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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF GLOBALIZATION

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 Economics And Social Sciences Academic Journal
Vol.2, No.6; June- 2020
ISSN (5282 -0053);
p –ISSN (4011 – 230X)
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF GLOBALIZTION

Davies, Emmanuel Opuene PhD

Department of political science rivers state university Port Harcourt
Abstract: Globalization contemporarily, can be seen as the intensification, widening and deepening of international
networks across the economic, military, technological, ecological, health, migratory, political and cultural flows.
Globalization has permeated almost every facet of life in the world today that the concept and related issues are no longer
new. In the modern world, globalization has had profound effects on social work practice, changing service delivery,
altering the labour process and much more. This paper primarily examines some current or contemporary issues of
globalization as it affects the entire global village and the challenges posed by this phenomenon on the world. Information
is got from secondary sources which include text, journals, library research, internet and works of other scholars related
to the study. This paper concludes that globalization has inflicted pains and promoted gains to those individual and
countries that indulge in it.
Keywords: Contemporary Issues, Globalization, Global Village

Introduction
This new modern era of globalization proves to be such a
difference to degree that it is seen, in times, as a difference
in kind. There is the assumption, whether correct or not,
that the world of today has moved from round to flat.
Everywhere you turn, hierarchies are being challenged
from below or transforming themselves from top-down
structures into more horizontal and collaborative ones. If it
is actually true about the flattening of the world, it will be
remembered as one of those fundamental changes – like,
as Friedman (2005) observed, the rise of the nation – state
or the industrial revolution – each of which, in its day
produced changes in the role of individuals, the role and
form of governments, the way innovations surfaced, the
way businesses are conducted, the way wars are fought, the
way people are educated, the way religion responded, the
way art was expressed, the way science and research were
conducted, the role of women, not to mention the political
labels assigned to ourselves and our opponents. These
changes are some of the results of globalization.It cannot
be contended that globalization has permeated almost
every facet of life in the modern world of today that the
concept and related issues are no longer new. Globalization
is the process by which people, information, trade,
investments, democracy, and the market economy tend
more and more to cross national borders (Norberg 2006).
A look around the world today shows that one do not need
to shop only at the local supermarket or a big local
company; one can turn to a foreign competitor. We don’t
have to work for the village’s one and only employer; we
can seek alternative opportunities. One is no longer
restricted to make do with local cultural amenities; the
world’s culture presently is at our disposal. The ability to
control our lives is growing, and prosperity is growing with
it. These fallouts in the world is no doubt associated with
globalization.
Globalization is one of the many concepts in the
vocabulary of the social sciences that has continued to dot
the spheres of national and international discourse,

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pg. 101

especially amongst those in the academics. Globalization,
historically, is a process that started long years ago and is
characterized by greater integration and knitting of the
world in the economic, social, political, cultural and
technological spheres. Capital, commerce, advanced
technology and information are spreading worldwide at
record speeds, producing great and multiple changes,
complexities and chaos. Today, there is no denying the fact
that the expansion of world trade, investment and currency
exchange had profoundly affected countries and their
citizens.
The focus of this paper is on some contemporary issues in
globalization as it affects the entire world and the
challenges posed by this phenomenon. Current issues like
money and markets, global information age, population
and resources pressures on the global economy, health,
education, global migration among others will be briefly
explored.
Globalization: Conceptual lens
The term ‘globalization’ does not have one definite or
generally accepted definition. The term has been used to
cover wide areas across borders in economic, social,
political, cultural, religious, technological,
communication, governance, disease and other spheres.
The absence of no universally accepted definition of
globalization notwithstanding, substantial theoretical input
has been made into the meaning and working of the term.
However, few definitions will suffice here.
Obadan (2003) refers to globalisation as the growing
interdependence among the world’s people, about
increasing interconnectedness and interdependencies
among the world’s regions, nations, governments,
business, institutions, communities, families and
individuals. It fosters the advancement of a global
mentality and conjures the pictures of a borderless world
through the use of information technology to create
partnerships to foster greater financial and economic
integration.Globalization can be defined as a process
which intensifies the integration of the world economy and
the people through technological advancement in several
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areas, particularly in the area of information technology. It
has also provided a differentiation in the production
process (Alli, 2006).
Alongside Alli’s assertion, globalization can be seen as a
process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies and governments of different nations; a process
driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology. This process has effects on the
environment, culture, political systems, economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-
being in societies around the world.
From the political economy perspective, globalization
… reflects the greater openness of national and
international economies to greater flows of trade,
finance, capital, high technology, foreign direct
investment (FDI) and market integration offerings. The
engineering mechanism of globalization remains the
revolution in science and technology, particularly as it
affects the electro-communication systems.The net
result is the creation of a global village, single market
system, a factory and a global office. One result of
globalization is grotesque and dangerous polarization
between peoples and countries benefitting from the
system and those that are merely recipients and
reactionaries of other effects (Alapiki, 2005 p. 212)
Contemporary Divergent Views of Globalization
The central concern here is to point out that the main
theoretical accounts of world politics all see globalization
differently; some treat it as nothing more than a temporary
phase in human history, and one which does not mean that
we need to rethink how we understand world politics;
others see it as but the latest manifestation of the growth of
western capitalism and modernization; and some others see
it as representing a fundamental transformation of world
politics, one that requires new ways of understanding.One
can see that there are divergent views, opinions and
theories of globalization, though the main focus of this
paper is not on theories of globalization, it will, however,
not be out of place to look briefly at few of these theories
in this modern time in the intended and unintended

