Docsity Reconstructive Retrieval Cognitive Psychology Lecture Slides

Reconstructive Retrieval -
Cognitive Psychology - Lecture

Slides
Cognitive Psychology
Alagappa University
23 pag.
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Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.
Chapter 7
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Reconstructive Retrieval
Refers to schema-guided construction

of episodic memories that alter and
distort encoded memory
representations.
Reconstruction levels by losing details,
assimilates by normalizing to fit
expectations, and sharpens by
embellishing details.
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Encoding Distortions
Selection: Selective encoding of information
that fits with prior knowledge.
I nterpretation: I nferences and suppositions
are made to conform new material to
activated schemas.
I ntegration: Combining features of different
events into a unified memory representation.
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Source Monitoring
Source monitoring refers to evaluative

processes that attribute mental
experiences to either external
(perceived) or internal (thought,
imagined, or dreamed) sources.
Discriminating internal from external
sources is essential to avoid false
memories of events.
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False Memories
Verbal false memories occur when a list of
semantically related words are perceived. A
high associate of these words is often falsely
remembered.
Conjunction errors occur when part of a word
is falsely linked to a part of another word.
Confabulation involves a false narrative
account of autobiographical events and is
seen in severe pathological states of
confusion.
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Eyewitness Testimony
How is the recall of an eyewitness affected by
reconstructive retrieval processes? Even
when witnesses are confident of the accuracy
of their testimony, false recall can cause
distortions.
Approximately 8,500 wrongful convictions in
the U.S. alone, with as many as half caused
by incorrect eyewitness testimony.
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Causes of False Testimony
Selective encoding due to perceptual

factors (poor visibility, rapid and
unexpected events).
Peripheral details, but not central
features, are lost are under emotional
duress.
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Misinformation in the form of questions asked
of an eyewitness after an event can distort its
recognition and recall. When questioned
after a traffic accident, the verb used to
describe the collision(contacted, hit, bumped,
collided, smashed) determined speed
estimates.
Misinformation effects can be large. Poorly
encoded details (e.g., was a stop sign or a
yield sign?) are falsely recognized 80% of the
time two weeks after receiving misleading
information. Docsity.com
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Memory implantation refers to the creation of
a false memory through direct suggestion.
Preschool aged children are more susceptible
than older children and adults. Debate
centers on whether only unimportant details
are implanted or important events with
possible clinical implications.
Delusional false memories reflect socio-
cultural implantation. Beliefs create an
illusion of an event having actually occurred.
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Alternative Explanations of
Recovered Memories
Repression: a defense mechanism that
operates unconsciously to prevent conscious
recollection of disturbing events.
Trauma-induced amnesia: a dissociation of
consciousness during the experience that
produces selective encoding.
False recollection: Through misinformation,
implantation, or confabulation the recovered
memory never really happened.
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Faces are encoded by a specialized module
and well retained across decades.
However, attending to a weapon instead can
cause errors due to selective encoding.
Lineups must include lures similar to the
target to avoid false recognition. Sequential
rather than simultaneous lineups also reduce
false recognition.
Face identification is poorest across racial and
ethnic categories.
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Reconstructive Retrieval -

Cognitive Psychology - Lecture

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Refers to schema-guided construction

Source monitoring refers to evaluative

Selective encoding due to perceptual

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