the polar ice caps melt
because of the weather), plus the flooding of many lowland areas across the world
3. Overpopulation
4. The exhaustion of the world’s natural non-renewable resources from oil reserves to minerals to
potable water
5. A waste disposal catastrophe due to the excessive amount of waste (from plastic to food packages
56
to electronic waste) unloaded by communities in landfills as well as on the ocean; and the dumping
of nuclear waste
6. The destruction of million-year-old ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity (destruction of the coral
reefs and massive deforestation) that have led to the extinction of particular species and the decline
in the number of others
7. The reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because of
deforestation, resulting in the rise in ocean acidity by as much as 150 percent in the last 250 years
8. The depletion of the ozone layer protecting the planet from the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays due to
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere
9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic chemical from erupting volcanoes, and
the massive rotting vegetables filling up garbage dumps or left on the streets
10. Water pollution arising from industrial and community waste residues seeping into underground
water tables, rivers, and seas
11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a megalopolis, destroying farmlands,
increasing traffic gridlock, and making smog cloud a permanent urban fixture
12. Pandemics and other threats to public health arising from wastes mixing with drinking water,
polluted environments that become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and disease-carrying rodents,
and pollution
13. A radical alteration of food systems because of genetic modifications in food production
COMBATING GLOBAL WARMING (Claudio, 2018)

More countries are now recognizing the perils of global warming. In 1997, 192 countries signed
the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gases, following the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit where
a Framework Convention for Climate Change was finalized. The protocol set targets but left it to the
individual countries to determine how best they would achieve these goals. While some countries have
made the necessary move to reduce their contribution to global warming, the United States – the biggest
polluter in the world – is not joining the effort. Developing countries lack the funds to implement the
protocol’s guidelines as many of them need international aid to get things moving. A 2010 World Bank
report thus concluded that the protocol only had a slight impact on reducing global emissions, in part
because of the nonbinding nature of the agreement.
The follow-up treaty to the Kyoto Protocol is the Paris Accord, negotiated by 195 countries in
December of 2015. It seeks to limit the increase in the global average temperature based on targeted
goals as recommended by scientists. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol which has predetermined CO 2 emission
limits per country, the Paris Accord provides more leeway for countries to decide on their national
targets. It largely passed as international legislation because it emphasizes consensus-building, but it is
not clear whether this agreement will have any more success than the Kyoto Protocol.
57
Social movements, however, have had better success working together; with some pressure on
their governments to regulate global warming. In South Africa, communities engage in environmental
activism to pressure industries to reduce emissions and to lobby parliament for the passage of pro-
environment laws. Across the Atlantic, in El Salvador, local officials and grassroots organizations from
1,000 communities push for crop diversification, a reduction of industrial sugar cane production, the
protection of endangered sea species from the devastating effects of commercial fishing, the
preservation of lowlands being eroded by deforestation up in rivers and inconsistent release of water
from a nearby dam. Universities also partner with governments in producing attainable programs of
controlling pollution. The University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute sent teams to India to work
with government offices, businesses, and communities in coming up with viable ground-level projects
that “strike a balance between urgently needed economic growth and improved air quality.”
When these local alliances between the state, schools, and communities are replicated at the
national level, the success becomes doubly significant. In Japan, population pressure forced the
government to work with civil society groups, academia, and political parties to get the parliament to
pass a blizzard of laws – 14 passed at once – in what became known as the Pollution Diet of 1970. These
regulations did not eliminate environmental problems, but today, Japan has some of the least polluted
cities in the world.
The imperative now is for everyone to set up these kinds of coalitions on a global scale. For at
this point, when governments still hesitate in fully committing themselves to fight pollution and when
international organizations still lack the power to enforce anti-pollution policies, social coalitions that
bring in village associations, academics, the media, local and national governments, and even
international aid agencies together may be the only way to reverse this worsening situation.
In essence, perhaps no issue forces people to think about their role as citizens of the world than
environmental degradation does. Every person, regardless of his/her race, nation, or creed, belongs to
the same world. When one looks at an image of the earth, he/she will realize that he/she belongs to one
world – a world that is increasingly vulnerable. In the fight against climate change, one cannot afford to
simply care about his/her own backyard. The CO2 emitted in one country may have severe effects on the
climate of another. There is no choice but to find global solutions to this global problem.
READINGS
 Eurostat. (2016). Sustainable development in the European Union. Retrieved

from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7745644/KS-02-16-996-
EN-N.pdf/eae6b7f9-d06c-4c83-b16f-c72b0779ad03
 UNESDOC Digital Library. (2005). UNESCO and sustainable development.

Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139369
58
ACTIVITY
“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.”
(Our Common Future - Brundtland Report, United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987)
 State the global/regional initiatives and their impact on sustainable development.
Global/Regional Initiatives Impact on Sustainable Development

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
ASSIGNMENT
th
 Watch Al Gore’s A n Inconvenient Truth, OR Leonardo DiCaprio’s 11 Hour
short videos.
Write a one-page essay on how the video can raise people’s awareness on the:
 detrimental effects of climate change
 subject of Sustainability
59
ASSESSMENT
TAKING INITIATIVE: Identify the recyclable wastes found within your

household and neighborhood, and list all possible ways to recycle them. Use the
matrix below.
Recyclable Wastes Ways to Recycle

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
This initiative can help mitigate the worsening problem of environmental pollution and
climate change because____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES

Inc.

 Eurostat. (2016). Sustainable development in the European Union. Retrieved from http://
ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7745644/KS-02-16-996-EN-N.pdf/eae6b7f9-d06c-
4c83-b16f-c72b0779ad03
 UNESDOC Digital Library. (2005). UNESCO and sustainable development. Retrieved from
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139369
60
MODULE # 14
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. define Global Food Security,

2. examine existing models of global food security and
3. analyze the challenges to global food security.
LEARNING CONTENT
 Global Food Security, pp. 250-252 (book available in OCC library)

 DoUSEEwhatEYEC (2013, September 25). Price of sugar documentary by Bill
Haney [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id7ugtEyI_8
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY (Claudio, 2018)

Today’s global population has reached 7.4 billion, and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion
in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100. The median age of this population is 30.1, with the male median
age at 29.4 years and female, 30.9 years. Ninety-five percent of this population growth will happen
in the developing countries, with demographers predicting that by the middle of the century, several
countries will have tripled their population. The opposite is happening in the developed world where
populations remain steady in general, but declining in some of the most advanced countries (Japan
and Singapore). However, this scenario is not a run-off that could get out of control. Demographers
61
predict that the world population will stabilize by 2050 to 9 billion, although they warn that feeding this
population will be an immense challenge.
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be
enough to offset this concern over food security. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns
that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase
by 70 percent; annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and
yearly meat production must go up to 200 million tons to reach 470 million. The problem here is that
the global rate of growth of cereals had declined considerably – from 3.2 percent in 1960 to just 1.5
percent in 2000.
The FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in agriculture, craft long-term
policies aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and development. The UN body also suggests
that countries develop a comprehensive social service program that includes food assistance, consistent
delivery of health services, and education especially for the poor. If domestic production is not enough,
it becomes essential for nations to import. The FAO, therefore, enjoins governments to keep their
markets open, and to eventually “move towards a global trading system that is fair and competitive, and
that contributes to a dependable market for food.” These are worthy recommendations but nation states
shall need the political will to push through these sweeping changes in population growth and food
security. This will take some time to happen given that good governance is also a goal that many
nations, especially in a developing world, have yet to attain.
READINGS
 McMichael, P. (2009). A food regime analysis of the ‘world food crisis’.

Agriculture and Human Values, 26, 281-295. Retrieved from https://
devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/sites/devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/files/shared/documents/
McM-Food%20Regime-analysis-of-food-crisis-pdf.pdf
62
ACTIVITY
In 2018, Global Population has reached 7.4 billion, and it is projected to

increase to 9.5 billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100 (Claudio, 2018).
Enumerate the directives the Food and Agriculture Organization (FA O) has
given to countries to solve this issue. Use the matrix below.
Directives of Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO)
1.
2.
3.
ASSIGNMENT
 Analyze the documentary movie Price of Sugar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id7ugtEyI_8
 At what “costs” was sugar being sold?
Answer must be brief but substantive.
63
ASSESSMENT
Essay Writing
Discuss the following topic. Answer must be brief but substantive.
Population Growth and Urbanization is a huge challenge to the Philippine

economy and national food security.
REFERENCES

Inc.

 DoUSEEwhatEYEC (2013, September 25). Price of sugar documentary by Bill Haney

[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id7ugtEyI_8
 McMichael, P. (2009). A food regime analysis of the ‘world food crisis’. Agriculture and
Human Values, 26, 281-295. Retrieved from https://devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/sites/
devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/files/shared/documents/McM-Food%20Regime-analysis-of-food-crisis
-pdf.pdf
64
MODULE # 15
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. articulate a personal definition of global citizenship,

