SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE
Quarter 1 | Week 4

Colligative Properties of
Solutions

SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); and Calculate boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute in a solu-
tion(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
 General Chemistry 2 – SHS
Self-Learning Package
Colligative Properties of Solutions
First Edition, 2020

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SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); and Calculate boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute in a solu-
tion(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
 Introductory Message
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Quarter 1| Lesson 1
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Good luck and God bless.

SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); and Calculate boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute in a solu-
tion(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
 SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Colligative Properties of
Solutions
Learning Competency:
Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions
and of electrolyte solutions
Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the con-
centration of a solute in a solution
 Ready to Launch!
Have you ever wondered why is salt added on the container of dirty ice
cream sold on streets? Or why is it that when salt is added to boiling water
soup the boiling immediately subsides?
The answer is based on one particular property of solutions, the colliga-
tive property. Colligative (Latin, coligare – which means “tied together”) prop-
erties which means, they depend on the collective effect of the concentration
of solute particles present in the solution not on the nature of identity of the
solute particles.
These properties include: (1) vapor pressure lowering, (2) boiling point
elevation, (3)freezing point depression, and (4) osmotic pressure which will be
further discussed in today’s lesson.

Aim at the Target!

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1.describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of so-
lutions;
2.differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solu-
tions and of electrolyte solutions; and
3. Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depres-
sion from the concentration of a solute in a solution.

Try This!
Direction: Answer the following in your answer sheet.
1. In each pair of aqueous systems, which will have the lower vapor
pressure?
A. pure water or 1.0 M NaCl
B. 1.0 M NaCl or 1.0 M C6H12O6
C. 1.0 M CaCl2 or 1.0 M (NH4)3PO4
2. In each pair of aqueous systems, which will have the higher boiling
point?
A. pure water or a 1.0 M NaCl
B. 1.0 M NaCl or 1.0 M C6H12O6
C. 1.0 M CaCl2 or 1.0 M (NH4)3PO4
 Keep This in Mind!

Activity
Direction: Read the situation below.
“It is a hot summer day and you have a picnic at the park or beach front
with your classmates, friends or relatives with wa-
termelon and “dirty ice cream”. Mmmmmm…..
tastes good… refreshing…. The ice cream is an old-
fashioned homemade kind ice cream. The kind of
where the maker has a tub full of mix of ingredi-
ents immersed in a bigger tub filled with ice and
salt. But wait a minute, why salt?

Analysis
Direction: Based on the given situation above, answer the following
questions in your answer sheet.
1. Why the ice cream vendor does add salt to the ice? Explain
2. Besides from dirty ice cream tub, where do you find similar cases
where in salt is being added?
3. What property of solution is affected a you add salt into it?

Abstraction and Generalization

• Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend only on the
number and not on the identity of the solute particles.
• These depend on the collective effect of the concentration of solute
particles present in an ideal solution.
• Because of their direct relationship to the number of solute particles, the
colligative properties are very useful for characterizing the nature of a so-
lute after it is dissolved in a solvent and for determining the molar masses
of substance.
• Colligative properties include the following:
(1) vapor pressure lowering
(2) boiling point elevation
(3) freezing point depression
• Colligative properties for nonvolatile solutes:
- Vapor pressure is always lower
- Boiling point is always higher
- Freezing point is always lower
- Osmotic pressure drives solvent from lower concentration to
higher concentration
• Effect of solute concentration on the colligative properties of solu-
tions
The concentration or amount of nonvolatile solute (i.e., a solute that does
not have a vapor pressure of its own) in the solution has an effect on the
colligative properties of solutions. The effect would depend on the
ratio of the number of particles of solute and solvent in the solution and
not on the identity of the solute.
However, it is necessary to take into account whether the solute is an elec-
trolyte or a nonelectrolyte.
• Nonelectrolyte solutions of the same molality have the same concentration
of particles. Dilute solutions of the same solvent and equal molality of any
nonelectrolyte solute lower vapor pressure equally.
•For example, a 1 m aqueous solution of the nonelectrolyte glucose, C 6H12O6,
lowers the vapor pressure of water 5.5 × 10-4 atm at 25°C. A 1 m solution of
sucrose, C12H22O11, another nonelectrolyte, also lowers the
vapor pressure 5.5 × 10-4 atm. Because vapor-pressure lowering depends
on the concentration of a nonelectrolyte solute and is independent of
solute identity, it is a colligative property.
• Effects of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte on colligative properties
solutions.
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering
Vapor pressure is a direct measure of escaping tendency of molecules. A
pure liquid (solvent) in a closed container will establish equilibrium with its
vapor. And when that equilibrium is reached, the pressure exerted by the va-
por is called the vapor pressure. A substance that has no measurable vapor
pressure is nonvolatile, meaning it as little tendency to become a gas under
existing condition. The one that exhibits a vapor pressure is volatile.

