1

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW

$W - 1 : cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop – Kr;rq;fq;fs; -,yf;fz E}y;fs;

$W - 2 : vl;Lj;njhif – gj;Jg;ghl;L - rq;f ,yf;fpar; rpwg;Gfs;
$W - 3 : rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk; - gjpndd; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;
$W - 4 : Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; - IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; -
Kj;njhs;shapuk; - ngUq;fij – fk;guhkhazk;
$W - 5 : rkaKk; jkpOk; - rkzk; - ngsj;jk; - irtk; - itztk; -
fpwpj;jtk; - ,];yhkpak;

$W – 6 : epfz;Lfs; - mfuhjpfs; - ,yf;fz E}y;fs; - rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; -

rpj;jh; ghly;fs;

$W – 7 : ftpij – ciueil - kuGf;ftpij – GJf;ftpij „i`‟$ ehty; -

rpWfij – ehlfk; - Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs;

$W – 8 : xg;gpyf;fpak; - jpwdha;tpay; - ngz;zpak; - jypj;jpak; - nkhop

ngah;g;gpay;

$w – 9 : tho;f;if tuyhW – gazf; fl;Liu – fbj ,yf;fpak;

$W – 10 : mwptpay; jkpo; - Clftpay; - kf;fs; jfty; njhlh;gpay; -

jpiug;glk; - njhiyf;fhl;rp – fzpdp - mwptpay; jkpo;
 2

ghlk;-1

,yf;fpa tuyhW

Kd;Diu

“ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopNghy;

,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;”

- ghujp

fle;j fhyj;jpy; ele;J Kbe;j cz;ik epfo;rr

; pfis epfo;fhy tUq;fhyr;
rKjhaj;jpdUf;F vLj;Jiug;gNj tuyhW vdg;gLk; ;jdpkdpj tuyhW rKjha tuyhW
xU ehl;bd; tuyhW cyf tuyhW nkhop tuyhW vd;W tuyhW gythwhf
vOjg;glyhk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopapd; njhd;ikia Muha;e;J me;j nkhopapy;
Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa fhyf;fz;Nzhl;lj;ij thpirg;gLj;jpg; ghh;g;gNj
,yf;fpa tuyhwhFk;. mq;qdk; ghh;g;gjw;F mk;nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; kpfg;
goikahditfshfTk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G tha;e;jdthfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jkpo; cyfpy; Njhd;wpa nkhopfSs; goikahd xd;W ePz;l ghuk;ghpak; mjw;F

cz;L gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu jkpopy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. mit
rhpahfg; Ngzg;glhky; gy ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhynts;sj;jpy; mope;jd. ePUf;Fk;
epyj;Jf;Fk; fiuahDf;Fk; neUg;Gf;Fk; ,iuahfhky; jg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fNs ,d;W ek;
iffspy; jto;fpd;wd. ePz;l fhyr; #o;epiyapy; Njhd;wpa ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fspd;
tuyhw;iw Muha;e;J ghh;g;gJ jkpoh; fld;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;J xt;nthU fhyr; #o;epiyapYk; Fwpg;gpl;l

Jiw ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J tho;Tfz;l kf;fs;
tho;itg; ghba rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ePjp
,yf;fpaq;fs; fhg;gpaq;fs; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; ciu E}y;fs;
jdpg;ghly;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; GJikf; ftpijfs; Gjpdk; rpWfij ehlfk; ,ir
,yf;fzk; mwptpay; vd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Njhd;wpa tz;zkhfNt
cs;sd. Kj;jkpopy; gd;ndLq;fhykhfj; Njhd;wptUk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tuyhw;iwr;
RUf;fkhfg; ghh;g;gNj ,g;ghlg;gFjpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
 3

1.Kr;rq;f tuyhW

rq;fj; jkpo;

rq;fj;jkpo; vd;W jkpo;nkhop rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ghz;ba

kd;dh;fspd; MjuNthL jkpo;g; Gyth;fs; $l;lkhfr; Nrh;e;J gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; jkpio
tsh;j;jNjahFk;. ,jdhy; rq;fk; itj;J nkhop tsh;j;j jkpo;ehL vd;w tof;fhWk;
Vw;gl;lJ. Gyth; ngUkf;fs; xd;W $br; rq;fk; mikj;J ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs;
gilj;jik cyfpd; vk;nkhopf;Fk; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; ,t;tifapy; jkpo; nkhop
ngUikAk; cah;Tk; ngWfpwJ.

Kr;rq;fq;fs;

ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; MjuNthL mike;j jkpo;r; rq;fq;fs; %d;W vd;gh;. Kjy;

rq;fk; fly;nfhz;l njd; kJiuapYk; ,uz;lhtjhfpa ,ilr;rq;fk; fly;Nfhshy;
mope;j fghlGuj;jpYk; %d;whtJ rq;fk; ,d;Ws;s kJiuapYk; mike;jpUe;jd vd;gh;.
,k;Kr;rq;fq;fspYk; jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; $bj; jkpio Ma;e;jdh; vd;gjpy; fUj;J
NtWghLfs;; epyTfpd;wd.

%tiff; fUj;Jfs;

Kj;jkpio tsh;j;j %d;W rq;fq;fisAk; gw;wp %d;W tpjkhd fUj;J

NtWghLfs; ,d;W $wg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjy; fUj;J

mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; vjidAk; Muha;e;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;

tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspdpd;W %d;W rq;fq;fisAk; gw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gLk; Gid fijfis
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy vd;Wk; mit fw;gidapd; mbg;gilapy;
vOe;j ngha;Na vd;Wk; Nf.vd;.rptuhrg;gps;is gp.b.rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh; Nguhrphpah;
N[Rjhrd; Nghd;w mwpQh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

,uz;lhtJ fUj;J

fp.K.3-k; E}w;whz;bw;F Kd; jkpo;nkhopf;F thptbtNk ,y;iy vd;Wk;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tlnkhop gpuhfpUjk; ,tw;wpd; njhlh;ghy; jkpo; thptbtk; ngw;wJ vd;Wk;
,jdhy; fp.gp.1my;yJ2 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd;dNu jkpo; tsh;r;rpaile;J ,yf;fpaq;fs;
gilf;fg;gLtjw;F Vw;wnkhop Mapw;W vd;Wk; $wp fp.gp.1 my;yJ Kjy; E}w;whz;bw;Fg;
 4

gpd;dNu xU jkpo;rr
; q;fk; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd;Wk; $Wth; tuyhw;wwpQh; ePyfz;l
rh];;jphpahh; jkpo;g; Nguurd; itahGhpg; gps;is Nghd;Nwhh;.

%d;whtJ fUj;J

%d;W jkpo;rr
; q;fq;fSk; ,Ue;jd mit jkpo;nkhopia tsh;j;jd. ,yf;fz
,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld vd;W gy mwpQh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; $w;Wf;F
Mjhukha; cs;sit.

1. ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapy; ef;fPuh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sit

2. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ,aw;wpa ciuapy; Nguhrphpah; fUj;Jf;fs;

3. rpyg;gjpfhu ciuapy; mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; $w;W

4. .goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpa mfr; rhd;Wfs;

5. .gpw;fhy ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

6. nrg;NgLfspy; fhzg;gLgit

7. fly;Nfhs; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp KbTfs;

,t; Mjhuq;fs; gw;wp RUf;fkhfr; rpy fUj;Jf;fis ,q;Nf fhzyhk;.

1. ,iwadhh; fstpaYiu

,iwadhh; fstpay; E}Yf;F ciu tFj;j ef;fPuh; Kjd; Kjyhf %d;W

rq;fq;fisAk; gw;wpa KOikahd nra;jpfisj; njhFj;jsp;f;fpwhh;.

jiyr;rq;fk;

,lk;: fly;nfhz;l njd; kJiu

rq;fg; Gyth;fs;

mfj;jpadhh; jphpGuk; vhpj;j tphprilf; flTs; Fd;nwwpe;j KUfNts; KuQ;rpa+h;

Kbehfuhah; epjpapd; fpotd; Kjypa549Ngh; cWg;gpdh;fshf ,y;yhky; Nrh;e;jJKjy;
rq;fj;jpy; ghba nkhj;jg; Gyth;fs; 4449 Ngh;.

ghlg;gl;l E}y;fs;: ghpghly; KJehiu KJFUF fdhpahtpiu Kjypad rq;fk;

 5

eilngw;w fhyk; : 4440 Mz;Lfs;

Mjhpj;j ghz;bah;: fha;rpd tOjp Kjy; fLq;Nfhd; <whf 89 Ngh;

ftpauq;f Vwpa ghz;bah;: vOth;

jiyr;rq;f ,yf;fz E}y;: mfj;jpak;

,ilr;rq;fk;

,lk;: fly;Nfhshy; mope;j fghlGuk;

rq;g;Gyth;fs;

mfj;jpah; njhy;fhg;gpah; ,Ue;ija+h;f; fUq;Nfhop Nkhrp nts;Sh;f; fhg;gpadhh;

rpWghz;luq;fdhh; jpiuad; khwd; Jtiuf; Nfhkhd; fPue;ijahh; Kjypa 59 Ngh;
cWg;gpdh;fshd ,th;fNshL Nrh;e;J ,uz;lhtJ rq;fj;jpy; ghba nkhj;jg; Gyth;fs;
3700 Ngh;.

ghlg;gl;l E}y;fs;: fyp FUF ntz;lhsp tpahokhiy mfty; Kjypad

rq;fk; eilngw;w fhyk;: 3700 Mz;Lfs;

Mjhpj;j ghz;bah;: ntz;Njh;r; nropad; Kjy; Klj;jpUkhwd; <whf 59 Ngh;

ftpauq;F Vwpa ghz;bah;: Ith;

,ilr;rq;f ,yf;fz E}y;fs;: mfj;jpak; njhy;fhg;gpak; khGuhzk; g+jGuhzk; ,ir

EZf;fk; Mfpait

filr;rq;fk;

,lk;: tlkJiu

rq;fg;Gyth;: rpW Nkjhtpahh; Nre;jk; Gjdhh; mwpTilauhdhh; ngUq;Fd;W}h;f;

fpohh; ,se;jpUkhwd; kJiu Mrphpah; ey;ye;Jtdhh; kJiu kUjdpsehfdhh;
fzf;fhadhh; kfd; ef;fPudhh; Kjypa 49 Ngh; cWg;gpdh;fshd ,th;fNshL Nrh;e;Jf;
filr;rq;fj;jpy; ghba nkhj;jg; Gyth;fs; 449.
 6

ghlg;gl;l E}y;fs;

mfehD}W FWe;njhif ew;wpiz GwehD}W Iq;FEW}W gjpw;Wg; gj;J

fypj;njhif ghpghly; $j;J thp rpw;wpir Nghpir Kjypad

rq;fk; eilngw;w fhyk;: 1850 Mz;Lfs;

Mjhpj;j ghz;bah;: Klj;jpUkhwd; Kjy; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp <whf 49 Ngh;.

ftpauq;fk; Vwpa ghz;bah;: %th;

filr;rq;f ,yf;fz E}y;: mfj;jpak; njhy;fhg;gpak;

2. Nguhrphpah; ciu

njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk; kugpay; 95tJ E}w;ghTf;F ciu vOJk; Nguhrphpah;

mfj;jpak; njhy;fhg;gpah; gw;wp tphpthff; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL %d;W rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;jikAk;
gw;wp vOJfpwhh;.

3. mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; ciu

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu ,aw;wpa mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; rpyk;gpd;ghapuj;jpw;Fk;

Ntdpw;fhijf;Fk; ciu vOJfpd;w nghOJ fghlGuk; njd;kJiu ,Ue;jik gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

4. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;jik ngha;ay;y cz;ikNa vd;W goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

rhd;Wiuf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; rpy

“epyj;jU jpUtpd; ghz;bad; mitaj;J

……………………………………………

njhy;fhg;gpah; vdj; jd;ngah; Njhw;wp” njhy; / gdk;ghudhh; ghapuk;

“jkpo;nfO $ly; jz;Nfhy; Nte;Nj

Xq;fpa rpwg;gpd; cah;e;j Nfs;tp

khq;Fb kUjd; jiytdhf

 7

cyfnkhL epiy,a gyh;Gfo; rpwg;gpd;

Gyth; ghlhJ tiufvd; epytiu”-Gwk;:72

“jkpo;epiy ngw;w jhq;fU kugpd;

kfpo;e;eid kWfpd; kJiu”-rpWghz;66-76

“njhy;yhiz ey;yhrphpah;

Gzh; $l;Lz;l Gfo;rhy; rpwg;gpd;

epye;jU jpUtpd; nebNahd;”-k.fhQ;rp 761-63

“KJnkhop ePuhg; Gyd;eh coth;

GJnkhop $l;Lz;Zk; Ghpir#o; GdY}uh”fyp:68

5. gpw;fhy ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfspy; rpy

“ed;ghl;L;g; Gytdha;r; rq;fk; Vwp

ew;fdff; fpop jUkpf;F mUspNdhd;”-jpUehTf;furh; Njthuk;

“rq;fj; jkpo; khiy”….Mz;lhs; jpUg;ghit30

“jiyr;rq;fg; Gytdhh; jk;Kd;”….Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzk;

“rq;fj; jkpo; %d;Wk; jh…xsitahh;

“<z;L eye;jUjy; Ntz;bg; ghz;bad;

ghL jkpo; tsh;j;j $ly;”…Mrp.khiy.Gwj;jpul;L

6. nrg;NgLfs;

fp.gp. 10-k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLk; rpd;dkD}h;r; nrg;NgL jUk;

nra;jp

“kJuhGhpr; rq;fk; itj;Jk;

khghujk; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk;”
 8

7. fly;Nfhs;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T KbTfs;

cyfpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Vw;gl;l fly;Nfhs;fs; gw;wp Muha;e;j mwpQh; ];fhl;

vypahl;Lk; ,yq;if tuyhw;iw vOjpa mwpQh; nldd;Lk; jkpof fly;Nfhs; gw;wp
Muha;e;j mwpQh; rpjk;gudhUk; ,e;jpahtpd; njd;gFjp xU fhyj;jpy; khngUk;
epyg;gug;ghf ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; Muha;e;J KbT nra;Js;sdh;. fly;Nfhs;fs; epfo;e;jik
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis ek; gz;ilg; gDty;fshd fypj;njhif rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy
Nghd;witAk; jUfpd;wd.

K.t.fUj;J

mwpQUk; NguhrphpaUkhfj; jpfo;e;j lhf;lh; K. tujuhrd; rq;fk; gw;wp jhk;

fz;lwpe;j cz;ikfisf; fPo;f;fz;lthW vOJfpwhh;.

%d;whk; jkpo;r; rq;fj;J E}y;fNs vl;Lj; njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vd;W fUjp

mtw;iwr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. kJiuapy; Gyth;fs;
$bj; jkpio Muha;e;J te;jth;fs; vd;gjw;Fk; ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; mth;fSf;F
Cf;f%l;b MjuT ey;fp te;jth;fs; vd;gjw;Fk; gioa ghl;Lfspy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
“……………..” %d;W rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd mit ,d;dhh; ,d;dhh; jiyikapy; ,j;jid
Mz;Lfs; ,Ue;jd vd;nwy;yhk; gpw;fhy mwpQh; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd
rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy. vt;thwhapDk; Gyth;fs; mt;tg;NghJ $b Muha;e;jhh;fs; vd;gJk;
mth;fspy; rpyUila Kaw;rpahNyNa rq;f ,yf;fpak; vdg;gLk; njhif E}y;fs;
mike;jd vd;gJk; kWf;f Kbahjit.

rq;fk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy

,dpr; rq;fk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy vdf; $Wk; rpy $Wk; kWg;GfSk; mtw;wpw;fhd

tpilfSk;.

1. %d;W rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;jik gw;wpa KOikahd nra;jpfis mwptpg;gJ

,iwadhhpd; fstpay; ciuNa. ef;fPudpd; ciu xd;gJ jiyKiwfshfr;
nrhy;yg;gl;;Lf; fp.gp.10-k; E}w;whz;by; jhd; mJ E}y; tbtk; ngw;wjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. tha;topahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;L E}y; tbtk; ngw;w xd;iw tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;whf nfhs;s ,ayhJ. NkYk; %d;W rq;fj;jpYk; ,Ue;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;
Gyth;fs; rq;fk; eilngw;w Mz;Lfs; xd;gJ vd;w vz;zpNyNa vy;yhk; KbtJ
 9

Nghd;w jpl;lkp;l;Lf; $wg;gLk; nra;jpfs; fw;gidNa ,tw;iw itj;Jr; rq;fk;

,Ue;jJ vdf;nfhs;s ,ayhJ.

,f;$w;Wf;Fg; gy mwpQh;fs; xUkpj;j tpiliaf; $wpAs;sdh;. ,iwadhh;

fstpay; ciuapy; ngha; fye;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mit KOtJk; ngha; vd Vw;f
,ayhJ. Rpy cz;ikfs; mtw;wpy; Gije;J fplg;gij kWf;f ,ayhJ vd;W
$Wfpd;wdh;.

2. rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy; ,y;iy. mJ tlnkhopr; nrhy; gz;ila

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,r;nrhy; ,lk; ngwTk; ,y;iy. ,y;yhj xU nrhy;yhy; rq;fk;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;f KbAkh? NkYk; njhy;fhg;gpah; rfu vOj;J nkhopf;F Kjypy;
tuhJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fhyj;jpy; vg;gbr; rq;fk; mike;jpUf;f ,aYk;.

rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; Gj;j rkak; jkpofj;jpy;; gutpaNghJ te;jnjd;whYk;

jkpoh;fs; gyh; $bapUe;j $l;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fg; gy nrhw;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. rhd;whf
mit Gzh; , Rl;;L, njhif, fofk,;; FO Nghd;w ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gapd;W te;Js;s
nrhw;fisf; $wyhk;. ,r;nrhw;fspy; xd;why; jkpo;r; rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; jkpofj;jpy; epiyj;Jr; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wgpd; mr;nrhy;yhy; Gyth;
$ba mit miof;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gh; mwpQh;.

njhy;fhg;gpak; nkhopkugpy;.

“rfuf; fpstpAk; mtw;Nwhh; mw;Nw

M I xs vDk; %d;wyq;; filNa”…….. vd;W E}w;gh tUtijf; nfhz;L rfuk;

nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuhJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdh;. cz;ikapy; E}w;ghit VL ngah;j;J
vOJNthh; jtWjyhf mit xs vDk; xd;wyq; filNa vd;W vOJtjw;Fg; gjpyhfj;
jtwpioj;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. fhuzk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpy;
ruf;fpstp nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUfpd;wJ. rhd;whfr; rq;F, rfo;g;G, rtl;L, re;J Mfpa
nrhw;fs; te;Js;sikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

“je;j fs;td; rko;g;G Kfk; fhz;kpd;”-ghpghly;20

“kd;gij rtl;Lk; $w;wk; vd;g”-gjpw;Wg;gj;J84

“re;J ePtpa Gd;Kbe;J ,Lkp;d”; -kiygLflhk;393

 10

3. fp.K.3Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;lijf; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s jkpo;f; fy;ntl;by;

jkpo; tbtk; ,y;yhky; tlnkhopr; rhh;NghL gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L jkpOf;F thptbtNk rhpahfj; Njhd;whj fhyj;jpy;
vg;gbr; rq;fk; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbAk; vd;W thjpLth; rpy.

jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;wpid Muha;e;j nkhopawpQh;fs; jkpOf;F ePz;l tuyhW cz;L

vd;w fUj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. jkpo; njd;dpe;jpa kdpj tuyhw;NwhL
,ize;J tsh;e;j nkhop vd;W fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;. rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fshf Nfhy;
vOj;Jf;fshf tl;nlOj;Jf;fshfg; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; jdf;nfdj; jdp
thptbtk; ngw;W tsh;e;j nkhop jkpo; vd;gJ kwf;f Kbahj cz;ik cyfpd;
gioa nkhopfshd rPdk; fpNuf;fk; ,tw;NwhL jkpioAk; Muha;e;J gd;ndLq;
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu jkpo; ,yf;fpa nkhopahfj; jpfo;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wpAs;sdh;. vdNt jkpo;r; rq;fq;fs; kpfg; gioa fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpapUf;f
tha;g;Gz;L vd;gij ek;gyhk;.

“Gdy; #o;e;J tbe;J Nghd

epyj;jpNy “Gjpa ehis”

kdpjg; igq;$o; Kisj;Nj

tFj;jJ! kdpj tho;it

,dpa ew;wkpNo ePjhd;

vOg;gpid !.......................”vd;w

Gul;rpf;ftpQh; ghujpjhrd; thpfspy; kpif ,Ue;jhYk; jkpo;g; goikahd nkhop rq;fk;

itj;Jg; Gyth;fs; tsh;j;j nkhop Kr;rq;fj;jpYk; Kj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mwpQh;fs; fz;l Ma;thy; njspthfpd;wJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak;

jkpo; E}y; kyh;fSs; mofpa kzk; epuk;gpa E}y; kyh; njhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;.
fhyj;jhy; goikahd ,e;E}y; ,yf;fzk; gw;wpajhFk;. ,e;E}ypd; Rit gaf;Fk;
eilahYk; fUj;jhYk; ,jid ,yf;fpak; gbg;gJ Nghd;Wk; fw;fyhk;. ,e;E}y; jkpopy;
vOj;J nrhy; nghUs; gw;wp tphpthf ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. nghUspy; ftpij ahg;Gg;
gw;wpAk; mzp gw;wpAk; cs;slf;fpf; $WfpwJ.
 11

filr; rq;fg; Gyth;fs; ,yf;fpak; gilg;gjw;F topfhl;bahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak; vdNt ,jid „,ilr;rq;f fhyj;jpNy Njhd;wp mw;Gj E}y;‟ vd mwpQh;
nkhopth;. “Njhd;wpa ehspdpd;W ,e;ehs; tiuAk; ,dp tUq;fhyj;Jk; vopYlDk;
Vw;wKlDk; jpfOk; xg;gw;w nre;jkpo;r; nry;tf;flyhfTk; tpsq;FtJ njhy;fhg;gpa
ngUE}y;” vd;W ,jd; rpwg;Gf; Fwpj;Jg; ghuhl;bAs;sdh;.

,r;rhP pa ,yf;fzE}iy ,aw;wpath; njhy;fhg;gpah; njhy;fhg;gpadhiuf; Fwpj;Jg;

Gid ftpijfs; gy toq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;E}Yf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpahpd; xU rhiy khztuhd
gdk;ghudhh; ghapuk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. mg;ghapuj;jpd; %yk; xy;fhg; ngUk;Gfo;j;
njhy;fhg;gpadhhpd; rpwg;gpidAk; E}ypd; mikjpapidAk; ed;fwpayhk;. epyj;jU jpUtpd;
ghz;ba kd;ddpd; mitapy; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhuhfpa mjq;Nfhl;lhrphpahpd; Kd;ghfj;
njhy;fhg;gpak; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; ghapuj;jpd; %ykhfNt mwpa KbfpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak; E}y; mikg;G

njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk; nrhy;;yjpfhuk; nghUsjpfhuk; vd;w Kg;gFg;gpid

nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU gFg;Gk; xd;gJ ,ay;fis cl;nfhz;Lj; jpfo;fpwJ. ,ay;fs;
Kiwg;glTk; rpwg;GlDk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpwk; Fwp;j;Jg; ghuhl;Lth;.

vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; E}d;kuG nkhopkuG gpwg;gpay; Gzhpay; njhifkuG cUgpay;

caph;kaq;fpay; Gs;sp kaq;fpay; Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay; Mfpa xd;gJ ,ay;fs;
cs;sd.

nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; fpstpahf;fk; Ntw;Wikapay; Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay; tpspkuG

ngahpay; tpidapay; ,ilapay; chpapay; vr;rtpay; Mfpa xd;gJ ,ay;fs; cs;sd.

nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; mfj;jpiz ,ay; Gwj;jpiz ,ay; fstpay; fw;gpay;

nghUspay; nka;g;ghl;bay; ctikapay; nra;Aspay; kugpay; Mfpa xd;gJ ,ay;fs;
cs;sd.

vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; 483 E}w;ghf;fSk; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; 463 E}w;ghf;fSk;

nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; 664 E}w;ghf;fSk; 1610 E}w;ghf;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sd.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; jdpr; rpwg;Gfs;;:

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Kjy; E}w;gh kpfg; goq;fhyj;Nj jkpo; vOj;Jfs;

tifg;gl;bUe;jd vd;w ngUikia cyfpw;Ff; fl;baq; $Wtjha; mike;Js;sJ.
 12

vOj;njdg; gLg

mfuk; Kjy;

dfuk; ,Wtha; Kg;g/J vd;g

rhh;e;Jtuy; kugpd; %d;wyq; filNa

jkpopy; vOj;Jfs; vt;thW gpwf;fpd;wd mtw;wpd; khj;jpiu msT

rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw tphpthfg; NgRfpwJ vOj;jjpfhuk;.

nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; E}w;gh cah;jpiz m/wpiz ,tw;iwf; $wp

mt;tpuz;bd; mbg;gilapy; nrhw;fs; gpwj;jiy tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

cah;jpiz vd;kdhh; kf;fs; Rl;Nl:

m/wpiz vd;kdhh; mtuy gpwNt:

MapW jpizapd; ,irf;Fkd nrhy;Ny.

njhy;fhg;gpah; nghUsjpfhuk; kugpaypy; cyf caph;fspd; gFg;gpidAk; rpwg;G

kugpidAk; gw;wpj; njspthff; $wpAs;sdh;.

xd;wwp tJNt cw;wwp tJNt

%d;wpw tJNt mtw;NwhL %f;Nf

ehd;fwp tJNt mtw;NwhL fz;Nz

Ie;jwp tJNt mtw;NwhL nrtpNa

Mwwp tJNt mtw;NwhL kdNd

Nehpjpd; czh;e;Njhh; newpg;gLj; jpdNu

MwwpT caph; clk;gpdhYk; thapdhYk; %f;fpdhYk; fz;zpdhYk; nrtpapdhYk;

kdj;jpdhYk; mwpAk; kdpjd; vd;W mofhff; $wp MWtif caph;fisAk;
tifg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;shh;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; jkpofj;jpd; epy mikg;igf; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy;

ghiy vd tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;shh;. mt;te; epyq;fSf;Fhpa rpwg;Gfis Kjy; fU
 13

chp vd Kg;nghUshf;fpj; jk; gpd; tUk; Gyth;f;F ,yf;fpak; gilg;gij vspikahf;fp

nfhLj;jhh;. jkpofj;jpy; epytpa fhyq;fisf; fhh;fhyk; Fsph;fhyk; Kd;gdpf;fhyk; gpd;
gdpf;fhyk; ,sNtdpw;fhyk; KJNtdpw;fhyk; vd;w Kiwapy; fzf;fpl;Lf; fhl;bdhh;.

jkpoh; fz;l mftho;itAk; Gwtho;itAk; ,dpNj ,yf;fz tuk;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp

tpsf;fpAs;shh;. njhy;fhg;gpah; kdpj tho;tpd; xg;gw;w ,U fz;fshd fhjiyAk;
tPuj;ijAk; njhy;fhg;gpah; newpg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. fhjypy; fsTkzk; fw;Gkzk; vd;w
,Ugphptpidf; fhl;bj; jkpoh; jk; ehfhpfj;jpidAk; gz;ghl;bidAk; cyFf;F
czh;j;jpAs;shh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.

mftho;itf; iff;fpis FwpQ;rp, Ky;iy, kUjk; , nea;jy; , ghiy ngUe;jpiz

vd;w VOjpizfshff; Fwpg;gpl;lJ NghyNt Gwtho;itAk; ntl;rp, tQ;rp, copiQ,
Jk;ig, thif, fhQ;rp, ghlhz; vd;w VO jpizfshff; $wpAs;shh;.

jkpofj;jpd; goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw njhopy; gz;ghL ehfhpfk; Ml;rpr;

rpwg;G, Nghh;Kiw, rkaepiy, fy;tp, fiyfs; gw;wp mwptjw;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd;
nghUsjpfhuk; cjTfpd;wJ. NkYk; vz; tifr; Ritfs; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah;
Fwpg;gpLtJk; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; tUfpwJ. eif(rphpg;G) , mOif(mtyk;) , ,sptuy;(,opT)
, kUl;if(tpag;G) , mr;rk; , ngUkpjk;(tPuk;) , ntFsp(Nfhgk;) , ctif vd;w vl;Ltif
nka;g;ghl;L czh;TfisAk; njhy;fhg;gpah; tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;sik Nghw;WjYf;FhpaJ.

jkpoh; nra;j jtj;jpd; fhuzkhff; fhynts;sj;jpy; mope;J Nghfhky; ,d;W

fpilf;fpd;w kpfg; goikahd E}yhfpa njhy;fhg;gpak; %yk; ed;D}y; , Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiy, ek;gpafg;nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij ikakhff;
nfhz;L vz;zw;w ,yf;fpa VLfSk; kyh;e;Js;sd.
 14

ghlk; - 2

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;

rq;fk; itj;J nkhoptsh;j;j jkpo;ehl;by; fp.K.100 tiu eilngw;wjhff;

fUjg;gLk; filr;rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fNs ,d;W fpilf;fpd;wd. mitNa
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; mfk,; Gwk; vd;w ,UgFg;Gfspy;
mlq;Ffpd;wd. mfj;jpy; fhyj;ijAk; Gwj;jpy; tPuk,; fy;tp, thzpfk; Nghd;w
,y;tho;Tf;F mg;ghw;gl;L elf;fpd;w epfo;rr
; pfs; midj;ijAk; ghb itj;jdh;.
mfg;ghly; kpFjp Gwg;ghly; FiwT tPl;L tho;T nrk;ikahf mikapd; ehl;L tho;Nt
jhNd rpwf;Fk; vd;W goe;jkpo;g; Gyth; ek;gpajhy; mfg;ghly;fs; kpFjpahf vOe;jd.
rq;fg; ghly;fs; vl;Lj;njhif, gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;w ,U ,yf;fpag; gphpTfSs; xsph;fpd;wd.

1. vl;Lj;njhif

ew;wpiz, FWe;njhif, Iq;FWE}W, gjpw;Wg;gj;J, ghpghly,; fypj;njhif,

mfehD}W, GwehD}W Mfpa vl;L ,yf;fpaq;fspd; njhFg;Gj;jhd; vl;Lj; njhif MFk;.
,e;E}y;fspy; mfKk; GwKkhf 2371 cjphpg; ghly;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. vl;Lj; njhif
,yf;fpaq;fis epidT nfhs;tjw;F vOe;Js;s ntz;gh;:

“ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W

Xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F ghpghly;

fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk; vd;W

,j;jjpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif”

vd;gjhFk;. vl;Lj;njhifapy; Ie;J mf ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Xd;W mfg;Gw ,yf;fpak;

,uz;L;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fSk; cs;sd.

mf ,yf;fpaq;fs;

1. Iq;FWE}W

,e;E}y; Ie;jpiz xOf;fq;fisAk; tpsf;FfpJ. Xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; E}W

ghly;fs; tPjk; Ie;E}W ghly;fs; cs;sd. ghly;fisg; gj;Jg; gj;jhfg; gphpj;Jj; jFe;j
jiyg;gpl;L E}y; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 3mb Kjy; 6mb tiu msTila Fiwe;j
 15

mbfisf; nfhz;l ghly;fshf tpsq;FtjhFk;. Ie;J jpiz vd;W xOf;fq;fisAk;

kpfTk; RUf;fpf; fhl;LtjhYk; ,jw;F Iq;FWE}W ngah; mike;Js;sJ.

Iq;FWE}w;wpy; Kjypy; epw;gJ kUjj;jpiz mjidg; ghbath; Xuk;Nghfpahh;.

nea;jy; jpiziag; ghbath; mk;%tdhh;. FwpQ;rpj;jpiziag; ghbath; fgpyh;. ghiyj;
jpiziag; ghbath; Xjyhe;ijahh;. Ky;iyj; jpiziag; ghbath; Ngadhh;. Ie;J
Gyth;fs; Iq;FWE}w;Wg; ghly;fisg; ghbath;fs; Mth;. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;
,e;E}Yf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. Gyj;Jiw Kw;wpa $lY}h; fpohh; ,e;E}iyj;
njhFj;jtuhthh;. ,e;E}y; ghly;fisj; njhFj;jpl cjtpa Nrukd;dd; ahidfl;Nra;
khe;juQ; Nr;uy; ,Uk;nghiwahthd;.

nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;f FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jts; jiytp. jiytid kze;j gpwF tWik
epiyf;Fj; jd;idg; gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhs;. khd; cz;l vr;rpy; ePh;$l NkhyhdJ;
jha; tPl;Lj; Njd; fye;j ghYk;$l mt;tsT ,dpikahdjd;W vd;fpd;whs;.
,f;fhl;rpia>

md;dha; thopNtz; ld;idek; gilg;ig

Njd;kaq;F ghypDk; ,dpa mth;ehl;L

ctiyf; $tw; fPo

khd;cz;L vQ;rpa fypop ePNu

vd;Dk; gFjp rpj;jphpf;fpd;wJ.

2. FWe;njhif.

ey;y vd;w milnkhop rpwg;gpf;Fk; FWe;njhif 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

ehd;fbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk; vl;lbg; Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;lJ. 205 Gyth;fs; FWe;njhifg;
ghly;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;. njhFg;gpj;jtd; g+hpf;Nfh Mthd;.

FWe;njhif ghba Gyth;fspy; mzpyhL Kd;wpyhh; Fg;igf; Nfhopahh; nrk;Gyg;

ngadPuhh; ntz;zpytpdhh; tpl;l Fjpiuahh; fakdhh; Nghd;w Gyth;fs; jhq;fs; ghba
thpfshy; ngah; ngw;wth;fs;.

Co;typahy; jiytDk; jiykfSk; Mfpa ,UtUk; fz;L jk;Ks; fhjy;

nfhz;ldh;. fhjy; njhlh;e;J tsh;e;jJ ehl;fs; gy nry;yj; jiytd; fz;L
jiytpiaj; Njw;Wk; jiytd; $Wk; fUj;Njhtpak;
 16

nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh; Nghy

md;Gil neQ;rk; jhk;fye; jdNt (FW 40)

vd; jhAk; epd; jhAk; vk;Kiwapy; cwtpdh;? vd; je;ijAk; epd; je;ijAk;
vt;tifapy; cwtpdh;? ahDk; ePAk; vt;topapy; mwpe;Njhk;? nrk;kz; epyj;jpy; nga;j
kio ePuhdJ mk;kz;Zld; fye;J nre;epwkhfpr; nry;tJ Nghy; ek; md;Gila
neQ;rff; fhjy; xU ehSk; gphpahjd;Nwh vdj; jiytd; $wpj; jiytpiaj;
Njw;Wfpwhd;. ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpa Gyth; ngah; mwpag;gl ,ayhjjhy; mth; ghly;
thpfisf; nfhz;Nl nrk;Gyg; naePuhh; vd;W ngah; mikj;J kfpo;e;jdh;.

FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspy; mike;Js;s mofpa ctikfs; thapyhf tuyhw;Wr;

nra;jpfisAk; tpyq;F gwitfspd; ,dpa tho;tpd; %yk; kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L rpwg;gpid
mwptJk; FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; rpwg;ghFk;.

