Articulations

A Classification of Joints
Articulations: Where two bones interconnect Immovable joints: Synarthroses, or bony Slightly moveable joints: Amphiarthroses, or fibrous / cartilagenous Freely moveable joints: Diarthroses, or synovial

Synarthroses (immovable joints)

Four major types Suture = skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments Synchondrosis = two bones bound by rigid cartilaginous bridge Syntosis = two bones completely fused

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)

Two major types Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament Symphysis = bone separated by fibro cartilage

Diarthroses (freely movable joints)

Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage Bony surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid Structures include Menisci Fat pads Accessory ligaments Bursae

Articular Form and Function Dynamic motion

Dynamic motion Linear motion Angular motion Rotation Joints classified based on type of motion permitted Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial

Types of movement
Gliding motion Two surfaces slide past one another Angular motion Flexion, extension, hyperextension Abduction, adduction Circumduction

Rotational movement
Left or right Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Pronation or supination in the bones of the forearm only

Special movement
Movements of the foot Inversion and eversion Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion Movements of the thumb Opposition

Other movements
Protraction moves a structure anteriorly Retraction moves a structure posteriorly Elevation moves a structure superiorly Depression moves a structure inferiorly Lateral flexion bends the vertebrae to one side

Structural classification of joints

Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane Hinge joints are monaxial joints permitting angular motion in one plane Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit rotation Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints that pit one bone in an oval depression of another Saddle joints are biaxial joints with one concave and one convex bone face Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation and other movements

Representative Articulations Intervertebral articulations

Gliding joints Vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints cushioned by intervertebral discs Stabilized by ligaments

Shoulder joint (glenohumoral joint)

Glenoid cavity and head of humerus Ball and socket diarthroses Stabilized by ligaments Strength and stability sacrificed for range of motion

The elbow joint

Permits only flexion and extension Hinge diarthroses Reinforced with strong ligaments

Hip joint
Ball and socket diarthroses Acetabulum and head of femur Permits flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, circumduction, rotation Stabilized by numerous ligaments

Knee joint
Hinge joint with incomplete articular capsule Formed by the condyles of the femur and the condylar surfaces of the tibia Accessory structures help stabilize lateral movements Permits flexion/extension, limited rotation Supported by ligaments

Aging and Articulations Joint problems with aging

Joint problems associated with aging Relatively common Rheumatism general term for pain and stiffness in muscular and skeletal elements Arthritis all rheumatic diseases affecting synovial joints

Bones and Muscles Musculoskeletal system

Encompasses the extensive interactions between the muscular and skeletal systems