‘Computers in Biology and Medicine 150 (2022) 106019 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bees Computers in Biology and Medicine Ba ELSEVIER Journal homepage: vw. elsevier.comilocate/compbiomed ie A secure healthcare 5.0 system based on blockchain technology entangled | with federated learning technique Abdur Rehman", Sagheer Abbas", M.A. Khan”, Taher M. Ghazal“, Khan Muhammad Adnan’, Amir Mosavi *®" 4 schol of Compe Sis, Mato Clio sins Amato and Emam, ahr, 5400, alsa © mp Sea of Crpng and incr acy of Canung Ripa natn! 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This wileahaace te qual of fe for patients while reducing their stress and healtare costs The ToMT enables a range of functionalities in the fel of information| technology, one of which i mart and interactive health care. However, combining medical data ino sng Morag location to train a powerful machine lenming model raises concems about privacy, ownership, and compliance with greater concentration. Federated lering (FL) overcomes the preceding difcults by ullng ‘cenzaliaed aggregate server to disseminate global letring model Simslianeously, hele paripant keeps contro of patent information, assuring data confidentiality and security. This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the findings on bockchain technology entangled with federated learning in healthcare. 5.0. The purpose ofthis study io construct secure health monitoring system in healthcare 5.0 by ulzing a blokchain technology and Intrision Detecon Sytem (IDS) to detect any malicious actly in a healthcare network and enables physicians to monitor patents through meal sensors and take necessary measures periodically by predicting diseases, The proposed system demonstrates tht the approach i optimized effectively for healthcare ‘monitoring. In contrat, the proposed healthcare 5.0 sytem entangled with FL. Approach achieves 93.22% a. curey for dlsese preicton, and the proposed RTS-DELM¢-based secure healthcare 5.0 system achleves 96.15% accuracy forthe estimation of intrusion detection. 1. Introduction ‘Among the most potential new technical approaches for addressing the elobal health equality gap isthe use ofan loT-based monitoring system of patient health [8]. Another name for these IoT technologies is the ‘The IoMT is an emerging technology that is rapidly expanding (1). ‘The Intemet of Things (oT) enables the connection of numerous objects to collect data that may be used to enhance human health, productivity, ‘and effectiveness [2-]. Smart cities, smart grid, and smart houses are ‘well-established concepts that are transforming our daily lives [5-7]. * Corresponding author. ToMT. In this study, the terms 1oT and ToMT are used interchangeably, even though the study will focus on the healtheare industry. Further ‘more, the Internet of Things has the potential to improve healthcare and Public safety signifieantly [2]. Individuals ean obtain information on mall addres s/Onati@ncbecedupk (A. Rehman), desegheer@nchoc.lupk (& Abbas), adsanihan@iphahedupk (MA. Khas), caberghazal@ slncuniverstyaeae CEM, Ghazal), adnandogachon sek (EM Ada), smiehossin mosavigstube ik (A Mesav) nups//doLory/10.1016/eompbiomed.2022.106019 Received 1 July 2022; Recelved in revised frm 4 August 2022; Accepted 20 August 2022 Available online 21 September 2022 (9010-4825/© 2022 The Authors. Published by lever Ltd This san open aces article under the 6 BY Hens (i: /ereativexomamonsor/censes/by/4.00,their fests, physica and mental efficiency, and ving surroundings, among other things, by connecting their Beings to the Internet. Tis Allows healthcare providers to monitor people's health remotely and in reabtime. Furthermore, che data gathered ould be sed to promote tvidence based intervention for dleases, trauma, protection, ealy detection, and rehabilitation. In today’s worl, ranserig patients fom their homes to hospitals forrostine checkups isextremely if Thereare several challenge, Inching queuing, travel time, andthe possibilty of patients contact. ing various vires while traveling through this polluted environment. ‘As reste healthcare industry is foasing on ihome healtheare services, which allow patients to onduet medial examinations inthe comfort of their own homes. A smart health monitring sytem is designe to help patients who live in remote areas contat doctors in tba areas, This technology act av abridge between patents and ei niclans. I heeps tack of ita ins lke heart rte, eleceocardoram (ECO, bloodpressure, temperature, and whether oF nt a person has fallen. The sytem collects this data and sends tt the application for further analysis via a wires connection. "Eerve mining algorithms are gently needed to analyse medical information to hep in isease discovery, oer medial treatment, and ‘ahance patient care Machine laring ra sophinicated computational technique tht has been wsed in a variety of domains such as image recognition, language processing, snd health care [10]. Nonethees, machine learning models sequite pret accracy oniy with a vas want of taining set, which s eral in healthcare, where precision {ny soctimes nha illo bbeenarving kainate life most eases, centralize raining strategies ineude caring abe volume of information fom a robust coud server, which might ead t> ‘major consumer privacy violations especialy nthe medical fel ‘Asan open and acountale data protection mechanism the devel ‘opment of bockchain technology paves the way for new ways to adress key ssues of privacy, security, and ethics ina mart healthcare system However, blockcain has achieved excellent success asa backbone of cybersecurity architectre for # variety of smart healthcare technalo- Bie, such a the conto of patient record acces, information distbs- ton, ee [1] is justifiable to incorporate blockchain in otelgent domestic networks as ir is autonomous of heterogeneous protoeos that fare offen ised in smart sjstems [1]. However, notwithsanding inereased intrest in smart healthcare