7A) Nici m nelvite aneKe = endogenous decay coafficiont, on 7 X = TBin he sytem, Ea aeypetica le oat ce A waste, Y is coe to abt ni ating that bo- ‘iveen 0.5 and 0.05 Tb of solids will aceu- ‘ulate in the system/Ib BOD, removed by the system (0.5 to 0.68 kg solide/ky BODs). Ke usually varios from 0.04 10 0.075, depending on temperature, the value of X, and other characteristics of ‘the particular waste. Equation 6 may be used to ealoulate the expected accumu- Tation of solide Divi ling Fquation 6 by X yields aeat | yarvat x K ” Using the expression for sludge age, x SA aa — TS in the aystom ‘SA~ 38 withdrawn from the system per day Also, because AF/At _ food removed per da X “Sin the aysiem @ which U is approximately oqual to From Equation 8 two important things yy be seen. First, the mow growth of isms per day ia the activated ACTIVATED SLUDGE, sludge system is related to the F-M ra- to and the sludge age, Second, and more important, if one of the two variables is controlled near a given level, the other will seek and find an associated level. fore, control of F:M implies con- trol of the ean ce vers. ‘This is of great “importance pri ‘marily because, in a practical conse, in- Stantaneaus changes in MLVSS concen- tetions cannot be made tn eeponse to changes in the strength of incoming wastewater. The operator must sot an “average” acceptable FM or sludge age that will provide the treatment he de- ies. The operator can determine which M gives the best results at tho teat: ment plant for 9 particular time of year tr anticipated loading. Knowing this, he can ealeulate the associated slide a Because FM is dificult to maintain at jalue and sludge age is rela to maintain at a constant value, the sludge age may be used as the ‘control variable, ‘Many other control-through-westing achemes have been and probably will bbe devised. Thoy will all have one foa- ‘une in-common! the wa will effect the effectiven tivated sludge plant. Operation Problems The oporator watches for changes in ‘the physieal eppearance of the system an relator those. changes to the per Forman the system® Mech may be Jntned from single but pret ob servation of process Teatree.avch a3 {ype, color, afd extent of form on the aration tank surface and the presence or lack of scums and rising lc particles 1 the final eotting tanks, By teaming Croft ebteceaton th expeiencer BE fperator may determine whet is happen ing in the plant and what adjustments sight be necessary, Observation ean a: eet the operator foward making more Specie contol test that wll Inleate demands and determine the type proce 13ACTIVATED stunGE. ste needed ‘Aeration Tank Appearance ‘Tho operator looks at general eppear- anco of tha sortion tank contented termine if there re any unusial esr, Usual mixing patton, or Towne, Mixed Liguae Color: igh color may tndlente an anserobie com align caused by low als or an improper Aischarge of sludge tothe aeration tanks (Figure 11-3) Otter enasual olors may Indleato ‘the presence ofan industrial waste. These situations may requ an Increaso in att, a check of the entering flow stam, and, in an extreme ease tho bypassing of an untoetable indus nd extent of contzol adjustments that salon oa le opie tag asbuenoe can tll the 0p ‘ek may be re silken dtaing tay be plus lamps where ints are Late ution ool sor diasors ‘Observable iviietewhetio sufletly bs wl malate ‘dlschargo re Slasione sosehe ‘Supplemental D ‘le readings, Fresh Crisp sccumulatlon 0 fe usually & goe rate tht fey he operator sting vasable ‘al eharecterst ‘or other conto Reconive B riick blows ‘edit that fd equa Sndgs wating ts indate Seat SSmpound, or St tame bind ‘Tho sludge v cream gradu An beer Ind pots al ¢ cs sadge Section) xe nd igs breviowly dis aint ie ot wite for a day today eb ing vase The ter to gradua‘Turbulence:—The turbulence pators at tll the operators great deal One tank may be seceiving mere ethan an ther, dictating en adjustment, Difusers Taay be plugged. forging ale to riety Stumps where thet telease blow-off Dons are located (Figure 11-10) Soh a Eiuation would indents thet the spare trs or diusers noed cleaning or replace Observable surface characteris wil inleate whothor cr not dead spats or In futeienty mid ares xi The ope or wil tntin, nares, op decease Ble dlacharg rate according tothe com lusions reachod from observations and ‘psleenal DO digs ods Now Fresh Cesp White Fosm:—A. modest freurnlaton of fresh ertap white foun is usually a ood sign of wall-operted json that fe producing good event. ‘he opernor tees to mainn te oper ating variable constant uni the phy fal charactsatle af the system change ‘or other contol tests dictate» change Exeossive Billowing. White. Foam: Aick billows of white sadsy foam may Tadicate thatthe sladge ages to Tow [anu requtes an increase by rovlng the a Sludge wasting vate (Figure 11-11. Itcan anctionn liso indicate the presenca of « nan-io * Hogradable surtace wtive material, for ferample, Yrom an Industrial conning ampound, or another indus wat aa? “A eee ee eae ce ana aegis BES oa ; eer ars eo fade lis fer to gradual ‘changer dn the wasting ACTIVATED SLUDGE rates Deomse a steady state situation then will be approximated. Algo, com tinuous wasting of slide Je move de spraying system for an alternative iethod of ‘oam control. Tick Seummy. Desk Ten Foam dense and somevhat