3. ew;wpiz

ey;njhif vdg; ngah; ngWk; ew;wpizapy; 400 ghly;fs; cs;sd. 175 Gyth;fs;
ghbAs;sdh;. flTs; tho;j;J ghly; ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtduhy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; 9 mbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk; 12 mbg;Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;lJ. mf
czh;r;rpiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; jiyaha E}y; ew;wpiz vd;W ghuhl;Lth;.

gpd;dj;J}h; ehuhazrhkp ma;ah; ew;wpizf;Fj; njspthdNj}hh; ciu vOjpAs;shh;.

jkpo; kf;fspd; gz;ghL ehL efuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; tuyhW ,aw;if ctikfs;
tuyhw;W khe;jh;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ew;wpiz %yk; mwpfpNwhk;.

epd;w nrhy;yh;: ePLNjhd;W ,dpah;:

vd;Wk; vd;Njhs; gphpgwp ayNu:

jhkiuj; jz;jhJ Cjp kPkpirr;

rhe;jpy; njhLj;j jPe;Njd; Nghyg;

Giua kd;w GiuNahh; Nfz;ik (ew;.1)

ew;wpizapy; tUk; ,g;ghliyg; ghba fgpyh;> fhjyd; fhjypah; tho;tpaiyf;

$Wkplj;J> kwe;Jk; $l newp nfl;Lj; jiytd; thof;$lhJ vd;w fUj;ij cstpay;
mbg;gilapy; gilj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sijf; fhzyhk;.
 17

4. mfehD}W

,J mfk; gw;wp tphpthfg; ghLfpd;w E}y; 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ mfk;

mfg;ghl;L mfehD}W neLe;;njhif vd;W gy ngah;fshy; toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;E}y; 13 mb
Kjy; 31 mbtiuAs;s ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth;
cUj;jpurd;kh;. njhFg;gpj;j ghz;ba kd;dh; cf;fpug;ngUtOjp Mthd;. mfE}y;fspd;
mfehD}W njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;s KiwAk; ghly;fs; gFj;J itf;fg;gl;L
; s;s KiwAk;
rpwg;Gilad.

Kjy; 120 ghly;fs; fspw;Wahid vd;w gphptpYk; 121 Kjy; 300 tiuapYs;s 180
ghly;fspy; kzpkpil gtsk; vd;w gphptpYk; ,WjpahfTs;s 301 Kjy; 400 tiuapyhd
100 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf;Nfhit vd;w gphptpYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}ypy; xw;iw
vz;fs; cila ghly;fs; ghiyj;jpizapYk; 2 8 vz;fs; cila ghly;fs;
FwpQ;rpj;jpizapYk; 4 vz;fs; cilait kUjj;jpizapYk; 10 vz;fs; cilait
nea;jy; jpizapYkhf vspjhfg; ghly;fisf; fz;LzUk; tz;zk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s rpwg;igf; fhzKbAk;.

jkpof tuyhw;wpidj; njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; xU fUt+ykhf

mfehD}W tpsq;FfpwJ. Kjy; fU chpg;nghUs;fs; kpf tpsf;fkhf mfehD}w;wpy;
Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. Ie;epy kf;fspd; tho;f;if kf;fspd; gz;ghL murpay; Kiw ehL
efuq;fs; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW rpwg;Gfisf; fhl;17at z;zk;
mfehD}W tpsq;FfpwJ.

jiytd; jiytpaiu ,aw;if vopy; nfhopf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jp>

,aw;ifiag; gpd;Gykhff; fhl;Lk; #oy; fw;Nghh; kdj;jpy; ,d;Wk; cap&l;bf;
nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. rhd;whf mfehD}w;wpy; fgpyh; fhl;Lk; xU fhl;rp:

kiyg;g+Q; rhuy; tz;L ahohf

,d;gk; ,kpopir Nfl;Lf; fsprpwe;J

ke;jp ey;yit kUs;td Nehf;ff;

fiotsh; mLf;fj;J ,ayp MLk;kapy;

edTg;GF tpwypapd; Njhd;Wk; ehld;

 18

5. fypj;njhif

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rw;Nw fhyj;jhy; gpd; Njhd;wpa fypj;njhif 150

fypg;ghf;fisf; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ ,e;E}y; ghba Gyth;fs; Ith;. Ghiyf;
fypiag; ngUq;fLq;NfhTk; FwpQ;rpf; fypiaf; fgpyUk; kUjf; fypia
kUjdpsehfdhUk; Ky;iyf; fypiar; Nrhod; ey;Yuj;jpuDk; nea;jw; fypia
ey;ye;JtdhUk; ghbAs;sdh;. fypj;njhifg; ghly;fisj; njhFj;jth; ey;ye;JtdhNu.

fypj;njhifg; ghf;fs; ehlfg; Nghf;fpy; mike;jit jiytd; jiytp KjyhNdhh;

xUtNuhNlhUth; ciuahLk; ghd;ikapy; gy ghf;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,irNahLk;
nrhw;Rit nghUl;RitNahLk; ,t;tpyf;fpag; ghly;fs; mike;Js;sikahy; ,jid
fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fyp vd;W Nghw;wpAs;sdh;.

vl;Lj;njhifapy; mfg;Gw ,yf;fpak;

1. ghpghly;

ghpghly; vd;gJ ,irg;gh. ,g;ghtpdhy; ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapdhy;

ghpghly; vd;w ngah; te;jJ. ghl;LfSf;F ,ir tFj;Js;sdh;. njhy;fhg;gpa ciu
%ykhfTk; ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu %ykhfTk; vOgJ ghly;fs; ghpghlypy;
,Ue;jd vdj; njhpfpwJ. ,d;W 22 ghly;fNs fpilf;fpd;wd. ghly;fs; 25 mbKjy; 400
mbtiuAs;s msTilad. ,Ugj;jpnuz;L ghly;fspy; jpUkhYf;F 6 KufDf;F 8
itiaf;F 8 vdg;ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;fis ey;ye;Jtdhh; Kjypa 13
Gyth;fs; ghbAs;sdh;. ghpNkyofh; ghpghlYf;F rpwe;j ciu ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

,iwtd; vs;Sf;Fs; vz;nza; Nghy; vq;Fk; epiwe;J cs;shd;. fz;zhy;

fz;Lzu ,ayhepiy gilj;j ,iwtid kdj;jhy; czh;e;J mwpayhk; vd;W fLtd;
,sntapddhh; vd;w Gyth; ngUe;njhif $Wfpwhh;.

jPapDs; njwy; eP ! g+tpDs; ehw;wk; eP !

fy;ypDs; kzpAk; eP ! nrhy;ypDs; tha;ik eP !

mwj;jpDs; md;G eP ! kwj;jpDs; ike;J eP !

Ntjj;J kiw eP ! g+jj;J KjYk; eP !

ntQ;Rlh; xspAk; eP ! jpq;fSk; mspAk; eP!

 19

midj;J eP ! midj;jpd; cl;nghUSk; eP !

ghpghly; Gwj;ijAk; mfj;ijAk; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. itiag; gw;wpa mjd;

mfg;ghly;fs; ,yf;fpar; rpwg;G tha;e;jit. vdNt ghpghliy mfg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vd;Wk;
miog;gh;. kJiu khefhpd; mikg;G Kiwapidg; ghpghlypy; fz;L kfpo KbAk;.

9-k; gj;J ngUq;Fd;W}h;f;fpohh; - ,sQ;NruypUk;nghiw Neuehl;il Mz;l

kd;dh;fs; jhaKiw cwT nfhz;l ,Ufpisapdh; vd mwpag;gLfpd;wdh;. xUth;
cjpad; Nruyhjd; kugpdh; mth;fs; tQ;rpiaj; jiyefuhf;f njhz;biaj; jiyefuhff;
nfhz;L Mz;ldh;. kw;nwhUth; ,Uk;nghiw kugpdh;. mth;fs; flw;fiug; gl;bdkhfpa
njhz;biaj; jiyefuhf; nfhz;L Mz;ldh;. gjpw;Wg; gj;J fhl;Lk; Nrukd;dh; tuyhW
Kjy; xd;W ,uz;lhk; E}; w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ vd;gh; mwpQh;.

Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs;

1. GwehD}W

jkpoh;fspd; tPutopghl;Lf;Fhpa E}y; tPuj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; gDty; Gwk;-ghl;L

Gwk;G ehD}W Mfpa ngah;fshYk; GwehD}W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; tUk; 400
ghly;fisAk; 160 Gyth;fs; ghbAs;sdh;. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;F
flTs; tho;j;J ghbAs;shh;. ,g;Gwg;ghly;fisj; njhFj;jtNuh njhFg;gpj;jtNuh ahnud
mwpaf; $ltpy;iy. Gwg;ghly;fSs; gjpdhd;F kd;dUk; ftpghbg; ghly;fis
ahj;Js;sdh; vd;w rpwg;ig mwpa KbfpwJ.

Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dh; fy;tpapd; rpwg;igf;

fPo;f;fz;lthW ghbAs;shd;.

“ cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;

gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw”

Nrhjplf; fiy ty;Yeuhd fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh; cyf tho;tpay; mikjpAk;

,d;gKk; Njhd;wpl thOk; tho;f;if Kiwiaj; jkpoh;f;F fw;gpf;fpwhh;.

“ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; Nfsph;

jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;jut huh

NehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;d

 20

rhjYk; GJtJ md;Nw tho;jy;

,dpJ vd kfpo;e;jd;Wk; ,yNk”.

fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhiuj; jOtp ehpnt&cj; jiyahUk; ahUf;Fk; jPik

nra;ahky; tho;e;Njhk; vd;why; mJNt ekf;F ,d;gk; jUk; ed;ikahfTk; mikAk;
vdg; ghLfpwhh;.

2. gjpw;Wg;gj;J

Nrukd;dh;fs; tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; tuyhw;Wf; fUT+yk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J. gj;Jg; gj;jhf

mike;j gj;Jf;fs; gj;J vd E}Wghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Kjy; gj;Jk;> filg;gj;Jk;
mope;Jtpl;likahy;> ,uz;lhtJ gj;JKjy;> xd;gjhtJ gj;J tiuapYs;s 80
ghly;fNs fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. xt;nthU gj;Jf;Fk; gjpfk; mike;Js;sijf; nfhz;L>
mg;gj;ijg; ghba Gyth;> ghlg;gl;l Nrukd;dd;> mtd; Gyth;f;F mspj;j ghprpy; Nghd;w
nra;jpfis mwpaKbfpwJ.

2Mk; gj;J – Fkl;^h;f;fz;zdhh; - ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;

3Mk; gj;J – ghiyf;nfsjkdhh; - gy;ahid nry;nfO Fl;Ltd;

4Mk; gj;J – fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhh; - fsq;fha;f; fz;zp ehh;Kbr;Nruy;

5Mk; gj;J – guzh; - fly;gpwf;Nfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltd;

6Mk; gj;J – fhf;ifg;ghbdpahh; er;nrs;isahh; - MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;

7Mk; gj;J – fgpyh; - nry;tf;fLq;Nfhthopahjd;

8Mk; gj;J – mhprpy; fpohh; - jf^h; vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy;

9Mk; gj;J - ngUq;Fd;W}h; fpohh; - ,sQ;NruypUk; nghiw

Ie;jhk; gj;jpd; jiytdhfpa fly; gpwf;Nfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltidg; guzh; Vw;wkpF

jd;ikapy; ghbAs;sshh;. ,k;kd;dNd fz;zfpf;F ,kaf;fy; nfhzh;e;J tQ;rpapy; rpiy
mikj;J topg;gl;ltd; vd;gh;. Nkiyehl;ltuhd atdUk;> gpw tzpfh;fSk; mugpf;fly;
topf;fg;gy; nrYj;jp tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;Lj; jkpofk; Nehf;fp tUk;nghOJ> fly;
jPTfspy; kiwe;jpUe;J mth;fisj; jhf;fp topg;gwp nra;j flw;nfhs;isf;fhuh;fisr;
nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd; flw;gilahy; ntd;W mlf;fpaikahy;> ,k;kd;dd; „fly; gpwf;Nfhl;ba
vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah; ngw;whd; vd;gh;.
 21

NfLeuy; ngstq; fyq;f> Ntypl;L

ciljpiu gug;gpy;> gLfly; Xl;ba

nty;Gfo;f; Fl;Ltd; fz;Nlhh;

Nruehl;il Mz;l kd;dh;fs; jhaKiw cwT nfhz;l ,Ufpisapdh; vd

mwpag;gLfpd;wdh;. xUth; cjpad; Nruyhjd; kugpdh;.mth;fs; tQ;rpiaj; jiyefuhff;
nfhz;L Mz;ldh;. kw;nwhUth; ,Uk;nghiw kugpdh;. mth;fs; flw;fiug; gl;bdkhfpa
njhz;biaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Mz;ldh;. gjpw;Wg;gj;J fhl;Lk; Nrukd;dh; tuyhW
xd;whk;> ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ vd;gh; mwpQh;.

gj;Jg;ghl;L

rq;fg; ghly;fspy; ePz;l neLk; ghly;fshf mike;j gj;Jg;ghly;fspd;

njhFg;Gj;jhd; gj;Jg;ghl;L ,yf;fpakhFk;. nrk;khe;J nry;Yk; eilAk; goe;jkpohpd;
gz;G, tpUe;Njhk;gy; rpwg;G, murh; jk; tPuk; Nghd;w gy rpwg;Gfis cs;slf;fp
tpsq;FtJ gj;Jg;ghl;lhFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;by; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; Ie;Jk; kJiuf;fhQ;rpAk;
Gwg;nghUs; E}y;fshFk; Vida mfg;nghUs; gw;wpd. ,e;E}y;fs; epidT $h;tjw;F
,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s ntz;gh.

