a | apt a — ——— Classification of Resckial Difozntiol Eaportions 2 2 2 * PA yoy Bay) 24 46 ! Bey p dey eS 4Fu =o Won! Van8 3 : * “ Engineering Metheme ties -1V G Unit ~W cations of Ravtial Differential Exprestions of the Seecnd Oder \~ ) | the general Second ciden Uneon partial difpountiol eqpotion. Gn tuo vindependent voovableg dn of the fot Ox oy which can be wsutten, BE. Bu a fave Au sy od +E Cug ue, oes ) =O ushere., A,B,C,D,E,F one the functions of % and gy oid to be ') elliptic of Blyac 20 ot a paint cin the (x) plane [Leplece eqpation | ti) parabolic Sf Biyac=0 ot a poist Gn the +A postiol differential eqpotion. of the fotre ) as G9) plane [Heat ecpetion] ") bypertale sf Blyacso ot a post an the éPHllustotive Examples: te FF —— (my) plane - [Wave eapotion| *Exorople - I | Atfene, BL yac = 16-16=0 ie Exorople- oF + Exarnple- 3: Consider UL + Hay * 4 a+ duy= oO eee oe ee oe pevgpele enpotion. Coneiclen eu, + C- Yay =O; -wexn<%; vleye! Heue Boyacs o- yx'(Iny*) <0 Be og) Henee at 44 an el Uptre eqpation. (t+ coca + (Ge au, te Ge) “oy 2 Biyac = (Srast) 4 (HA)Cy+=*) = 9>0 sttenee Gk ic Hyperbolic. OTE: ; : ; ation may be elliptre un Saroe dif peental ey ion 70} 4 t pe y one. segion, probate an another and. hy perbebre | Jo See other steqion, FaL\ example, the eqpiation yr 3 eltpie Sp 20, hyperbolic | of, x20. and porabatie a m=O. mui + YU, comes Consider the unit ciscdy wie yte | jt elliptic "Sn the! snside of, unit cinch, 2) ye oF Porabebe om th. unit cincle. Oe on bypebsbe oukod, gp unt cine Problems: . Classiby tthe following postion dipperentiol enpeations ) fax* otay* 4Fyy =0 ®) fem 2fey* Fyy =0 ad ) Coropassing this eqpolion with a Aut Buy. + Cuyy + FG 4 vary) = Oo ; we find that A=! ,B8=2, C#4 BRAC = y- Gey) = -1220 Hence the eopation. es elliphe tt) Here. | Az) ,B=-2, Cel Buyac= (2)- yd = Yel =O So, the eqpalion oe porebotic. | a. Classify the follasin eqpalicns: i Su y (2 yy) Bu = Bin (x+y) a oo 4 4 oo ax 3x94 Sd ene’, at, Bey, Cz oe ay™ 2 4 ioOO EO ee ee oe! oe oe 2 Ph Bounces (y= Byte Ge yy) = y (4-3 4g ) a) The eaprction cs elliphe a geyac 20 be, 4 bax yy" < o hey sf oy by > y (A) A ed Sout ca el Uptic outside ph. ellupse ae ¥ 21 W The eqpation aie _panabelis shyac 3 bey 4 host yyt Oo & at Saw, a . So Gt os porobobic 8 the ellipse xy yt j . . aye \ aqpaition OK hyper 2h BE yAc —- ie, toe 0 ‘ fe of 4 7 hye a a 1 So it da hyperbolic BMBide the ell pee sas a oo es aie, a ; i Methed. of. Seporction. of Vosiobles :— then we hove a portal df penentiol alien |Sevelvin -tuso shodlependent- Vosviobles = and fo juve Beek a Solution an the form XG). YY) and usute down vostows types of Aautions . Thee! [telinsing exornple will explains the methed . ie { |blems alue fats Be Lo *y Given yp Skat 9 _@ Ox By Let g= XC Vly) be the seluction f ©, then. ae, OX, a si Fees orem 2 Since xe 36 0 dion f © Using @ sm O, we az Ba ge YG) + ox) =0 ¢ bey yh X1OO Yay) 2 — 2 xCe) C) xe) vy) x* XCx) ys YO) TIn the above LHS gh a