MOST

IMPORTANT DATA
FOR
TEST
 LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND PRIME MINISTERS

State Head of state Head of government

Afghanistan President – Ashraf Ghani

Albania President – Ilir Meta Prime Minister – Edi Rama

Algeria President – Abdelmadjid Tebboune Prime Minister – Abdelaziz Djerad

Episcopal Co-Prince – Joan Enric Vives i
Sicília
Co-Prince's Representative – Josep
Andorra Maria Mauri Head of Government – Xavier Espot Zamora
[α]
French Co-Prince – Emmanuel Macron
Co-Prince's Representative – Patrick
Strzoda

Angola President – João Lourenço

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Antigua and Barbuda Prime Minister – Gaston Browne
Governor-General – Sir Rodney Williams
Argentina President – Alberto Fernández
Armenia President – Armen Sarksyan Prime Minister – Nikol Pashinyan
Queen – Elizabeth II[β]
Australia Prime Minister – Scott Morrison
Governor-General – David Hurley

Austria President – Alexander Van der Bellen Federal Chancellor – Sebastian Kurz
Azerbaijan President – Ilham Aliyev Prime Minister – Ali Asadov
[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Bahamas, The Governor-General – Sir Cornelius A. Prime Minister – Hubert Minnis
Smith
Bahrain King – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Prime Minister – Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa

Bangladesh President – Abdul Hamid Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Barbados Prime Minister – Mia Mottley
Governor-General – Dame Sandra Mason
Belarus President – Alexander Lukashenko Prime Minister – Roman Golovchenko

Belgium King – Philippe Prime Minister – Alexander De Croo

Queen – Elizabeth II[β]
Belize Prime Minister – Juan Briceño
Governor-General – Sir Colville Young

Benin President – Patrice Talon

King – Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Bhutan Prime Minister – Lotay Tshering
Wangchuck

Bolivia President – Luis Arce

High Representative – Valentin Inzko
[γ]
Presidency
Bosnia and Herzegovina Milorad Dodik (as Chairman)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers – Zoran Tegeltija
Šefik Džaferović (as Member)
Željko Komšić (as Member)

Botswana President – Mokgweetsi Masisi

Brazil President – Jair Bolsonaro

Brunei Sultan and Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria President – Rumen Radev Prime Minister – Boyko Borisov
 Burkina Faso President – Roch Marc Christian Kaboré Prime Minister – Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré
[δ]
Burundi President – Évariste Ndayishimiye Prime Minister – Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni

Cambodia King – Norodom Sihamoni Prime Minister – Hun Sen

[δ]
Cameroon President – Paul Biya Prime Minister – Joseph Ngute
[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Canada Prime Minister – Justin Trudeau
Administrator – Richard Wagner
Cape Verde President – Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister – Ulisses Correia e Silva
[δ]
Central African Republic President – Faustin-Archange Touadéra Prime Minister – Firmin Ngrébada

Chad President – Idriss Déby

Chile President – Sebastián Piñera

General Secretary of the Communist Party – Xi Jinping
China
President – Xi Jinping Premier of the State Council – Li Keqiang

Colombia President – Iván Duque

Comoros President – Azali Assoumani

Congo, Democratic Prime Minister – Vacant

President – Félix Tshisekedi
Republic of the Prime minister-designate – Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde

Congo, Republic of the President – Denis Sassou Nguesso Prime Minister – Clément Mouamba

Costa Rica President – Carlos Alvarado Quesada

Croatia President – Zoran Milanović Prime Minister – Andrej Plenković
First Secretary of the Communist Party – Raúl Castro
Cuba
President – Miguel Díaz-Canel Prime Minister – Manuel Marrero Cruz

Cyprus President – Nicos Anastasiades

Czech Republic President – Miloš Zeman Prime Minister – Andrej Babiš

Denmark Queen – Margrethe II Prime Minister – Mette Frederiksen

Djibouti President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[δ] Prime Minister – Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Dominica President – Charles Savarin Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit

Dominican Republic President – Luis Abinader

East Timor President – Francisco Guterres Prime Minister – Taur Matan Ruak

Ecuador President – Lenín Moreno

Egypt President – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Prime Minister – Mostafa Madbouly

El Salvador President – Nayib Bukele

President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema
Equatorial Guinea [δ] Prime Minister – Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
Mbasogo
Chairman of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice – Isaias Afwerki
Eritrea
President – Isaias Afwerki

Estonia President – Kersti Kaljulaid Prime Minister – Kaja Kallas

Eswatini King – Mswati III Acting Prime Minister – Themba N. Masuku

Ethiopia President – Sahle-Work Zewde Prime Minister – Abiy Ahmed
Fiji President – Jioji Konrote Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama
Finland President – Sauli Niinistö Prime Minister – Sanna Marin
 [α]
France President – Emmanuel Macron Prime Minister – Jean Castex
[δ]
Gabon President – Ali Bongo Ondimba Prime Minister – Rose Christiane Raponda

Gambia, The President – Adama Barrow

Georgia President – Salome Zourabichvili Prime Minister – Irakli Garibashvili

Germany President – Frank-Walter Steinmeier Federal Chancellor – Angela Merkel

Ghana President – Nana Akufo-Addo

Greece President – Katerina Sakellaropoulou Prime Minister – Kyriakos Mitsotakis

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Grenada Governor-General – Dame Cécile La Prime Minister – Keith Mitchell
Grenade
Guatemala President – Alejandro Giammattei
[δ]
Guinea President – Alpha Condé Prime Minister – Ibrahima Kassory Fofana
Guinea-Bissau President – Umaro Sissoco Embaló Prime Minister – Nuno Gomes Nabiam
[δ]
Guyana President – Irfaan Ali Prime Minister – Mark Phillips

Haiti President – Jovenel Moïse Prime Minister – Joseph Jouthe

Honduras President – Juan Orlando Hernández
Hungary President – János Áder Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán

Iceland President – Guðni Th. Jóhannesson Prime Minister – Katrín Jakobsdóttir

India President – Ram Nath Kovind Prime Minister – Narendra Modi

Indonesia President – Joko Widodo

Iran Supreme Leader – Ali Khamenei[ε] President – Hassan Rouhani

Iraq President – Barham Salih Prime Minister – Mustafa Al-Kadhimi

Ireland President – Michael D. Higgins Taoiseach – Micheál Martin

Israel President – Reuven Rivlin Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu

Italy President – Sergio Mattarella President of the Council of Ministers – Mario Draghi
[δ]
Ivory Coast President – Alassane Ouattara Prime Minister – Hamed Bakayoko
[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Jamaica Prime Minister – Andrew Holness
Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen

Japan Emperor – Naruhito[ζ] Prime Minister – Yoshihide Suga

Jordan King – Abdullah II Prime Minister – Bisher Al-Khasawneh
Chairman of the Security Council – Nursultan Nazarbayev
Kazakhstan
President – Qasym-Zhomart Toqaev Prime Minister – Asqar Mamin

Kenya President – Uhuru Kenyatta

Kiribati President – Taneti Maamau
Emir – Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber
Kuwait Prime Minister – Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah
Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan President – Sadyr Japarov Prime Minister – Ulukbek Maripov
General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party – Thongloun Sisoulith
Laos President – Bounnhang Vorachith
Prime Minister – Thongloun Sisoulith
President-elect – Thongloun Sisoulith
Latvia President – Egils Levits Prime Minister – Krišjānis Kariņš

Lebanon President – Michel Aoun Acting President of the Council of Ministers – Hassan Diab
 President-designate of the Council of Ministers – Saad Hariri

Lesotho King – Letsie III Prime Minister – Moeketsi Majoro

Liberia President – George Weah
[η]
Presidential Council

Libya Mohamed al-Menfi (as Chairman)

Prime Minister – Abdulhamid Dbeibeh
Abdullah al-Lafi (as Member)
Musa al-Koni (as Member)
Prince Regnant – Hans-Adam II Head of Government – Adrian Hasler
Liechtenstein Head of government-designate – Daniel Risch [de]
Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois
Lithuania President – Gitanas Nausėda Prime Minister – Ingrida Šimonytė