KUF nghUE}W ghzpuz;L Ky;iy

ngUF tskJiuf; fhQ;rp-kUtpdpa

Nfhy neLey;thil Nfhy;FwpQ;rp gl;bdg;

ghiy flhj;njhLk; gj;J.

1. Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs;

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil, nghUeuhw;Wg;gil, rpWghzhw;Wg;gil, ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil,

kiygLflhk; Mfpa Ie;J E}y;fSk; Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;. Mw;Wg;gilapd;
,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

$j;jUk; ghzUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;

Mw;wpil fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;

 22

ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwh mh;f;F mwpTwP,r;

nrd;W gad; vjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk;.

ts;syplNkh kd;ddplNkh ghpR ngw;w xUtd; ghpR ngwhj NtnwhUtidr;

nry;Yk; topiaAk; ngw;w ghprpiyAk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jp mDg;GtNj Mw;Wg;gil
,yf;fzkhFk;. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; KUfdplk; mUs;ngw;w xUtd; mr;nry;tj;ijg;
ngwhj NtnwhUtid KUfdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jp mDg;Gtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil

gj;Jg;ghl;Lj; njhFg;Gf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; Nghy; Kjyhtjhf mike;Js;ss

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; ef;fPuh; E}ypy; 317 mbfs; cs;sd. “tPL ngWtjw;F tpUk;gpa xU
,utyid tPL ngw;whd; xUtd; KUfdplj;Nj Mw;Wg;gLj;jpaJ vd KUfhw;Wg;gilf;F
tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shh;. ,J Gytuhw;Wg;gil vd;Wk; ngah;ngWk;.

,e;E}ypy; jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; , jpUr;rPuiytha;(jpUr;nre;J}h;) , jpUthtpdd;Fb(godp) ,

jpUNtufk;(Rthkpkiy) , Fd;WNjhwhly;(jpUj;jzp) ,goKjph;rN
; rhiy(kJiu) Mfpa
KUfDila giltPLfs; gw;wp tphpthfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,J 11-k; jpUKiwapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jpU tPw;wpUe;j jPJePh; epakj;J>

khlk; kyp kWfpd; $lw;Fltapd;

,UQ;Nrw;W mfy;tay; tphpe;J tha;mtpo;e;j

Ks;jhs; jhkiuj; JQ;rp> itfiwf;

fs;fko; nea;jy; Cjp> vy;glf;

fz;Nghy; kyh;e;j fhkU Ridkyh;

mQ;rpiw tz;bd; mhpf;fzk; xypf;Fk;

Fd;W mkh;e;J ciwjYk; chpad;.

,g;ghly;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpd; rpwg;gpid nrt;tNd vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

 23

2. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil

Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; 248 mbfs; E}ypy; cs;sd. NrhoehL

nghq;fptUk; fhtphpapd; rpwg;igAk; ghbdp gw;wpa tUizidAk; ,e;E}Ys; gbj;J
kfpoyhk;. fhpfhyd; jha; tapw;wpypUf;Fk;NghNj mtd; je;ij Nghh;f;fsj;Nj
khz;lijAk; fhpfhyd; ,stajpNyNa muRf;fl;by; VwpaijAk; ntz;zpg; gwe;jiy
vd;w ,lj;jpy; jd; gifth;fis ntd;W fhtphpfhyd; ntw;wpthif #ba tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpiaAk; nghUeuhw;Wg;gilapy; mwpfpNwhk;.

nghd;dptstdhfpa fhpfhyid ehbte;j nghUeh;fshfpa ghzh;fspd; tWik

epiy fz;L mth;fis md;NghL tuNtw;W ,dpa ghh;itapy; md;G fhl;br; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; tpUe;Njhk;Gk;rpwg;ig tphpthf ,e;E}ypy; fhzyhk;. <Wk; NgDk; epiwe;J
mOf;Nfwp tpah;itahy; eide;J tpsq;Fk; fe;jyhilia khw;wpg; Gj;jhil toq;Fk;
tstdpd; rpwg;ig Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh; ghLfpwhh;.

“ghrp Nthpd; khnrhL Fiwe;j

Jd;dh rpjh mh; ePf;fpj; J}a

nfhl;ilf; fiua gl;Lil”

ey;fpdhd; vd mwpa KbfpwJ.

mwy;Nghy; $e;jy;> gpiwNghy; jpUWjy;

nfhiytpy; GUtj;J> nfhOq;fil kiof;fz;

,yT,jo; GiuAk; ,d;nkhopj; Jth;tha;>

gycW Kj;jpd; gopjPh; ntz;gy;>

,g;ghlypy; ghbdpapd; Nfrhjpghj th;zid ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij ca;j;Jzu Kbfpd;wJ.

3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil

,ilf;fopehl;L ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh; Xa;khehl;L ey;ypaf;Nfhlidj; jiytdhff;

nfhz;L ghba E}y;. 269 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; rpwpa ahiof; ifapNy cila
ghzh;fs; tUfpd;wdh;. Rpwpa aho;g;ghzd; xUtd; ey;ypaf; Nfhldplk; kw;nwhU
aho;g;ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf E}y; mike;Js;sJ.
 24

nfhw;ifj; JiwKfk; Kj;Jf;Fg; ngah; NghdJ. mq;F thOk; ckzh;fs; cg;G

thzpfk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mth;fspd; ,aw;if tho;tpidAk; cg;G tpw;fr; nry;Yk;
ghq;fpidAk; mofpa ftpij Xtpakhf;fpAs;sdh;.

,e;E}ypy; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; nry;tr; nropg;Gk;> Ml;rpr; rpwg;Gk;

Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. filnaO ts;sy;fs; vd rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpwtw;wpy; Ngrg;ngWk;
VO FWepy kd;dh;fspd; gilr;rpwg;Gk;> nfhilr;rpwg;Gk; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

“miyePh;j; jhio md;dk; G+g;gTk;

jiyehs; nrUe;jp jkdpak; kUl;lTk;

fLQ;#y; Kz;lfk; fjph;kzp fohyTk;

neLq;fhw; Gd;id epj;jpyk; itg;gTk;

ige;jiy mtiu gtok; Nfhg;gTk;

fUeidf; fhah fhdkapy; mtpoTk;

nfhOq;nfhb KRz;il nfhl;lq;nfhs;sTk;

nrOq;Fiyf; fhe;js; iftpuy; G+g;gTk;”

4. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuaidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L fbaY}h;

cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhh; ,e;E}iyg; gilj;Js;shh;. 500 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;E}y;
nghpa ahioj; jhq;fpa ngUk;ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;jpajhy; ,e;E}y; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.

njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; murd; kl;Lky;yd; rpwe;j ey;ypir

GytDkhthd; mtd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;igf; fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$wpAs;shh;. „gOkuk; NjUk;‟ gwit Nghy kiykyp Gyth;fSk; kf;fSk; mtd; ehl;il
Nehf;fp mr;rkpd;wpr; nry;yyhk;. ,th; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfspy; <LghLkpf;fth;. gl;bdg;ghiy
vd;w E}iyg; ghbatUk; ,tNu. ,e;E}ypy; fhty; rpwg;G> fhQ;rpapd; ngUik> FwpQ;rp>
Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy Itif epyq;fspd; tUzid Nghd;wit
Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;.
njhz;ilkhd; ehl;by; Mwiyf; fs;th;fSk;> jPa tpyq;FfSk; ,y;iy. ,bAk;
Jd;GWj;jhJ. eha; nfhz;L Ntl;ilahLjy;> NkYk; gRf;fisg; ghJfhj;J ghy;> japh;>
tpw;W ney;Yk;> Gy;Yk; gz;lkhw;whfg; ngWjy; Mfpa nra;jpfis ,e;E}yhy; mwpfpNwhk.;
 25

“ehs;Nkhh; khWk; ey;kh Nkdp

rpWFio Jay;tUk; fhjpd; gizj;Njhs;

FWnewpf; nfhz;l $e;jy; Ma;kfs;

mistpiy cztpd; fpisAld; mUj;jp

nea;tpiyf; fl;by; gRk;nghd; nfhs;shs;

vUik ey;yhd; fUehF ngW}ck;”

kiygLflhk; my;yJ $j;jh; Mw;Wg;gil

,e;E}ypy; ed;ddpd; Ciu miltjw;Fhpa topfSk;> ,ilapy; jq;Fk; ,lq;fSk;>

mt;tt;ehl;by; tpisfpd;w czTg; nghUs;fSk; kiyfspd; ed;ikAk;> ed;ddpd;
nfhilr; rpwg;Gk;> mtd; Rw;wj;jhh; xOf;fKk; ed;F tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fio tsh; etpuj;J kPkpir nQNunud

kio fue;jd;d <if ey;fp

jiyehs; tpLf;Fk; ghprpy; kiy ePh;

ntd;W vO nfhbapd; Njhd;Wk;

Fd;W #o; ,Uf;if ehL fpoNthNd!

,g;ghly; ed;ddpd; nfhilr; rpwg;ig jpwk;gl tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

5. $j;jh; Mw;Wg;gil

,uzpaKl;lj;Jg; ngUq;Fd;W}h;g; ngUq; nfsrpfdhh; ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; Mthh;.

583 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; etpukiyg; gFjpia Mz;l
ed;dd; Nra; ed;ddhthd;. ,e;E}y; jiyg;G ,yf;fpar; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wjhFk;. kiy gL
flhk; vd;w %d;W nrhw;fs; ,ize;J epw;gJ kiyf;F ahidia ctkpj;J mjdplk;
gpwe;j Xirapidr; rpwg;gp;j;J vOe;jjhFk;. kiygL flhk; khjpuj;J ,ak;g vd;w ghly;
thp ,t;ctikr; rpwg;ig tpsf;fp epw;wiyf; fhzyhk;.

fio tsh; etpuj;J kPkpir nQNunud

kio fue;jd;d <if ey;fp

 26

jiyehs; tpLf;Fk; ghprpy; kiy ePh;

ntd;W vO nfhbapd; Njhd;Wk;

Fd;W #o; ,Uf;if ehL fpoNthNd!

,g;ghly; ed;ddpd; nfhilr; rpwg;ig jpwk;gl tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

Gw ,yf;fpak;

6. kJiuf;fhQ;rp

Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fNshL kJiuf;fhQ;rpAk; gj;Jg;ghl;by; Gw ,yf;fpakhfj;

jpfo;fpwJ. gj;Jg;ghl;bNyNa kpf ePz;l 782 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypid ,aw;wpath;
khq;Fb kUjdhh; Mthh;. ,th; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ghzbad; jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr;
nrUntd;w neLQ;nropadhthd;.

kJiuf; fhQ;rpapy; kJiu khefu tUzid moFwg; nghypfpd;wJ.