grea and gcumy layer of deep tanto brown foam caver. ‘ng’the aeration tank sustace may Ind tate an old sludge oF one that's over sind (gu). Te nnste {his situation the eladge ngs can be re= Ahced by increasing the sludge wasting a. Agta, the wastng rate requires a Increase at'a modest eotepossily 20 Dereent—on s'day 10 day bats. Tends fre watched. unt the ffelies are rercome and the process Is restore to proper balance inal Selling Tenk Appearance Careful observation of the surface of tho final satliag tank tnd the efient ‘an give the operator the bast chee to ‘quired process changes If the ofient ie clear and alectve, the operon normaly il santinus pres nt contol polis. Ifthe eluent xt 1d, contsine noticeable elds or fe do. {arlratng steadily, the operator wil se iow the contol and response” trend lines and adjust the operating vases. Withost adjustment the. deteriorating ndition ‘of the efvent often will be Followed closely by more ‘eviout probe Tenth ame elated by tho seting tank sorfece! Patking sctvaad sludge 1s sludge tn wile the soli wil no separa that i atte eat fromthe gl, The sTadge stds tit oceupy too sch v8 ime afer the liquor hay anid forthe hormal amount of tine, Sludge bulilng {Figure ici Is proba the moet eon monly sated reaton fora poorly operat. Ing activetodslodee plat Often. the ‘roblem is not bulking per So buf ‘Nlogute toting tank an or crACTIVATED sLupcE. big) roblems such ae nutvient deficient cally has bean val end errr, The fa {nfeent, defloration, ‘seplc aludge, and enor approsch aiuasicy eat sing aldo Heating sides or pinpoint vide n sohon alten ya ee Moc. Thess problems will by discussed bulking it the Telowtng ony ay separsaly ltr, loved Teeth ene NE Ay cll chemical tet Hefetad mat ot Singaaly Me ty at eo 1. Any tral cherial treatment shoul ‘be Continued for at last 2 wi ale dh reaction i so savere that it disrupts th process completely. Filamentous bulking is associated with large ‘numbers of bairlike bacteria or fang in the sludge foc (Fgure 11-14) ary ludge velume ides MaRS eee ‘These organisms are easy to recognize sludge conconttaton sei esac tndor a microscope, although identi. tion‘of laments, For teen fe ae ‘on of the type of lament may reguire sludge volume inden ines the ct the asian of an experienced micro- centeton of filaments ope te soe Dlologit. Such service is desable be- ts probedly masa fete Pets snccated wth Know: Tee chemicals commanded to teeth Mament ype are wor he ial yu camel ecommnied ‘expense, {or example, chlorine or ozone, and ven if the type of filament is not degen ‘sources, for wxanple Peace lermined, the operator oan proceed to foxide Jar tesls ase tus i react Me farrect the problam ‘on a lthorttern termine the chemical careertr ma WS busi by using chomlcal treatment. The are to’ br tried in the olan ie ‘sppvoach to chemical treatment histor” tample of return sludge Ca bo ain bce ballin tiated Sedge: into smaller ip doved wth of ctomical a Gmtaet the ipod under a dae the a will give the tive elect on ena t ously. Iie fot then than it fo plied eonuna Tail the SU able opertin Seer il var of oe ex fee) Hydrog {er condi chemical tet county. The 1, Identity such feeoee ‘poration, a Fecrtng iu fladgos Chat (oh sludge a beenatar 10 mls, @ in return St Blanket in 2. Delermis ‘ous or nent Sdge tos Alamos ace bacteria nase the be ‘waste proble Inge identity and go to $twor The tal irae Int ale sample, Pach sample thn Cay cae of Ides we ios concbaton ‘alta ta Of chemical ave: Ale sowing ot ontac, th ‘sludge samples are exam: Igor mire fo n't wh jose the flements begin to break phcunlse the Selling tests withthe treated sxmplos diets the tll give the operator an dea of to a He elect on compaction. tent shoul seers Comical treatment i to bo used ean- tiouly. Ie is better fo underdse intly stablihed end tnd then gradually increne the. dose i aecssery than its fo overdose. The dows sp genta te han itis, overdone ws ie continously tthe ret code “ade The ‘oes a thle operating onge.Disneeont dow fges will vary depending on the chemi fal {lor example. chotine dosages be. foveon 10 ond 20 mg have been elles livel: Hydrogen peroxide dosages of 100 foal or grenter have. ben scat for controling bulking the concent ance, ff the and the con ‘ps the systems mended for daiatoctace, An orgnizod approsch to finding a homicl rostment for baling 9 he iio po Eeoaly. The following spproth is cee- i a to Bo mended Senta ta 4, Identify bulking os distinct from Slant large bch lector ws inadequate design, poor dan be dvds Operation, defloculaed sledge, foam: Airming sludge, sto sludge, and epic ladge Characteristics of bulking are {o)shuage setts snd loaves a coat fecoalat ut SVU fe high (gost st ll, (b) low solide concentration fy ren sludge, and (c) high sludge Hankot In Mua seting tank 2, Determine i the baking ts flan Bs oF nonfilamentour by tlerscopic Esminction of mixed liggor and retura lige. If nonflamestocr baking, chor Hotte return sludge at 8 to 30 sgl Ht mentous bullng, go to Step 3 3, Determine if laments onan See bacteria or fang fungal ongnsame Eaico the bulking, ook for tn fauttal Tease problem. Tf Bacteria lamentons Bisnis ate sosonsbe forthe bl Hlentfy the tegen posse, go to Step 4 ACTIVATED SLUDGE 4. Look for the souree of the massive conceatestions of filamentous bacteria in wastewater or process ret flows. It the ‘soures of ‘lamontous becteria is found, disinfectant should. be used to sliminate iif flamentous bactero are rowing inactivated sludge then go to Step 5. 