consequences of globalization.Liberal theorists focus on
the mutual gains stemming from international cooperation,
and are optimistic about the possibilities of globalization.
The liberal theorists believe in free market and free trade
and liberalization of other sectors of a state’s economy to
allow for the flow of foreign capital. Global capital
imposes a discipline on states, leaving governments with
only policy choices that are consistent with free
market.Neo-liberal theorists maintain that peaceful change
with prosperity can be encouraged through cooperation in
institutions that knit the states and people of the world
together into a true global community. This group sees
sovereignty at bay as the globalization of markets and
cultures transcend contemporary geopolitical boundaries
and erodes the meaning of national identity, creating
“global citizens” who assign loyalty to the common
interests of all people.
On the other hand, Realist theory advocates that states are
sovereign unitary global actors in relentless competition
with one another for position and prosperity in the
international hierarchy, and that they are able to engineer
policies to promote their own interests and to control
conditions within their borders. States will compete with
one another to retain independence from the homogenizing
forces now sweeping the world. This competition will
divide the world even as countries become more alike,
making some wealthy and stable but others poorer and
fragile – (Kegley, 2007).
However, all the theories agree on one proposition: “that
the communications and technology revolution that
facilitate the flow of capital, information, and jobs across
old national boundaries will force a redefinition of the role
of states because the process of globalization is remaking
the economic world and inevitably will reshape the
political world as well” (Broder, 1999) in Kegley (2007).
For Marxist theorists, globalization is a bit of a sham. It is
nothing particularly spectacular or new, and is really only
the latest stage in the development of international
capitalism. It does not mark a qualitative shift in world
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politics, and nor does it render all either existing theories
and concepts redundant.
Having looked briefly at some theories of globalization, let
us now turn to some contemporary issues in a globalized
era.
As pointed out earlier in my other paper, globalization is
not some entirely new phenomenon in world history; many
argue that it is merely a new name for a long-term feature.
(i) Money and Market: It is no longer news that
there is substantial evidence for an increasingly
globalized market place. World trade is expanding
much faster than world production and cross-
border investments are growing at a more rapid
rate than trade. People in one country are more
likely to be affected by economic actions in other
nations in many capabilities: as customers,
entrepreneurs and investors, managers and
taxpayers, and citizens. Globalisation today has
produced fundamental changes in business all over
the world. There is an age-long old adage that says
“Money makes the world go round”. This adage is
more than ever true today at least in one sense:
Money is moving around the world at a quickening
pace, as purchases at home are made increasingly
of goods produced abroad. We are all participants
in this process, one way or the other, that is
integrating a globalised market place. Your
transaction contributed to the movement of money
across borders because the purchase you made will
ultimately affect the balance of payments and the
cash position of your country in the international
currency accounts.
(ii) Another area of prominence in the modern era is
the Global Information Age: Communications
have fundamentally revolutionized the way we
deal with the rest of the world. We presently live
in a world where events in one location can be
immediately observed on the other side of the
world. Electronic communications alter our
notions of the social groups we work and live in.

