Echidna (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Echidna (/ɪˈkɪdnə/; Greek:

Ἔχιδνα, "She-Viper")[2] was a monster, half-woman
and half-snake, who lived alone in a cave. She was the
mate of the fearsome monster Typhon and was the
mother of many of the most famous monsters of Greek
myth.[3]

Contents
Genealogy
Echidna. Sculpture by Pirro Ligorio 1555, Parco dei
Description
Mostri (Monster Park), Lazio, Italy.[1]
Offspring
List of principal offspring
Cave
Death
The Scythian echidna
The Viper in the Acts of Philip
Delphyne
Iconography
See also
Notes
References
External links

Genealogy
Echidna's family tree varies by author.[4] The oldest genealogy relating to Echidna, Hesiod's Theogony (c.
8th – 7th century BC), is unclear on several points. According to Hesiod, Echidna was born to a "she" who
was probably meant by Hesiod to be the sea goddess Ceto, making Echidna's likely father the sea god
Phorcys; however the "she" might instead refer to the Oceanid Callirhoe, which would make Medusa's
offspring Chrysaor the father of Echidna.[5] The mythographer Pherecydes of Athens (5th century BC) has
Echidna as the daughter of Phorcys, without naming a mother.[6]

Other authors give Echidna other parents. According to the geographer Pausanias (2nd century AD),
Epimenides (7th or 6th century BC) had Echidna as the daughter of the Oceanid Styx (goddess of the river
Styx) and one Peiras (otherwise unknown to Pausanias),[7] while according to the mythographer
Apollodorus (1st or 2nd century AD), Echidna was the daughter of Tartarus and Gaia.[8] In one account,
from the Orphic tradition, Echidna was the daughter of Phanes (the Orphic father of all gods).[9]
Description
Hesiod's Echidna was half beautiful maiden and half fearsome snake. Hesiod described "the goddess fierce
Echidna" as a flesh eating "monster, irresistible", who was like neither "mortal men" nor "the undying
gods", but was "half a nymph with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half again a huge snake, great and
awful, with speckled skin", who "dies not nor grows old all her days."[10] Hesiod's apparent association of
the eating of raw flesh with Echidna's snake half suggests that he may have supposed that Echidna's snake
half ended in a snake-head.[11] Aristophanes (late 5th century BC), who makes her a denizen of the
underworld, gives Echidna a hundred heads (presumably snake heads), matching the hundred snake heads
Hesiod says her mate Typhon had.[12]

In the Orphic account (mentioned above), Echidna is described as having the head of a beautiful woman
with long hair and a serpent's body from the neck down.[13] Nonnus, in his Dionysiaca, describes Echidna
as being "hideous" with "horrible poison".[14]

Offspring
According to Hesiod's Theogony, the "terrible" and "lawless"
Typhon "was joined in love to [Echidna], the maid with glancing
eyes" and she bore "fierce offspring".[15] First there was
Orthrus,[16] the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle of
Geryon, second Cerberus,[17] the multiheaded dog who guarded
the gates of Hades, and third the Lernaean Hydra,[18] the many-
headed serpent who, when one of its heads was cut off, grew it
back. The Theogony mentions a second ambiguous “she” as the Orthrus
mother of the Chimera (a fire-breathing beast that was part lion,
part goat, and had a snake-headed tail) which may refer to Echidna,
though possibly the Hydra or even Ceto was meant instead.[19]
Hesiod next names two more descendants of Echidna, the Sphinx,
a monster with the head of a woman and the body of a winged lion,
and the Nemean lion, killed by Heracles as his first labor.
According to Hesiod, these two were the offspring of Echidna's
son Orthrus and another ambiguous "she", read variously as the
Chimera, Echidna herself, or again even Ceto.[20] In any case, the
lyric poet Lasus of Hermione (6th century BC) has Echidna and
Typhon as the parents of the Sphinx,[21] while the playwright Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's
Euripides (5th century BC), has Echidna as her mother, without Third Circle of Hell. William Blake.
mentioning a father.[22] While mentioning Cerberus and "other
monsters" as being the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, the
mythographer Acusilaus (6th century BC) adds the Caucasian Eagle that ate the liver of Prometheus.[23]
Pherecydes also names Prometheus' eagle,[24] and adds Ladon (though Pherecydes does not use this
name), the dragon that guarded the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides (according to Hesiod, the
offspring of Ceto and Phorcys).[25]