Luxembourg Grand Duke – Henri Prime Minister – Xavier Bettel

Madagascar President – Andry Rajoelina Prime Minister – Christian Ntsay

Malawi President – Lazarus Chakwera

Yang di-Pertuan Agong – Abdullah Sultan
Malaysia Prime Minister – Muhyiddin Yassin
Ahmad Shah

Maldives President – Ibrahim Mohamed Solih

Mali Interim President – Bah Ndaw Interim Prime Minister – Moctar Ouane

Malta President – George Vella Prime Minister – Robert Abela

Marshall Islands President – David Kabua

Mauritania President – Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Prime Minister – Mohamed Ould Bilal

Mauritius President – Prithvirajsing Roopun Prime Minister – Pravind Jugnauth

Mexico President – Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Federated States of
President – David W. Panuelo
Micronesia
Moldova President – Maia Sandu Acting Prime Minister – Aureliu Ciocoi

Monaco Sovereign Prince – Albert II Minister of State – Pierre Dartout

Mongolia President – Khaltmaagiin Battulga Prime Minister – Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
Montenegro President – Milo Đukanović Prime Minister – Zdravko Krivokapić
Morocco King – Mohammed VI Head of Government – Saadeddine Othmani
[δ]
Mozambique President – Filipe Nyusi Prime Minister – Carlos Agostinho do Rosário
Chairman of the State Administration
Myanmar Acting President – Myint Swe
Council – Min Aung Hlaing

Namibia President – Hage Geingob[δ] Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa

Nauru President – Lionel Aingimea

Nepal President – Bidhya Devi Bhandari Prime Minister – K. P. Sharma Oli

Netherlands King – Willem-Alexander Prime Minister – Mark Rutte

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
New Zealand Prime Minister – Jacinda Ardern
Governor-General – Dame Patsy Reddy[θ]
Nicaragua President – Daniel Ortega
President – Mahamadou Issoufou
Niger Prime Minister – Brigi Rafini
President-elect – Mohamed Bazoum
Nigeria President – Muhammadu Buhari
 General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea – Kim Jong-un
Supreme Leader – Kim Jong-un[ι]
North Korea Chairman of the Presidium of the
Premier of the Cabinet – Kim Tok-hun
Supreme People's Assembly – Choe
Ryong-hae[κ]
North Macedonia President – Stevo Pendarovski President of the Government – Zoran Zaev

Norway King – Harald V Prime Minister – Erna Solberg

Oman Sultan and Prime Minister – Haitham bin Tariq

Pakistan President – Arif Alvi Prime Minister – Imran Khan

Palau President – Surangel Whipps Jr.

Palestine President – Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister – Mohammad Shtayyeh

Panama President – Laurentino Cortizo

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Papua New Guinea Prime Minister – James Marape
Governor-General – Sir Bob Dadae
Paraguay President – Mario Abdo Benítez
[δ]
Peru Interim President – Francisco Sagasti President of the Council of Ministers – Violeta Bermúdez
Philippines President – Rodrigo Duterte
Poland President – Andrzej Duda President of the Council of Ministers – Mateusz Morawiecki

Portugal President – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Prime Minister – António Costa

Prime Minister – Sheikh Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al
Qatar Emir – Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Thani

Romania President – Klaus Iohannis Prime Minister – Florin Cîțu

Russia President – Vladimir Putin Prime Minister – Mikhail Mishustin

Rwanda President – Paul Kagame[δ] Prime Minister – Édouard Ngirente

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Saint Kitts and Nevis Prime Minister – Timothy Harris
Governor-General – Sir Tapley Seaton
Queen – Elizabeth II[β]
Saint Lucia Prime Minister – Allen Chastanet
Governor-General – Sir Neville Cenac
[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Saint Vincent and the Governor-General – Dame Susan Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves
Grenadines Dougan
O le Ao o le Malo – Tuimalealiifano
Samoa Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi
Va'aletoa Sualauvi II
Captain Regent – Alessandro Cardelli
San Marino
Captain Regent – Mirko Dolcini
São Tomé and Príncipe President – Evaristo Carvalho Prime Minister – Jorge Bom Jesus
[δ]
Saudi Arabia King – Salman First Deputy Prime Minister – Mohammed bin Salman

Senegal President – Macky Sall

Serbia President – Aleksandar Vučić Prime Minister – Ana Brnabić

Seychelles President – Wavel Ramkalawan
[δ]
Sierra Leone President – Julius Maada Bio Chief Minister – David J. Francis

Singapore President – Halimah Yacob Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong

Slovakia President – Zuzana Čaputová Prime Minister – Igor Matovič

Slovenia President – Borut Pahor Prime Minister – Janez Janša
 Queen – Elizabeth II[β]
Solomon Islands Prime Minister – Manasseh Sogavare
Governor-General – Sir David Vunagi
President – Mohamed Abdullahi
Somalia Prime Minister – Mohamed Hussein Roble
Mohamed

South Africa President – Cyril Ramaphosa

[δ]
South Korea President – Moon Jae-in Prime Minister – Chung Sye-kyun
South Sudan President – Salva Kiir Mayardit

Spain King – Felipe VI President of the Government – Pedro Sánchez

Sri Lanka President – Gotabaya Rajapaksa Prime Minister – Mahinda Rajapaksa
Leader of the Sovereignty Council –
Sudan Prime Minister – Abdalla Hamdok
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan

Suriname President – Chan Santokhi

Sweden King – Carl XVI Gustaf Prime Minister – Stefan Löfven

Federal Council[λ]
Guy Parmelin (as President)
 Ignazio Cassis (as Vice President)
Switzerland  Ueli Maurer (as Member)
 Simonetta Sommaruga (as Member)
 Alain Berset (as Member)
 Karin Keller-Sutter (as Member)
 Viola Amherd (as Member)

Syria President – Bashar al-Assad Prime Minister – Hussein Arnous

[δ]
Tajikistan President – Emomali Rahmon Prime Minister – Kokhir Rasulzoda
[δ]
Tanzania President – John Magufuli Prime Minister – Kassim Majaliwa

Thailand King – Maha Vajiralongkorn Prime Minister – Prayut Chan-o-cha

[δ]
Togo President – Faure Gnassingbé Prime Minister – Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
Tonga King – Tupou VI Prime Minister – Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa
Trinidad and Tobago President – Paula-Mae Weekes Prime Minister – Keith Rowley

Tunisia President – Kaïs Saïed Prime Minister – Hichem Mechichi

Turkey President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Turkmenistan President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

[β]
Queen – Elizabeth II
Tuvalu Acting Governor-General – Teniku Talesi Prime Minister – Kausea Natano
Honolulu

Uganda President – Yoweri Museveni[δ] Prime Minister – Ruhakana Rugunda

Ukraine President – Volodymyr Zelensky Prime Minister – Denys Shmyhal

President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al
United Arab Emirates Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Nahyan
[β]
United Kingdom Queen – Elizabeth II Prime Minister – Boris Johnson
United States President – Joe Biden

Uruguay President – Luis Lacalle Pou

[δ]
Uzbekistan President – Shavkat Mirziyoyev Prime Minister – Abdulla Aripov
Vanuatu President – Tallis Obed Moses Prime Minister – Bob Loughman
Vatican City Sovereign – Pope Francis President of the Governorate – Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello

Venezuela President – Nicolás Maduro[μ]

General Secretary of the Communist Party – Nguyễn Phú Trọng
Vietnam President – Nguyễn Phú Trọng
Prime Minister – Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
President-elect – Nguyễn Xuân Phúc

Yemen President – Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Prime Minister – Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed

Zambia President – Edgar Lungu

Zimbabwe President – Emmerson Mnangagwa
 CAPITALS CURRENCIES OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AND HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