Figure 1. Vapor pressure as a function

of temperature is shown for a pure sol-
vent, a solution of that solvent, and a
nonvolatile solute. The vapor pressure
of the solution is lower than the vapor
pressure of the pure solvent. (This can
be seen by noting the decrease in pres-
sure between the pure solvent and the
solution at the temperature that is the
boiling point of the pure solvent.) The
solute thus reduces the freezing
point and elevates the boiling point.
 Figure 2. A Model Depicting Why the Vapor Pressure of a Solution of Glucose Is Less Than the Vapor Pressure
of Pure Water.
(a) When water or any volatile solvent is in a closed container, water
molecules move into and out of the liquid phase at the same rate in a dynam-
ic equilibrium.
(b) If a nonvolatile solute such as glucose is added, some fraction of the
surface area is occupied by solvated solute molecules. As a result, the rate at
which water molecules evaporate is decreased, although initially their rate of
condensation is unchanged.
(c) When the glucose solution reaches equilibrium, the concentration of
water molecules in the vapor phase, and hence the vapor pressure, is less
than that of pure water.
• Vapor pressure is the pressure caused by molecules that have escaped
from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase.
Experiments show that the vapor pressure of a solvent containing a
nonvolatile solute is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
at the same temperature.

Vapor Pressure of Solutions and Raoult’s Law

• Adding a nonvolatile solute, one whose vapor pressure is too low to meas-
ure readily, to a volatile solvent decreases the vapor pressure of the sol-
vent.
• We can understand this phenomenon qualitatively by examining Figure 2
which is a schematic diagram of the surface of a solution of glucose in wa-
ter. In an aqueous solution of glucose, a portion of the surface area is oc-
cupied by nonvolatile glucose molecules rather than by volatile water mol-
ecules. As a result, fewer water molecules can enter the vapor phase per
unit time, even though the surface water molecules have the same kinetic
energy distribution as they would in pure water. the vapor pressure of the
solution compared with the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
• At the same time, the rate at which water molecules in the vapor phase
collide with the surface and reenter the solution is unaffected. The net ef-
fect is to shift the dynamic equilibrium between water in the vapor and the
liquid phases, decreasing the vapor pressure of the solution compared
with the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

• If the particles of a solute are essentially the same size as those of the sol-
vent and both solute and solvent have roughly equal probabilities of being
at the surface of the solution, then the effect of a solute on the vapor pres-
sure of the solvent is proportional to the number of sites occupied by so-
lute particles at the surface of the solution. Doubling the concentration of
a given solute causes twice as many surface sites to be occupied by solute
molecules, resulting in twice the decrease in vapor pressure. The relation-
ship between solution composition and vapor pressure is therefore

• When the solvent is pure, and the mole fraction of the solvent is equal to
1, P is equal to Po. As the mole fraction of the solvent becomes smaller,
the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution also becomes
smaller.