Later authors mostly retain these offspring of Echidna and Typhon while adding others. Apollodorus, in
addition to naming as their offspring Orthrus, the Chimera (citing Hesiod as his source), the Sphinx, the
Caucasian Eagle, Ladon, and probably the Nemean lion (only Typhon is named), also adds the
Crommyonian Sow, killed by the hero Theseus (unmentioned by Hesiod).[26] Hyginus[27] in his list of
offspring of Echidna (all by Typhon), retains from the above Cerberus, the Chimera, the Sphinx, the Hydra
and Ladon, and adds "Gorgon" (by which Hyginus means the mother of Medusa, whereas Hesiod's three
Gorgons, of which Medusa was one, were the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys), the Colchian dragon that
guarded the Golden Fleece[28] and Scylla.[29]

Nonnus makes Echidna the mother of an unnamed, venom-spitting, "huge" son, with "snaky" feet, an ally
of Cronus in his war with Zeus, who was killed by Ares.[30] The Harpies, in Hesiod the daughters of
Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra,[31] in one source, are said to be the daughters of Typhon,[32] and so
perhaps were also considered to be the daughters of Echidna. Likewise, the sea serpents which attacked the
Trojan priest Laocoön during the Trojan War, which are called by Quintus Smyrnaeus "fearful monsters of
the deadly brood of Typhon", may also have been considered Echidna's offspring.[33] Echidna is
sometimes identified with the Viper who was the mother by Heracles of Scythes, an eponymous king of the
Scythians, along with his brothers Agathyrsus ("much raging")[34] and Gelonus (see below).

List of principal offspring

The following table lists the principal offspring of Echidna as given by Hesiod, Apollodorus or Hyginus.
 Offspring of Echidna
Offspring Hesiod, Th. Apollodorus Hyginus Other sources
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Legend:

✓✓ = Echidna and Typhon given as parents

✓? = Only Echidna given as parent
?✓ = Only Typhon given as parent
?? = Echidna and Typhon possibly meant as parents
? = Echidna possibly meant as parent

Notes:

a. Quintus Smyrnaeus has Echidna and Typhon as Cerberus' parents with Orthrus as his
brother.
b. It is unclear whom Hesiod meant as the mother of the Chimera: Echidna, the Hydra, or Ceto.
See Clay, p. 159, with n. 34 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA1
59); Gantz, p. 22.
c. Apollodorus, cites Hesiod as his source for the Chimera being the offspring of Typhon and
Echidna.
d. Hesiod gives the Sphinx and the Nemean lion as the offspring of Echidna's son Orthrus and
an ambiguous "she", in line 326 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.or
g/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml) of the Theogony, read variously as the
Chimera, Echidna herself, or even Ceto. See Clay, p. 159, with n. 34 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159); Most 2018a, p. 29 n. 20 (https://www-loebclass
ics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml);
Gantz, p. 23; Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326; West 1966, p. 356 line 326 ἡ δ' ἄρα.
e. Hyginus says that Luna ("Moon") raised the Nemean Lion in a two-mouthed cave.
f. Hyginus gives three possible parentages for the Caucasian Eagle: Typhon and Echidna,
Terra and Tartarus, or that it was fashioned by Vulcan and given life by Jove.
g. Hesiod (though he does not name it Ladon) gives the dragon's parents as Ceto and
Phorcys.
h. Hesiod and Apollodorus have the three Gorgons, Stheno, Euryale and Medusa as the
daughters of Ceto and Phorcys
i. For Hyginus, Gorgon was the mother of Medusa.
j. Apollodorus has Crataeis as the mother of Scylla, with Trienus (Triton?) or Phorcus (a
variant Phorcys) as father.

Cave
According to Hesiod, Echidna was born in a cave and apparently lived alone (in that same cave, or perhaps
another), as Hesiod describes it, "beneath the secret parts of the holy earth ... deep down under a hollow
rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men", a place appointed by the gods, where she "keeps guard
in Arima".[35] (Though Hesiod here may possibly be referring to Echidna's mother Ceto's home cave
instead).[36] It was perhaps from this same cave that Echidna used to "carry off passers-by".[37]

Hesiod locates Echidna's cave in Arima (εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν). Presumably, this is the same place where, in
Homer's Iliad, Zeus, with his thunderbolts, lashes the land about Echidna's mate Typhon, described as the
land of the Arimoi (εἰν Ἀρίμοις), "where men say is the couch [bed] of Typhoeus", Typhoeus being
another name for Typhon.[38] But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where this Arima
might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been since
ancient times the subject of speculation and debate.[39]

The geographer Strabo (c. 20 AD) discusses the question in some detail.[40] Several locales, Cilicia, Syria,
Lydia, and the Island of Pithecussae (modern Ischia), each associated with Typhon in various ways, are
given by Strabo as possible locations for Hesiod's "Arima" (or Homer's "Arimoi").