Country Name Capital Currency Official Language Head of Government

Afghanistan Kabul Afghani Dari Persian; Pashto President - Ashraf Ghani
Albania Tirane Lek Albanian Prime Minister – Edi Rama
Algeria Algiers Dinar Arabic; Tamazight; French Prime Minister – Abdelaziz Djerad
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan Prime Minister - Xavier Espot Zamora
Angola Luanda New Kwanza Portuguese President – João Lourenço
Antigua and
Saint John's East Caribbean dollar English Prime Minister – Gaston Browne
Barbuda
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish President – Alberto Fernández
Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian President – Armen Sarkissian
Australia Canberra Australian dollar English Prime Minister – Scott Morrison
Austria Vienna Euro (formerly schilling) German President - Alexander Van der Bellen
Azerbaijan Baku Manat Azerbaijani Prime Minister – Ali Asadov
The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar English Prime Minister – Hubert Minnis
Bahrain Manama Bahrain dinar Arabic Prime Minister –Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bangla Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina
Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar English Prime Minister – Mia Mottley
Belarus Minsk Belorussian ruble Belarusian; Russian President - Alexander Lukashenko
Belgium Brussels Euro (Ex Belgian franc) Dutch; French; German Prime Minister – Alexander De Croo
Belize Belmopan Belize dollar English Prime Minister – Johnny Briceño
Benin Porto-Novo CFA Franc French President - Patrice Talon
Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum Dzongkha Prime Minister – Lotay Tshering
La Paz (admin);
Bolivia Boliviano Spanish; Quechua; Aymara Prime Minister – Luis Arce
Sucre (judicial)
Bosnia and Chairman of Council of Ministers - Zoran
Sarajevo Convertible Mark Bosnian; Croatian; Serbian
Herzegovina Tegeltija
Botswana Gaborone Pula English; Tswana President – Mokgweetsi Masisi
Brazil Brasilia Real Portuguese President – Jair Bolsonaro
Bandar Seri
Brunei Brunei dollar Malay Sultan and Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah
Begawan
Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian Prime Minister – Boyko Borisov
Prime Minister - Christophe Joseph Marie
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA Franc French
Dabiré
Burundi Gitega Burundi franc Kirundi; French President – Évariste Ndayishimiye
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer Prime Minister – Hun Sen
Cameroon Yaounde CFA Franc French; English Prime Minister – Joseph Ngute
Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar English; French Prime Minister – Justin Trudeau
Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean escudo Portuguese Prime Minister – Ulisses Correia e Silva
Central African
Republic
Bangui CFA Franc Sango; French Prime Minister – Firmin Ngrebada