technology, curent work is distaboted across diverse fields of study. Such a timely tuys also being undertaken to close the void and have practical insights on blockein technology, techniques, and thei application in he feld of the inteligenthentheare system The TOM has generated security Naws in the healthcare system. Unified networks enable hackers to feach the inked devices for mal- ‘lous purpose, The bg sue f ack attempts on medial records and heathcare devices; not only are they the key components of a smart Block 1 Block 2 Comps in ng and Melt 150 2022 108019 healthcare system but they can also be used for malicious purposes: delivering phishing and spam mail, Because of unencrypted wireless keys, smart healtheare devices are often the central target for DDoS attacks, particularly because they are immediately turned on to provide smarter solutions such as patient medical records and the automatic "updating of false medical reports [1]. These challenges originate from 2 centralized IoMT system structure, and privacy issues are growing asthe JoMT revolution progresses, namely record forgery and manipulation, device interference, and infiltration of illegal ToMT devices via attacks against server and gateway networks (1. These issues can be addressed through the deployment of blockehain-based systems and unified “cloud-like” computer networks 15}, Satoshi Nakamoto created the blockchain technology in 2008, Which featured a time-stamped collection of harmful proof documents that was maintained by a network of independent networks. Blockeha architecture is illustrated in Fig. 1, It isa serie of blocks that are con- nected with simple cryptography. Inlexbility, decentralization, and transparency are the three main concepts in the functioning of Block: chain technologies. The three responsibilities have been highly pro- ductive and opened their doors toa broad array of technologies relevant to the virtual currency, such as the functioning of autonomous vehicles, such as smartphones, and embedded devices. Whereas Blockchain technology is safe and enables anonymity, there are sll certain draw- backs to i in the current stage of deployment [6]. FL is a decentralized machine learning platform for the 1oT that, enables numerous devices to collaboratively learn machine learning ‘models without exchanging their actual data. Fig. 2 depicts FLs arci- tecture. This enhances the intelligent healtheare system by avoiding the leaking of patient information. Fig. 2 shows a federated Iearning-based healthcare system in which embedded sensors gather medical informa- tion from healtheare providers, multiple edge devices collaborate on federated learning algorithms, and machine learning techniques assess the patient's well-being and, if neded, seek immediate assistance in the cloud, Federated learning is a recently popular paradigm due to the incredible assurance it provides for stadying fragmented sensitive in- formation. Rather than combining data from disparate sources or relying on the traditional find-then replicate strategy, it enables training of @ common global model on a centralized server while retaining data in the relevant organizations. This method, known as federated leaning, al- lows individual locations to work together to train a global model. Federated learning isthe process of pooling training data from multiple sources to develop a global model without directly exchanging datasets. ‘This ensures that patient privacy is maintained across sites. Healtheare 5.0 (17-19) is a network architecture that requires ‘th-generation communication as the core network architecture for linking healthcare equipment. 1oT will erate data that Al can utilize, contributing to the advancement of digital wellbeing by concentrating not just on patient well-being and quality of life, but also on the Block 3 S-°3-Ss YTSP Hash: 7RP4U Has! Hash: SYV2M Previous Hash: Le Previous Hash: Ve Previous Hash: 00000 TRPAU oYTSP, Fig 1. Blockchainstractre.Comps in ng and Melt 150 2022 108019 B= & y Fig. 2. A federated learning technique wellbeing and quality of life of people workdwide. The primary issues in hhealtheare 4.0 are fawlss information transfer with litle or no infor. ‘mation leakage. Automation and Al are two emerging healthcare 5.0 technologies that have the potential to transform any type of employ: ‘ment. Intelligence in healthcare 5,0 encompasses ideas such ax accurate ‘and systematic disease diagnosis, virtual patient monitoring and detec tion, remote surgery, and intelligent treatment, that comprises online ‘raining fr pation suffering from anxiety. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is ‘a broad concept that encompasses all intelligent advancements. It refers to the ability of machine-leaming methods to predict final results without the involvement of humans. As a result of the tremendous ‘expansion and advancement of technology in healtheare, the term “smart health system” has been coined, in light of these capabilities, ‘numerous solutions have been proposed for use in numerous industries, including smart homes, Industrial Internet of Things (loT), and smart healthcare. However, as privacy threats become increasingly sophist cated, there are still a timber of obstacles to overcame when imple- menting blockehain-based FL. healtheare 1. The parameters ofthe model kept inthe blockchain can still be taken by adversaries to deduce the original confidential clinical data. 2. Some clinical data from medical devices may be falsified to deceive the FL process. 