The hallmark of the ‘global village’ is therefore, a
rapid and unrestrained communication. The major
source of this global transformation is the growing
speed and flow of communication.
Cellular phones, global televisions, computers,
worldwide web, fax machines, internet are
contemporary examples of the global information
age.
(iii) Population Issues: The population of the entire
world is everyday on the increasing side. The
effect of population explosion is on the rate of
consumption of the world’s resources. Throughout
history, humans have lived on the Earth’s
sustainable yield-the interest from its natural
endowment. Now, however, we are consuming the
endowment itself. As the population on the planet
increases, globalization is bringing us closer
together in a crowded global village. There is the
strong belief that unstrained population growth
will result in environmental degradation (as is
happening presently) and domestic strife
(population action international, 2003) in
Kegley,(2007). This problem has made population
and environmental policy a key political issue on
the global agenda.
(iv) Global Health Issues: Mankind and the threat of
disease have always coexisted uneasily, in the
early 1990s, for example, in Zaire, the deadly
Ebola Virus – after lying dormant for 20 years –
broke out and ravaged its victims with massive
hemorrhaging and certain death. Shortly
thereafter, in 2006, a curious and nervous world
watched as the vicious strain of influenza called
‘Bird Flu’, H5NI threatened to spread to Europe
and beyond from a virus that began in East Asia.
With the spread of the ‘bird flu’ many across the
world, particularly Americans, feared a deadly
human pandemic and echoed the European’s
declaration that the readily transmissible lethal
disease was ‘a global threat” that could take as
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many 7.4 million human lives if not properly
checked. What about the also dreaded HIV/AIDS
Pandemic, and most recently, one of the world’s
deadliest diseases known as Corona Virus alias
COVID-19 Pandemic that spread like wild bush
fire across the globe and has brought the world to
a stand-still. This is a very serious global health
issue.
Globalization not only heightens awareness of
health risks but actually multiplies them. The
reality is that public health is, as never before, a
priority on the global agenda, for the simple reason
that so many of the challenges we face now have a
global impact, requiring global solutions and
global response. In an interconnected and
interdependent world, bacteria and virus travel
almost as fast as e-mail messages and money flows
as BrundtLand (2003) puts it.
(v) Environmental Aspect: Though wars, moral
decadence abound in the environment emanating
from drug addiction, sexual promiscuity and
homosexuality, human kind stands greater danger
of extinction as a result of environmental
degradation and hazards. Plants and animals are
more affected. Momah (1994, p.60) asserted that
the biosphere (the domain of life on earth) is being
threatened and wrecked by environmental
degradation… manifested in the form of
desertification, deforestation, greenhouse effect,
soil erosion, toxic waste dumping, prevalence of
mounting garbage heaps, acid rain effect, the
depletion of wildlife and unbridled tapping of the
seabed.
Although environmental problems are not new in
themselves, industrialization and rapid population
growth have greatly increased the scale and
intensity of the over-exploitation of natural
resources and environmental degradation,
generating a wide range of urgent international and
global problems. Within this dimension,