Chad N'Djamena CFA Franc French; Arabic President - Idriss Deby

Chile Santiago Chilean Peso Spanish President – Sebastián Piñera
China Beijing Chinese Yuan Mandarin President - Xi Jinping
Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso Spanish President – Ivan Duque Marquez
Comoros Moroni Franc Comorian; Arabic; French President – Azali Assoumani
Republic of
Brazzaville CFA Franc French Prime Minister –Clément Mouamba
the Congo
Congo,
Democratic Kinshasa Congolese franc French Prime Minister –Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde
Republic
Costa Rica San Jose Colón Spanish President – Carlos Alvarado Quesada
Yamoussoukro
(official);
Cote d'Ivoire CFA Franc French President - Alassane Ouattara
Abidjan (de
facto)
Croatia Zagreb Croatian Kuna Prime Minister – Andrej Plenković
Cuba Havana Cuban Peso Spanish Prime Minister-Manuel Marrero Cruz
Cyprus Nicosia Euro Greek; Turkish President – Nicos Anastasiades
Czech
Prague Koruna Czech; Slovak Prime Minister – Andrej Babiš
Republic
Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone Danish Prime Minister – Mette Frederiksen
Prime Minister – Abdoulkader Kamil
Djibouti Djibouti Djiboutian franc Arabic; French
Mohamed
English; French;
Dominica Roseau East Caribbean dollar Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit
Antillean Creole
Dominican
Santo Domingo Dominican Peso Spanish President – Luis Abinader
Republic
East Timor Tetum; Portuguese;
Dili U.S. dollar Prime Minister – Taur Matan Ruak
(Timor-Leste) Iindonesian
Ecuador Quito U.S. dollar Spanish President – Lenín Moreno
Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound Arabic Prime Minister – Moustafa Madbouly
El Salvador San Salvador Colón; U.S. dollar Spanish President – Nayib Bukele
Equatorial Spanish; French; Prime Minister –Francisco Pascual Obama
Malabo CFA Franc
Guinea Portuguese Asue
Eritrea Asmara Nakfa Arabic; Tigrinya; English President – Isaias Afwerki
Estonia Tallinn Estonia Kroon; Euro Estonian Prime Minister – Kaja Kallas
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic Prime Minister – Abiy Ahmed
Fiji Suva Fiji dollar English; Bau Fijian; Hindi Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama
Finland Helsinki Euro (formerly markka) Finnish; Swedish Prime Minister – Sanna Marin
Euro (formerly French
France Paris French Prime Minister- Jean Castex
franc)
Gabon Libreville CFA Franc French Prime Minister – Rose Christiane Raponda
The Gambia Banjul Dalasi English President – Adama Barrow
Georgia Tbilisi Lari Georgian Prime Minister – Irakli Garibashvili
Euro (formerly Deutsche
Germany Berlin German Chancellor – Frank-Walter Steinmeier
mark)
Ghana Accra Cedi English President - Nana Akufo-Addo
Greece Athens Euro (formerly drachma) Greek Prime Minister –Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Grenada Saint George's East Caribbean dollar English; Patois Prime Minister – Keith Mitchell
Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal Spanish President – Alejandro Giammattei
Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French Prime Minister –Ibrahima Kassory Fofana
Guinea-
Bissau CFA Franc Portuguese Prime Minister –Nuno Gomes Nabiam
Bissau
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English Prrsident - Mohamed Irfaan Ali
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde Haitian Creole; French Prime Minister – Joseph Jouthe
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira Spanish President – Juan Orlando Hernández
Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic króna Icelandic President - Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson
India New Delhi Indian Rupee Hindi; English Prime Minister – Narendra Modi
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian President – Joko Widodo
Iran Tehran Rial Persian President – Hassan Rouhani
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar Arabic; Kurdish Prime Minister – Mustafa Al Kadhimi
Euro (formerly Irish
Ireland Dublin English; Irish Prime Minister-Taoiseach – Micheal Martin
pound [punt])
Israel Jerusalem* Shekel Hebrew; Arabic Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu
Italy Rome Euro (formerly lira) Italian Prime Minister – Mario Draghi
Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro West African CFA franc French Prime Minister – Hamed Bakayoko
Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar English Prime Minister – Andrew Holness
Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese Prime Minister –Yoshihide Suga
Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic Prime Minister – Bishr Al-Khasawneh
Kazakhstan Nur Sultan Tenge Kazakh; Russian Prime Minister – Askar Mamin
Kenya Nairobi Kenya shilling Swahili; English President – Uhuru Kenyatta
Kiribati Tarawa Atoll Kiribati dollar English; Gilbertese President – Taneti Mamau
Korea, North Pyongyang Won Korean Premier of the Cabinet – Kim Jong-un
Korea, South Seoul Won Korean Prime Minister – Chung Sye-kyun
Euro (German Mark
Kosovo Pristina Albanian; Serbian Prime Minister –Avdullah Hoti
prior to 2002)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti Dollar Arabic; English
Sabah
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som Kyrgyz; Russian Prime Minister- Ulukbek Maripov
Laos Vientiane New Kip Lao (Laotian) Prime Minister – Thongloun Sisoulith
Latvia Riga Lats Latvian Prime Minister –Krišjānis Kariņš
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic; French Prime Minister –Hassan Diab
Lesotho Maseru Maluti Sesotho; English Prime Minister - Moeketsi Majoro
Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English President – George Weah
Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar Arabic Prime Minister – Abdul Hamid Al-Dabaib
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German Prime Minister-Adrian Hasler
Lithuania Vilnius Litas Lithuanian Prime Minister – Ingrida Šimonytė
Euro (formerly German; French;
Luxembourg Luxembourg Prime Minister – Xavier Bettel
Luxembourg franc) Luxembourgish
President of the Government – Stevo
Macedonia Skopje Denar Macedonian
Pendarovski
Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy Ariary Malagasy; French; English Prime Minister –Christian Ntsay
Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha English President – Lazarus Chakwera
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit Malay Prime Minister – Muhyiddin Yassin
Maldives Male Rufiyaa Dhivehi President – Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
Mali Bamako CFA Franc French Prime Minister - Moctar Ouane
Malta Valletta Euro Maltese; English Prime Minister – Robert Abela
Marshall
Majuro U.S. Dollar Marshallese; English Prime Minister – Stefan Löfven
Islands
Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic Prime Minister – Mohamed Ould Bilal
Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee English Prime Minister – Pravind Jugnauth
Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso Spanish President – Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Micronesia,
Federated Palikir U.S. Dollar English President – David W. Panuelo
States of
Moldova Chisinau Leu Moldovan (Romanian) Prime Minister – Aureliu Ciocoi
Monaco Monte Carlo Euro French; Italian; English Minister of State – Pierre Dartout
Prime Minister – Luvsannamsrain Oyun-
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Togrog Mongolian
Erdene
Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin Prime Minister – Zdravko Krivokapić
Morocco Rabat Dirham Arabic Prime Minister-Saadeddine Othmani
Mozambique Maputo Metical Portuguese Prime Minister – Carlos Agostinho do Rosário
Myanmar
Nay Pyi Taw Kyat Burmese President– Myint Swe
(Burma)
Namibia Windhoek Namibian dollar English; Afrikaans; German Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa
no official
capital;
Nauru government Australian dollar English; Nauran President – Lionel Aingimea
offices in Yaren
District
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali Prime Minister – KP Sharma Oli
Amsterdam;
The Hague
Netherlands Euro (formerly guilder) Dutch Prime Minister – Mark Rutte
(seat of
government)
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar English Prime Minister – Jacinda Ardern
Nicaragua Managua Gold cordoba Spanish President – Daniel Ortega
Niger Niamey CFA Franc French Prime Minister – Brigi Rafini
Nigeria Abuja Naira English Prime Minister– Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Norway Oslo Norwegian krone Norwegian Prime Minister – Erna Solberg
Sultan and Prime Minister – Haitham bin
Oman Muscat Omani rial Arabic
Tariq
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee Urdu; English Prime Minister – Imran Khan
Palau Melekeok U.S. dollar English; Palauan Vice President –Surangel S. Whipps Jr.
Ramallah, East
Palestine Palestine Pound Arabic Prime Minister - Mohammad Shtayyeh
Jerusalem
Panama Panama City Balboa; U.S. dollar Spanish President – Laurentino Cortizo
Papua New English; Tok Pisin;
Port Moresby Kina Prime Minister – James Marape
Guinea Hiri Motu
Paraguay Asuncion Guaraní Spanish; Guarani President – Mario Abdo Benítez
Peru Lima Nuevo sol (1991) Spanish Prime Minister – Violeta Bermúdez
Philippines Manila Peso Filipino; English President – Rodrigo Duterte
Poland Warsaw Zloty Polish President – Andrzej Duda
Portugal Lisbon Euro (formerly escudo) Portuguese Prime Minister – António Costa
Prime Minister – Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul
Qatar Doha Qatari riyal Arabic
Aziz Al Thani
Romania Bucharest Romanian Rupee Romanian Prime Minister – Florin Cîțu
Prime Minister –Mikhail Vladimirovich
Russia Moscow Ruble Romanian
Mishustin
Rwanda Kigali Rwandan franc Russian Prime Minister – Édouard Ngirente
Saint Kitts
Basseterre East Caribbean dollar English Prime Minister – Timothy Harris
and Nevis
Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean dollar English Prime Minister – Allen Chastanet
Saint Vincent
and the Kingstown East Caribbean dollar English Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves
Grenadines
Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele
Samoa Apia Tala Samoan, English
Malielegaoi
San Marino San Marino Euro Italian Pasquale Valentini
Sao Tome and
Sao Tome Dobra Portuguese Prime Minister – Jorge Bom Jesus
Principe
King and Prime Minister – Salman bin
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal Arabic
Abdulaziz Al Saud
Senegal Dakar CFA Franc French Prime Minister – Mohammed Dionne
Serbia Belgrade Serbian Dinar Serbian Prime Minister – Ana Brnabić
Seychellois Creole, French
Seychelles Victoria Seychelles rupee President – Wavel Ramkalawan
English
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English President – Julius Maada Bio
English, Chinese and
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar Malay Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong
Tamil
Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak Prime Minister – Igor Matovič
Slovenian tolar; euro (as
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovene Prime Minister – Janez Janša
of 1/1/07)
Solomon
Honiara Solomon Islands dollar English Prime Minister –Manasseh Sogavare
Islands
Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling Somali Arabic Prime Minister –Mohamed Hussein Roble
South Africa Pretoria Rand Afrikaans, English, President – Cyril Ramaphosa
 (administrative); Southern Ndebele,
Cape Town Northern Sotho, Southern
(legislative); Sotho, Swazi
Bloemfontein Tsonga, Tswana, Venda,
(judiciary) Xhosa, Zulu
South Sudan Juba Sudanese Pound English President – Salva Kiir Mayardit
Spanish, Catalan Galician ,
Spain Madrid Euro (formerly peseta) Prime Minister - Pedro Sánchez
Gasque
Colombo; Sri
Jayewardenepu
Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee Sinhala, Tamil Prime Minister - Mahinda Rajapaksa
ra Kotte
(legislative)
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese Pound Arabic, English Prime Minister –Abdalla Hamdok
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch President –Chabdrikapersad ‘Chan’ Santokhi
Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni English, Swati Prime Minister –Themba N. Masuku
Sweden Stockholm Krona Swedish Prime Minister – Stefan Löfven
German, French, Italian,
Switzerland Berne Swiss franc President - Guy Parmelin
Romansh
Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic Prime Minister – Hussein Arnous
Taiwan Taipei Taiwan dollar Standard Chinese Prime Minister– Su Tseng-chang
Tajikistan Dushanbe somoni Tajik; Russian Prime Minister – Kokhir Rasulzoda
Dar es Salaam;
Tanzania Dodoma Tanzanian shilling Swahili, English Prime Minister – Kassim Majaliwa
(legislative)
Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai Prime Minister – Prayut Chan-o-cha
Togo Lome CFA Franc French Prime Minister –Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
Tonga Nuku'alofa Pa'anga English Prime Minister – Pohiva Tuionetoa
Trinidad and Trinidad and Tobago
Port-of-Spain English Prime Minister – Keith Rowley
Tobago dollar
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic Prime Minister- Hichem Mechichi
Turkey Ankara Turkish lira (YTL) Turkish Prime Minister – Binali Yıldırım
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Manat Turkmen President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Vaiaku village,
Tuvalu Funafuti Tuvaluan Dollar Tuvaluan; English Prime Minister – Kausea Natano
province
Uganda Kampala Ugandan new shilling Swahili, English, Luganda Prime Minister – Ruhakana Rugunda
Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia Ukrainian Prime Minister – Denys Shmyhal
United Arab Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin
Abu Dhabi U.A.E. Dirham Arabic
Emirates Rashid Al Maktoum
United
London Pound sterling English Prime Minister – Boris Johnson
Kingdom
United States Washington
Dollar English President – Joe Biden
of America D.C.
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguay peso Spanish President – Luis Lacalle Pou
Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistani sum Uzbek Prime Minister – Abdulla Aripov
Vanuatu Port-Vila Vatu Bislama, French, English Prime Minister – Bob Loughman
Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian Cardinal Pietro Parolin
(Holy See)
Venezuela Caracas Bolivar Spanish President – Juan Guaidó
Vietnam Hanoi Dong Vietnamese Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
Yemen Sanaa Rial Arabic Prime Minister – Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed
Zambia Lusaka Kwacha English President – Edgar Lungu
Zimbabwe Harare United States dollar English, Shona, Ndebele President –Emmerson Mnangagwa
 PAKISTANI FOREIGN APPOINTMENTS
AMBASSADORS/ HIGH COMMISSIONER

