No. Daftar FPIPS: 1000/UN.40.A2.

3/PP/2019

REVOLUSI BELUDRU: Perubahan Sosial Politik Cekoslowakia

(Kajian Historis Tahun 1985-1992)

SKRIPSI
Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan
Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah

Oleh
Kusnandi
NIM 1505952

DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH

FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESEIA
BANDUNG
2019
 REVOLUSI BELUDRU: Perubahan Sosial Politik Cekoslowakia
(Kajian Historis Tahun 1985-1992)

Oleh

KUSNANDI

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Pendidikan pada Departemen Pndidikan Sejarah pada Departemen
Pendidikan Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial

© Kusnandi 2019
Universitas Pendidkan Indonesia
Mei 2019

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang- undang

Skripsi ini tidakboleh diperbanyak seluruhnya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang,
diperbanyak, atau cara lainnya tanpa izin dari penulis
 ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul REVOLUSI BELUDRU: Perubahan Sosial Politik

Cekoslowakia (Kajian Historis Tahun 1985-1992). Studi ini secara garis besar
ingin menjawab pertanyaan “Bagaimana peristiwa Revolusi Beludru yang terjadi
di Cekoslowakia dan dampaknya sampai tahun 1992”. Untuk membahas
permasalahan tersebut, peneliti melakukan kajian dengan metode penelitian
historis, dan melalui 4 langkah dalam proses penelitian, antara lain: pengumpulan
sumber, melakukan kritik sumber, interpretasi sumber, dan tahapan terakhir adalah
historiografi. Teknik penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti adalah dengan
menggunakan studi kepustakaan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai topik
penelitian. Hasil penelitian yang telah didapatkan oleh peneliti ialah sebagai
berikut: Revolusi Beludru disebabkan oleh 2 faktor (internal dan eksternal). Faktor
internal terjadinya revolusi tidak bisa dilepaskan dari kondisi sosial, budaya,
ekonomi dan politik mengalami stagnansi dan pembatasan yang disebabkan oleh
dominasi Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia yang sangat sentralistik dalam
menerapkan kebijakannya dan menjadikan Cekoslowakia sebagai negara federal
partai tunggal. Faktor eksternal yang mendorong terjadinya Revolusi Beludru
adalah kebijakan Perestroika dan Glasnost yang diterapkan oleh Michael
Gorbacev, dan peristiwa revolusi yang terjadi di Polandia. Revolusi mencapai
puncaknya pada tanggal 17 November 1989 yang ditandai dengan bergabungnya
masyarakat Cekoslowakia untuk melakukan gerakan, gerakan tersebut berjalan
kondusif karena menghasilkan konsesi, yaitu demokrasi. Pasca Revolusi Beludru
Cekoslowakia menjadi negara federal multi partai dan menghadapi konflik antara
elitbiro kedua negara federasi, Sehingga Cekoslowakia dihadapkan dengan
pemisahan kedua negara.

Kata Kunci: Revolusi Beludru, Gerakan Sosial, Konsesi. Partai Komunis

Cekoslowakia, demokrasi.
 ABSTRACT

The research entitled “The Velvet Revolution: Social Political Transformation

in Czechoslovakia (A Historical Analysis 1985-1992)”. This research tries to
answer the questions as to how is it that the velvet revolution occurred in the first
place? And what are the consequences until 1992? Thus, the use of historical
method of research is necessary to answer the main questions. The historical method
consists of four ways: the gathering of historical sources, critics, interpretation and
historiography. The technique being used in this research is literature studies to get
an insight into the topic. The result of this research has found out that the revolution
was caused by two factors, the internal and external factors. Internally, the
revolution was deeply tied to the stagnant social, economic, cultural and political
conditions within the country ruled by the Communists. Moreover, the centralistic
policies enforced by the Czechoslovak Communist party drove the country to
become a single federal state. Externally, the Perestroika and Glasnost policies
implemented by Michael Gorbachev and the Polish revolution also fueled the
revolution. The revolution reached its peak on 17 November 1989 when there was
a massive social movement by the Czechoslovak citizens altogether flocked to the
street shouting out loud demanding of change, the movement was very conducive
and as a result it gave birth to democracy within the country. The aftermath of the
revolution had turned Czechoslovakia became a multi-party federal state
confronted by the conflict between the elites of the two federal states which led to
the inevitable segregation of Czechoslovakia.