5, Choos as bale approach one of the folowing a ling ded sts ing over, (6) using disinfectant on e- turn sludge, oF () using Hogculant oF weighting agent to docronse SV 6, stablish objectives, main time, ‘and contro procedine’ for the core! tive tretment chosen. 7, Cary out the corectve trestmant and collet data for valuation, 8 Hvaluate Steps 5 through 7. If euc- cessful continue as aeoded. If unaue easful, go back to Step ond try agin Other methods that may Belp reduce or aliminate bulking on a longer term ‘asin are: increasing tbe sludge age: nd ‘ng nutsonts such a ntroges ad phos ‘hores:increesing the return sludge rate nd, Increasing the nie apple. Caryn {groster than nommal amount of tee tod sludge slide when acequate ass tom capasty‘xiat nm aye subject to pevlode upscte ofthis Kind will help ‘ubion the elfect. In most eat, when txoass soda ae cared, bulking to the extent of solids carry-over wil not oc ‘Many factors have been blamed for the development of bulking sludge They Inelude shork loadings, ineflective ae ton nulent imbalance, to low sludge tem and ipeoper operation. Ones ore bulkiag ie prevent, iti alifieul to bliminate. With daily microcopte ex fminetion af the MLSS, howeven, tn Pending "Aamentoas bulking cabo Focogatzed and cured bofore the stds tion gete out of contol Sludge Solids Washout: Solids may bo swashing over the eluent weirs oves ‘though clase bulking ia not occuring a7(Pgute 11-15, tn these instances, tho shag inka may be svar! fet be low the sting tak ely onc net the wet. Laboratory sting an il indiate a god voting sludge: Wanhoat tang be ocaring in theo Iesiance Sa ws ie ew mo or by "uioqal rota. sgdge seme from one of sovra siting tanh the case, over nto and ut of the Hal setting tka wil rote blanco Solid washout also canbe eased by ontoval were poor iit baling end iydruleoverondng, These ate tors sat to Inadequate dean and excopt {or theo two enue (chap 3 fino be arored thngh epee contol procedures or suipmeat alr Pafocelaton—Deticclaton ast Breaks up into very shall parle ist sett postr andthe eluent beamas very tiie) The sient table ie htbd by inva mero al nd Sther mizoecopiepatle that ave te feat high 88 conemtistiog ad 6 High BOD. Deoceataton may seces bc cate of loxie wastes, veld Wanea, se Aerobie eoniions tn ihe aero ise ‘verlading of the section tan, Ind i ei quate nitrogen or phosphorus supply, tnd excess shear eau by hydealic turbulence. The phenomena’ of dle ulated sludge ta quite diferent from that of bulking shudge, but the inl symptoms of rng SVT and turbid a cent are tho same. However, deflocel tions normally tempore. condition that wil court ital in soverel dey Ghemical treutmont in this case would be of no help. tnaxptetation of detge: galetion versus, bulking. characteristics by ‘using the SVI depends on the tine Imowement: for dllerslation the SVT wll top nsing efter several day while for « batking sludge the SVE will com hve sing Felling char atime sbiy 1 tos fs! setae ited “cam che aa fing tank ou this “obhiog IF norton i teen tm the many reult Tove inthe # Tish coon, The oxen is snes to | siny dersloy pene ie ficient lodge When fost siya the following ate Increase boise ne The slndge on th ‘withdenwal ‘ted wd ot Row of ting tk able collecting tanks. This of aludge, 0 he te at 4 Mantahorus supply ‘by hydra sna of defor dierent oor: (ut the intl dtu ef fr, della iy codon ever ay tion of dell character fon the se sn the, 3 tel day. ‘BUI wil ex nw ching. A mleonop alo cin bo pst lseghatalocton Pome Shag darwin Camping, Aig end sng lage: At tn ngs asa hig Si (Gao) nom, wl eal selne a eas Care onk Pete sre tne Titre be feet ming Str See tio way deep brows to gy ta tr yt cd ond oes Snot fing erase: Soa opens ci Sh -thing gine 10 ond 1) Bt serene‘ i proce Ener in the eran uske grelen tay olin ase ait he Sides neti ogi he BO Tee in he syne rt Bigs enna onetime acs fe ooetn sscuaed nih neate Ge reore a tho rng cps Doers tote sta snag Se rit imc endo tay ey dcp hat ay act bebe ing pheno dg: ml ge pe Een Thonn" lg Wen foun aig np By te nay ec te sowing steps ny Sen tone ee Dg esane et ofa ciated judge pumping from the Binal sting Tanke This reduces the average dopth of Blago on the tank floor and inareases Tuovtrmont of sludge toward the sladge thrown es. 2: the sludge depth cannot be re ive by increasing the resem activated [Auge withdrawal ote: decrees tho rte Bi flow of ccrationliguor into the of: Teoding tank, aesuming that other tanks Ae availabe. Incroase the speed of the sludge falling mechanism inthe na sting Hels, This Increases the ras of removal se, or, more comely, decroasae Mle tne of sted sludge rtontion 4 Maintain the aration at « balance ACTIVATED SLUDGE, which nitrification ia the aeration tanks is minimized, Straggler Floc:At tines, small, al: nos tmeparon, voy lit fy, buoy ant sludge partidos may ‘be obeervad blog to the setting tank suslace neat the ole weirs When thi typeof etag flr floc i obeorved while the final ef fiat is otherwieo exceptionally elas, and pariclaly if provllod oven dur Ing relatively ov surface overiow mater, {imlice that sludge age requires aod State Inctaae. towed optimam opera tion, Because