PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

ELECTROMAGNETIC

RADIATION

COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY

TOPIC 1.
2.
DEFINITION
EMISSION & TRANSMISSION

OUTLINE 3.
4.
CHARACTERISTICS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
A. WAVELENGTH
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION B. CYCLE
C. FREQUENCY
D. AMPLITUDE
E. VELOCITY
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
6. INTERACTION WITH MATTER
7. FACTORS THAT COULD AFFECT

INTERACTION
8. THEORIES, LAWS, & PHENOMENON
 Composed of electrical & magnetic

fields that vary over time and are

oriented perpendicular to each other.

DEFINITION
EMR is in form of a wave consisting of a

regular sinusoidal wave, under electric

ELECTROMAGNETIC
& magnetic field at right angle to one

RADIATION another.
Emission & Transmission
Quantum Theory
Indivisible unit of radiant energy is photon, which is the

smallest entity of radiant energy produced by either

electronic/molecular motion of high velocity or the

kinetic energy released from the collision of molecules.

Energy (E) content, or quantum, of each photon is

proportional to the frequency of the photons emitted.

[E=f]
Emission & Transmission

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

Energy is transmitted by oscillatory motion in

the form of electromagnetic waves.

Are oscillating variation in strength of electric &
magnetic fields that can travel through space

without the need for a medium.

 Characteristics
of ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES

They travel as vibrations in

electrical & magnetic

When an electric field changes,
so does the magnetic field.

When one field vibrates, so

does the other =

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature

EMR is categorized according

as they propagate by varying the electric and

magnetic fields such that the two fields are

to its FREQUENCY &

perpendicular to each other. WAVELENGTH.

Definition of Terms

Amplitude
Wavelength
Cycle
Frequency
Velocity
 AMPLITUDE
The maximum displacement or distance moved

by a point on wave measured from zero.

The strength or intensity
 WAVELENGTH
The distance between the peak of one wave and the
peak of either the preceding or succeeding wave.
 CYCLE
It is the complete event starting with a rise from zero

energy to a maximum amplitude, its return to zero,

the rise to a maximum in the opposite direction, and

then its return to zero.

 FREQUENCY
The number of wave cycles occurring in 1 second and

is expressed in hertz (Hz) units, cycles per second

(cps) or pulses per second (pps).

 VELOCITY
Distance travelled by the wave in unit time
The product of wavelength and frequency
V=wxf
Constant at 3 x 10^8 m/s
in a vacuum
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Interaction with Matter
Upon meeting matter, the ff. may occur:
Transmission
Absorption
Penetration
Reflection
Refraction
Interaction with Matter
Transmission
Passing of the radiations through a material.
Absorption
Waves were able to pass through and cause

an effect.
Penetration
Entering of the radiations into a material
Interaction with Matter
Absorption and Penetration
Greater penetration -> Less absorption
Penetration depth
Depth at which 63% of the original radiation

has been absorbed

Half value depth
Depth at which 50% has been absorbed
Interaction with Matter

Reflection
Occurs when electromagnetic wave

encounters a medium that will not transmit it

Ray is reflected in the same plane
Interaction with Matter
Reflection
Amount of reflection depends on:
Nature of radiation
Angle of incidence
Nature of the surface
Direction depends on:
The angle of incident radiation
Plane surface:
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Interaction with Matter

Parabolic Reflector:
In infrared & ultraviolet lamps,
a parabolic reflector is

normally used to avoid the

danger of the concentration

of rays.
Factors that Affect Interaction with Matter

1. Wavelength/frequency
2. Nature of the medium
3. Angle of incident
Theories, Laws,

& Phenomenon
Wiens
Waves with higher temperature -> Shorter wavelength
Waves with lower temperature -> Longer wavelength
Arndt-Schulz Law
No reactions or changes can occur in the body tissues
if the amount of energy absorbed is insufficient to

stimulate the absorbing tissues.

Refraction
Occurs when electromagnetic radiation is transmitted

from one medium to another

When a beam of light passes from one medium to

another with different densities, the rays are bent or

refracted, unless they strike a new surface at a right

angle.
Bend towards (N): from less dense to a denser medium
Away from the (N) from denser to less dense medium
Internal Reflection
Occurs when the angle of incidence of a ray as it strike an

interface between two media in such that instead of being

transmitted, it is reflected.
This happens at the angle of incidence above a critical angle.
Angle of incidence in which the emerging ray has an angle of
refraction = 90 deg
Factors affecting the extent of bending:
Wavelength
Relative densities of the two media
Angle of incidence
Law of Reflection
For a beam striking a plane surface, the angle of the

incident ray to (N) is = to the angle of the reflected ray

to (N).
IR = RR
Factors affecting the proportion of rays that are

reflected:
Angle of which the rays strike
Nature of the surface
Wavelength of the rays
Grotthuss Draper Law
Waves of different wavelengths produce different

effects, and the extent of the effect will be

determined by the amount of energy that is absorbed

by the tissues.
Energy absorption is inversely related to energy

penetration.
The effects are produced at the point at which the

rays are absorbed.

Cosine Law
Maximum penetration occurs if the source of radiating
energy is at right angle (900) to the absorbing tissue.
The smaller the angle between the propagating ray

and the right angle -> Greater absorption

Rays striking the surface at 90 deg = max

absorption takes place

% of penetration = cos angle of incidence
Inverse Square Law
Intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to

the square of the distance from the source.

Intensity = 1/d^2
Fluorescence
Is the emission of light by a substance that has

absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is

a form of luminescence.
Absorption of rays is followed by emission of rays of
longer wavelength
Phosphorescence
A type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence.

When exposed to light of a shorter wavelength, a

phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the

light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength.

Due to chemical reaction in certain substances (e.g.

phosphorus), light is given off gradually & seen in the

dark.
Bunsen Roscoe Law of Reciprocity

States that the intensity and duration of the dose of

radiant energy are inversely proportional.

THANK YOU!