The region in the vicinity of the ancient Cilician coastal city of Corycus (modern Kızkalesi, Turkey) is often
associated with Typhon's birth. The poet Pindar (c. 470 BC), who has Typhon born in Cilicia, and nurtured
in "the famous Cilician cave"[41] an apparent allusion to the Corycian cave,[42] also has Zeus slaying
Typhon "among the Arimoi".[43] The fourth-century BC historian Callisthenes, located the Arimoi and the
Arima mountains in Cilicia, near the Calycadnus river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promontory.[44]
The b scholia to Iliad 2.783, preserving a possible Orphic tradition, has Typhon born "under Arimon in
Cilicia",[45] and Nonnus mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia.[46]

Just across the Gulf of Issus from Corycus, in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modern Jebel Aqra in
Turkey) and the Orontes River, said to be the site of the battle of Typhon and Zeus.[47] According to
Strabo, the historian Posidonius identified the Arimoi with the Aramaeans of Syria.[48]

According to some, Arima was instead located in a volcanic plain on the upper Gediz River called the
Catacecaumene ("Burnt Land"), situated between the ancient kingdoms of Lydia, Mysia and Phrygia, near
Mount Tmolus (modern Bozdağ) and Sardis, the ancient capital of Lydia.[49] According to Strabo, some
placed the Arimoi and the battle between Typhon and Zeus at Catacecaumene,[50] while Xanthus of Lydia
added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there.[51] Strabo also tells us that, according to "some", Homer's
"couch of Typhon" (and hence the Arimoi) was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde",
with Hyde being another name for Sardis (or its acropolis), and that Demetrius of Scepsis thought that the
Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".[52] The third-century BC
poet Lycophron placed Echidna's lair in this region.[53]

Another place mentioned by Strabo as being associated with Arima is the volcanic island of Pithecussae,
off the coast of ancient Cumae in Italy. According to Pherecydes of Athens, Typhon fled to Pithecussae
during his battle with Zeus[54] and, according to Pindar, Typhon lay buried beneath the island.[55] Strabo
reports the "myth" that when Typhon "turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small
islands containing boiling water, spout forth."[56] The connection to Arima comes from the island's Greek
name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and, according to Strabo, residents of
the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.[57]

Quintus Smyrnaeus locates her cave "close on the borders of Eternal Night".[58]

Death
Although for Hesiod Echidna was immortal and ageless,[59] according to Apollodorus Echidna continued
to prey on the unfortunate "passers-by" until she was finally killed, while she slept, by Argus Panoptes, the
hundred-eyed giant who served Hera.[60]

The Scythian echidna

From the fifth century BC historian Herodotus, we learn of a creature who, though Herodotus does not
name as Echidna, is called an echidna ("she-viper") and resembles the Hesiodic Echidna in several
respects. She was half woman half snake, lived in a cave, and was known as a mother figure, in this case,
as the progenitor of the Scythians (rather than of monsters).[61]

According to Herodotus, Greeks living in Pontus, a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, told a
story of an encounter between Heracles and this snaky creature. Heracles was driving the cattle of
Geryones through what would later become Scythia, when one morning he awoke and discovered that his
horses had disappeared. While searching for them, he "found in a cave a creature of double form that was
half maiden and half serpent; above the buttocks she was a woman, below them a snake." She had the
horses and promised to return them if Heracles would have sex with her. Heracles agreed and she had three
sons by him: Agathyrsus, Gelonus and Scythes. She asked Heracles what she should do with his sons:
"shall I keep them here (since I am queen of this country), or shall I send them away to you?" And
Heracles gave her a bow and belt, and told her, that when the boys were grown, whichever would draw the
bow and wear the belt, keep him and banish the others. The youngest son Scythes fulfilled the requirements
and became the founder and eponym of the Scythians.