this type of stage foc ‘uuclly occurs et relatively Tow MLSS Concentations and i usually inenged during th cary moralng hour, tis bo lieved that tho parilen ore fresh, lve lonely portions af naw luge tat have been built up overnight. The opertor ‘may improve’ conditions by decreasing ‘wasting ates moderately ta inereae the Sade age in Floe-—At other times very small, compact pin flocs ually Test thon 0.05 fn. (076 mm) in diam my bo absorved fnapended taroughout maderntely tad final selling ton contents. Thin in a Strong indeston thatthe sludge age may Be toa high, the sluge may be overox Alzado the turbulence in the ecration tanks s tae reat, eesulling in foe heat fnsteed of fee formation, This wil be Gonfrmed by settleabiliy tat 1 rap Say soting discrete sug particles op pear granlae rather than Ncculent snd Accumulate rather than compect wile forming a sladge bln. "The pin Noe might be reduced by low ering the sludge ago or reducing the tu Balence ithe acration Yank before the Anal sotding tank ata Collection and Laboratory Control The basis for making process contol dca isthe collection and Interre lulon of data relative to the treetment proces. Oxygen Determinations Oxygen determinations on the minalACTIVATED SLUDGE liquor and final setting tank oven exe tobe taken at least once a day Gusig ‘maximum losd periods Better opera tional conta) will be possble with Periodic DO determinatone or thrush ‘te of continuo monitoring and com ‘ol sya Influent/Efluent BOD, COD, TOC, TOD Biochemical Oxygen Domand: The ‘tol mere of BOD: of he plant infuent,primany tank eluent an final ftuent’ gives the ‘mest common measure of eatmont plant elfiensy ‘The drop n BOD, from Primary tank of fiuent to final elfient fa usually ae in calcalating the solide growth rte in te fctation tank. This taet Is too slow to Drovide timely information tothe ope {or for contol purposes, it ean, however provide the oporetar with the fotorie Fesults of previous operating deisons ‘Tents for BOD, are to be made on tom Posie samples daly. BOD teste ra for fat leat 20 days aso are to be made on the effient periodically to deters the ‘xygen reguircmonts of the lmogen ‘Compound present in the often Chemical Oxygen Demand: COD ‘oasaraments. see prefered when & ised domestindatval wae ey fering the plant or where a moro rapid dctermination of the load ie desired The COD test will cord an oxygen dsmand {or certain indistslal wastes that cannot be used realy as food by the testment plant organism The COD tee ray be un jn several huts, alving the operator 4 more timely idea of what te entering the plant and how the plan is perform, ng. “Total Organ Cazbon:—TOC meesur ‘monte have boen ‘sed a2 4 method for Aetarmining plloional levels of was. ‘ater streams for many yout The of. Bile arn dceminaon Te f Many Of the variables that plague: the COD and HOD analyse, with somewh ‘ore reliable and reproducible date be {ng tho net result ‘The TOC concentration often may be orrolated with COD and occasionally with ROD ¥alues, Because the analyst {ine using ‘the carbon analyzer on Several minutes, ura contol spa thay be oblalned quiely if « TOO SOD ‘er TOC-COD correlation can be estile Thea “otal Oxygen Demand:—TOD mage coments ae becoming move poplar be ‘auso of the quickness Ia" detmiaing ‘what ie entering the plant and How te Plant is responding. Analysis tin fo a proximately min Sande Determinations Labi deer the intent prmaty aloe tod al Ant set standard meta we {ain trenton pnt sien The'SS teers Subsea ok fies eS Bb “hea diatnetion btn 785 and VSE-TSE menor bth esc bas irl mae and th int nels waste or mined que OBS la ne eurte erate She wap a ss ‘corasnions he telat iM paremeer fo boa in eleatag torus lily, 63 mesuromets have onde taly i te ik Ne Portleiatruert oy Satie Sep nl 3 cnn "et Sly" capaiy wi ioe ea trator 0 monn sels bone ot fens i the stent pnt ky Food:eroorganism Ratio ‘The PAM ratio isto be calculated at ‘esa weekly and related to the alone of treatment plant operation “An Ft atio between’ 0 end O85 Tb BODyb MILWSS (02 and 0.5 be BOD ky MLVSS) is usualy consideral acceptable. The food i caloulated athe BOD in the pt mary offlent that entre tho acretion {unk If 120 mg/l of BOD, wore laaviog the primary tanks at's Now tate of 20 mgd (78,700 xm), the food evellabe to'the microorgai 120 m/l x 004 = 20.0001 ‘The mass of mi Toe MINS com isha ond Ba! tome worked split tot yore 28 eal ge Tina setting fe (ia00 cot smo the eatin would be M~ (25 +0 x as = soot "The FAM rato 200 ib BOL ‘00 TN 41 BOD. Sludge Ago inode, colated ara ‘weight of Tt fat More rest fen a nw Se Sota the “st “Nem Gall Re Jn the provious tion Sludge Density “To determin pumping sate t “low of at of the ag « 311) have bee Pont common 5b 801 Vaand how the 1 of 85 nthe “and tna. rements use int afetency. aaa im esl ‘Both impor oon TSS and he active bao- terials inthe TSS ina more tase of active fd iguor and ia calculating rerents have tho abs Newr Svaiabio' hat “low the oP saucy. caleulated at 1 the elton ‘don, An Fs Sb BoDd> uly MLVES) feptble, Tho Stn the po the erates \ ea lenin ow mite of 20, Food avalible sald be: PF ~ 120 mg/l 20 mgd f 994 ot gal) Ge ~ 20,00 I/day (2.080 g/day “Toe mass of icroorgnims e tener ge VSS concention nthe erton tink (ond fel selling anh according to some work dono indent Pore fie ihe toll aeration