A

PROJECT REPORT
on
“Solving Strain Energy And Deformation of a Cantilever I-Section Beam
on Ansys”
Session: 2022-23

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Mechanical Engineering

Under Guidance of

Dr. Narendra Kumar

By
LakshyaVarshney(2004340022) Rohit Singh(2004340032)
Pradeep Kumar(2004340026) Roshan Kumar Gupta(2004340034)
Prakhar Agarwal(2004340028) SanyamSaharawat(2004340037)

Pranav Agrawal(2004340029) Shishant Kumar Vimal(2004340039)

Prashant Babu(2004340030) Yogank Yadav(2004340047)

Semester: 5th

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Jhansi (U.P.) India – 284128
 BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, JHANSI (2022-23)

CERTIFICATE

Thisistocertifythatminiprojecttitled"I section Beam Column Analysis on Ansys" has been successfully

completed by Lakshya Varshney (2004340022), Pradeep Kumar (2004340026),Prakhar
Agrawal(2004340028), Pranav Agrawal(2004340029), Prashant Babu(2004340030), Rohit
Singh(2004340032), Roshan Kumar Gupta(2004340034), SanyamSaharawat(2004340037), Shishant
Kumar Vimal (2004340039), Yogank Yadav (2004340047) under my guidance in partial fulfilment of
the Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical engineering from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Jhansi U.P India 284128 During the academic year2022-23.

Date:

Dr. Narendra Kumar

Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
BIET Jhansi
 Acknowledgment

It is our great pleasure to acknowledge the support and encouragements.We have received from the
people along the way of the research work. First and foremost, We would like to express my heartiest
thanks to Dr. Narendra Kumar who helped a lot to make this project successful and complete on time. We
would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Nagendra Prasad Yadav Professor and Head of department,
Mechanical Engineering Department with all humility. We offer my deepest feelings of gratitude to the
blessings and mercy of the supreme persons for providing me everything we need to take this project to
the final destination.

Lakshya Varshney (2004340022)

Pradeep Kumar (2004340026)

Prakhar Agrawal(2004340028)

Pranav Agrawal(2004340029)

Prashant Babu(2004340030)

Rohit Singh(2004340032)

Roshan Kumar Gupta(2004340034)

SanyamSaharawat(2004340037)

Shishant Kumar Vimal (2004340039)

Yogank Yadav (2004340047)

 ABSTRACT
The aim of the present work is to study the behavior of an I-section beam-column sub assemblage in a
building frame. A nonlinear analysis is carried out up to the yielding of the reinforcement both in
compression and tension zone subjected to monotonic loading. The analysis up to the failure of the exterior
beam column joint is carried out using a FE based numerical model. A strain based nonlinear finite element
analysis program is developed using 2D plane stress for simulation, modified compression field theory. The
concrete is modeled as four node iso-parametric plane stress element and the reinforcement as two node bar
element with two degrees of freedom at each node. A perfect bond is assumed at the interface between the
concrete and the reinforcement. The load-deformation behavior of lower column, upper column and the
beam is measured and compared with the linear ANSYS model and are in well agreement. Subsequently the
variation in stresses and strains in the beam column joint are obtained for nonlinear zone and are presented
and discussed.
List of Tables

Table1: Property of Structural Steel

Table2: Properties of I-Beam

Table3: Dimensions of Beam

Table4: Applied Pressure

List of Figures

Fig1: Non Linear Material Type

Fig2: Ductile Material stress strain curve

.Fig3: Ductile Material stress strain curve

Fig4: I- Section Beam

.Fig5: Geometry of I –Section Beam

.Fig6:Meshing of Geometry

Fig7:Boundary Condition

Fig8: Applied Load(Pressure)