• Assume that the solvent is the only component of the solution that is vola-
tile enough to have a measurable vapor pressure. If this is true, the vapor
pressure of the solution will be equal to the vapor pressure of the solvent
escaping from the solution.
• Raoult's law suggests that the difference between the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent and the solution increases as the mole fraction of the sol-
vent decreases.
• The change in the vapor pressure that occurs when a solute is added to a
solvent is therefore a colligative property. If it depends on the mole fraction
of the solute, then it must depend on the ratio of the number of particles
of solute to solvent in the solution but not the identity of the solute.
2. Boiling Point Elevation
• The addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solu-
tion; consequently the temperature must be raised to restore the vapor
pressure of the solution to the value conforming to the pure solvent. Spe-
cifically, the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 1 atm will be
higher than the normal boiling point by an amount known as the boiling
point elevation.

Figure 3. The lowering of the vapor

pressure in a solution causes the boil-
ing point of the
solution to be higher than pure solvent

• Figure 3 above shows the phase diagram of a solution and the effect that
the lowered vapor pressure has on the boiling point of the solution com-
pared to the solvent.
• In this case the sucrose solution has a higher boiling point than the pure
solvent. Since the vapor of the solution is lower, more heat must be sup-
plied to the solution to bring its vapor pressure up to the pressure of the
external atmosphere.
• The boiling point elevation is the difference in temperature between the
boiling point of the pure solvent and that of the solution.
Figure 4. Normal boiling point for water(solvent) as a function of molality in several solutions containing sucrose (a non-
volatile solute)

• For dilute solution the elevation of the boiling point is directly proportional
to the molal concentration of the solute:

• The molal boiling point elevation constant, Kb, has a specific value de-
pending on the identity of the solvent.
• The molal boiling-point constant (Kb) is the boiling-point elevation of
the solvent in a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.
• The boiling-point elevation of a 1-molal solution of any nonelectrolyte
• solute in water has been found by experiment to be 0.51°C. Thus, the
molal boiling-point constant for water is 0.51°C/m.
• For different solvents, the boiling-point elevations of 1-molal solutions
have different values.
• The boiling-point elevation, ∆tb, is the difference between the boiling
points of the pure solvent and a nonelectrolyte solution of that solvent,
and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution.
• Boiling-point elevation can be calculated by the following equation.
∆tb = Kbm
When ∆tb is expressed in °C/m and m is expressed in mol of solute/kg of
solvent, ∆tb is the boiling-point elevation in °C.
• Sample Problem
What is the boiling-point elevation of a solution made from 20.0 g of a
nonelectrolyte solute and 400.0 g of water? The molar mass of the solute is
62.0 g and the molal boiling-point constant, Kb, for water is 0.51°C/m.
Given: solute mass = 20.0 g
solute molar mass = 62.0 g
solvent mass and identity = 400.0 g of water
Unknown: boiling-point elevation
Solution:
To use the equation for boiling-point elevation, ∆tb = Kbm, you need to deter-
mine the molality of the solution.
Molality =amount of solute (mol)
mass of solvent (g)
amount of solute (mol) = mass of solute (g) × mol solute
molar mass of solute (g)
∆tb = Kbm
Compute:
20.0 g of solute × 1 mol solute = 0.323 mol of solute
62.0 g of solute
0.323 mol of solute x 1000 g water = = 0.808 mol solute = 0.808 m
400.0 g water 1 kg water kg water