tn cpacty swore oil gl (0.0 cu mt tot Ena acting ak snpetty 03 aa’ pel (ion cum), andthe average ‘Sncentation nthe eran take 3:00 Seal the cnimated mows of ergo iMecration tak snd Hoa stig tan trl be M= (25 + 0.) mi gal x 2.000 melt tb aa oat ~ soo00 (2270) “The FM rato then woud be 2000 hBODday aan Ty MLSS 4b ODay MLSS Sindgo Age ‘Mistveally, sodge age bas boon cal “uated ay ro of TS aeation to tho Dveisht of TS in the aeration tank ti fe, More rocenty sludge ngs has been [fiven« new defation and a retered a [both os tho “Siudge Resgence Tm," or Mean Col! Resfence Time” (covered Be the previous sretion “Normal Oper on Blue Density inex and Sludge “Velme index So tring wht th atu sue Burning rte should bead to got some Hes of what the setting chaatenetes Ifthe sldge are, sludge indexes (Tab 2.) have been propoted One of the Bost common Is the Donan Index, fb ep MLSS (%) 100 __(@) % Volume occupied by NSS. tor 20 min setting AcrIvaTe sLuDGE ‘The other commonly used index fs the Mohiman index, VE “MLSS by volumesfter90:nin svt doses celate the weight of sludge to the volume the aladge accapion. They show how well the liguidsaide spare. tion pat of the activated sludge system i: evloring ef on he lo tal oe thet has baen produced and into be seitied out and retard to the ses tion tanks or wasted. The better the Tigai-eolide separetion Ie, the smaller wil bo the volume occupled by the set ted sindge gad the lower the pursing bate requied to keep the ooide in ce ‘ulation Sixty Minuto Setting Tost, “Tho 6-min selling tot ee reasonable spproximation of what is heppening in ‘he na sating tank This tent is or tually performed ones or twin 8 day ‘A'MISS sample i taken from th aon fon tank, placed careflly Toto the at tng elinder, and slloweed to atte on Aistued for 40 min. The volume occa Died by te settled sludge i ond and = forded at Sain intervals for the frst 30 fain and wf 1Omin interval fr th set fd 30min ‘The fest Smin reading is one of the most important abaervstions for. this fest During ths Bat'8 min the consclen tious eporetor” wil observe ctl how the sludge particies srk together in clumps while forming the blanks During these frst 5 min the expendACTIVATED stuDGe, operator will be able to judge the slade's character and quliqy Expert fnc0 will hep elate the observation to Drosent or predicted lant performance, So that solida do no aumulata nthe Sal setlig tank, they must be removed tan averapo rate equal to that at whieh they are sppliog. The equation for vllde balan tht satis this contin at Solids into Setting Tank = Solids Out of Satling Tank (QR) 1KMLSS) = (x (35m) (10) in whit = fow rate to aeration tank {om primary tank R= return activated sludge ow a, and VOLUME OF SETTLED SLUDGE, m/ 1000 MIXED LiqUoR MATTER, mg7r rena fda lee ue lege dant 'SSase SS concentration in the retin actvated sludge, Solving fr Muss RQ 55. - MISS og ‘Equation 1 doesnot take into account the solide in the ofuent: Several sa Honshipe developed through the tse of ‘ho “seting tats may ‘bo ‘presenta scaphally (igure 11-18), Microscope Examination Microscopic examination ofthe mixed liquor on‘a'daly basis een provide the ‘operator wits very quick lteatment plant eflency ‘or upcont changes in effclency, Microscopie eta FREE SMTNOTN = STALKED is vi =60. 80116; V1 «50 4022 2000 TOTAL SUSPENDED +30002 the etm os) nto acount Several tl ghthe we of be ‘presented 1 of the mined provide the indlcatons of scope exam ACTIVATED SLUDGE {nation can forowara. the operator of « Dalkng problem and allow comecton before te problom becomes seriou, “The operator should be abe to relate cera pes of organisa fo good treat Sent and certain types: to poor tat tment, He then ott recognize changes frm he "ood anit ie a ‘ergunisms In ime to make changes in the environment In which the cngetions Te FREE SNIMMING CILIATED PROTOZOA ively lege. size aod may be. viewed Through an inexpensive mlerpscope, Tn Bah, iin a eee re Rh Seether te a CEQ) Suh res eee tre 71-10 hows. the stat "ypee that play's major role in the LKED CILIATED ProTox0R pw tat ly major ron the act ate the most sensitive fasily" by undesirable anges Sry nd donna of moa fgmism typen (Pigure 1-20) aro cor trolled by 8 variety of circumetanecs, tn lading type of food matter, metabolicSRR ACTIVATED SLUDGE tate, and microorganam size, Because a dette type of microorganism ives est under ‘certain conditions, it ually fy possible. to toate treatment llleney {o mletoorganism type ‘As the BOD. romaining fn an activated shulg system decrease listed pote. 408 incense in number. A general guide 3810 rlallve predomiation of prota nd ficieny in an activated shudge ye. tem may bo ven ae follows 4. Sacodina predominate taely and ‘sually ‘only in" aystome stating Up ot ecoveng from complete toxic. 