“nghw;G tpsq;F Gfo; mit epw;Gfo;e;J Vj;j

,yq;F ,io kfsph; nghyq;fyj;J Ve;jp

kzq;fko; Njwy; kLg;g> ehSk;

kfpo;e;jpdpJ ciwkjp ngUk

tiue;J eP ngw;w ey;Y}opiana!”

mf ,yf;fpaq;fs;

1. Ky;iyg;ghl;L

fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;Jg; nghd;tzpfdhh; kfdhh; eg;g+jdhh; ,aw;wpa mf ,yf;fpak;

Ky;iyg;ghl;L 103 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. gj;Jg;ghl;by; Fiwe;j mbfshy; ,ad;w E}y;
,J. tpidNkw;nrd;w jiytd; jpUk;Gk; tiu fw;G newpapdpd;Wk; tOthJ
,y;ypy;jiytp Mw;wpapUg;gJ Ky;iy vdg;gLk;. ,e;E}Yk; ehl;Lf; flikahw;wr; nrd;w
jiytd; jpUk;Gk; tiuj; jiytp Mw;wpapUj;jiyf; $Wjyhy; Ky;iyg;ghl;L
vdthapw;W.
 27

fhh;g;gUtj; njhlf;fj;jpy; kPz;Lk; tUNtd; vd;W jiytpiaj; Njw;wp jiytd;

gphptJk; tpidNkw; nrd;w jiytd; jd; flikfisr; nrt;tNd Mw;WtJk; jiytd;
gphpthy; jiytp jdpikj; Jahpy; thLtJk; Mfpa nra;jpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ
Ky;iyg;ghl;L.

Kjy;ehs; Nghh; Kbe;j ,utpy; ghriwapy; jiytd; jq;fpAs;shd;. gLj;jpUf;Fk;

jiytd; J}q;fhky; xUif gs;sp xw;wpAk; xUif KbnahL flfk; Nrh;j;Jk; nebJ
epidj;J kWehs; Mw;w Ntz;ba Nghh;Kiwfis vz;zpr; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
Kjy;ehs; Nghhpy; fspWfis ntl;b tPo;j;jp tPukuzk; mile;j tPuh;fis vz;zpg;
ghh;j;jhd; gif mk;Gijj;Jg; Gyk;Gk; Fjpiufs; mtd; epidtpy; te;jd. ,uTg;
nghOjpy; ehopif tl;by; fhl;Lk; Neuj;ij mwpe;J $WNthh;. mtpe;J NghFk; tpsf;iff;
nfhSj;Jk; ngz;fs; rl;ilAk; jiyg;ghifAk; mzpe;j nka;f;fhg;ghsh; jiytd;
$lhuj;ijr; Rw;wp tUjy; Nghd;w Nghh;fsr; nra;jpfis Kiwg;glf; $wpg;gbg;NghUf;Ff;
flikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;s ,yf;fpaNk Ky;iyg;ghl;lhFk;.

; ,d;Japy; tjpAes; fhzhs;> Jah; coe;J

neQ;R Mw;Wg;gLj;j epiwjb Gyk;ghL

ePLepide;J Njw;wpAk;> XLtis jpUj;jpAk;

ikay; nfhz;Lk;> xa;Nad caph;j;Jk;

VcWkQ;iQapd; eLq;fp> ,io nefpo;e;J………

jiytdJ gphpthy; jiytpAw;w Jauk; ,g;ghly; thpfspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUg;gijf;

fhzyhk;.

2. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

gj;Jg;ghl;by; vl;lhtJ ,yf;fpakhf Kj;Jg;ghl;lhf tpsq;FtJ FwpQ;rpg;ghl;lhFk;.

262 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}iyf; FwpQ;rpiar; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLk; fgpyh; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
Mhpa murd; gpufj;jDf;Fj; jkpo;r; Ritia czh;j;Jk; nghUl;L ,f;fsnthOf;fk;
gw;wpa E}iy fgpyh; ghbdhh; vd;gh;.

Njhop nrtpypf;F mwj;NjhL epw;Fk; Jiwapy; mike;jJ FwpQ;rpg;ghl;lhFk;

kiyapy; jpidg;Gdk; fhf;Fk; jiytp Njhop Ntl;ilf;F tUk; jiytd; ,aw;if
$l;Ltpf;f xd;WgLk; fhjy; cs;sq;fs; kiyapy; mUtp 99 tif kyh;fisj;
 28

jiytpAk; NjhopAk; gwpj;J khiy fl;Ljy; jiytd; jiytpNahL khiy tiu

fhj;jpUe;J Ch; vy;iy tiu te;J mDg;Gjy; ,uTf;Fwp jiytp jiytid vz;zp
Vq;Fjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW epfo;rr
; pfisr; Ritglf; $wpAs;s ,d;gj; jkpo; ,yf;fpakhFk;
,J.

Kj;J kzp nghd; Kjypatw;why; cUthf;fg;gl;l nra;fyd; cile;J tpLkhapd;

mjidg; gioa khjphpNa rhp nra;Jtplyhk;. Mdhy; xOf;fj;NjhL ,ize;j fw;G
ePq;Fkhdhy; mjid kPz;Lk; nrg;gk; nra;tJ khKdpth;f;Fk; $l vspa nray; md;W
vd;gijj; Njhop nrtpypf;Ff; $Wthsha;f; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;by; tUfpd;w thpfs; gbj;Jg;
Nghw;wj; jf;fitfshFk;.

Kj;jpDk; kzpapDk; nghd;dpDk; mj;Jiz

Neh;tUq; Fiua fyq;nfbw; GzUk;

rhy;Gk; tpag;Gk; ,ay;Gk; Fd;wpd;

khR mwf; fop, taq;FGfo; epWj;jy;

MrW fhl;rp Iah;f;Fk; me;epiy

vspa vd;dhh; njhd;kUq;F mwpQh;.

3. gl;bdg;ghiy

Nrhog; ngUNte;jd; fhpfhyd; kPJ fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;. ghbaJ ,J 301

mbfis cilaJ. „Kl;lhr; rpwg;gpd; gl;bdk; ngwpDk; thUhpq; $e;jy; taq;fpio xopa
thNud; thopa neQ;Nr‟ vd;W jiytd; jd; neQ;ir Nehf;fpr; nryT mOq;fpf; $Wk;
$w;whf mike;jjhy; ,e;E}y; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.

fhpfhy; tstDila Gfo; mtd; tsehL fhtphpapd; rpwg;G murdJ Ml;rp

Nghd;wtw;iw tphpthf tpsf;fpf; $WfpwJ. gl;bdg;ghiy Nrhoehl;bd; jiyefuhd
fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk; kUt+h;g;ghf;fk; vd;w ,U ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jijAk; mq;F
Fwpj;Jk; gl;bdg;ghiy NgRfpwJ kf;fs; tho;f;if JiwKfj;jpy; Rq;fk; ngw;W Vw;Wkjp
,wf;Fkjp nra;j jd;ik Fwpj;Jk; gl;bdg;ghiy NgRfpwJ
 29

mfg;Gw ,yf;fpak;

1. neLey; thil

neL ey; thil vd;w %d;W nrhw;fshy; jiyg;gpNyNa ,yf;fpar; Ritia

mspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; E}y; ghriwapy; jq;fpapUe;J flikahw;Wk; jiytDf;F ePz;l
ey;y thilahfTk; jiytidg; gphpe;J thLk; jiytpf;Fj; Jd;gthilahfTk;
mike;Js;sJ thilf; fhyk;. mJNt E}y; jiyg;Gk; Mapw;W. Kuz; ,jpy; mikfpwJ.

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; ef;fPuh; 188 mbfisf; nfhz;L;s;s ,e;E}y;

jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w neLQ;nropaidg; gw;wpanjd;Wk; ,e;E}ypy; tUfpd;w
„Ntk;G‟ vd;w nrhy; neLQ;nropaidNa Fwpj;J tUjyhy; ,J Gw ,yf;fpaNk vd;W
ciuahrphpah; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; cl;glg; gyh; $Wth;. Mapd; „Ntk;G jiyahj;j
Nehd;fho; v/fk;‟ vd;gjpy; Ntk;G muridf; Fwpf;fhky; <l;bapy; Rw;wg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;W
nfhz;L ,J mf ,yf;fpaNk vd;W lhf;lh; t.R.g. khzpf;fk; Nghd;w mwpQh; gyUk;
Muha;e;Js;sdh;.

kiof;fhyj;jpy; Fspuhy; Nfhtyh;fs; Mepiufs; gwitfs; gLk; Jd;gk;

muz;kid mikg;G Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; Jah; mts; Jaiuj; jPh;f;fr; nrtpypah; KaYk;
Kaw;rpfs; efur; nra;jpfs; ghriwapy; kd;dd; epiy Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;fkhfTk;
tphpthfTk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ neLey;thil.

rq;;f ,yf;fpar;rpwg;;Gfs;

1. mfk;>Gwk; jpizg; ghFghLfs;:

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfk;> Gwk; vd;W gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vdf; fz;Nlhk;. mfk;

vd;gJ fhjy;: mjhtJ ,y;tho;f;ifapd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jg; NgRk;. Fwpg;ghf tPuk; Gwj;jpy;
rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;.

mfk; Ie;jpizfspd; fhjy; xOf;fj;ijj; jdpj;jdpNa tiuaWj;Jf; $WfpwJ.

mjid Ie;jpiz vd;wiog;gh;. jpiz vd;gJ xOf;fj;ijf;Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt> mf
,yf;fpaq;fspy; FwpQ;rp>Ky;iy>kUjk;>nea;jy;>ghiy vd;w Ie;J epyq;fspd; ngah;fNs>
Ie;jpizfshfTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf GwehD}w;wpy; ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> copiQ>

nehr;rp> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;> nghJtpay;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz Kjypa gd;dpU
 30

Gwj;jpizfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. copiQj;jpiz gw;wpa nra;jp ,y;iy. gjpw;Wg;gj;J

Nrukd;dh;fspd; tPutuyhw;iwg; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;w E}yhFk;.

fhjiyg; gw;wp tphpthfg; NgRfpd;w rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; tPuj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;ghdNjhh;

,lj;ij ey;Ffpd;wd. fhjYk;> tPuKk;> rq;fj;jkpohpd; ,U fz;fs; vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
goe;jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpLk; fhis xUtdpd; flik Fwpj;J nghd;Kbahh; vd;w Gyth;
$Wfpwhh;:

xspWths; mUQ;rkk; KUf;fpr;

fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd

xt;nthU mfg;ghl;bw;Fk; Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUl;fs; cs;sd. epyKk;> nghOJk;

xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; chpa Kjy;nghUs; vd;Wk;> me;j me;j epyj;Jf;Fhpa nja;tk;>
kf;fs;> tpyq;F> gwit Nghd;wit fUg;nghUs; vd;Wk;> xt;nthU epyj;jpw;FKhpa rpwg;G
xOf;fk; chpg;nghUs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

2. cs;sJ $wy;>RUq;ff; $wy;:

rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtdNt rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

kf;fspd; md;Gfdpe;j tho;f;ifapy; epfo;e;j fhjy;> ,y;tho;f;if> rKjha tho;f;if>
murh;> Gyth; njhlh;G> Nghh; Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w mj;jid epfo;r;rpfisAk; cah;T
etpw;rpapd;wp ,ay;ghfNt $Wfpd;wd. cz;ikfisf; $Wkplj;J> RUq;f$wp tpsq;f
itf;Fk; jd;ik rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kw;nwhU rpwg;ghFk;.

3. xUth;$w;W:

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mf ,yf;fpaq;fs; xUth; $w;whf miktjhfNt Gyth;

ahj;Js;sdh;. jiytpNah> jiytNdh>NjhopNah> ghq;fNdh> nrtpypNah $WtjhfNt
gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt xU ehlff; fhl;rp miktJ Nghy rpWfij
nrhy;yg;gLtJNghy czh;r;rpg; gilg;Gfshf mfg;ghly;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

4. ctif ,d;gk;:

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jiytd; jiytpapd; tho;tpay; $Wfisg; glk;gpbj;Jf;

fhl;Lk; ftpQh;fs;> ctikfs; thapyhfg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpa ,d;gj;ijAk;
mit ms;spj; jUfpd;wd. Fg;igf; Nfhopj; jdpg;Nghh; Nghy mzpy; ML %d;wpy; Nghy
Nghd;w eilKiw cz;ikfNs ctikfshf tUfpd;wd. mfg;ghly;fspy; tUk;
,aw;if tUzidfspy; rpy fUj;Jf;fs; kiwKfkhfr; nrwpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
eaj;ijf; fhz KbAk;. mtw;iw cs;Siw ctikfs; my;yJ ,iwr;rp vd;wiog;gh;.
 31

5. .ctikahy; ngah;ngw;w Gyth;fs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kw;nwhU rpwg;G> Gyth;fspy; rpyh; jhq;fs; gilj;j ,yf;fpa

ctik thapyhfNt ngah; ngw;wth;fshf tpsq;FtJ. mf ,yf;fpak; ghba Ke;E}w;W
vOgj;njl;Lf; ftpQh;fspy; rpyhpd; ngah;fs;> mth;fs; gilj;j ghly;fspd; mbapy;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. gpd;dh; ,g;ghly;fisj; njhFj;jth;fs;> ngah;tplg;gl;l ftpQh;fspd;
,yf;fpa kzk; gug;Gk; ctikj; njhliuf; nfhz;Nl ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jdh;. mzpyhL
Kd;wpyhh;> nrk;Gyg; ngadPuhh;> tpl;l Fjpiuahh;> Fg;igf; Nfhopahh;> kiyadhh;>
tz;zg;Gwf; fe;juj;jdhh;> tpopf;fz; Ngijahh;> Nja;g;Ghpg; goq;fapw;wpadhh;> Jk;gpNrh;
fPudhh; Nghd;w mUe;njhluhy; ngah;ngw;w Gyth;fisf; $wyhk;.

6. cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;:

rq;f ,yf;fpag; Gyth;fs; cstpaiy ed;fwpe;jth;fs;. mfg;ghly;fisg; ghLk;

nghOJk;> Gwg;ghly;fis tbf;fpd;w nghOJk; kdpj kdj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;jdh;.

epd;w nrhy;yh;: ePLNjhd;W ,dpah;:

vd;Wk; vd;Njhs; gphpgwp ayNu:

jhkiuj; jz;jhJ Cjp kPkpirr;

rhe;jpy; njhLj;j jPe;Njd; Nghyg;

Giua kd;w GiuNahh; Nfz;ik (ew;.1)

ew;wpizapy; tUk; ,g;ghliyg; ghba fgpyh;> fhjyd; fhjypah; tho;tpaiyf;

$Wkplj;J> kwe;Jk; $l newp nfl;Lj; jiytd; thof;$lhJ vd;w fUj;ij cstpay;
mbg;gilapy; gilj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sijf; fhzyhk;.

Gyth;fs; murh;fs; cs;sk; mwpe;J> jhk; nrhy;y tUfpd;w fUj;Jf;fis

,dpg;Gf; fye;J nfhLf;Fk; kUe;J Nghy eak;glf;$wp mth;fspd; cs;sj;ijj; jk;gf;fk;
jpUg;Gth;. cstpaiy ed;fwpe;j Gyth;fs; gyiug; Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; re;jpf;fpNwhk;.
kJiuf;fhQ;rp ,yf;fpaj;ijNa ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whff; $wyhk;.

7. cah;e;j nfhs;iffs;:

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf GwehD}w;wpy; cah;e;j nfhs;iffs; ghly;fspilNa

$wg;gLfpd;wd.
 32

“mwnewp Kjw;Nw murpd; nfhw;wk;

cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu

Gfo; vdpd; capUk; nfhLf;Fth;> gop vdpd;

cyFld; ngwpDk; nfhs;syh;

ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh; MapDk;

my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;GkPd;

topgLNthiu ty;ywp jPNa! gpwh;

gop$WNthh; nkhopNjwiyNa!

tho;jy; Ntz;bg; ngha;f;$Nwd; nka;$Wty;

“ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfsPh;”

8. ,y;tho;f;if khz;G:

goe;jkpoh;jk; ,y;tho;f;if md;G epiwe;j tho;f;ifahf tpsq;fpaijr; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. FLk;gj; jiytd; jtW nra;jhYk;> tPl;Lj; jiytp
fw;Gnewp Fd;whj xsptpsf;fhf tpsq;fpdhs;. jtW nra;JtUk; jiytid>
md;Gepiwe;j nrhw;fs; %ykhf mwpTiu toq;fp mtidj; jpUj;jpdhs; vd;gijg;
Gyth;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. FWe;njhif fhl;Lk; xU ,y;ywj;jiytp jd; fztidj;
jpUj;Jk; md;Gnkhopfisf; fPo;f;fhz;f:

mzpw;gy; md;dnfhq;FKjph; Kz;lfj;J

kzpf;Nfo; md;d khePh;r; Nrh;g;g!

,k;ik khwp kWik MapDk;

eP Mfpah; vd; fztid!

ahd; Mfpah;epd; neQ;RNeh; gtNs!

9. ,aw;ifNahbiae;j tho;T:

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; goe;jkpoh; ,aw;ifNahbiae;J tho;Tfz;l Kiwiar;Ritgl

vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. FwpQ;rp>Ky;iy>kUjk;>nea;jy;>ghiy vd;W ,aw;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;
 33

kf;fs; tho;e;j epyq;fisg; ngahpl;L mioj;j Gyth;fs;> epy ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;w

tz;zk; tho;e;j kf;fs; tho;f;ifiaAk; ,aw;ifNahbiae;j tz;zNk ftpijahf;fpf;
fhl;bdh;. jiytd; jiytpaiu ,aw;if vopy; nfhopf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jp>
,aw;ifiag; gpd;Gykhff; fhl;Lk; #oy; fw;Nghh; kdj;jpy; ,d;Wk; cap&l;bf;
nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. rhd;whf mfehD}w;wpy; fgpyh; fhl;Lk; xU fhl;rp:

kiyg;g+Q; rhuy; tz;L ahohf

,d;gk; ,kpopir Nfl;Lf; fsprpwe;J

ke;jp ey;yit kUs;td Nehf;ff;

fiotsh; mLf;fj;J ,ayp MLk;kapy;

edTg;GF tpwypapd; Njhd;Wk; ehld;

10. Gyth;fs; - murh;fs; cwT:

rq;f ,yf;fpak; gilj;j ftpQh;fs; gyjug;gl;l gzpfisr; nra;J te;j

fiyQh;fs; Mth;. Mz;> ngz;> Fath;> kUj;Jth;> jr;rh;> Mrphpah;> murh; vd;W
fw;wwpe;j gyUk; Gyikngw;Wf; ftpij ,aw;wpdh;.

murh;f;Fk; Gyth;fSf;FkpilNa neUq;fpa el;G ,Ue;jJ. ghhp-fgpyh;> mjpakhd;-

mt;itahh;> gprpuhe;ijahh;-Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;> Fkzd;-ngUQ;rpj;judhh; Nghd;NwhUila
el;GwT ghuhl;bg; Nghw;Wfpd;w tz;zk; ,Ue;jJ. fhpfhyd; Nghd;w kd;dh;fspd; nfhil
khz;igAk;> ghhp> fhhp> Xhp> Ma;> mjpakhd;> Ngfd;> es;sp Mfpa filnaO
ts;sy;fspd; nfhil tsKk; Gyth;fshy; gyglg; Gfo;e;J ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.

11. khd czh;T:

tPuj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J tho;e;j jkpoh; khdj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mspj;jijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. murdhfj; Njhd;wpNahh;f;F khdj;jpDk;
kpf;f cWjpg;nghUspy;iy vd;gjw;Fr; Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;w kd;dd;
ghba ghl;Nl rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.

jha;ehl;ilf; fhj;jpl Ntz;Lk;: caph;nty;yf;fl;b md;W: giftdplkpUe;J

ehl;ilf;fhg;ghw;Wk; khdNk nghpaJ vd;gijj; jkpo; kwf;Fyg; ngz;nzhUj;jpapd;
tPur;nraiyf;fhl;bg; Gwg;ghly; gilf;fpwhh; xf;$h; khrhj;jpahh;.

,d;Wk; nghUg;giw Nfl;L> tpUg;Gw;W kaq;fp

Nty;iff; nfhLj;J> ntspJtphpj;J cB,g;

 34

ghWkaph;f;FLkp vz;nza; ePtp>

xUkfd; my;yJ ,y;Nyhs;>

nrUKfk; Nehf;fpr; nry;f vd tpLNk!

12. fy;tp fiykfs;:

goe;jkpoh; fy;tpiaAk;> fiyfisAk; Nghw;wpaijr; rq;fg; ghly;fs;

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. ,irf; fiyia tsh;j;j ghzh;fisAk;> ehl;baf; fiyia tsh;j;j
ghbdpaiuAk; Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpaq;fs; glk;gpbj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. jkpoh;fs; ifahz;l
gy;NtW ,irf; fUtpfisg; gw;wpAk; kiygLflhk; $WfpwJ> fiy cs;sk; nfhz;l
fhtyh;fs; fiyfs; tsuf;fiyQh;fis Mjhpj;J kfpo;e;jijAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
$Wfpd;wd.

Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; fy;tpapd; khz;igf;

Fwpj;Jg; ghbAs;sijg; GwehD}w;wpy; fhzyhk;.

cw;Wop cjtpAk;> cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;>

gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ> fw;wy; ed;Nw!

gpwg;G Xu; md;d cld;tapw;W cs;Sk;>

rpwg;gpd; ghyhy; jhAk; kdk;jphpAk;:

Ntw;Wik njhpe;j ehw;ghy; cs;Sk;>

fPo;g;ghy; xUtd; fw;gpd;>

Nkw;ghy; xUtDk; mtd;fz; gLNk

13. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;:

mf;fhyj; jkpof tuyhW Fwpj;J Neubahf vOjp itf;Fk; gof;fk;

jkpoh;fspilNa ,y;iy. Gyth;fs; jhk; gilf;Fk; ghly;fspy; ,iykiw fhahf>
ctikfs; thapyhfTk;> murh;fspd; nfhilkhz;G> tPuk; ,itfisg; Gfo;e;J ghLtjd;
thapyhfTk; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis cs;slf;fpg; ghbitj;jdh;. guzh; jhk; ghLk;
ghly;fspy; vy;yhk; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisg; ghbitf;Fk; Gyikiag; ngw;wpUe;jhh;.
rhd;whf> guzh; ghba mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; fPo;f;fz;l tuyhw;W epfo;r;rp njhpa
tUfpwJ.

Mjp ke;jp NgJw;w ,ida

 35

rpiwgiwe;J ciu, nrq;Fzf;F xOFk;

me;jzh; fhtphp NGhy

nfhz;Lif typj;jy; #o;e;jprpd; ahNd

14. gh mikg;Gk;> E}y; ngah;fSk;:

rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; ahTk; vspikahfTk;> ,dpikahfTk;> ,ay;G

etpw;rpNahLk; gilf;fg;gl;lit. fbdkhd ghKiwfisf; ifahshky;> vspikahd
Mrphpag;gh ahg;gpNyNa ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.

E}y; ngah;fs;> mike;Js;s KiwAk; ,yf;fpaj;juk; tha;e;jdthf cs;sd.

mfehE}W mfj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthfg; NgRfpd;w E}y; vdTk;> GwehD}W Gwj;ijg; gw;wpg;
NgRfpd;w E}y; vdTk; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L FwpQ;rp epyj;ijr; rhh;e;j E}y; vdTk; fhzyhk;.

Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;j jiytDf;F thilf; fhw;W ey;ydthfTk;> muz;kidapy;

jq;fpapUe;j Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpf;F thilf;fhw;W Jd;ge;jUtjhfTk; ,Ue;jij czh;e;J
„neLey;thil‟ vd;w E}Yf;Fj; jiyg;G toq;fg;gl;lij mwpe;J kfpoyhk;. kiyapy;
gl;L vjpnuhypf;fpd;w kjk; gpbj;j ahidapd; gpspwy; xypf;Fr; rpwg;Gf; nfhLf;f Ntz;b
„kiygLflh mk;khjpuj;J ,ak;g‟ vd;w ghly; thpNa> $j;jh; Mw;Wg;gilapd; ghly;
jiyg;G Mapw;W. ,t;thW xt;nthU ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jiyg;Gk; mike;J> ,yf;fpar;
Ritgae;J epw;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbAk;.