Keywords: Velvet Revolution, Social Movement, concession, Communist Party of

Czechoslovakia, democracy
 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL
LEMBAR HAK CIPTA
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ i
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH.................................................................................. ii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................. 6
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................................. 6
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................... 7
1.5 Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ............................................................................... 7
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................ 9
2.1 Kajian Kepustakaan dan Landasan Konsep .................................................... 10
2.1.1 Kajian Runtuhnya Komunisme di Eropa ................................................ 10
2.1.2 Revolusi .................................................................................................. 19
2.1.3 Gerakan Sosial ........................................................................................ 24
2.2 Penelitian Terdahulu ....................................................................................... 29
2.2.1 Skripsi ..................................................................................................... 27
2.2.2 Artikel Ilmiah .......................................................................................... 30
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................... 33
3.1 Persiapan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 34
3.1.1 Pemilihan Topik Penelitian ................................................................... 34
 3.1.1.1 Nilai (Value)....................................................................................... 35
3.1.1.2 Keaslian (Originality) ........................................................................ 35
3.1.1.3 Kepraktisan (Practicality) .................................................................. 36
3.1.1.4 Kesatuan (Unity) ................................................................................ 36
3.1.2 Penyusunan Rancangan Penelitian........................................................ 36
3.1.3 Proses Bimbingan ................................................................................. 37
3.2 Pelaksanaan Penelitian .................................................................................... 38
3.2.1 Heuristik ................................................................................................ 38
3.2.1.1 Pencarian Melalui Sumber Internet ................................................... 38
3.2.1.2 Pencarian di Perpustakaan ................................................................. 41
3.2.1.3 Membuat Catatan- Catatan Penting ................................................... 44
3.2.2 Mengevaluasi Bukti- Bukti yag ditemukan (Verifikasi) ....................... 45
3.2.2.1 Kritik Eksternal .................................................................................. 45
3.2.2.2 Kritik Internal .................................................................................... 46
3.2.3 Interpretasi ............................................................................................ 47
3.2.3.1 Pendekatan ......................................................................................... 48
3.2.4 Historiografi ......................................................................................... 49
BAB IV Upaya Masyarakat Cekoslowakia dalam Mencapai Demokrasi .... 52
4.1 Gambaran Sosial, Budaya, Politik, dan Ekonomi Cekoslowakia
menjelang terjadinya Revolusi Beludru ........................................................ 52
4.1.1 Gambaran Sosial .................................................................................. 54
4.1.2 Gambaran Budaya ................................................................................. 63
4.1.3 Gambaran Politik .................................................................................. 71
4.1.4 Gambaran Ekonomi .............................................................................. 78
4.2 Revolusi Beludru di Cekoslowakia Tahun 1989............................................. 87
4.2.1 Pengaruh Kebijakan Michael Gorbacev ............................................... 87
4.2.2 Jalannya Revolusi Beludru.................................................................... 93
4.3 Dampak Revolusi Beludru ............................................................................ 111
4.3.1 Dampak Revolusi Beludru bagi Pemerintahan Cekoslowakia ........... 111
4.3.2 Dampak Revolusi Beludru bagi Masyarakat Cekoslowakia ............... 127
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI .................................................... 1
5.1 Simpulan ....................................................................................................... 134
5.2 Rekomendasi ................................................................................................. 138
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 140
LAMPIRAN
RIWAYAT HIDUP
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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