2 Holophytle Nagellates occa at tow sifclency whon the organic wets con fantration ‘is high. In some ‘igh BOD oncenteition ayeiems, the eficency ina be thematically igh, but there wll sti bo 2 high concentstion of or {eric mater romalning inthe slluent, 3 Holosoie Nagllates follow the de- ease In holophyticfgellatee They i dicts @ lightly more ficient system ‘The holophytic end holoric Tayelatae sc lagellatad peotozon(Pguse 11.10) 4, Glliats are found when there aro «lige umber of free-wimalag bee, teria "whan secompenied by fagellte, the “fee-swinming ciliates indlesta somewhat lower lene, hile the Drotence of some stalked cliates Ind stn higher eliciney, Leg a seouae [sage | onsen 5, Sule elietes predominating ne dlcate an eteted lodge with 2 ty BOD etfuent A very stable welhope sting conversions plant wil have ay Staed cies and. usually, wath protros forms, Rollers ar present ata cont ‘of very low BOD toading and high ff lencyInetng 9a approach feed {ola "oxidation se represented. by" ex tended aeration treatment Modieations of the Activated Sludge As experience with the conventional scilvatd sug treatment scheme grow, ‘modifications wate developed to er ome come dan dvanages of tonal nyetonm. ‘Step Aeration This modification of the conventional azn owe a atop oa the oxigen tuppy and demand ep aeration, slopfeedsoetion, or die tsuted Toning, this procees” dist tes the waste-at two Ur more’ pots ‘long the length of the sortion basin Figure 11-21) The result tse gestae ‘eqolization in the dlstsbution of food {0 the microorganisms ss wells a level Ing effect on demand for oxygen, Rese tion ofthe retura sludge assurce that 1 {is not oxygon-starved whan it contacts (Es Dial PARSE ea LOUKE 1, Stepanaton aad sae pecan a the waste and be removed Sontact paroe ‘eoknne prov st sed singe ya alg roth the pl ot proces ge ‘nal. volume: indus wat ‘eseration tar Teoting the ee Tir eration ta The slop « cary more the convent ‘hock loud folds storage Contact Sabi The coniact ‘ost norte Sige “oe ‘ceed, sori eto wth 4 fhe sr {he inf con Separate tanks approxima by elaicatiafominting. in je vith a low Sie welloper. vv have few 80 other «condition end high of rouch toward feted by Svnted Sludge + conventional £ sdiome grow. lope to over tthe conven. ve conventional fart to eaualize Hlmand Caled ‘eatin, or de ocens Serb $rtmore points eration bos at tera grater bution of food wo an lve anyon, Reser "anaes that inom Ie eontects ACTIVATED SLUDGE, pe fm re stn So tne wos and bas high absorptive prop- pumped othe other tank in which itis fries wo thatthe orgie pollatans can erated (gure 11-25). Contact tn sory bbe removed. within a relatively abort ton occur the fist tank, and tal fDntae pied. The cearatereeration sation takes place nthe sec There ink alsa provides s short term reservoit_ ls coteldcabe savings inthe ttl lak pf sel sudge thet might not be flected volume tequted over that needed for fy “slug of toxle waren passing the mine londing on's conventions roc throigh the plant Sobtanil quanties es of proces gids sch a dgonar super Salant, vacaum fer offen and even Spell volumes of concentrated organ Iniotal waster say be treated tothe EOI, Twes the same, flow pater Henecation tanks without adversly af- S0™, eseve th, term biosorption to Beets te activated sadgy in tho ta- SGdadreey to the toa alles ak tem “and ‘ts ontectsaiaaion D)the step eration modifcaton can When" sled wasewter ‘ir tested, Sorry more solids under soraton than Also, «longer avatar (00 a0 enventonal process in handle min} uly ls provided for contacts Sock lols mor eutyandeate down ization than i Teqired for blot folie storage fn te final sting tanks, fon (20 fo 40 mi), Cote, sbntn sean synonymous with “osorption" by many Boople It ses the same flow pattern tact Stabilization aus Process 5 sablization modification This modification was developed to aid control ofthe sludge index and pre: ‘vent bulking ina system receflag’@ Iheevy "organic. Toad” from’ industiel sourees. The process invelves ao {a seperate tank of 30 to 19 perce Ihe sorbed materials usually occurring the vaturn activated sludge wilh tne hing an Interval of § 10.7 b following ture of aneerbie digests Supernatant nil contac. This proces ses two and digested sludge. The aeqated ra. fans, one with u contact time ture is well nialfed with solids of Spereximately 20 to a0 min, followed capional eating ability. “Addition of lesifiation, with tho sated sludge this mixture to" the return activatedACTIVATED SLUDGE, (eis cimpley eed eae eae slulgo sorves two purposes, Fist it Ade woigt to tho eauvatod sludge and vor aa e.metna of controlling the {ndex. Sand; the nite bres r¥ to help maintain serobio con ms in the aeration tank under the hhoawy organic Toads imposed partic lay when the slug i ret mixed with sotted wastewater” A flow diagram Showing the Kraus system is lven In Figure S12 Halfold Process ‘The Hatfield pelnciple ar the Krnus provers except That the entire rotum’setivated sludge Steam is renerated In the presence of Snceroble digester supernatant and/or Aigested stag. This process offers the we advantages a the Konus proces Completely Mixed Systeme Activated sludge plants that vse aetae tion tanks fa which the tnfloent ate Water te mixed throughout the ta talledcompieely mixed systems (Py 11-24) ‘The concentstion of sols a fuhetate remaining are ‘he samme very paint in the tank end in the fue ‘A. completely mixed syrtom ape prosces an ideal stondy-state condita "which fuctutions in loading ti gn unk no ex Such ae ‘lows Tor ele contol ofthe prose 50 and accurate pration of how th Sym il seepond to variations Input At ately. state conditions a sp broxinted, the changes tn the FM a ronment ars aot as severe ae fn ot procesces ‘The saleorgasiem in th ‘donot have to adapt connie to diforing environments within the at Son ax Thug he amber. ae fpectes of tho bllopeal population ata ‘aitsined ste mone soneant level, Ons Mlational “advanago of -compltaly ‘nixed activated sledge thet any shoal ad or toxic waste ts immediately luted the entire contents ofthe ts tion tank igh Rate oF Modified Activated Siutge Procese ‘The high ato or modified version of ‘he conventional proses opartes within ‘he log growth pao of the dea! growth carve. (igure ‘(i3). ‘The bactowa are Boing very endl and anonym hd food proportional to thes gro ‘howe i econ food forthe amount of Soquently, there is not a great deal of ‘tiuont polling, and the BOD and 98 fe th arn fw apprecbly hiper than encountered in other systems ofe tivated sludge treetent The entire treatment process is ae complished within 2 2 to ach pevad ‘Thi prooesy is normeliy used’ when 4 Algh gusty effluent ie not equine. rhe high-rate on return st funk toaid fore suvanim sed. fies to thet fr sluage (igure + ‘tnd erat The extondec same flow seb process (gun fr or more. The fost re ths system to fcganima pees theta come sing fo Eau petiive and Ht aia ndgo product tages of te 5 the. plant and oodod to elt feed polo. Planned» A prevents will tp lis tnd remit In ‘don ofthe la “The operatn wil be seple fk I ood Tog book « Salou oe & ond etioal Tend mat 40) The ay nowds of the € Elst. station for 10that use sere nus waste tthe tank ate stoma (Figure of olde on fhe rome et odin the eat system ap state sonditon Toading in the ne Buch a aye ‘a of the proc. on of how the "evlations is adiions are ap in the FM ar fre asin other ‘anime in te ‘pt continually sothin the a ‘mombers an poration ars ent Tove One at completly ‘hat any shoe samedatly 2 ate ofthe ers tivated Slug fed version of porate wih eideat grows fe becteia a F uuing oxy 3 hele growth he amount of grat desl of te BOD snd 35. feciably” higher ystems of process i fo 3h period used when tot ogaltd. ‘The highs fon a retain rgeninm soe. The flow proces int to that for convenonal activated Medge igure 113) xtondod Aeration ‘The extended oration pleat ses the sue daw sche oy the conventional Drooees (Figure 111) but retoins te esl he etn Sn or or more. The proetsoperte in the feidopenots phate OF growth in whch {here ia net"enoagh 80d renag in the system to mrt al ofthe to frganiains present. The miroosptnsns thetelore compete very actively Torte remulning food and evan ase thelr own sat fon fod Ts ih cm tive and self-destructive, phase Te alts ne highiy tented efoen with ow sluige production. The main daadva toges ofthis aytem ave the lnge oxygen Tequirements per uni of ware entering thevplant andthe lage tank volume Aeeded to hold the wastes for the ex fended peti Planned Maintensnce Program ‘A preventive maintenance, program wll lp llonate potential. probeme tnd result in eficient continual oper Alon ofthe plant, Setting Up 2 Workable System and Schedule “Th opertor con st up s sytem th Wil be simple. fonction, nd soccese Bul 1 coud involve single dary ve Tog book, a Ale cabinet with repa Es, parts cisagn and mtninance Bao: or onset iat ogsag Gand. cetioval ‘system ‘programmed te Wanale" maintenance" rwenrds (Chapter AD). the system most comespond tothe Tie of the operator sod plat Hloctrical Motore and Starters UHlectrical equipment has gained a rp. Bition for reliability and darby and ACTIVATED SLUDGE thuafore lien ange wnatiended onl Srlous. problems’ develop. sea orl eaten in an sett fndg plat is ron by sletelc moto thay should receive clone attention an reliable cae, "The mala rules that apply to elactical apparatus ue to keep the apparatus lena, dy, Ught, and friction fee. Pumps ‘Tho rolabilty of pumps is y rosetul operation’ of the’ ecivated Sado ayatom. Some of the simple prob fms and cotréctive actions are etd in Blowers snd Compressors “The usual type of blowers fr supply ing dase ait ae the postive dspace ment oF rotary Blower and the turbine Gr cantlfgal blower Maintanaie man tale prepared bythe manuactarer: or fomplled bythe opertor fom equi. iment manufsturers are neces Positive displacement blowers te Alte perodtc Tubration, "The smal Anil have graso-type ball besringoy the larger unit usually hava positive feod aif system with 2 posure pump. Oi ie ‘hanged a seeommended, Doponding on the plant location ot the absence of intake fiers, the air sap ply may contain dust and impurities that faute bule-up on the lobes seithin the ‘lower 1 the machine tends Yo deng or ‘suze up th lobes may be washed ith {i olveni 1 romble stil evident, the ‘eatings probably re worn, At intervals of 2 to 4 ys, the blower nd plates ae Inspected for wer and r= placed of restored to original clearance Bearing file in not common: however, hen it doce oocur it usually fe on the Polley’ end of the driven shaft because {he deve thrust causes the greatest wear fon this bearing, Direct coupled delves Soom to have fewer probleme of this ‘typeACTIVATED SLUDGE 1f the blower I wo be diamanted com- pletely, care i exerlaed to prick punch fhe tte sections. propeny, peteaesiy the ting ear positions cn tho shat to reaaomble the rotors into thoi ose Inet positon, ‘Tutbine oF Centifugal lowers:—Twr bing or contafugal blowers ane being used move for new installations, They tn at higher spsed, and improved de- igo has halo reduce the noise level {hat was Inhorent in some of the ealer Installations General efciency is lower than that of positive displacement blowers, pati