function of x ond This ca possible Gf and only Gf each os al to the ome constant (say) A || the us Called Sepanclion constant, . We have , \ y'cy) te). YD sd —® oe xCe) g Yq)| e = | we qt the two tinny dip pexentiol ey Fatora, ®, ations Xap = A X* XC) and Yas -d y YQ) Let uc Kye x'Cx) = A XC) ce, IX ~ \y* xta)=0 let us scbve yyy = AY My) yo" By Totegaating , we. gt dog Y = -A Mb a cut - y= be Hence, the so®ution, of @ 4s qe ba Be XD yea) + 2 =X | = Ae A abe aMe po a ® : Qu_.¢t ee ~ Me ae 2 Cos x | quer thet usO0 when +=0 Fs Ba_z0 usthen, x0, Shorw also thet as + at tends FOr tende +o Kin x. sh subjects to the condition. | u(x,0) =0 —® Bu = and a (ot) =0 —@ | | Let ux assure that OP has of zobuHen. of the | fore u(x,t) = Xe). TH) = __@ Substituting this vole - u an ©, we hove vitts ces whee x's dk , yl oY | dx dy areting the voou' we Sep 4 uM , ‘obles . qt woo € tan a fe © ss tm and t ove andependent Nesiables equate © with sarse constant k. ~*~ —=k Cos x x'= KCos x —_@G) -t € =k | ale have to fied Ulat) such thel us = Cos oe —oPe = i kr. et ee | pis te @ Solution. @ is X= 6 using. @_ we gt | O= (K Aina so) (+e), | = sbagso A “4 | au. . 2 | Noww- a = (Kame) Fe] Gem peta] Using the Condition @, we at | -t _ Ge boat | on Skee a] | Get ot ee te a Ken eet e Ket So K = k(et,) ¢,= k(I-e*) stience, the seqyaived sefution, de us {x Binw + K(t-e*)] [eel E [sin + (1-e*)] G-e*) 1 | | I | | kK Tt as obvious thot, Ae too, UA&in x,' | One Diroenstonal Wave ation !— eipion ot geen by + One Damensional Wave | +3 oe | ices om oes eo, 34 ot By it oe 3x? ludhene C= TD with mM Ts tenzion. OD i= aio ot ond. point and mm ax m= MaRS por unit length of, the atu d " 7 deferenine y(x,t) Such that ae \subject to the conditions 0,t) = 0 oh t,- —® | a a End Conditions ye) 50 fa kt —O 3 _@ at Toitiol Conditions | yla,o) = FO? » OLxE2 —@® | | B.. qm Moknse ‘| | [The caption. @ os called ome dimensional esove apa -| NOTE: Ie ony Aypical p suoblemn om one Cimensional wave | ae js the viboulione of a Alsetehed | Vata woe have to cole eqpotinn Ot ©. Th the initial displacement: et divee bes lar thes flx)=0,| “| Solution of One Dimensional Wave. Ong. point of “the atoing woill 4 a Unitiod velocity [2] = Bical atJt-o q 7 SE the Alociog. os reDenred oust ond Ar anitial non. z20 bsplacenent ix given then 4G) = FE) #0 and (24, = ge = oO 0 Tt as also possible that pec) 5 will be que on , qo #0. hon Subject to the conditions (2) +o (5) Considen. “the eapotion- ay Su Wy @ ae FF 5 ae Herne yr g Get): Let us take the Secbution of ©. Then Sy. vey Te ; SY . Ne) Te); fad oe aes SY exer ey; SE = xGy TD) at ae using these dn @, we qa x"(e) Tle) = 4 xcay T"(e) © re) Tht) pace) xCa) t oe | Let us use the mathe of sepmnlian oP venathe | | Bince the LHS deo funelion of x and the Rus | | ais o funclion of tthe cqpollity Gx pesstble