2. make a collage or poster depicting one’s concept of global citizenship and
3. demonstrate understanding of the ethical obligations of global citizenship.
LEARNING CONTENT
WHAT IS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP? (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018)
Being a global citizen means thinking about more than yourself…realizing that we’re
all connected to one another in this emerging global community…protecting the
environment, uplifting the vulnerable and advocating for equality.
A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging community and whose
actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.
A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world – and their place in it.
They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our planet more equal, fair
and sustainable.
The validity of the foregoing definitions is contingent on proving their basic assumptions:
1. that there is such a thing as an emerging world community with which people can
65
identify;
2. that such a community has a nascent set of values and practices.
The forces of globalization have instilled in the minds and hearts of people an identity based on a
growing sense of belonging to a world community. The advent of modern information and
communication technology has given them the power to see in an instant the miserable conditions of
their fellow individuals from across the world and express, with the same speed, empathy for those
people. As individuals who have turned global citizens, they feel responsible for their fellows living in
other parts of the world who experience various forms of oppression. What values are promoted by the
world community? They are the same values that world leaders have been advocating for the past 70
years that include human rights, environmental protection, religious pluralism, gender equality,
sustainable worldwide economic growth, poverty alleviation, prevention of conflicts between countries,
elimination of weapons of mass destruction, humanitarian assistance and preservation of cultural
diversity.
In sum, Global citizenship is a way of living that recognizes our world is an increasingly
complex web of connections and interdependencies. One in which our choices and actions may have
repercussions for people and communities locally, nationally or internationally. Global citizenship
nurtures personal respect and respect for others, wherever they live. It encourages individuals to think
deeply and critically about what is equitable and just, and what will minimize harm to our planet.
Exploring global citizenship themes help learners grow more confident in standing up for their beliefs,
and more skilled in evaluating the ethics and impact of their decisions. Being a Global Citizen should
be the aim of every individual in this highly globalized world.
A Global Citizen is someone who:

1. is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen,
2. respects and values diversity,
3. has an understanding of how the world works,
4. is outraged by social injustice,
5. participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global,
6. is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place, and
 takes responsibility for his/her actions.
66
READINGS
 The Global Filipino, pp. 132-134 (book available in OCC library)

Inc.
ACTIVITY
 Create a collage or poster illustrating your concept of a Global Citizen.
ASSIGNMENT
Complete the following statement.

The Global Filipino is ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT
 Watch the YouTube video “What does it mean to be a citizen of the world? / Hugh
Evans.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODLg_00f9BE
 Answer the following questions:

1. What did the speaker learn when he visited the Smokey Mountain in the Philippines?
2. What inspired him to create a movement or organization called Global Citizen?
3. How can a person qualify as a member of the movement?
4. What global problems does the movement aim to solve?
5. In your own way, how can you support the Global Citizen movement?
67
REFERENCES

Inc.

 TED. (2016, May 4). What does it mean to be a citizen of the world? / Hugh Evans [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODLg_00f9BE
68

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MODULE # 1

1. differentiate the different concepts of globalization;

According to Ariola (2018), Globalization is defined as:

Globalization as defined by other Authors

A. How Globalized is Your Home?

1. define economic globalization from a world economy

Global Economy involves the international exchange of goods and

Global Economy or Economic Globalization is the interconnectedness of economies through

The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are:

 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp17-25. Manila. Unlimited

A. View the 2 PPT presentations on the Introduction to Globalization and

1. revisit he role of international financial institutions in the global economy;

First wave of globalization (19th century-1914)

Second and third wave of globalization

 Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. pp 22-23Quezon City. Rex Book

A. View the 2 PPT presentations on Globalization of the Economy and on Market

B. Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:

1. discuss the historical evolution of the global interstate,

A. Internationalization versus Globalization

4. Difference between Nation and State

A Nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an " imagined community" that is limited

5. The Interstate System

Evolution of the Interstate System and present-day concept of Sovereignty

 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library

Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:

1. identify the roles and function of the United Nations,

A. What is an International Organization

Challenges of the United Nations

 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library

Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:

1. define the term "global south" from the Third World,

World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American imperium

North – south divide

Global south versus Third world

Global conception emerged from the experiences of Latin American countries

Regionalism versus globalization

 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library

Through a visual Image or Matrix, write your responses on the following:

 Things that I Learned or Insights Derived from the Discussion (Knowledge)

 Things that I appreciated and/or Have Criticisms ( Attitudes)

 Things that Provide you Discoveries on the Nature of Globalization (Discovered)

 Ariola, M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila. Unlimited Books Library

Services & Publishing Inc.

 Claudio, Lissandro E. The Contemporary World. C & C Publishing. 2018

 Encyclopedia of the special sciences edited by A. Heelblod (2007)

 Peter J. Katzenstein, Cornell University press, Nov 16, 2015

 onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Akamatsu, 1962)

 www.geocurrents.info › economic-geography (Martin W. Lewis, Nov. 15 , 2010)

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

2. explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production.

MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION (Claudio, 2018)

THE GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM (Claudio, 2018)

Localizing the Material

 Critique of Cultural Imperialism, pp. 75-81 (book available in OCC library)

 Claudio, L. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing,

globalization, which results in Hybridity (homogenization + heterogenization) and

 Watch Globalization and Media: Part 1.

across cultures (food, entertainment, sports, clothes, etc.).

 Watch The Media Industry and Globalization. https://www.youtube.com/watch?

Characteristics of Globalization in the Media Industry

Positive Characteristics Negative Characteristics

1. Where did the musical act/artist originate?

2. In which countries did the artist become famous?