∆tb = 0.51°C/m × 0.808 m = 0.41°C

3. Freezing-Point Depression
• The freezing point of a 1-molal solution of any nonelectrolyte solute in
water is found by experiment to be 1.86°C lower than the freezing point
of water.
• That is, when 1 mol of a nonelectrolyte solute is dissolved in
1 kg of water, the freezing point of the solution is -1.86°C instead of
0.00°C. When 2 mol of a nonelectrolyte solute is dissolved in 1 kg of
water, the freezing point of the solution is -3.72°C. This is 2 × -1.86°C.
• In fact, for any concentration of a nonelectrolyte solute in water, the
decrease in freezing point can be determined by using the value of
-1.86°C/m.
• This value, called the molal freezing-point constant (Kf), is
the freezing-point depression of the solvent in a 1-molal solution of a
nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.
• The values of Kf for some common solvents are given in Table 1.
These values are most accurate for dilute solutions at 1 atmosphere of
pressure. Some variations are introduced in the value of Kf at other
pressures and with more-concentrated solutions. The table also shows
the values of a related quantity called Kb.
• Remember the freezing point of a solution containing 1 mol of
a nonelectrolyte solute in water is 1.86°C lower than the normal freezing
point of water.
• The freezing-point depression, ∆tf, is the difference between the freezing
points of the pure solvent and a solution of a nonelectrolyte in that sol-
vent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solu-
tion.
• Freezing-point depression can be calculated by the following equation.
∆tf = Kf m
• Kf is expressed as °C/m, m is expressed in mol solute/kg solvent
(molality), and ∆tf is expressed in °C.

Table 1.Molal Freezing-Point and Boiling-Point Constants

Sample Problem
What is the freezing-point depression of water in a solution of 17.1 g of
sucrose, C12H22O11, and 200. g of water? What is the actual freezing point of
the solution?
Given: solute mass and chemical formula = 17.1 g C 12H22O11
solvent mass and identity = 200.0 g water
Unknown: a. freezing-point depression
b. freezing point of the solution
Solution:
Molality =amount of solute (mol)
mass of solvent (g)
amount of solute (mol) = mass of solute (g) × mol solute
molar mass of solute (g)
∆tf = Kf m
f.p. solution = f.p. solvent + ∆tf
Compute:
17.1 g C12H22O11 x 1 mol C12H22O11 = 0.0500 mol C12H22O11
342.34 g C12H22O11

0.0500 mol C12H22O11 x 1000 g H2O = 0.250 mol C12H22O11 = 0.250 m

200. g H2O kg H2O kg H2O

a. ∆tf = 0.250 m × (-1.86°C/m) = -0.465°C

b. f.p. solution = 0.000°C + (-0.465°C) = -0.465°C

Osmotic Pressure
• Semipermeable membranes allow the movement of some particles to
pass through while blocking the movement of others. The level of the su-
crose solution will rise until a certain height is reached.
• The semipermeable membrane allows water molecules, but not
sucrose molecules, to pass through. The sucrose molecules on the solu-
tion side allow fewer water molecules to strike the membrane than
strike on the pure water side in the same amount of time.
• The rate at which water molecules leave the pure water side is greater
than the rate at which they leave the solution. This causes the level of the
solution to rise. The level rises until the pressure exerted by the height of
the solution is large enough to force water molecules back through the
membrane from the solution at a rate equal to that at which they enter
from the pure water side.
• The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from
the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concen-
tration is osmosis.
• The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from
the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concen-
tration is osmosis
• Osmosis occurs whenever two solutions of different concentrations are
separated by a semipermeable membrane.
• Osmotic pressure is the external pressure that must be applied to stop
osmosis.
• Osmotic pressure is dependent on the concentration of solute particles
and not on the type of solute particles, it is a colligative property. The
greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the osmotic pressure
of the solution.
• Figure 5, illustrates another colligative property. In the figure, an
aqueous sucrose solution is separated from pure water by a semipermea-
ble membrane.