Fig9: Force Convergence

Fig10: Cumulative Iteration vs Time

Fig11:Equivalent Stress Graph

Fig12:Equivalent Stress Distribution

Fig13:Equivalent Total Strain Distribution

Fig14: Equivalent Total Strain Graph

Fig15: 2D view of applied Moment

Fig16: : Total Deformation

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

i. Front Page 01

ii. Certificate 02

iii. Acknowledgement 03

iv. Abstract 04

v. List of Tables 05

vi. List of Figures 05

vii. Table of Contents 06

1. Introduction 07

2. Non Linear material type 08

3. Deformation 09

3.1. Elastic Deformation 10

3.2. Plastic Deformation 11

4. I- Section Beam 12

5. Geometry 13

6. Meshing of Geometry 14

7.1. UDL Analysis 15

7.2. UDL Result 18

8.1. Torsional Analysis 20

8.2. Results of Torsional Analysis 26

9. Conclusion 27

10. References 28
1.INTRODUCTION
Beam column is essentially a column carrying bending moment along with axial compresoon. It can be
further uniaxial and biaxial depending on the number of different axis about which the moment is given.[1]

During design and preliminary analysis, usually a simplified approach will be used, especially if the material
strength will be utilized mostly in the linear elastic range. The actual stress-strain relationship of structural
materials is nonlinear. This paper will give short introduction about material nonlinearity and its usage and
application using Computer Model. Relation between Uniaxial tension test, Various nonlinear material
model, and various application for different finite elements used for structural analysis are discussed. The
effect of loading state for the nonlinear material behavior is also discussed. Various formulas for different
yield criteria are given in attachment.[1]

I-beams are widely used in the construction industry and are available in a variety of standard sizes. Tables
are available to allow easy selection of a suitable steel I-beam size for a given applied load. I-beams may be
used both as beams and as columns.
I-beams may be used both on their own, or acting compositely with another material, typically concrete.
Design may be governed by any of the following criteria:

 Deflection: the stiffness of the I-beam will be chosen to minimize deformation

 Vibration: the stiffness and mass are chosen to prevent unacceptable vibrations, particularly in settings
sensitive to vibrations, such as offices and libraries
 Bending failure by yielding: where the stress in the cross section exceeds the yield stress
 Bending failure by lateral torsional buckling: where a flange in compression tends to buckle sideways or
the entire cross-section buckles torsionally
 Bending failure by local buckling: where the flange or web is so slender as to buckle locally
 Local yield: caused by concentrated loads, such as at the beam’s point of support
 Shear failure: where the web fails. Slender webs will fail by buckling, rippling in a phenomenon
termed tension field action, but shear failure is also resisted by the stiffness of the flanges
 Buckling or yielding of components: for example, of stiffeners used to provide stability to the I-beam’s
web[1]
2.NON LINEAR MATERIAL TYPE

Most common nonlinear material models:

 Nonlinear elastic material

 Bilinear elastoplastic material

 Multilinear plastic material

 Rigid-plastic material [2]

1.Nonlinear elastic material

This is the first type of material nonlinearity. It is dedicated only to isotropic materials. A nonlinear elastic
material will not yield, which means that however high the load will be, after taking that load away the
material will return to its initial state without any permanent deformations. It also does not show strain
hardening (after several times loading-unloading cycles it acts the same).

2. Bilinear elastoplastic material

It is not as robust as the third option, but really easy to set up instead. This material can include strain
hardening(also kinematic+isotropic hardening is an option).

3. Multi-linear plastic material

This is the more advanced option than the bilinear material described previously. A lot of settings remain the
same (yield criterion, hardening rule, initial yield point).

4. Rigid plastic material

Selecting this type of material leads to a situation where we define only the plastic part of a stress-strain
curve – the solver will assume that material is rigid in the elastic regime.[2]

Fig1: Non Linear Material Type

3.DEFORMATION

The deformation is a measure of how much an object deforms from its original dimensions or size in a given
direction. Depending on which deformation you measure, you can calculate different types of strain.

Strain = deformation/ reference length [2]

The rate of deformation is a function of the material’s properties, exposure time, exposure temperature and
the applied structural load. Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the
deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function – for example creep
of a turbine blade could cause the blade to contact the casing, resulting in the failure of the blade. Creep is
usually of concern to engineers and metallurgists when evaluating components that operate under high
stresses or high temperatures. Creep is a deformation mechanism that may or may not constitute a failure
mode. For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile
stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking.

A deformation is called elastic deformation, if the stress is a linear function of strain. In other words, stress
and strain follows Hooke’s law. Beyond the linear region, stress and strain show nonlinear behavior. This
inelastic behavior is called plastic deformation.[2]

Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation in a material. In some materials,
like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is difficult to identify, thus it is usually defined as the stress
required to cause 0.2% plastic strain. This is called a 0.2% proof stress.