OF AzO AM ALG Coxse ~ - dA>O0 Then =p" (ps0). we Tay Pe Hence x" ves) hy XCx) tey x" "(x)= p* x(x) = i | | | | | | | Loa, xe 2 TG) Loge | i | | | | x be, Ah -px =0 | x(x) = Aer BeP™, Also Ma) — pe Tt)= 0 | et | eye eet + oF | nan thy cau, © typo solution oe Dhe et Nye leer es er) atte 26h) © there A,B, , 61, Oe oabitooa constants.= "x =0 => xix) = A+ Box and T'(t)=0 => TH) = Cat Dt L yout) = Grr 8.x) RH) —_@) here Ar, B., C2, D, WS Bobitmosuy constants | Coze it?) t— let AZO. | Thus we Can wodte A= oP. whens pre thee | x") _ oo" 2 xD) OTH) | => x"Gd + pixa)=0 => *CR)= A, Ca px + By Ain px | jand TNC) + pe’ TU) = 0 => TEt) = ¢ cot pet +R Ain pete Hence 0 typical Kolution, Gn this cose ce your) = (Ag cos px + 8, aio px) (C, Cos pet + Dy Ain pet), Thus, the possi be solution. foie ove \ ye = Ge? 4 Be P*) (creP*4 D, eP*) PS | yet) = @a+8,%) (2+ 0,t) ——G3) yl) = @s Cos px +B, Sin px Ces pet + Dy Ain pet)4 oe ee, 3 Pao. Constant, to be deterenined, : to be dletexmined. T CarBigen)s lepend om fie) and qe 2 The etecel ip will be determing gy Us conditions @) and @ | We nour lest ushich Koluction ae opprepaiats fe thre present Prreblers, | Consider & : yee) = Ae BER) Gets De) using Ca @ glort) = 0 fr ott & [Geed(ces Dem) 9 ja att ¢ vs AtB=O ‘the constant p ce olk, using. Condition © | y(Z) =0 fr ole t (a a8 eft) (cP Del) = 0 yn te - hetts BEM -0 | seliring A+B =0 and adie Be" 0 we qe A=B=0 Thus ylert= 0 : This deoplies thet thee as no cheplacenent pe | lany me and fe any t. This uc cLeoposst ble . Thus (Su) os not on apprepedole BoluionCensiden G9: yleed= 4 ax) (e+ PO Using. @, glo) =° foe lk t Henee A (C+ dt) = O => 4-0 using ©, y (Lt) = fr ott + o. (rps) (c+ Dt) = 0 fa ott t BL (crt) = 0 foe ot [: avo] Here L#O; c+dt #0 je aut. | | Henee B=0 i This hee ogain y(at) SO fa all x and t- thus as befine, this Hon also cs not Vollid . | Hence ($.2) us also mot 0 opsuate the | present prcoblers. ig be | Consiclen. > i | | | yGr) = A co pes B sin px) (C Cee pet + D tin pet) | Using Condition © , | yGut)=o fr ot t, { (A) (c cos spot + D Ain pet) = 0, far oft t | Pe A=0 | using condition © , git)=0 fu ol t, tee gatBer) (C Cos pet +. D ain oh | pel Co pet 4 D Ain pet) = 0 Pray 8-0, YOot)=0 and -thiz as not vollid | 4jenee Ain ph=o a pe eon where n= 19 3 | “thus Pris [p= 12,5 ee. | [Note “thei the Separation. constant p 4 dletencoine. sthewugh Conditions (2) and (3) thus a typical okution. of a) salistys ng. conelition (@) and (3) ok yard = Ain Oe [cx ee + Dy Ain ust] for 92423) Gtene we hove Wwiittes Cy, dn phee of. <>) Since difbenent Bolutions “csteespond to if beneath positive gotigens 9, we Asholl moke an Umbortast| obserwolicn “here, P Th [yo]? ome duncbions salitying O i [geal © ger penetione: aoa tying © ae | well ax conditions @and @, os the eqnation © | cus Locan , the roost general sobution, of © here ss} yor ;t)= z too (Thus the roost geoenal Sebustion of © Saibisfying @ and @ | yon = & fonon HEE, ain mst] in ope co-——_ ——— a tohene [en] 0 and 4 [0] one Ponkitnony | constants ie be determined io conditions (yy and ¢5)) Let ux use Condition (4)+ | yo) = fe) , of % 4k | Thee putting ts 0 un ©, we chtoin aro Bin DR = FO > Of ond (22) eAx(t-x) for OL nEL _O t0 ot_ ist a he © coos 8 goal oactige of ) subject to lo) and (@) us given. by, | o 4 ye i an | yoo) 2 (Es CH Cog omet b, 410 onct) Ain 2 a —® | |usieg conditions Cee | fin OT Zlo BO FO Foe ole | pence Cn =O for ole A R Die J An (R-a) Aug RR de é Tv q — Cog ORK ome ons) 2d (ay SOF) ~ (2-28) Aen ) r) nne Dn nn nn R Ee Ee ; (ghey TAT E) 3 _ ar wk Ge an +t - one | a nxt oy av (1-ceson) = EAE (1-Cor on) | Coane nba nine | \ 5 os even, fae O x a os odd , n= Im+l3 3 g SAL - 4! 2 8 7/7 root! (arora) ate Qt) W'S Hence, [entonre ai Ain Gros] yoo BE gE Qro+ 1)"Oe x Ore Dimensional Heat Genduction “Eaton (A Dypusion Eqpetion) y | Let on be the SP*fses hernogencous bos of lars Gscoss seclion Lek the “eatcee of the gud | be Botenolly ansublated sith a. moteval jaropanvious to heat. bet the storm Lines of heat flees be. oxallel 40 one ancther ond | pexpendicnten to the Cwss~ gecbign rea, Let 0 [be he Pigin and Of MMT. positive % Ot [lat @ be the density (9° Jem!) , § the specific heat (ok. [gr deg) and le the thernel conduchii (col. few-deg. asc). Let AGA) be the temperate of ja distance from 0. Tt can be Ahown that luGuty) os governed by | ge trae gg MedBe —_o | Qan™ Ot ot Bx | lobere che kp and © ds called the thinly | ‘ of tthe Aubstance . The equotion @ us celled one climensional beat [yt eapsclion lif fusion. eapctin,——————=———<——— rl rr t—“_ wy enquabon. | Vosiebles ! “Solectior of OMe Licsumsi ~~ method +f Hsien) heal f | ving Sepogodicn of Ler ¥* Beck o Aokcetion of @ un the fore att) = XCO TH) | Subs tetacLing thin Gn ®, we hove yil(x) TO) = aa XCx) Tay eee XTOOD 2 TOY XD Tr(a | rece LHS Us Oo sabion. ~ and RHS Js oO! | chisn, of +, the eqpollity us possible af and | on each 4s eqpok to ‘the are constant Bou Xd, (The \ cs Called seponclion. constant.) “Thx te 2 UW Ly (a seal Constant) x) PTC) Hee theese Coser ose possible : d>o, hv0, 20. | 1Cose |: iia Orr tale con wtite A= Pr (prod, aie GE aac po | xtx> TC) pe, Pe Lé eMCay— pec = 0 = xCe) (Aye Be ) Sand Tw per Te) =0 => TH qe eee (A,eP% + 3, é?*) ret © | chek constant ¢, Gute obsvibed Unto 4, and 3%[Hence "(ed pr xG=° xey 00 Lo XC) 1) ¥ + Be = vt (A+ By x) => TH)? Ga A 2 Aes» ——@ sto AS and BY "ey 20 and T'lt)=0 utad= (9 82). there C, at obsetbed let A<0. | de con este d--f ethene, pro: j Ther. we ved. TG). -p Xe) ce TCH) => x)= (AS cos pat By Ain Py rey + pre Te) =o = hH-Gqere* —pete djence da jt)= (Ascot pet B A poe’ ——@3 Thus thee oo thee differnt forroe of Ackuition, te que by. —é) ud apr) Pet | alae (ae Be! jel ulert) = Age By 3 i u(t) = (Asces per 8, a” 7) ret @ra ee o@«o€---lltltt™*~“‘“CCSS Ve De] nq ee ee TD, | dee a he Pryseal condlitont of the gglution Here ag yy appropriate : On. deal with a heot [conduction Prreblers, the 260, tion Gr) i ideperd Hoe aod St camnat cliverge to & an ol Le tends ye ene tt . os. sit Le ee ee 4 Paoblems || Rind the henperolion u(ee,t) 