The Viper in the Acts of Philip

A possibly related creature to the Hesiodic Echidna is the "Viper" (Echidna) cast into an abyss, by Philip
the Apostle, in the apocryphal Acts of Philip.[62] Called a "she dragon" (drakaina) and "the mother of the
serpents",[63] this Echidna ruled over many other monstrous dragons and snakes, and lived in a gated
temple at Hierapolis,[64] where she was worshipped by the people of that land. She, along with her temple
and priests, was swallowed up by a hole in the ground that opened beneath her, as the result of Philip's
curse.[65]

Delphyne
Echidna was perhaps associated with the monster killed by Apollo at Delphi. Though that monster is
usually said to be the male serpent Python, in the oldest account of this story, the Homeric Hymn to Apollo,
the god kills a nameless she-serpent (drakaina), subsequently called Delphyne, who had been Typhon's
foster-mother.[66] Echidna and Delphyne share several similarities.[67] Both were half-maid and half-
snake,[68] and both were a "plague" (πῆμα) to men.[69] And both were intimately connected to Typhon,
and associated with the Corycian cave.[70]

Iconography
No certain ancient depictions of Echidna survive.[71] According to Pausanias, Echidna was depicted, along
with Typhon, on the sixth century BC Doric-Ionic temple complex at Amyclae known as the throne of
Apollo, designed by Bathycles of Magnesia.[72] Pausanias identifies two standing figures on the left as
Echidna and Typhon, with Tritons standing on the right, with no other details concerning these figures
given.
See also
Echidna, a monotreme mammal of Australia and New Guinea named after the mythological
monster.
Nāgas, a race of water-dwelling beings of Hindu mythology who are also half-serpent.
Nüwa, a goddess in ancient Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind and
repairing the wall of heaven, often depicted as having the body of a snake, or the lower part
of her body being that of a snake.