Strain or reduced deformation is a mathematical term that expresses the trend of the deformation change
among the material field. Strain is the deformation per unit length. [9] In the case of uniaxial loading the
displacement of a specimen (for example a bar element) lead to a calculation of strain expressed as the
quotient of the displacement and the original length of the specimen. For 3D displacement fields it is
expressed as derivatives of displacement functions in terms of a second order tensor (with 6 independent
elements).[2]
3.1.ELASTIC DEFORMATION

Elastic deformation and elastic strain is a transitory dimensional change that exists only while the initiating
stress is applied and disappears immediately upon removal of the stress. When a metal is subjected to a load
(force), it is distorted or deformed, no matter how strong the metal or light the load. This deformation may
or may not be permanent. Up to a limiting stress, a body will be able to recover its dimensions on remo val of
the load. The applied stresses cause the atoms in a crystal to move from their equilibrium position. All the
atoms are displaced the same amount and still maintain their relative geometry. When the stresses are
removed, all the atoms return to their original positions and no permanent deformation occurs.[2]

Fig2: Ductile Material stress strain curve

3.2. PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Plastic deformation and plastic strain is a dimensional change that does not disappear when the initiating
stress is removed. It occurs, if the limiting load is exceeded then the body will experience some permanent
deformation on removal of the load. Plastic deformation occurs in material bodies after stresses have
attained a certain threshold value known as the elastic limit or yield stress, and are the result of slip,
or dislocation mechanisms at the atomic level.[2]

Fig3:Ductile Material stress strain curve

4. I-SECTION BEAM
I-beams are commonly made of structural steel but may also be formed from aluminum or other materials. A
common type of I-beam is the rolled steel joist (RSJ). ). The horizontal elements of the "I" are flanges, while
the vertical element is termed the "web". I-beams are usually made of structural steel and are used in
construction and civil engineering.[3]

The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam.
Beam theory shows that the I-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear
loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross section has a reduced capacity in the transverse
direction, and is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often preferred.

Fig4: I- Section Beam

5.Geometry

Fig5: Geometry of I –Section Beam

Table1:Property of Structural Steel

Density 7850kgm^-3
SpecificHeat 434Jkg^-1C^-1

Young'sModulusPa Poisson'sRatio BulkModulusPa ShearModulusPa TemperatureC

2 x 10^11 0.3 1.6667e+011 7.6923e+010
6.MESHING OF GEOMETRY

Meshing is the practice of creating a mesh, a subdivision of a continuous geometric space into discrete
geometric and topological cells. Often these cells form a simplicial complex. Usually the cells partition the
geometric input domain. Mesh cells are used as discrete local approximations of the larger domain. Meshes
are created by computer algorithms, often with human guidance through a GUI, depending on the
complexity of the domain and the type of mesh desired.[4]

Fig6: Meshing of Geometry

Fig 7: Boundary Conditions

We apply a pressure of 250MPa on one face of I-beam.

7. UDL ANALYSIS:

Table 2 :Properties of I-Beam

Volume 1.2452e-003m³
Mass 9.775kg
CentroidX 2.3525e-018m
CentroidY 5.3e-002m
CentroidZ 0.25m
MomentofInertiaIp1 0.22246kg·m²
MomentofInertiaIp2 0.20995kg·m²
MomentofInertiaIp3 2.5118e-002kg·m²

Table 3:- Dimensions Of Beam

ObjectName I1
State FullyDefined
Definition
Type I
ImportType Imported
Dimensions
Flange Width 50mm
Beam Height 70mm
Web Thickness 10mm

Table 4: Applied Pressure

Z [m] Pressure[MPa]
0. 0.0
0.5 250
Fig8: Applied Load(Pressure)

Fig9: Force Convergence

Fig10: Cumulative Iteration vs Time

Fig11:Graph of Equivalent Stress

7.1 UDL Results:

Fig12: Equivalent Stress

After applying the pressure as UDL on I beam we get maximum Stress of 321.9MPa and minimum Stress of 50MPa

and the variation of stress is shown in Fig:12.