3, There is no motivation for medical devices to provide data and processing power to FL To address the aforementioned problems, this study blends FL. and, sophisticated eneryption to provide a safe and privacy-preserving healthcare 5.0 system. The following are the most significant contribu tions made by this study; 1, We present a blockchain-hased FL framework for fifth generation healthcare that not only constructs a correct collaborative model based on various edge devices, but also governs the entire training procedure 2. The proposed method provides an additional degre of security to Dlockehain-based FL, we present an RTS-DELM method that balances, privacy and model accuracy by adjusting noise depending to the training process 3. The proposed system considers multiple medical organizations in the proposed model because the locally trained model of other medical, organizations may enhance the capability of the healtheare 5.0 sys tem by sharing a global model 4, To implemented the federated learning approach in healthcare 5.0 to Improve the learning process of clinical data by locally training smadels 5, To provide an intelligent hybsid approach to enhance secure communication and effective healtheare monitoring 6. We design an Intrusion Detection system (IDS) in healthcare 5.0 system that enhances the security and privacy by detecting intrusions and attack patterns. The proposed method secures the FL-based healthcare 5.0 Network by accurately assessing its reliability with regard to the most important security goals of seerecy, validity, and accessibility. To support the claim that the overhead caused by the proposed technique is. minimal ‘compared tothe value ofits security and privacy, the study assesses the suggested method's capacity to securely protect sensitive data while consuming quite minimal resources. The purpose of this study is to examine a system model based on a Real-Time Deep Extreme Learning System (RTS-DELMD for intelligent disease prediction and intrusion detection in healthcare 5.0 that achieve the maximum possible level of accuracy, ‘The remaining portions of this research study can be broken down, Imo the following categories. Section 2 offers an overview of relevant research. Section 3 enlightens the proposed methodology. Section presents the simulation and findings of the suggested method. Finally, Section 5 discusses the study's findings.2. Literature review ‘The term "blockchain” has been popular among proponents of smart healtheare in recent years, and several research publications have ‘explored how blockchain technology may be applied in the field. “Aggarwal etal. [20] explored several facets of healthcare, suchas the Integration of transactions, home healtheare, and investment distribu- tion. The smart home industry has several potential applications fr the blockehain. M. Andoni ct al. (21) offered a comprehensive analysis of the many blockehain applications of a P2P resource sharing network ‘The report provides in-depth knowledge on the deployment and abilities ‘of several smart home networks, including smart grid security issues, Big Data analysis, Al and payment services. They concluded that the study ‘did not sufficiently take into consideration challenges associated with “mart homes, uch as financial planning for smart cities and smart home security. .Lictal. [22] suggested a blockchain structure that would be based, ‘on users to ensure the safety of information communication in the Io Zhou etal. [22] conducted research into various blockchain techniques, ‘predetermined investigation, and decentralized computing to relocation ‘control over particular automobiles and entianee ther effectiveness, Du ‘et al. [25] proposed a study with the goals of investigating the imple- mentation of blockchain technology in smart healthcare, developing @ centralized conceptual approach for smart healthcare, defining the ef fect of blockchain on smart healthcare, and eventually, developing @ stakeholder-based advancement application framework for smart healthcare. thnaini etal. [25] suggested a smart diabetic disease pre diction method centered on deep machine learning and information fusion concepts. By combining information, the proposed technique can reduce unnecessary strain on the system's computing resources while also improving te proposed system's efficiency in correctly predicting ‘and recommending this life-threatening condition. Finally, an ensemble machine learning approach is used to create a diabetes prediction ‘model ‘Nowadays, data can be casly exchanged across multiple networks, allowing experts and organizations to make the best use of existing ca pabilities while meeting society's medical demands. Users can gain ac ‘ess to strong and ficient healthcare services thanks tothe Internet of Things. The ws of smart sensors has aide in the proper monitoring of ‘community healtheare demands. Wearable devices ean be used to ‘monitor a wide range of bodily functions. Some can be integrated to monitor various bodily systems to ensure that medical services are delivered to such people in a beneficial manner. The data collected in this manner can be examined, pooled, and mined to perform effective disease prediction [25]. Khan et al. [27] suggested novel healtheare facilites for senior citizens focused on the patients’ actual needs and problems. To better satisfy the basi demands of ekerly healtheare, the researchers applied machine leaning approaches. Xu et al. [25] presented an overview of federated learning tech- niques, focusing on those used in biomedicine, Review and explain the broad solutions to the statistical challenges, system challenges, and privacy concerns inherent in federated learning, while emphasizing the Implications and potential for healtheare. Li et al. 29] offered an overview of the application of machine learning and bicinformatics technologies in the smart medical business utilizing bibliometric visu: alization and Web of Science (WOS). A review focuses on the countries that eonduet the most research, the primary research subjets, funding sources, and hotspots for research inthis field. In addition, the study ‘outlines maj difficulties and future research objectives for the use of machine earning and deep learning methods inthe healtheare industry. Siddiqui et al. (20] applied the data fusion technique in a deep leaming model to predict breast cancer stages. They applied