Esty whan mie nite ae at into sorvicg on the suze air header, Phe nt put volume ofa a Tess witht sum ‘or weathor than daring the cooler ea. fons, When used with an elctie dive, tho contrfugal blower requitey wm ‘mum of attention and i receiving much {vor in current plant design. Manwfac. {turer's meintenatce manuals shold be consulted for nbsestion schedule, Now {and rotor balancing, end noise sonal Fine Bubble Diftsers Fino bubble difsere, such as porous plates und tubes, may log quite reply tahen trostment of Wester having © high tton content are encountered, Smiany, clogging may occur whan the waste hat txconsve calelum or magnesia hard hess. Fine ica and, present Jn some ‘wastes, also will contibute to clogtng tens ean ametion with eabonate en Should te samoved uting Preliminary ‘and primary teaiment. ution. some plants faced with slogging” problonts suing fom dit tie Ths iteral typo of dificalty ‘usualy reslls fom ae of igh conti: the plant Loeat rs mke or fares, and humid iy. tntera clogging may’ bo remedied trough the use of adequate ai clears head of the Blowers, ‘Two ale cleaners that may be used are sas the precoated bag fer and tho elgg fe prerpiton.Praconted ag fe invalve lege otal abet hein ap Hes many cloth ten Thos Haga rccnted peroiclly with 8 fly We brstos med and may bo used for apy ‘ontin before onowal snecaseary. Py ster prvpata. flowed Unis of matle bog construction tal sie ng fgets te ae Particles tn De incoming ates that they Increase tn tis and ate aught on te ‘condenser plates "Th electron pr Sint, when used, aoually precedes {te bag ters. ‘The cleaning of Axed porous plates ray be accomplished In place by Grane Ing the tank and scrubbing with dtr {fou mild murate sod, or sandblasting Tubes ee usually nounied on headers the bottom end of folding (or “ewing™ fume and uately cam bo temoved with. ‘ut dewetarng the basin. Onc cemoved tubes may be tplaced (mediately it ‘pares so the tank continues In opeee ton. Dirty tubes are Dashed with water, then pressakod in strong dotrgent over fellow by Haig pressure. In other oto Soaking for a shor period, followed by Ccefutrinsng is neeneary to neta the tubes to near orignal permoabilty. ‘Large Hubble Difusers ‘Among the nonporous diffuser types ace thewalr Jet sparen, impingesont Shear ‘chamber, peeforsted pipe, and loth sock type installations Mest re ‘ire adtional volumes of se fo obtain omperable-oxygea tcamafor when com frat sith the porwr difumee, Al {hough "aor-porous difusonsae rel Uvely matntanenee feo, they also ay plug snd ned atenton and cleaning Reasonable amounts of slime and builtup dopasit may be dlstadged from these dates pero tral the valves regulating the air headers car be thtoted spproprttaly for short inter this procadare the oporaioy cam foot tomy Tolutte Tato one cual alt mantfol ‘When “eddtional rvalabl aver th Serato, ext mad on for f lah he Tea sles the wast sal acatnn inners, there 1 nance caaneried ‘An anual insp sulbmerget ppt ig the plan ‘well Accamafate Tera, wenkanod arial plaging © Sled mare ently 1 tenanen ie dang fone of weather ¢ Mechanical Aerat Mechanical 1 ‘aintnance aa rust be pail tond the electro sed bag filters Sts having se ‘hese ters are Ate Duty a afr may ‘ellwed by ‘astuctlon thet ether the fine flr ao that they ht on the sctostatle pre ‘ally precedes porous plates place by drat fag wih deter orhandbastg Sombeeders st “a or "owing emoved wii nce weaved mediately with ines In oper: ted with water otegent over 1 testing under ‘smite acd 2a ftowed msi. = difuser typer + ‘imingement, fied pe end ‘Mona Mos ‘re of ro abo fer when com Paar Al they alno ay and cleaning of line ond Alsodged fm lode tnterral nr benders cat {for shor nee se the opersioe ACTIVATED SLUDGE. an foros ¢ temporary increase In air sscure mounting because of the vibre- Yolune into one or another of the ind tone caused hy suostcies cae Mideal ais marifole and blow them out tm arear with severe seine wher, Pitas, asdlonal blower ‘onpecly is some’ mmachanleal certony capes uallable over that needed Tor natmal raklen wit ite foie, (pelle ‘petation, an extra output of air may be Sr excrea heute ec he Sot ted on fora fw mioutes to accom Gre aveubly Nose Ne cae i tho roeut i Got he waster nan hor ‘mal concantctions of slime prod Pinerls, there ie tie other mainte: 1 “Wastewater Trestment Plant De ance connected with this cate of aif; SiN” Ate. Soa, Cv Engr. Pub Fosor No 80; Water Poll Conti Ped. Manual of Practice No, Water Poll References ‘Aa anova inspection of difsors and ‘Mal ee sgimerged prints commande eres Cintol Fels Washing "D.' ali Accorltel att and cya? % Kalb, Acs of led feral, weakened support brackets and OXYBE and Sxbatate Concentration an gf artes oan ba vomee oe pte Rae of Mobil Bas fied more tay itis preventive mgs Beason four, Weter Po Con tenance Is done under favorable condi. Fed. 48, 73 (1971) Hons of weather and wastewater flow 9: “Tolnt Treatment of Indosttal and Mantel Westewster" Weter Pol Mechanical Acrate Contr Fed. "Wathington De Mechanical aerator are unually the 07) “Boating 0: fixed platform ypa Tho ope 4 “Operaonal Control Procadutes for unite rogues the normal thw Activated Slates Poa Beet uintenance essigned to motors, bear Gheereatonses ee BO a gs, and gear reducers. Close atienion Enforcement an Geen ee ist be paid to proper aliment and ue