globalization seeks to ensure collective
intervention in addressing these social menaces.
For example, Kyoto, Japan forum, UNEP, FOE –
friends of the Earth, Earth Summits in Brazil etc.
in a bid to resolve global environmental problems.
(vi) Global Migration: Recently in the world the
movement of populations across frontiers has
reached unprecedented proportions, producing a
global migration crisis. A crisis stemming from the
growing number of people moving from their
home country to another country, straining the
ability of the host countries to absorb the foreign
emigrants. Nearly over 10 million people in each
year since 1998 qualified for and received refugee
assistance. As floods of people leave their
homeland, because of war, starvation, poverty,
violence, environmental degradation, ethnic
cleansing among others, for another country each
year, the cross-national movement has become a
norm – so common that leaving one’s native
country has become almost an expectation. “The
ease of travel and communication, combined with
looser borders, gives rise to endless crisscrossing
streams of wanderers and guest workers, nomadic
adventures, and international drifters” (Hoffman,
2000).
Global travel and emigration have become routine
in the global “age of migration” (Castles and
Miller, 2004). But the mass movement of people
living abroad has raised a host of moral issues,
such as the ethnic balance inside host countries,
the meaning of citizenship and sovereignty, the
distribution of income, labour supply, xenophobia,
the impact of multiculturalism, protection of basic
human rights and prevention of exploitation, and
the potential for large flows of migrants and
refugees from failed states to undermine
democratic governance and state stability.
(vii) Global Culture: The human experience is one of
cultures. Culture and cultural differences have
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been at the heart of human behaviour throughout
history. At the end of the twentieth century, the
significance of culture was highlighted in the
rethinking of world politics that stemmed from the
end of the cold war and the increasing pace of
globalization. The shrinking of the globe brought
different cultures into closer contact and
represented a challenge to traditional patterns of
culture and social order. All peoples faced the
dilemma of what in their cultures could be
maintained and what would be lost. Cultural
change created friction. Globalization embraces
the extension of ideas, values, ideology, norms and
practices beyond their originating locales. It is also
about acceleration of inter-cultural relationship,
changes in value systems, food and feeding habits,
dressing mode and the revolution of a people’s
way of life.
Global sports is another important issue in the
socio-cultural globalization. Sports – soccer or
football, cricket, basketball, volley ball among
others – in recent times had served as a fulcrum for
fostering genuine cooperation, friendliness and
peaceful coexistence among nations of the world.
It has served equally as a nexus for bridging the
lacuna among states in the international system.
In the area of religion, there has been a marked
increase in religious freedom, tolerance and an
upsurge in ecumenism irrespective of isolated
cases of religious bigotry and fanaticism in many
Third World Countries.
(viii) Globalization of Trade: Though this is not new,
technological changes have led to the integration
of states’ economic markets. However, the
extraordinary speed at which the countries of the
world have linked their markets can be attributed
to more than the increased speed of transport and
communication. The internationalization
increased speed of transport and communication.
The internationalization of markets at a global

level, and the convergence of commodity prices
across countries, have been driven by the
worldwide reduction of tariff rates that have made
the expansion of international trade possible.
(ix) Global Politics: The driving force of political
globalization centers around the new world order,
cooperation and integration within the canopy of
international, regional and sub-regional
organizations such as the United Nations
Organization (UNO) European Union (EU),
African Union (AU), Ecowas, Association of
South/Asian Nations (ASEAN) etc. together with
the World Bank, International Monetary Fund
(IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO).
Another aspect of political globalization which has
facilitated the expansion of Eurocentric policies
and interests beyond socially constructed
territorial boundaries include the infiltration of
democratic principles and ideals into international
organizations and states.
Recently, the UN is gradually democratizing
through a more equitable representation especially
in the Security Council despite the enormous
powers of the permanent members of USA,
Britain, France, China and Russia to veto the
position of the other non-permanent members.
Also, military dictatorship and authoritarianism
are discouraged even as fundamental human rights
and the rule of law are safeguarded.
(x) Human Development Issues: The rapid transfer
of global capital and investment across borders is
integrating the world’s economies and had led to
widespread speculation that globalization will
provide a cure for the chronic poverty facing the
majority of humanity. There exists “a widely
shared image of globalization – a worldwide
process of converging incomes and lifestyles
driven by ever-larger international flow of goods,
images, capital, and people as formidable
equalizers because greater economic openness had
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made small parts of the changing world full-
fledged members of the global village… so that
globalised islands of prosperity are thriving in
many developing nations” (Heredia, 1999;
Freidman 2005).
However, critics of globalization complain that it is the
culprit, that relative deprivation is caused by globalization,
not cured by it. They see globalization as a part of human
suffering, not the solution. To their constructed image of
cascading globalization, a more global economy increases
inequality in some countries, particularly in the
marginalized periphery of the global south (Barbones and
Turner 2004).
Other contemporary issues of globalization not fully
discussed here but need to be highlighted are global
poverty and hunger, global refugee crisis, global terrorism
and global humanitarian and human rights problems
among others.
Globalization: A Myth or Reality?
With the plethora of literatures on globalization with its
attendant gains and pains, coupled with the issues
discussed above, one will be poised to ask, at this juncture,
if globalization is a myth or reality?
The myriad of literature about globalization that has been
churned out tend to confuse, rather than explicate the
different facets or dimensions of this phenomenon. The
discussion so far about globalization has, in fact, mystified
the concept to a degree that is unhealthy. However, the fact
also remains that whether we do understand globalisation
or not, it definitely impacts on quality of life, the peace and
stability of the environment, and one’s relevance in the 21st
century (Utomi, 2000).
The intention here is not to expect one to decide where he
stands on the issue at this stage, but to point out some of
the main arguments in recent times, so as to enable one
keep them in mind. The main arguments in favour of
globalisation, in line with Baylis and Smith (2001)
comprising a new of era of world politics are:
(1) The pace of economic transformation is so great
that it has created a new world politics. States are