Fig13: Equivalent Total Strain

As shown in Fig: 13 the Maximum Equivalent Strain developed in beam is 0.12

Fig14: Equivalent Total Strain Graph

8. TORSION ANALYSIS
In the solid mechanics field, torsion is defined as the twisting of an object due to a torque applied to it.
Torsion can be expressed in either pascals (Pa) or an S.I. unit Newtons per square meter, or in pound per
square inch (psi).

In non-circular cross-sections, twisting is accompanied by a distortion called warping, in which transverse

sections do not remain plane. For shafts of uniform cross-section unrestrained against warping,

Torsion analysis is being carried out on the same material and static conditions with
following boundary conditions:

Fig15: 2D view of applied Moment

8.1 Torsion Results

Fig16: Total Deformation

The total Deformation Of I beam on Applying Moment of …… we get the maximum Deformation of

0.296 micrometer as shown in Fig17.

9.Conclusion
Thus the analysis of the deformation of I section cantilever beam is done. Here we did it by using
design software. Thus the ANSYS software is used for analysis.
The discussed table values are comparatively same but there is a slight variation in the values
obtained. Thus the Deformation of the beams are well studied using ANSYS software.

The Values Obtained By applying Pressure of 250Mpa as a UDL we get the maximum Stress of
321.9MPa and minimum Stress of 50MPa
The value of the Maximum Equivalent Strain developed in beam is 0.12

When we apply a moment of ….. for torsional Analysis of I-section Cantilever beam we get total
Deformation of 0.296 micrometer as it calculated by Software.

From above analysis we conclude that if we apply a load on I-section cantilever beam then the
deformation is low in comparison of applying a Moment.
10.Refrences
[1]Godbole P. N. (2013) “Introduction to Finite Element Method”, Page No. 23

-184 I. K. Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi Page

[2]NiranjanB.R. and
Patil S. S. (2012), “Analysis of Deep Beam By Finite Element Method” , IJMER VOL. 2, Issue 6.

[3]Yuwaraj M. Ghugal And Rajneesh Sharma (2011) “A refined shear deformation theory for flexure of
thick beams”,
Latin AmericanJournal of Solids andStrures Vo1. 8183-195.

[4]Mahdy and O. Sh. Farhan, A. A. A1-

Azzawi 1, A. H. (2010) “Finite element analysis of deep beams on
nonlinear elastic foundations”
, Journal of the SerbianSociety for Computational Mechanics, Vo1. 4, No. 2, pp. 13-42

[5]MuziburRahman, ReazAhmed S. (2008) “Toward The Exact Elasticity Solution Of A Deep Beam With
Guided Ends”, Proceedings of the BSME-ASMEInternational Conference on Thermal Engineering 27-29
Dhaka, Bangladesh.

[6]ANSYS 12 Manual (2007), “Element References”, Ansysln.,

[7]Lawrence A, Soltis (1999) StructuralAualys Equations Chapter & Mood Handbook

pg 463 U.S. Depositional of Agrieullure, Forest Products Laboratory,Madison, WI.

[8]Maki A.C. and Kuengi E.W (1965) Dihechou and stresses in tapered wood beams Res .pa1 FPL-RP-34,
U.S. Depositional of Agrieullure, Forest ProductsLaboratory, Madison, WI Li Chow, Harry D. and
Winter G.

[9]Yoo, T. M; Doh, J. H., and Guan, H. (2004) Experimental work on Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Deep Beans with Various Web Openings. Griffithschool of Engineering, Griffith University Gold Coast
Campus, Queensland, Australia

[10]Kong, F. K; and Chemrouk, M. (2002) Reinforced concrete deep beans. University of Newcastle Upon
Yyne

[11]Sciarmmarella, C. A. (1963). Effect of holes in deep beams with reinforced vertical edges”, Engineering
progress, University
of Fla, 17, No. 12.

[12]Singh, R., Ray, S. P. and Reddy, C. S. (1980). Some tests on reinforced concrete deep beams with and
without opening in the web, The Indian concrete journal, vol. 54, No. 7, Pp. 189

[13]Tan, K. H., Tong, K. and Tang, C. Y. (2003). Consistent strut and tie modeling of deep beams with web
openings, Magazine of concrete Research, 55(1),572-582