S# Name Country Status Date

1. Dr Asad Majeed Khan United States of America (USA) Ambassador 11 Jan 2019
2. Zaheer Aslam Janjua Kingdom of BELGIUM Ambassador 07 Sep 2019
3. Rahim Hayat Qureshi Islamic Republic of IRAN Ambassador 14 Dec 2019
4. Vice Admiral (R) Ather Mukhtar MALDIVES Ambassador 07 Feb 2020
5. Maj Gen (R) Umar Farooq Burki JORDAN Ambassador 14 Dec 2019
6. Sardar Azhar Tariq Khan KYRGYZTAN Ambassador 06 Mar 2020
7. Maryam Madiha Aftab BULGARIA Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
8. Mumtaz Zahra Baloch Republic of SOUTH KOREA Ambassador 21 Feb 2020
9. Malik Mohammad Farooq POLAND Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
10. Muhammad Nadeem Khan GREECE Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
11. Ali Ahmed Arain SENEGAL Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
12. Irfan Ahmad TURKMENISTAN Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
13. Ahmad Farooq DENMARK Ambassador 29 Apr 2020
14. Zafar Iqbal ROMANIA Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
15. Dr Muhammad Khalid Ejaz ARGENTINA Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
16. Ali Asad Gilani UZBEKISTAN Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
17. Saeed Ahmad Khan AZERBAIJAN Ambassador 15 Dec 2019
18. Shafqat Ali Khan RUSSIAN Federation Ambassador March 2020
19. Moin Ul Haque People’s Republic of CHINA Ambassador 19 Sep 2020
20. Moazzam Ahmad Khan United Kingdom (UK) High Commissioner 14 Sep 2020
21. Dr Muhammad Faisal Federal Republic of GERMANY Ambassador 27 Apr 2020
22. Jauhar Saleem ITALIAN Republic Ambassador April 2020
23. Dr Aman Rashid MEXICO Ambassador 27 Dec 2020
24. Muhammad Aejaz HUNGARY Ambassador Dec 2020
25. Shujaat Ali Rathore CANADA High Commissioner 01 Mar 2021
26. Syed Faisal Niaz Trimzi NETHERL:ANDS Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
27. Zahid Hafeez Chaudhry AUSTRALIA High Commissioner 01 Mar 2021
28. Amjad Ahmad Ali Republic of IRAQ Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
29. Ahmad Nasim Warraich PORTUGAL Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
30. Amir Shaukat SWITZERLAND Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
31. Shahid Ali Sehar DIJIBOUTI Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
32. Babar Amin TURKEY Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
33. Afzaal Mehmood UAE Ambassador 27 Jan 2021
34. Lt Gen (R) Bilal Akbar KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Ambassador 20 Jan 2021
35. K.K Ahsan Wagan OMAN Ambassador 18 Dec 2021
36. Air Marshal (R) Saeed M Khan SYRIA Ambassador 13 July 2021
37. Syed Sajjad Haider KUWAIT Ambassador 08 Nov 2019
38. Syed Ahsan Raza Shah QATAR Ambassador 26 Oct 2018
39. Imtiaz Ahmed JAPAN Ambassador 22 July 2019
40. Murad Ashraf Janjua NEW ZEALAND High Commissioner 02 Sep 2020
41. Maj Gen (R) M Saad Khattak SRI LANKA High Commissioner 10 Oct 2019
42. Imran Ahmed Siddiqui BANGLADESH High Commissioner Nov 2019
43. Mansoor Ahmad Khan AFGHANISTAN Ambassador 07 Sep 2020
44. Syed Haider Shah NEPAL Ambassador 27 Jun 2020
45. Dr Mazhar Javed SOUTH AFRICA High Commissioner 27 Jun 2020
46. Zaheer Pervaiz Khan NORWAY Ambassador 09 Aug 2018
47. Aftab Ahmed Khokhar AUSTRIA Ambassador 07 Sep 2020
48. Sohail Mahmood INDIA High Commissioner 31 Mar 2019
49. Imran Haider TAJIKISTAN Ambassador 31 Jul 2019
50. Sajjad Ahmed Sehar KAZAKISTAN Ambassador 23 Jun 2020
51. Imtiaz Ahmad Kazi PHILIPINES Ambassador 27 Nov 2020
52. Maj Gen (R) Noel I Khokhar UKRAINE Ambassador 20 Jul 2020
53. Amna Baloch MALAYSIA High Commissioner 09 Aug 2019
 54. Muhammad Hassan INDONESIA Ambassador 10 Nov 2020
55. Rukhsana Afzaal SINGAPORE High Commissioner 24 Jul 2019
56. Afzaal Mahmood BAHRAIN Ambassador 30 Aug 2018
57. Zahoor Ahmed SWEDEN Ambassador 21 Oct 2020
58. Shuja Alam IRELAND Ambassador -
59. Imran Ali SPAIN Consul General -
60. Sajid Bilal EGYPT Ambassador 01 Mar 2021
61. Saqlain Syedah KENYA High Commissioner -
62. There is no current appointments FRANCE No Appointments 30 Jul 2020
in France (Last Ambassador was
Moin ul Haque till 30 July 2020)

Khalil Hashmi Permanent Representative of Pakistan to US (10 Nov 2019)

Munir Akram Ambassador to UN in New York (01 Nov 2019)
Samina Mehtab appointed consul general to Chengdu China
Mohammad Tariq Wazir appointed consul general in Manchester
Zahid Hussain appointed consul general in Frankfurt
 FOREIGN AMBASSADORS & HIGH COMMISSIONERS IN PAKISTAN
(REPRESENTATIVES)