no longer closed units and they cannot control
their economies. The world economy is more
interdependent than ever, with trade and finances
ever expanding.
(2) There is revolution in communications which had
greatly affected the way we deal and interact with
the rest of the world. Happenings in one part of the
globe can easily and instantly been seen and felt in
other parts of the world.
(3) There is now, the likelihood of a global culture.
The world shares a common culture, much of it
emanating from developed countries. Urban areas
across the globe resemble one another.
(4) The world is becoming more homogenous.
Differences between peoples are gradually
diminishing.
(5) Time and space seem to be collapsing. The old
ideas of geographical space and chronological
time are undermined by the speed of modern
communications and media.
(6) There is emerging a global polity, with
transnational social and political movements and
the beginning of a transfer of allegiance from the
state to sub-state, transnational, and international
bodies.
(7) A cosmopolitan culture is developing. People are
beginning to ‘think globally and act locally’.
(8) A risk culture is emerging with people realizing
both that the main risk that face them are global
(pollution and AIDs) and that states are unable to
deal with the problems.
Though globalization is seen by many as progressive, that
is to say, it improves the lives of people; there are also
contestations or arguments that suggest the opposite. Some
of the main ones are:
1. There is the strong argument that globalization is
merely a buzz-word to denote the latest phase of
capitalism. It (that is, globalization theory) makes
it appear as if national governments are powerless
in the face of global trends.
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2. Apart from the issue of poverty and its discontents,
globalization is also directly and indirectly
destroying many civilizations as cultural and
social formations disintegrate under the onslaught
of finance capital and one-sided external
information dissemination architecture (Agbu,
2014).
3. Another argument against globalization is that it is
very uneven in its effects. At times it sounds very
much like a western theory applicable only to a
small part of humankind.
4. A related critic is that globalisation may well be
simply the latest stage of western imperialism. It is
the old modernization theory discussed in new
guise.
5. An objection of globalisation is that there are very
considerable losers as the world becomes more
globalised. This is because it represents the
success of liberal capitalism in an economically
divided world.
6. That not all globalised forces are necessarily
‘good’ ones. Globalisation makes it easier for drug
cartels and terrorists to operate, and the World
Wide Web’s anarchy raises crucial question of
censorship and preventing access to certain kinds
of material.
7. To the so-called global governance aspects of
globalisation as Baylis and Smith (2001) observed,
the main worry here is who are the transnational
social movements responsible and democratically
accountable to? If IBM or shell becomes more and
more powerful in the world does this not raise the
issue of how accountable are they to democratic
control?
8. Finally, there seems to be a paradox at the heart of
the globalisation thesis. On the one hand, it is
usually portrayed as the triumph of Western
market – led values, but how do we then explain
the tremendous economic success that some
national economies have had in the globalised

world? Countries like Singapore, Taiwan,
Malaysia and Korea tagged the “Tigers” of Asia
have enjoyed some of the highest growth rates in
the international economy, but subscribe to very
different ‘Asian’ values (Baylis and Smith,
2001).These nation’s emphatically reject western
values, and yet they have had enormous economic
success. The paradox then is whether these
countries can continue to modernize so
successfully without adopting western values.
In the main, without necessarily rehashing the
literature, the globalisation debate has raged
between those who see in it opportunities for
economic growth and more efficient markets, and
those who see a disadvantage for the late starters
mainly of the developing world.
It is hoped that these arguments for and against
globalisation will cause us to think deeply about
the utility of the concept of globalization in
explaining contemporary issues in world politics.
Conclusion
In this paper thus far, the concept of globalisation
was explored briefly and in summary sees
globalisation as involving rapid integration of
economies worldwide through trade, financial
flows, technology spillovers, information
networks and cross –cultural currents. This paper
also looked at some theories and the debate
generated by these theories.
The paper highlighted and discussed some topical
contemporary issues of globalization and
discovered that globalization is a gain to some and
a loss to others which entails opportunities and
risks. The paper also pinpointed for and against
under the question if globalization is a myth or
reality?
It is evident that while there are general issues
brought to the fore by globalisation, or rather being
pointed to or refined to by globalisation,
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perceptions on those issues may be more value
laden than universal.
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