Figure 5.(a) When pure water and an aqueous sucrose solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, the net
movement of water molecules through the membrane is from the pure water side into the aqueous solution. (b) The level
of the solution rises until pressure exerted by the height of the solution equals the osmotic pressure, at which point no
net movement of water molecules occurs
Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
• There are certain substances that depressed the freezing point or elevat-
ed the boiling point of a solvent more than expected. For example, a 0.1
m solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, lowers the freezing point of the sol-
vent nearly twice as much as a 0.1 m solution of sucrose. A 0.1 m solu-
tion of calcium chloride, CaCl2, lowers the freezing point of the solvent
nearly three times as much as a 0.1 m solution of sucrose. The effect on
boiling points is similar.
• To understand this, contrast the behavior of sucrose with that
of sodium chloride in aqueous solutions.
• Each sucrose molecule dissolves to produce only one particle in solution.
So 1 mol of sucrose dissolves to produce only 1 mol of particles in solu-
tion. Sugar is a nonelectrolyte. NaCl, however, is a strong electrolyte.
Each mole of NaCl dissolves to produce 2 mol of particles in solution: 1
mol of sodium ions and 1 mol of chloride ions. Figure 14-9 compares the
production of particles in solution for three different solutes. As you can
see, electrolytes produce more than 1 mol of solute particles for each
mole of compound dissolved.
• In figure 6 shows the comparison on the production of particles in
solution for three different solutes. As you can see, electrolytes produce
more than 1 mol of solute particles for each mole of compound dissolved.

Figure 6. Comparison on the number of particles produced per formula unit for the three solutes. Colligative properties
depend on the total concentration of particles.
Application
Direction: Solve of the boiling point and freezing point elevation of the
following solutions. Refer to table 1 for the molar freezing
point and boiling points constants of solvents. Write your
answer in a one whole sheet of pad paper.
1. A solution contains 50.0 g of sucrose, C 12H22O11, a nonelectrolyte,
dissolved in 500.0 g of water. What is the boiling-point elevation?
2. A solution consists of 10.3 g of the nonelectrolyte glucose, C 6H12O6,
dissolved in 250. g of water. What is the freezing-point depression of
the solution?

Reflect
Regulation of osmosis is vital to the life of a cell because cell membranes
are semipermeable. Cells lose water and shrink when placed in a solu-
tion of higher concentration. They gain water
and swell when placed in a solution of lower
concentration. In vertebrates, cells are protect-
ed from swelling and shrinking by blood and
lymph that surround the cells. Blood and
lymph are equal in concentration to the con-
centration inside the cell. Can you think of oth-
er example of osmosis in everyday life?

Reinforcement & Enrichment

Concept map on colligative property of solutions.
 Assess Your Learning
Identification
Direction: Read the following statements carefully. Write the answer on
your answer sheet.
1. The temperature where the vapor pressure of a solution equals the
atmospheric pressure.
2 . The properties of solution that depends on the number of solute
present rather than the nature of solute.
3. The movement of solvent particles from concentrated particle area to
less concentrated area through semi-permeable membrane.
4. The pressure exerted by the surface of a liquid to become gas at
specific temperature.
5. Materials that allows small particles to pass through while prevent
ing the passage of other particles in solution.

References & Photo Credits

Barrameda, M.C.B. et al.(2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School

General Chemistry 2. Commision on Higher Education.
Concept Map. Image. http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/solut/solut-
3.html#SEC2)
Heart. Image. https://snappygoat.com/free-public-domain-images-
banner_header_blood_pressure/-
AQKcllAM6u1T2SNO9KTd1Fl0UE-
JOCGDtFBxsvdE91g.html#,0,0.7e971f5609327a1724d8b6e7c27934fa
dc24bab4
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1046course/
colligative.html#:~:text=Colligative%20properties%20of%20solutions%
20are,point%20depression%2C%20and%20osmotic%20pressure.
Sorbetes. Image. https://directlyph.wordpress.com/2016/08/25/a-dirty-
delight-the-history-of-pinoy-sorbetes/
 Answer Key
Try This
A. 1. 1.0 M NaCl
2. 1.0 M NaCl
3. 1.0 M (NH4)3PO4
B. 1. 1.0 M NaCl
2. 1.0 M NaCl
3. 1.0 M (NH4)3PO4
Analysis
1. Adding salt to may lower the freezing temperature of water. It will help
the ice last longer.
2. applying salt to icy road, making ice cream
3. colligative property
Application
1. 0.15 °C
2.—0.426 15 °C
Assess Your Learning
1. boiling point
2. colligative property
3. osmosis
4. vapor pressure lowering
5. semi-permeable