30 & bax” of leoat fp eshich de poy pefoted tatenalley and. jushese ends 0 and A ane kept ot ove, given that} the Jortiel ‘ropereliaagil ong pont Poof the aed / (esheoue OP=x) os que as u(%,0) = fle) (oz <1) i) The temperclane disbebution ulxjt) as qrene! ee Subjed to u(0,t)=0 fe ab t —@ u(ht=o fe fF and U(z) =f) fo Of% st —@ | the sclution ofpreprak to the probe us Lp fae . u(at) =(ACa pe + Bain per © — (ss) using. condition (2) 2 u(ot)=-0 => ner to t* atk + | a> cy y =O. a pee ij &(0,t) 2B Zio pere | a _ | News Using condition (8), | . +P | u(Zryeo = Brain pl ele, | => An pl=e ( B Cannot be 0 04 ths TM pon uso) => phe (ushere Dos awe siotegen) Thus pe Bushee neh 8 | Ther “ypical soliticn of Ur) Bolishaing. conditions | @® ord © is geen by | GAs BR Ain BT g@ fa avs | tle ote thet eqpclion. OC) Bs Vinca. Hence f | BGO, Us (ait), ug lat) -- nee ane solutions of | @ Aekisfyng the bornngentaue Conttione (0), (8) 7 | tthe mest gree! Akttion + a) Folisfying (2D ond | as) ds 2 wn, Hence the roest general abution f o) satisfying conditions (2) ond J = we ee | u(a,t) = Z B, Ais ae —e | { uA where B.'s ane axbitrory Constant, to be determined or condition C4). Us conditive (4) ce, a(a,o)= f(s)g 8 dence the olution is que by ® ond © | solve “the oe dimensional heat flee eqpalion, 9 Bul Bu gue that u(o,t)= u(tt)=0, $>0 ond ot ax” ae ofzeL, Ss u(%,0)~ 3 410 (5% Let ufx,t)= XC) Tle) be the Solution Ff the eq op Bu = o ae —o® ot ax” Aube tituting us xT in @, woe get Mate 5h 2 Gay) , where 2 “ea constant ond Te eAT=0 —@® Thee Cases Ordse acediclngly os NB positive gore} | & negative Coase -1) A>O Let A= p™ Ithee @)& (3) beesrnes x'Lp’x = 0 an= Pe —— a ae ai Aehoring these chp erertion captions: we Gf Xe AP Beh Ts eho —® [Caeet) : Let deo : Ith @ and © 7% | Aabving these aiyesotal eqpclions, we at and 7 Pee —_@ coroet! xX" 0. ond THO we Abe Box |Cage ti)! AZO pat Ae ph BE, | phan @ and @ becomes Wr pix | alain these cipjountiol Spline wor gat apd T= cePe* 0 and o's opt =O X= Ay cot px + B, AP p™ thus capeding upon the values PA, we have wed «ure BE Rep u(x,t)= (ae+ Bin)ca = Ayt Ba ; apt fale rtd= Ascot pt B, #9 px) € —@® lethal Solution @ only Hs cendistent usith th physical rotusce of thy probler . Hence (9) os the seni Bokiition, Ea @) rey be wiitten 0% fay ,te) and Ge), the Sobstlen of 4) oo the faim | | Since u(x,t) decreases os Hee rincreages Loz fied |. Te oor (hen pes Bae a «9 - alot Now 4 (0,t) <0 gee Asp ence, alot) = Baw Pe -lso a(tit) =o / — plete © 0= BAIN ple i | Bin pl = © (: BEC) pepe ox @ Pe SR den oe 13,8, wee - ene the Aobitten ox Ney B in(2)e Sioce this Ss a soliton. a of these solutions Coy sUperpasttion pound e2) as alko a Soktion, oe i cointe® ve Lo m=1,2,3,-----~, the os ee Ayenee ulet)s $ B Ain ee ie n=l ev u(a,o) = 3 Ain RE), woe 3 sin(B2) = é Bo Ain oD) Cormporing Co-efbecient: of bf fenent ori on beth Aides, B23, B,> B= Bye ----= © hcl Ayenes (at) = 3 Ain Te ehich Ss the © Seeqpsissed Aavudten _——__—— X