Notes
1. Ogden 2013b, p. 13 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA13).
2. Variant of ἔχις, also meaning "viper" from Proto-Indo-European *h1eǵhi- (see R. S. P.
Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 489).
3. Ogden 2013a, p. 81 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81).
4. For a discussion of Echidna's varying genealogy see Ogden 2013a, pp. 148–150 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA148).
5. Hesiod, Theogony 270-300 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/vie
w/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.25.xml). Though Herbert Jennings Rose says simply
that it is "not clear which parents are meant", Athanassakis, p. 44 (https://books.google.com/
books?id=cvSiWE0KQsYC&pg=PA44), says that Phorcys and Ceto are the "more likely
candidates for parents of this hideous creature who proceeded to give birth to a series of
monsters and scourges". The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun
"she" in Theogony 295 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/he
siod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml). While some have read this "she" as referring to
Callirhoe (e.g. Smith s.v. Echidna (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%
3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3De
chidna-bio-1); Morford, p. 162), according to Clay, p. 159 n. 32 (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159), "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for
example Most 2018a, p. 27 n. 16 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.or
g/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml) ("Probably Ceto"); Gantz, p. 22 ("Phorkys
and Keto produce Echidna"); Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 lines 295–303 ("presumably Keto"); West
1966, p. 249 line 295 ("probably Keto"); Grimal, s.v. Echidna ("Phorcys and Ceto").
6. Pherecydes, fr. 7 Fowler = FGrHist 3 F 7 (Fowler 2000, p. 278 (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA278)); Hošek, p. 678.
7. Epimenides apud Pausanias, 8.18.2 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+
8.18.2); Fowler 2013, p. 9 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9).
8. Apollodorus, Library 2.1.2 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%202.1.2
&lang=original). According to the sixth century AD neoplatonist Olympiodorus, Typhon,
Echidna, and Python were all the progeny of Tartarus and Gaia, with each being a cause of
a specific kind of disorder, in Echidna's case, "a cause revenging and punishing rational
souls; and hence the upper arts of her are those of a virgin, but the lower those of a serpent",
see Taylor 1824, pp. 76–77 n. 63 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba8wAAAAYAAJ&pg
=PA76).
9. Orphic Fragment 58 Kern (https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/13
8/mode/2up) = Athenagoras, Apology 20 (p. 397); van den Broek, p. 137 n. 20 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=jonvG8JvwvsC&pg=PA137); Fowler 2013, p. 9 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9).
10. Hesiod, Theogony 295-305 (Evelyn-White) (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=
Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270).
11. Ogden 2013a, p. 81 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81).
12. Aristophanes, Frogs 473–474 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3At
ext%3A1999.01.0032%3Acard%3D460); Hošek. p. 678. Ogden 2013a, p. 81 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81), calls Aristophanes' description
"exuberant", which “need not relate to canon”, see also Ogden 2013b pp. 65–66 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA65). For the hundred-headed Typhon
see Hesiod, Theogony 825 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atex
t%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820); see also Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 351 (http
s://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720
BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343); Apollodorus, 1.6.3 (https://w
ww.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3). Pindar, Pythian 1.16 (https://www.pe
rseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apo
em%3D1); 8.15–16 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A19
99.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8), and Olympian 4.7 (https://www.perseus.tufts.e
du/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4),
all give Typhon a hundred heads, but Pindar, fragment 93 apud Strabo, 13.4.6 (https://penel
ope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html) (Race, pp. 328–329 (http://ww
w.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml)) gives Typhon fifty.
13. Orphic Fragment 58 Kern (https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/13
8/mode/2up) = Athenagoras, Apology 20 (p. 397); van den Broek, p. 137 n. 20 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=jonvG8JvwvsC&pg=PA137); Fowler 2013, p. 9 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9).
14. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 18.273 ff. (II pp. 82–83) (https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca02nonnuo
ft#page/82/mode/2up).
15. Hesiod, Theogony 306–314 (Evelyn-White) (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=
Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D304). Compare with Lycophron, Alexandra
1351 ff. (pp. 606–607) (https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mod
e/2up), which refers to Echidna as Typhon's spouse (δάμαρ).
16. Apollodorus, Library 2.5.10 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10)
also has Orthrus as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica
(or Fall of Troy) 6.249–262 (pp. 272–273) (https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/2
72/mode/2up) has Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, and Orthrus as his
brother.
17. Acusilaus, fr. 13 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 11 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2
WBgC&pg=PA11); Freeman, p. 15 fragment 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=B75GgV
dxYT0C&pg=PA15)), Bacchylides, Ode 5.62 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc
=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D5), Sophocles,
Women of Trachis 1097–1099 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3A
text%3A1999.01.0196%3Acard%3D1076), Callimachus, fragment 515 Pfeiffer (Trypanis, pp.
258–259 (https://www.loebclassics.com/view/callimachus-fragments_uncertain_location/197
3/pb_LCL421.259.xml?result=2&rskey=li3r52)), Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.500–501 (https://w
ww.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=4:card=481&highli
ght=Echidna), 7.406–409 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:199
9.02.0028:book=7:card=404&highlight=Cerberian), Hyginus, Fabulae Preface (http://www.th
eoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html), 151 (http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.htm
l), and Quintus Smyrnaeus, loc. cit., also have Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna, though
only Acusilaus, Hyginus, and Quintus Smyrnaeus mention Typhon as the father.