S No. Name Country Status

1. Paul W Jones United States of America (USA) Ambassador
2. Danila V Ganich RUSSIAN Federation Ambassador
3. Nong Rong People’s Republic of CHINA Ambassador
4. Dr Christian Philip Hollier Turner United Kingdom (UK) High Commissioner
5. Philippe Bronchain Kingdom of BELGIUM Ambassador
6. Bernhard Schlagheck Federal Republic of GERMANY Ambassador
7. Andreas Ferrarese ITALIAN Republic Ambassador
8. Istvan Szabo HUNGARY High Commissioner
9. Wendy Gilmour CANADA High Commissioner
10. Seyed Mohammad Ali Husseini Islamic Republic of IRAN Ambassador
11. Farzana Zahir MALDIVES High Commissioner
12. Maj Gen Ibrahim Yali Muhammad Osta Almadani JORDAN Ambassador
13. Erik Beishembiev KYRGYZTAN Ambassador
14. Mihail Hartarsky BULGARIA Ambassador
15. Suh Sangpyo Republic of SOUTH KOREA Ambassador
16. Piotr Opalinski POLAND Ambassador
17. Andreas Papastavrou GREECE Ambassador
18. Movlamov Atajan Nurlyevich TURKMENISTAN Ambassador
19. Lis Rosenholm DENMARK Ambassador
20. Nicolae GOIA ROMANIA Ambassador
21. Ivan Ivanissevich ARGENTINA Ambassador
22. Aybek Arif Usmanov UZBEKISTAN Ambassador
23. Ali Alizada AZERBAIJAN Ambassador
24. Wouter Plomo NETHERLANDS Ambassador
25. Geoffrey Shaw AUSTRALIA High Commissioner
26. Hamid Abbas Lafta Republic of IRAQ Ambassador
27. Paulo Neves Pocinho PORTUGAL Ambassador
28. Bénédict de Cerjat SWITZERLAND Ambassador
29. İhsan Mustafa Yurdakul TURKEY Ambassador
30. Hamad Obaid Ibrahim Salem Al Zaabi United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ambassador
31. Nawaf bin Saeed Al-Maliki KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Ambassador
32. Al Sheikh Mohammed Omer Ahmed Al Marhoon OMAN Ambassador
33. Radwan Loutfi SYRIA Ambassador
34. Nassar Abdulraham J. Al-Mutaira KUWAIT Ambassador
35. Sheikh Saoud bin Abdulrahman Al Thani QATAR Ambassador
36. Kuninori MATSUDA JAPAN Ambassador
37. Hamish MacMaster NEW ZEALAND High Commissioner
38. V/Adm (R) Mohan Wije Wickrama SRI LANKA High Commissioner
39. Md. Ruhul Alam Siddique People’s Republic BANGLADESH High Commissioner
40. Najibullah Alikhel AFGHANISTAN Ambassador
41. Tapas Adhikari NEPAL Ambassador
42. M Madikiza SOUTH AFRICA High Commissioner
43. Kjell-Gunnar Eriksen NORWAY Ambassador
44. Nicolaus Keller AUSTRIA Ambassador
45. Ajay Bisaria INDIA High Commissioner
46. Ismatullo Naserdin TAJIKISTAN Ambassador
47. Barlybay Sadykov KAZAKHSTAN Ambassador
48. Daniel R. Espiritu PHILIPINES Ambassador
49. Markian Chuchuk UKRAINE Ambassador
50. Ikram Mohammad Ibrahim MALAYSIA High Commissioner
51. Adam Mulawarman Tugio INDONESIA Ambassador
52. Mohammed Ebraheem Mohammed BAHRAIN Ambassador
53. Henrik Persson SWEDEN Ambassador
54. Manuel Durán Giménez-Rico SPAIN Council General
55. Tarek Dahroug EGYPT Ambassador
56. Irmeli Mustonen FINLAND Ambassador
57. Prof Julius Kibet Bitok KENYA Ambassador
58. Andrei Metelitsa BELARUS Ambassador
59. Oluwatoyin Orukpe NIGERIA High Commissioner
60. Mohamed Karmoune MOROCCO Ambassador
61. Muhammad Lutfee Useng THAILAND Ambassador
62. Olyntho Vieira BRAZIL Ambassador
63. Mohammed Motahar Alashabi YEMEN Ambassador
64. Zéner Javier Caro González CUBA Ambassador
65. S. Soobadar MAURITIUS High Commissioner
66. Pham Hoang Kim Socialist Republic of VIETNAM Ambassador
67. Sakib Foric BOSNIA HERZEGOVINIA Ambassador
 CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN
PARTS/ CHAPTERS/ SUBJECTS/ ARTICLES

Part I: Introductory [Articles 1-6]

Part II: Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy [Articles 7-40]
Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights [Articles 8-28]
Chapter 2: Principles of Policy [Articles 29-40]

Part III: The Federation of Pakistan [Articles 41-100]

Chapter 1: The President [Articles 41-49]
Chapter 2: Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) [Articles 50-89]
Chapter 3: The Federal Government [Articles 90-100]

Part IV: Provinces [Articles 101-140A]

Chapter 1: The Governors [Articles 101-105]
Chapter 2: Provincial Assemblies [Articles 106-128]
Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments [Articles 129-140A]

Part V: Relations between Federation and Provinces [Articles 141-159]

Chapter 1: Distribution of Legislative Powers [Articles 141-144]
Chapter 2: Administrative relations between federation and provinces [Articles 145-152]
Chapter 3: Special Provisions [Articles 153-159]

Part VI: Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits [Articles 160-174]

Chapter 1: Finance [Articles 160-165A]
Chapter 2: Borrowing and Audit [Articles 166-171]
Chapter 3: Property, Contracts, Liabilities and Suits [Articles 172-174]

Part VII: The Judicature [Articles 175-212]

Chapter 1: The Courts [Articles 175-175A]
Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan [Articles 176-191]
Chapter 3: The High Court’s [Articles 192-203]
Chapter 3A: Federal Shariat Court [Articles 203A-203J]
Chapter 4: General Provisions Relating to the Judicature [Articles 204-212]

Part VIII: Elections [Articles 213-226]

Chapter 1: Chief Election Commissioner and Elections Commissions [Articles 213-221]
Chapter 2: Electoral Laws and Conduct of Elections [Articles 222-226]

Part IX: Islamic Provisions [Articles 227-231]

Part X: Emergency Provisions [Articles 232-237]

Part XI: Amendment of Constitution [Articles 238-239]

Part XII: Miscellaneous [Articles 240-280]

Chapter 1: Services [Articles 240-242]
Chapter 2: Armed Forces [Articles 243-245]
Chapter 3: Tribal Areas [Articles 246-247]
Chapter 4: General [Articles 248-259]
Chapter 5: Interpretation [Articles 260-264]
Chapter 6: Title, Commencement and Repeal [Articles 265-266]
Chapter 7: Transitional [Articles 267-280]
 COUNTRY CODES

COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Afghanistan 93 AF / AFG

Albania 355 AL / ALB

Algeria 213 DZ / DZA

American Samoa 1-684 AS / ASM

Andorra 376 AD / AND

Angola 244 AO / AGO

Anguilla 1-264 AI / AIA

Antarctica 672 AQ / ATA

Antigua and Barbuda 1-268 AG / ATG

Argentina 54 AR / ARG

Armenia 374 AM / ARM

Aruba 297 AW / ABW

Australia 61 AU / AUS

Austria 43 AT / AUT

Azerbaijan 994 AZ / AZE

Bahamas 1-242 BS / BHS

Bahrain 973 BH / BHR

Bangladesh 880 BD / BGD

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Barbados 1-246 BB / BRB

Belarus 375 BY / BLR

Belgium 32 BE / BEL

Belize 501 BZ / BLZ

Benin 229 BJ / BEN

Bermuda 1-441 BM / BMU

Bhutan 975 BT / BTN

Bolivia 591 BO / BOL

Bosnia and Herzegovina 387 BA / BIH

Botswana 267 BW / BWA

Brazil 55 BR / BRA

British Indian Ocean Territory 246 IO / IOT

British Virgin Islands 1-284 VG / VGB

Brunei 673 BN / BRN

Bulgaria 359 BG / BGR

Burkina Faso 226 BF / BFA

Burundi 257 BI / BDI

Cambodia 855 KH / KHM

Cameroon 237 CM / CMR

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Canada 1 CA / CAN

Cape Verde 238 CV / CPV

Cayman Islands 1-345 KY / CYM

Central African Republic 236 CF / CAF

Chad 235 TD / TCD

Chile 56 CL / CHL

China 86 CN / CHN

Christmas Island 61 CX / CXR

Cocos Islands 61 CC / CCK

Colombia 57 CO / COL

Comoros 269 KM / COM

Cook Islands 682 CK / COK

Costa Rica 506 CR / CRI

Croatia 385 HR / HRV

Cuba 53 CU / CUB

Curacao 599 CW / CUW

Cyprus 357 CY / CYP

Czech Republic 420 CZ / CZE

Democratic Republic of the 243 CD / COD

Congo
 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Denmark 45 DK / DNK

Djibouti 253 DJ / DJI

Dominica 1-767 DM / DMA

Dominican Republic 1-809, 1-829, 1-849 DO / DOM

East Timor 670 TL / TLS

Ecuador 593 EC / ECU

Egypt 20 EG / EGY

El Salvador 503 SV / SLV

Equatorial Guinea 240 GQ / GNQ

Eritrea 291 ER / ERI

Estonia 372 EE / EST

Ethiopia 251 ET / ETH

Falkland Islands 500 FK / FLK

Faroe Islands 298 FO / FRO

Fiji 679 FJ / FJI

Finland 358 FI / FIN

France 33 FR / FRA

French Polynesia 689 PF / PYF

Gabon 241 GA / GAB

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Gambia 220 GM / GMB

Georgia 995 GE / GEO

Germany 49 DE / DEU

Ghana 233 GH / GHA

Gibraltar 350 GI / GIB

Greece 30 GR / GRC

Greenland 299 GL / GRL

Grenada 1-473 GD / GRD

Guam 1-671 GU / GUM

Guatemala 502 GT / GTM

Guernsey 44-1481 GG / GGY

Guinea 224 GN / GIN

Guinea-Bissau 245 GW / GNB

Guyana 592 GY / GUY

Haiti 509 HT / HTI

Honduras 504 HN / HND

Hong Kong 852 HK / HKG

Hungary 36 HU / HUN

Iceland 354 IS / ISL

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

India 91 IN / IND

Indonesia 62 ID / IDN

Iran 98 IR / IRN

Iraq 964 IQ / IRQ

Ireland 353 IE / IRL

Isle of Man 44-1624 IM / IMN

Israel 972 IL / ISR

Italy 39 IT / ITA

Ivory Coast 225 CI / CIV

Jamaica 1-876 JM / JAM

Japan 81 JP / JPN

Jersey 44-1534 JE / JEY

Jordan 962 JO / JOR

Kazakhstan 7 KZ / KAZ

Kenya 254 KE / KEN

Kiribati 686 KI / KIR

Kosovo 383 XK / XKX

Kuwait 965 KW / KWT

Kyrgyzstan 996 KG / KGZ

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Laos 856 LA / LAO

Latvia 371 LV / LVA

Lebanon 961 LB / LBN

Lesotho 266 LS / LSO

Liberia 231 LR / LBR

Libya 218 LY / LBY

Liechtenstein 423 LI / LIE

Lithuania 370 LT / LTU

Luxembourg 352 LU / LUX

Macau 853 MO / MAC

Macedonia 389 MK / MKD

Madagascar 261 MG / MDG

Malawi 265 MW / MWI

Malaysia 60 MY / MYS

Maldives 960 MV / MDV

Mali 223 ML / MLI

Malta 356 MT / MLT

Marshall Islands 692 MH / MHL

Mauritania 222 MR / MRT

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Mauritius 230 MU / MUS

Mayotte 262 YT / MYT

Mexico 52 MX / MEX

Micronesia 691 FM / FSM

Moldova 373 MD / MDA

Monaco 377 MC / MCO

Mongolia 976 MN / MNG

Montenegro 382 ME / MNE

Montserrat 1-664 MS / MSR

Morocco 212 MA / MAR

Mozambique 258 MZ / MOZ

Myanmar 95 MM / MMR

Namibia 264 NA / NAM

Nauru 674 NR / NRU

Nepal 977 NP / NPL

Netherlands 31 NL / NLD

Netherlands Antilles 599 AN / ANT

New Caledonia 687 NC / NCL

New Zealand 64 NZ / NZL

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Nicaragua 505 NI / NIC

Niger 227 NE / NER

Nigeria 234 NG / NGA

Niue 683 NU / NIU

North Korea 850 KP / PRK

Northern Mariana Islands 1-670 MP / MNP

Norway 47 NO / NOR

Oman 968 OM / OMN

Pakistan 92 PK / PAK

Palau 680 PW / PLW

Palestine 970 PS / PSE

Panama 507 PA / PAN

Papua New Guinea 675 PG / PNG

Paraguay 595 PY / PRY

Peru 51 PE / PER

Philippines 63 PH / PHL

Pitcairn 64 PN / PCN

Poland 48 PL / POL

Portugal 351 PT / PRT

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Puerto Rico 1-787, 1-939 PR / PRI