18. Hyginus, Fabulae Preface (http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html), 30 (http://ww
w.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#30) (only Typhon is mentioned), 151 (http://www.th
eoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html) also has the Hydra and as the offspring of Echidna and
Typhon.
19. The referent of "she" in Theogony 319 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.o
clc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml) is uncertain, see Clay, p. 159, with
n. 34 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159); Gantz, p. 22
("Echidna ... the Hydra ... or even less probably Keto"); Most 2018a, p. 29 n. 18 (https://www-
loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.x
ml) ("probably Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 319-325 ("probably Echidna, not Hydra");
West, pp. 254–255 line 319 ἡ δὲ ("Echidna or Hydra?").
20. The referent of "she" in Theogony 326 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.o
clc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml) is uncertain, see Clay, p. 159, with
n. 34 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159); Most 2018a, p. 29
n. 20 (https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/201
8/pb_LCL057.29.xml) ("Probably Chimaera"); Gantz, p. 23 ("[Chimera] ... or just possibly
Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326 ("either Echidna or Chimaira"); West 1966, p. 356 line
326 ἡ δ' ἄρα ("much more likely ... Chimaera" than Echidna).
21. Lasus of Hermione, fragment 706A (Campbell, pp. 310–311 (https://www.loebclassics.com/v
iew/lasus-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.311.xml?result=1&rskey=xxAi2U)).
22. Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1019–1020 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?d
oc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0118%3Acard%3D1019); Ogden 2013a, p. 149 n. 3 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149).
23. Acusilaus, fr. 13 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 11 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2
WBgC&pg=PA11); Freeman, p. 15 fragment 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=B75GgV
dxYT0C&pg=PA15)); Fowler 2013, p. 28 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQB
AJ&pg=PA28); Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, pp. 149–150 (https://books.google.com/books?id
=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149).
24. Pherecydes, fr. 7 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 278 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C
2WBgC&pg=PA278)); Fowler 2013, pp. 21 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAA
QBAJ&pg=PA21), 27–28 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27);
Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, pp. 149–150 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luw
kC&pg=PA149).
25. Pherecydes, fr. 16b Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 286 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE
4C2WBgC&pg=PA286)); Hesiod, Theogony 333–336 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hoppe
r/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card=304); Fowler 2013, p. 28 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28); Ogden 2013a, p. 149 n. 3 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149); Hošek, p. 678. The first to name the dragon
Ladon is Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.1396 (pp. 388–389) (https://archive.org/strea
m/argonautica00apoluoft#page/388/mode/2up), which makes Ladon earthborn, see Fowler
2013, p. 28 n. 97 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28).
Tzetzes, Chiliades 2.36.360 (Kiessling, p. 54 (https://books.google.com/books?id=dG0GAA
AAQAAJ&pg=PA54); English translation: Berkowitz, p. 33 (https://archive.org/stream/Tzetze
sCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n31/mode/1up)), also has Typhon as Ladon's father.
26. Apollodorus, Library 2.5.10 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10)
(Orthrus), 2.3.1 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.3.1) (Chimera),
3.5.8 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.5.8) (Sphinx), 2.5.11 (http
s://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11) (Caucasian Eagle), 2.5.11 (http
s://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11) (Ladon), 2.5.1 (https://www.pers
eus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.1) (Nemean lion), Epitome 1.1 (https://www.pers
eus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Epitome:book=E:chapter=1)
(Crommyonian Sow).
27. Hyginus, Fabulae Preface (http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html), 151 (http://ww
w.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html).
28. Compare with Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, 2.1208–1215 (pp. 184–185) (https://archi
ve.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/184/mode/2up), where the dragon is the
offspring of Gaia by Typhon (Hošek, p. 678).
29. See also Virgil, Ciris 67; Lyne, pp. 130–131 (https://books.google.com/books?id=WMf_VUL
ZvLUC&pg=130). Others give other parents for Scylla. Several authors name Crataeis as
the mother of Scylla, see Homer, Odyssey 12.124–125 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hoppe
r/text;jsessionid=0C3862DF72BDE338E6D62A24A49FEF27?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A19
99.01.0136%3Abook%3D12%3Acard%3D111); Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.749 (https://www.
perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D13%3
Acard%3D705); Apollodorus, E7.20 (http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg054
8.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20); Servius on Virgil Aeneid 3.420; and schol. on Plato,
Republic 9.588c. Neither Homer nor Ovid mention a father, but Apollodorus says that the
father was Trienus (or Triton?) or Phorcus, similarly the Plato scholiast, perhaps following
Apollodorus, gives the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus, while Eustathius on Homer, Odyssey
12.85 gives the father as Triton. The Hesiodic Megalai Ehoiai (fr. 262 MW = Most 200 (http://
www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2007/pb_LCL503.277.xml)) gives
Hecate and Phorbas as the parents of Scylla, while Acusilaus, fr. 42 Fowler (Fowler 2013, p.
32 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32)) says that Scylla's
parents were Hekate and Phorkys (so also schol. Odyssey 12.85). Apollonius of Rhodes,
Argonautica 4. 828–829 (pp. 350–351) (https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#pa
ge/350/mode/2up) says that "Hecate who is called Crataeis," and Phorcys were the parents
of Scylla. Semos of Delos (FGrHist 396 F 22) says that Crataeis was the daughter of Hekate
and Triton, and mother of Scylla by Deimos. Stesichorus, F220 PMG (Campbell, pp. 132–
133) (http://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.133.xml?
result=1&rskey=vkJkZt) has Lamia as the mother of Scylla, possibly the Lamia who was the
daughter of Poseidon. For discussions of the parentage of Scylla, see Fowler 2013, p. 32 (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32), Ogden 2013a, p. 134 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA134); Gantz, pp. 731–732; and
Frazer's note to Apollodorus, E7.20 (http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.
tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20).
30. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 18.273 ff. (II pp. 82–83) (https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca02nonnuo
ft#page/82/mode/2up); Ogden 2013a, p. 150 n. 4 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2p
AK9luwkC&pg=PA150); Hošek, p. 678.
31. Hesiod, Theogony, 265–269 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Ate
xt%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D240); so also Apollodorus, 1.2.6 (https://www.perseus.tuft
s.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.6), and Hyginus, Fabulae Preface (http://www.theoi.co
m/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html) (though Fabulae 14 (http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabul
ae1.html#14), gives their parents as Thaumas and Oxomene). In the Epimenides Theogony
(3B7) they are the daughters of Oceanus and Gaia, while in Pherecydes of Syros (7B5) they
are the daughters of Boreas (Gantz, p. 18).
32. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 4.428, 516 (http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus4.html).
33. Hošek, p. 678; see Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica (or Fall of Troy) 12.449–453 (pp.
518–519) (https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/518/mode/2up).
34. Graves, Index: s.v. Agathyrsus.
35. Hesiod, Theogony 295-305 (Evelyn-White) (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=
Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270); Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, p. 161 (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA161).
36. West 1966, p. 250 line 301 οι; Gantz, p. 22.
37. Apollodorus, Library 2.1.2 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.1.2).
38. Homer, Iliad 2.783 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.783&fromdoc
=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134); Fontenrose, p. 72 (https://books.google.com/books?id
=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72); West 1966, p. 251 line 304 εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν; Lane Fox, p. 288;
Ogden 2013a, p. 76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76);
Fowler 2013, p. 28 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28). West,
notes that Typhon's "couch" appears to be "not just 'where he lies', but also where he keeps
his spouse"; compare with Quintus Smyrnaeus, 8.97–98 (pp. 354–355) (https://archive.org/st
ream/falloftroy00quin#page/354/mode/2up).
39. For an extensive discussion see Lane Fox, especially pp. 39 (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA39), 107 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFx
gC&pg=PA107), 283–301 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA28
3); 317–318 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA317). See also
West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304 εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν; Ogden 2013a, p. 76 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76); Fowler 2013, pp. 28–30 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28).
40. Strabo, 13.4.6 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.0
1.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6).
41. Pindar, Pythian 1.15–17 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%
3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1); compare with Pindar, Pythian 8.15–16
(https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Aboo
k%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8), which calls Typhon "Cilician", Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound
353–356 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C1
16B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343), which calls
Typhon "the earth-born dweller of the Cilician caves", and Apollodorus, 1.6.3 (https://www.pe
rseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3), which has Typhon born in Cilicia, and
deposit the incapacitated Zeus in Typhon's "Corycian cave". See also Nonnus, Dionysiaca
1.140. (I pp. 12–13) (https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up),
1.154. (I pp. 14–15) (https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n71/mode/2up),
1.258–260 (I pp. 20–23) (https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2u
p), 1.321 (I pp. 26–27)
(https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/26/mode/2up), 2.35 (I pp. 46–47) (htt
ps://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up), 2.631 ff. (I pp. 90–91) (htt
ps://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up).
42. Fontenrose, pp. 72–73 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72);
West 1966, p. 251 line 304 εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν (c).
43. Pindar, fragment 93 apud Strabo, 13.4.6 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Te
xts/Strabo/13D*.html) (Race, pp. 328–329 (http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragmen
ts/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml)).
44. Callisthenes FGrH 124 F33 = Strabo, 13.4.6 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc
=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6);
Ogden 2013a, p. 76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76);
Ogden 2013b, p. 25 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA25); Lane
Fox, p. 292. Lane Fox, pp. 292–298, connects Arima with the Hittite place names "Erimma"
and "Arimmatta" which he associates with the Corycian cave.
45. Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. pp. 59–60 no. 52 (https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8
PLsC&pg=PA59); Ogden 2013b, pp. 36–38 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6A
mh4C&pg=PA36); Gantz, pp. 50–51, Ogden 2013a, p. 76 n. 46 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76).
46. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1.140. (I pp. 12–13) (https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#p
age/n69/mode/2up).
47. Strabo, 16.2.7 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html);
Apollodorus, 1.6.3 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3); Ogden
2013a, p. 76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76).
48. Strabo, 16.4.27 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html).
According to West 1966, p. 251, "This identification [Arimoi as Aramaeans] has been
repeated in modern times." For example for Fontenrose, p. 71 (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71), the "Arimoi, it seems fairly certain, are the Aramaeans,
and the country is either Syria or Cilicia, most likely the latter, since in later sources that is
usually Typhon's land." See also West (1997), p. 301 n. 70. But Lane Fox, pp. 107 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107), 291–298 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA291), rejects this identification, instead arguing for the
derivation of "Arima" from the Hittite place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta".
49. Lane Fox, pp. 289–291 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA289),