Qatar 974 QA / QAT

Republic of the Congo 242 CG / COG

Reunion 262 RE / REU

Romania 40 RO / ROU

Russia 7 RU / RUS

Rwanda 250 RW / RWA

Saint Barthelemy 590 BL / BLM

Saint Helena 290 SH / SHN

Saint Kitts and Nevis 1-869 KN / KNA

Saint Lucia 1-758 LC / LCA

Saint Martin 590 MF / MAF

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 508 PM / SPM

Saint Vincent and the 1-784 VC / VCT

Grenadines

Samoa 685 WS / WSM

San Marino 378 SM / SMR

Sao Tome and Principe 239 ST / STP

Saudi Arabia 966 SA / SAU

Senegal 221 SN / SEN

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Serbia 381 RS / SRB

Seychelles 248 SC / SYC

Sierra Leone 232 SL / SLE

Singapore 65 SG / SGP

Sint Maarten 1-721 SX / SXM

Slovakia 421 SK / SVK

Slovenia 386 SI / SVN

Solomon Islands 677 SB / SLB

Somalia 252 SO / SOM

South Africa 27 ZA / ZAF

South Korea 82 KR / KOR

South Sudan 211 SS / SSD

Spain 34 ES / ESP

Sri Lanka 94 LK / LKA

Sudan 249 SD / SDN

Suriname 597 SR / SUR

Svalbard and Jan Mayen 47 SJ / SJM

Swaziland 268 SZ / SWZ

Sweden 46 SE / SWE
 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

Switzerland 41 CH / CHE

Syria 963 SY / SYR

Taiwan 886 TW / TWN

Tajikistan 992 TJ / TJK

Tanzania 255 TZ / TZA

Thailand 66 TH / THA

Togo 228 TG / TGO

Tokelau 690 TK / TKL

Tonga 676 TO / TON

Trinidad and Tobago 1-868 TT / TTO

Tunisia 216 TN / TUN

Turkey 90 TR / TUR

Turkmenistan 993 TM / TKM

Turks and Caicos Islands 1-649 TC / TCA

Tuvalu 688 TV / TUV

U.S. Virgin Islands 1-340 VI / VIR

Uganda 256 UG / UGA

Ukraine 380 UA / UKR

United Arab Emirates 971 AE / ARE

 COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE ISO CODES

United Kingdom 44 GB / GBR

United States 1 US / USA

Uruguay 598 UY / URY

Uzbekistan 998 UZ / UZB

Vanuatu 678 VU / VUT

Vatican 379 VA / VAT

Venezuela 58 VE / VEN

Vietnam 84 VN / VNM

Wallis and Futuna 681 WF / WLF

Western Sahara 212 EH / ESH

Yemen 967 YE / YEM

Zambia 260 ZM / ZMB

Zimbabwe 263 ZW / ZWE

 CURRENCY NOTES OR COINS PICTURES PRINTED

CURRENCY NOTES CURRENCY COINS

Rs TEN Rs ONE

Pic: BAB E KHYBER KPK Pic: SHRINE LAL SHAHBAZ QALANDAR SEHWAN SINDH
Rs TWENTY Rs TWO

Pic: MOHENJODARO LARKANA SINDH Pic: BADSHAHI MOSQUE LAHORE

Rs FIFTY Rs FIVE

Pic: K2 GILGIT BALTISTAN Pic: NO PICTURE ONLY STAR

Rs HUNDRED Rs TEN

Pic: QUAID E AZA RESIDENCY ZIARAT QUETTA Pic: SHAH FAISAL MOSQUE ISLAMABAD
Rs FIVE HUNDRED

Pic: BADSHAHI MOSQUE LAHORE

Rs ONE THOUSAND

Pic: ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR

Rs FIVE THOUSAND
Pic: SHAH FAISAL MOSQUE ISLAMABAD
MILITARY EQUIVALENT RANKS
 MILITARY CHIEFS

COUNTRY ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE

Pakistan General Qamar Javed Bajwa Admiral Muhammad Ajmad Khan Niazi Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar
India General Manoj Mukund Naravane Admiral Karambir Singh Air Chief Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh
Bangladesh General Aziz Ahmed Admiral M Shaheen Iqbal Air Chief Marshal Masihuzzaman Serniabat
Indonesia General Andika Perkasa Admiral Yudo Margono Air Chief Marshal Fadjar Prasetyo
Italy Generale di Corpo d'Armata Salvatore Farina Admiral Giuseppe Cavo Dragone Generale di squadra Alberto Rosso
Nepal General Purna Chandra Thapa NO NAVAL FORCE No Separate Air Force (Army Air Service)
New Zealand Major General John Boswell Rear Admiral David Proctor Air Vice Marshal Andrew Clark
Australia Lieutenant General Richard Burr Vice Admiral Michael Noonan Air Marshal Mel Hupfeld
Ghana Major General Thomas Oppong Peprah Rear Admiral Issah Yakubu (Acting) Air Vice Marshal Frank Hanson
France General Thierry Burkhard Admiral Pierre Vandier Général d'armée aérienne Philippe Lavigne
Spain General Francisco Javier Varela Salas Admiral General Antonio Martorell Lacave General of Air Javier Salto Martínez-Avial
South Korea General Nam Yeong-shin Admiral Boo Suk-jong General Lee Seong-Yong
UK General Sir Mark Carleton-Smith Admiral Tony Radakin Air Chief Marshal Sir Mike Wigston
USA General James C. McConville Admiral Michael M. Gilday General Charles Q. Brown Jr.
China General Li Zuocheng Rear Admiral Zhang Wendan Air Force General Ding Laihang
Nigeria Lieutenant General Attahiru Ibrahim Vice Admiral Awwal Zubairu Gambo Air Marshal Isiaka Oladayo Amao
Canada Lieutenant General Wayne Eyre Vice-Admiral Craig Baines Lieutenant-General A D Meinzinger
Japan General Yamazaki Admiral Hiroshi Yamamura General Shunji Izutsu
Sri Lanka Major General Senarath Bandara Vice Admiral Nishantha Ulugetenne Air Marshal Sudarshana Pathirana
Sweden Colonel Dag Lidén Rear Admiral Ewa Skoog Haslum Major general Carl-Johan Edström
Germany Lieutenant General Jörg Vollmer Vice Admiral Andreas Krause Generalleutnant Ingo Gerhartz
Iran Major General Abdolrahim Mousavi Commodore Hossein Khanzadi Brigadier General Aziz Nasirzadeh
Saudi Arabia Lieutenant General Fahd Al-Mutair Vice Admiral Fahd al-Ghofaily Lieutenant General Prince Turki bin Bandar
Iraq General Ali Gheedan Rear Admiral Ahmed Jassim al-Ma'arij Major General (Pilot) Shihab Jahid Ali
Turkey General Ümit Dündar Admiral Adnan Özbal General Hasan Küçükakyüz
Brazil General Edson Leal Pujol Admiral Ilques Barbosa Junior Air Cmndr Antonio Carlos Moretti Bermudez
South Africa Lieutenant General Lawrence Mbatha Vice Admiral Mosuwa Samuel Hlongwane Major General Mzayifani Buthelezi
[
Afghanistan Lieutenant General Yasin Zia NO NAVAL FORCE General Abdul Fahim Ramin
UAE Lt. General Hamad Mohammed Thani Al Rear Admiral (Pilot) Saeed Bin Hamdan Vice Marshal Ibrahim Nasser Moh Al Alawi
Russia General Valery Gerasimov Admiral Nikolai Yevmenov Lieutenant Gen Sergei Vladimirovich Dronov
Poland Lt General Rajmund Andrzejczak Inspector of Navy Jarosław Ziemiański Gen. Bryg. Pil. Jacek Pszczoła
Israel General Rav Aluf Aviv Kochavi Commander in Chief Aluf Eli Sharvit Air Force Commander Amikam Norkin
 INTERNATIONAL AWARDS

1. Nobel Prize
2. Booker Prize
3. Academy Awards
4. BAFTA Awards
5. The Palme d’Or
6. Pulitzer Prize
7. The Golden Globes
8. BRIT Awards
9. The Grammys
10. MTV Video Music Awards
 USEFUL INFORMATION

Father of Ayurveda Charaka

Father of Biology Aristotle
Father of Physics Albert Einstein
Father of Statistics Ronald Fisher
Father of Zoology Aristotle
Father of History Herodotus
Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur
Father of Botany Theophrastus
Father of Algebra Diophantus
Father of Blood groups Landsteiner
Father of Electricity Benjamin Franklin
Father of Trigonometry Hipparchus
Father of Geometry Euclid
Father of Modern Chemistry Antoine Lavoisier
Father of Robotics Nikola Tesla
Father of Electronics Ray Tomlinson
Father of Internet Vinton Cerf
Father of Economics Adam Smith
Father of Video game Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.
Father of Architecture Imhotep
Father of Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel
Father of Nanotechnology Richard Smalley
Father of Robotics Al-Jazari
Father of C language Dennis Ritchie
Father of World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee
Father of Search engine Alan Emtage
Father of Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev
Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Surgery (early) Sushruta
Father of Mathematics Archimedes
Father of Medicine Hippocrates
Father of Homeopathy Samuel Hahnemann
Father of Law Cicero
Father of the American Constitution James Madison
Father of the Indian Constitution Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Father of the Green Revolution Norman Ernest Borlaug
Father of the Green Revolution in India M.S Swaminathan
 MUSLIM SCIENTISTS

15 Famous Muslim (Arab & Persian) Scientists and their Inventions

Muslim scientists and inventors, including Arabs, Persians and Turks, were probably hundreds of years
ahead of their counterparts in the European Middle Ages. They drew influence from Aristotelian philosophy
and Neo-platonists, as well as Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy and others. The muslims made innumerable
discoveries and wrote countless books about medicine, surgery, physics, chemistry, philosophy, astrology,
geometry and various other fields.
Today’s article discusses the most famous muslim scientists and inventors and their wonderful inventions.

Abu Nasr Al-Farabi (872 – 950)

Also known as Alpharabius. Arab scientist and philosopher, considered as one of the preeminent thinkers
of medieval era.

Al-Battani (858 – 929)

Also known as Albatenius. Arab mathematician, scientists and astronomer who improved existing values
for the length of the year and of the seasons.
Ibn Sina (980 – 1037)

Also known as Avicenna. Persian philosopher and scientist known for his contributions to Aristotelian
philosophy and medicine. He wrote Cannon of Medicine (Al Qanoon Fil Tib) famous book.

Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1369)

Also known as Shams ad–Din. Arab traveler and scholar who wrote one of the most famous travel books in
history, the Rihlah.
Ibn Rushd (1126 – 1198)

Also known as Averroes. Arab philosopher and scholar who produced a series of summaries and
commentaries on most of Aristotle’s works and on Plato’s Republic.

Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (780 – 850)

Also known as Algoritmi or Algaurizin. His works introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of
algebra into European mathematics.

Omar Khayyam (1048 – 1131)

Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet, known for his scientific achievements and Rubaiyat
(“quatrains”).
Thabit ibn Qurra (826 – 901)

Also known as Thebit. Arab mathematician, physician and astronomer; who was the first reformer of the
Ptolemaic system and the founder of statics.

Abu Bakr Al-Razi (865 – 925)

Also known as Rhazes. Persian alchemist and philosopher, who was one of the greatest physicians in
history.

Jabir Ibn Haiyan (722 – 804)

Also known as Geber. The father of Arab chemistry known for his highly influential works on alchemy and
metallurgy.
Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (801 – 873)

Also known as Alkindus. Arab philosopher and scientist, who is known as the first of the Muslim peripatetic
philosophers.

Ibn Al-Haytham (965 – 1040)

Also known as Alhazen. Arab astronomer and mathematician known for his important contributions to the
principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments.

Ibn Zuhr (1091 – 1161)

Also known as Avenzoar. Arab physician and surgeon, known for his influential book Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat
Wal-Tadbeer (Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet).
Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406)

Arab historiographer and historian who developed one of the earliest nonreligious philosophies of history.
Often considered as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics.

Ibn Al-Baitar (1197 – 1248)

Arab scientist, botanist and physician who systematically recorded the discoveries made by Islamic
physicians in the Middle Ages.