rejects Catacecaumene as the site of Homer's "Arimoi".
50. Strabo, 12.8.19 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19), compare
with Diodorus Siculus 5.71.2–6 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diod
orus_Siculus/5D*.html#71), which says that Zeus slew Typhon in Phrygia.
51. Strabo, 13.4.11 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.0
1.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6).
52. Strabo, 13.4.6 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.0
1.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6). For Hyde see also Homer,
Iliad 20.386 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+20.386).
53. Lycophron, Alexandra 1351 ff. (pp. 606–607) (https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00
calluoft#page/606/mode/2up) associates Echidna's "dread bed" with a lake identified as
Lake Gygaea or Koloe (modern Lake Marmara), see Robert, pp. 334 ff.; Lane Fox, pp. 290–
291 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA290). For Lake Gygaea
see Homer, Iliad 2.864–866 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?
doc=Hom.+Il.+2.858); Herodotus, 1.93 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+
1.93); Strabo, 13.4.5–6 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3
A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5).
54. Pherecydes, fr. 54 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 307); Fowler 2013, p. 29 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29); Gantz, p. 50.
55. So Strabo, 5.4.9 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html),
13.4.6 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6); Lane Fox, p. 299,
Ogden 2013a, p. 76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76).
Pindar, Pythian 1.15–20 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%
3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1), has Typhon buried under a much vaster
region than just Pithecussae, though he doesn't mention the island by name, stretching from
Mount Etna in Sicily, to the "sea-girt cliffs above Cumae" (Lane Fox, p. 299, argues that the
"cliffs" mentioned by Pindar refer to the island cliffs of Ischia). Compare with Pindar,
Olympian 4.6–7 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.
01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4), which also has Typhon under Etna.
56. Strabo, 5.4.9 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html).
57. Strabo, 13.4.6 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6); Lane Fox, pp.
298–301 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298); Ogden 2013a,
p. 76 n. 47 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76); Fowler 2013,
p. 29 (https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29).
58. Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica (or Fall of Troy) 6.260 ff. (pp. 272–273) (https://archive.or
g/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up).
59. Hesiod, Theogony 305 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3
A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270).
60. Apollodorus, Library 2.1.2 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%202.1.2
&lang=original). Gantz, pp. 201–202 finds "no trace" of such a tale in Archaic literature.
61. Herodotus, 4.8–10 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A19
99.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D8); Gantz, p. 409; Ogden 2013b, pp. 16–17 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA16); Ogden 2013a, p. 81 with n.
71 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81); Fontenrose, pp. 97–
100 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA97). While the Scythian
echidna is sometimes identified with the Hesiodic Echidna (e.g. Grimal, s.vv. Echidna,
Scythes, Ogden 2013b describes the Scythian as "seemingly calqued upon" the Hesiodic
(p. 13 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA13)), and asserts that
"there is no particular reason to infer" that the two are "fully identifiable" (p. 17 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA17)). Compare with Diodorus Siculus,
2.43.3 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/2B*.html#4
3).
62. For an English translation of the Acts of Philip, see Buvon; for an English translation of
selected passages (relating to dragons) see also Ogden 2013b pp. 207–215. For the
possible relationship between the "Viper" and the Hesiodic Echidna, see Ogden 2013a, pp.
81–82 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81), 422–425; Ogden
2013b, p. 16 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA16), p. 216 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA216); Fontenrose, pp. 95–96 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA95).
63. Acts of Philip, 8.17 (V); Bovon, p. 79; Ogden 2013b, p. 208.
64. Acts of Philip, Martyrdom 19 (V); Bovon, p. 99; Ogden 2013b, pp. 213–214.
65. Acts of Philip, Martyrdom 26–27 (V); Bovon, pp. 101–102; Ogden 2013b, pp. 214–215.
66. Hymn to Apollo (3) 300–306 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Ate
xt%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D267), 349–369 (https://www.perseus.tuft
s.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D34
9); Ogden 2013a, pp. 40 ff. (https://books.google.com/books?
id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA40); Gantz, p. 88; Fontenrose, pp. 14–15 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA14); p. 94 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv
09Y6hIC&pg=PA94). Apollodorus, 1.6.3 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Ap
ollod.+1.6.3), for example, calls her Delphyne.
67. Fontenrose, pp. 94–97 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94)
argues that Echidna and Delphyne (along with Ceto and possibly Scylla) were different
names for the same creature.
68. Apollodorus, 1.6.3 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3) calls
Delphyne both a drakaina and a "half-bestial maiden"; see Ogden 2013a, p. 44 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA44); Fontenrose, p. 95 (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA95).
69. Hymn to Apollo (3) 304 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3
A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D267): πῆμα; Hesiod, Theogony 329 (http://dat
a.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:304-336): πῆμ᾽.
70. According to Apollodorus, 1.6.3 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.
6.3), Typhon set Delphyne as guard over Zeus' severed sinews in the Corycian cave; see
Ogden, 2013a, p. 42 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA42);
Fontenrose, p. 94 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94).
71. Hošek, p. 679; Ogden 2013a, pp. 80–81 n. 37 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK
9luwkC&pg=PA80). The identification of Echidna fighting Heracles on a restoration of a
pediment from the Athenian Acropolis, (see for example Gardner, p. 159 (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=DI5DAeJz5FAC&pg=PA159)) is now rejected.
72. Gardner, p. 78 (https://archive.org/stream/rshandbookofgree00garduoft#page/78/mode/2up);
Pausanias, 3.18.10 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.18.10).

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