15. tho;T fhl;Lk; fz;zhb:

,yf;fpak; kf;fspd; tho;itf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb vd;W nfhz;Nlhnkd;why;>

goe;jkpoh; tho;e;j nghw;fhy tho;itr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,d;W ek;kpilNa fhl;ba
tz;zk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd
 36

ghlk; - 3

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;

mw E}y;fs;

1. ehybahh;

E}y; mikg;G

400 ntz;ghf;fis cilajhFk; ,e;E}y;. ,J rkz Kdpth;fshy; ghlg;ngw;wJ.

ghz;bad; fl;lisg;gb vz;zhapuk; rkz Kdpth;fs; ghl mg;ghly;fs; mddj;ijAk;
itifahw;wpNy tpl mtw;wpy; 400 ghly;fNs ePiu vjph;j;Jf; fiu Vwpd vd;w
fijnahd;Wk; ,e;E}iyg; gw;wp $WtJz;L. ,J gjpJ%d;W mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l
mwj;Jg; ghypidAk; ,Ugj;jhW mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l nghUl;ghypidAk;
fhkEjypay; vd;w %d;W mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l fhkj;Jg;ghypidAk; nfhz;L jpfo;fpwJ.

E}y; rpwg;G:

nrhy; eak; nghUs; eak; nfhz;byq;FtJ. jpUf;FwSf;F mLj;jg; gbahf

ngUikAw;W ,yq;FtJ. “ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp” “goF jkpo; nrhy;yUik
ehypuz;by;” vd;w nkhopfs; mjdd typAWj;Jk;. Nkd;kf;fsJ ,ay;G gw;wpAk;
fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpAk; ,e;E}y; tpupthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. el;gpd;
jd;ikiaj; jpwk;gl tpsf;FfpwJ.

ghly; rpwg;G:

nry;tj;jpd; kPJ Mir nfhz;ltd; mijg; gpwUf;Fk; nfhLf;f khl;lhd;: jhDk;

mDgtpf;f khl;lhd;. mg;gbahdhy; mr; nry;tj;jpd; kPJ chpik nfhz;lhl mtDf;F
vd;d jFjp ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij ehybg; ghly; xd;W>

vdJ vdJ vd;wpUf;Fk; Vio nghUis

vdJ vdJ vd;wpUg;ghd; ahDk; jdJ Mapd;

jhDk; mjid toq;fhd; gad; Jt;thd;

ahDk; mjid mJ

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 37

2. ehd;kzpf;fbif:

E}y; mikg;G:

tpsk;gp vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;j ehfdhh; vd;Dk; itzth; ,e;E}ypd; Mrpupauhthh;;.

,e;E}y; 104 ntz;ghf;fisAilaJ. kzp Nghd;w cWjp nghUs;fs; ehd;fpid xt;nthU
ghtpYk; nfhz;L jpfo;fpwJ.

E}y; rpwg;G:

Nfhgk; nfhz;ltd; ed;ik jPikia mwpa Kbahjtd; MfptpLfpwhd;. cz;ik

mtd; Kd;Nd Njhd;whJ. mtd; FUldhfp tpLthd;. vdNt Nfhgj;ij mwNt iftpl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;E}y; $WfpwJ. ,d;ndhU ghly; mwk; Gfo; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpwJ. cyfpy; epiyngw;w tho;itg;ngw mopahj Gfio <l;l Ntz;Lk;.
mwk; xUtDf;F kWgpwtpapYk; Jizahf tUk;.

ghly; rpwg;G:

fy;tp Fwpj;J xU ghly; NgRfpwJ. mj;Jld; NkYk; rpy fUj;Jf;fis mjDld;

,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. fw;wijr; rpe;jpj;J xOFjNy fy;tpf;Fr; rpwg;G. mtNd fy;tp
fw;wtd; vdg;gLfpwhd;. xU tPl;bw;Fr; rpwg;G nfhLg;gts; ngz;. xU Mz;kfd; ,Ug;gJ
mtSf;F rpwg;G. ,J NghyNt fy;tpAk; vd;W gy;NtW nra;jpfis ,izj;Jg; ghliy
cUthf;fpAs;shh; tpsk;gp ehfdhh;. ghly; fPo;tUkhW:

kidf;F tpsf;fk; klthh;> klthh;

jdf;F jifrhy; Gjy;th; - kdf;fpdpa

fhjy; Gjy;th;f;Ff; fy;tpNa> fy;tpf;Fk;

Xjpy; Gfo;rhy; czh;T

3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ

E}y; mikg;G:

,J flTs; tho;j;J cl;gl 41 ntz;ghf;fisailaJ. ,jpYs;s xt;nthU

ghlYk; ,d;dJ Jd;gk; gaf;Fk; vd;W $Wjyhy; ,d;dh ehw;gJ vDk; ngah; nfhz;lJ.
162 ,d;dh fUj;Jf;fis Mrpupah; ,e;E}ypy; jpul;bf; nfhLj;Js;shh;.
 38

md;iwa fhyfl;l xOf;f Kiwfs; gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis

,e;E}ypd; top mwpa KbfpwJ. nghJthf fs; Cd; ,uz;LNk ntWf;fj; jFe;jJ.
milf;fyg; nghUl;fisj; jdjhf;Fk; nray; ntWf;fj;jf;fJ. tWikAilatd; ts;sy;
Fzj;ij tpUk;Gjy; $lhJ. NfhopAk; ehAk; me;jzh; t_l;by; tsh;j;jy; $lhJ.
kd;dDf;F ahidg;gil Kf;fpak;. kd;dh; cyhtUk; ahidf;F kzp fl;bapUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gd Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;E}ypy; tUfpd;wd.

4. ,;dpait ehw;gJ

E}ypd; mikg;G:

,e;E}ypd; Mrpupah; g+jk; Nre;jdhh;. ,J 40 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd;

xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk; 3 my;yJ 4 fUj;Jf;fs; tUfpd;wd. kf;fs; nra;a Ntz;ba
,dpa nray;fs; ,e;E}ypy; jpul;bj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}ypy; 127 ,dpa fUj;Jf;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

E}ypd; rpwg;g:

gpuk;kid topgLk; Kiw ,e;E}ypy; cs;sJ. khdk; mope;j gpd; thOk; tho;it
,e;E}yhrphpah; ntWf;fpwhh;. Fsq;fs; ntl;Ljy; Nrhiy cz;lhf;Fjy; gRTk;
nghd;idAk; me;jzUf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; Mfpad ,dpait vd ,e;E}y; $Wfpd;wJ.

ghly; rpwg;G:

rq;f fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,y;yhj gof;f tof;fq;fis ,e;E}y; $WfpwJ. ngz;iz

kjpj;jj; jkpo; kugpw;F Neh; vjpuhd fUj;J ,e;E}ypy; tUfpwJ. ngz; eQ;R Nghd;wts;:;
mtis ntWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;E}y; $WfpwJ.

flnkd; gizj;Njhs; jdpapyhiu

tplnkd;Wzh;jy; ,dpJ

vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; ghly;thpfs;.

5. jphpfLfk;

,J flTs; tho;j;J cl;gl 101 ntz;ghf;fisAila xU ePjp E}y;. Rf;F

kpsF jpg;gpyp Mfpad kf;fspd; cly;Nehiaj; jPh;g;gJ Nghy; ,e;E}ypd; xt;nthU
ghlYk; kf;fSf;F eyk; gaf;Fk; Kk;%d;W cWjpg; nghUl;fisf; $Wfpd;wJ.
 39

,e;ePjpfs; kf;fs; mftpUs; mfw;wp mwpnthsp tPrj; JizGuptd. ,jdhrphpah;

ey;yhjdhh;. jpUkhiyg; ghbapUg;gjhy; ,th; itzth; vdf; fUj ,lKz;L.
jpUf;Fwspy; Mo;e;j gapw;rp; nfhz;L mjd; njhlh;fisAk; fUj;jpidAk; jk; E}ypy;
Mz;Ls;shh;. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;gpid 35 ,lq;fspy; $Wfpd;whh;.

E}y; rpwg;G:

Fbfisf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpg; nghUs; Nrh;f;Fk; kd;dDk; ngha;Na NgRk; kf;fSk;

fztdJ nrhy;iy kPwp jhd; tpUk;gpa ,lk; nry;Yk; kddtpAk; ,t;Tyfpy; ,Ug;gNj
kio ngha;ahikf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd Mrpupah; ,q;Ff; $Wtij ehk; vz;Zjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

ghly; rpwg;G:

nry;tk; cilf;Fk; gilahf ,e;E}yhrphpah; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ

jd;id tpae;J jUf;fYk;> jho;tpd;wpf;

nfhd;Nd ntFsp ngUf;fYk; Kd;dpa

gy;nghUs; nt`/Fk; rpWikAk; ,k;%d;Wk;

nry;tk; cilf;Fk; gil

vd;fpwhh;.

6. Vyhjp

E}ypd; mikg;G:

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpah;. ,th; rkz rkaj;jpdh;. Tlnkhopapy;

ed;F gapw;rpg; ngw;wth;. ,e;E}y; 80 ntz;ghf;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;E}Yk; kUj;Jt
ngah; ngw;Nw tpsq;FfpwJ. Vyk; ,ytq;fk; rpW ehtw;g+ Rf;F kpsF jpg;gpyp Mfpa
MWtif kUe;Jfshy; Mdij “Vyhjp” vd;gh;. ,t;Tyfpy; vJ vspJ? vJ mupJ? Vd
,e;E}y; tpsf;FtJ El;gkhf mike;Js;sJ.
 40

E}y; rpwg;G:

fhyd; vd;gtd; ,uf;fkpy;yhjtd;. mtd; capiuf; fth;e;J nry;yhJ tplhd;.

Mifahy; “tPl;L newpia tpiue;J NjLf” vd Mrpupah; mwpTWj;JtJ ehk;
rpe;jpf;ff;$ba xd;whFk;.

ghly; rpwg;G:

grpj;jtDf;F czT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbf; nfhLj;jtNd gbj;jtd; vd;w

ngUkjpg;Gf;F chpatdhthd;. mtDf;F thDyfpy; rpwe;j NgW fhj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gd
Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;E}ypy; tUfpd;wd. Vyhjpapy; cs;s fy;tp Fwpj;j ghly;
fPo;tUkhW

fw;whiu fw;wJ czuhh; vd kjpahh;

cw;whiu md;dzk; Xuhky; - mw;whh; fl;F

cz;b ciwAs; cLf;if ,it <e;jhh;

gz;bjuha; tho;thh; gapd;W.

7. KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp

E}ypd; mikg;G:

kJiuf; $lY}h; fpohh; vd;gth; ,e;E}yhrphpah; Mthh;. ,e;E}y; rpWrpW mbfis

cila E}yhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;E}y; gj;Jg; gj;Jg; ghf;fs; nfhz;l gj;J
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.

E}ypd; rpwg;G:

,sikapy; fy;yhik ngUq;Fw;wkhFk;. tsk; ,y;yhj xUtd; tz;ikiaf;

ifahs epidg;gJ Fw;wkhFk;. Rw;wj;jhh; ,y;iynadpy; rpdq; nfhs;tJ Fw;wNk vd
Mrpupah; Fwpg;gpLtJ ek; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;LtjhFk;.

ghly; rpwg;G:

,e;E}y; fUj;Jf;fis vspikahf tpsf;fty;yJ rhd;whf

jukhzhdJ tho;f;ifad;W: cz;b nta; Nahh;f;F

 41

cWgpzp vspJ: eifapd; nghpaNjhh; ey;Futpy;iy

Jd;gk; nta;Nahh;f;F ,d;gk; vspJ: rpw;wpy; gpwe;jik

ngUkpjj;jhd; mwpg: Nghpy; gpwe;jik <uj;jhywpa

vd;w ghlybfisf; $wyhk;.

8. jpUf;Fws;:

E}ypd; mikg;G:

cyfk; Nghw;Wk; xg;Gah;tw;w ePjp E}y; jpUf;FwshFk;. ,ijg; Nghw;whj mwpQNuh

GytNuh ,y;iy. ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; jpUts;Sth; Mthh;. E}ypd; cl;gpupthf 133
mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd. Xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; 10 ghf;fshf 133 mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; 1330
ghf;fisf; nfhz;Lj; jpfo;fpwJ.

Kjypy; 38 mjpfhuq;fs; mike;j mwj;Jg;ghiy ,y;ywtpanyd;Wk;

Jwtwtpanyd;Wk; Copanyd;Wk; ts;Sth; ghFghL nra;Js;shh;. murpay; mikr;rpay;
muzpay; $opay; gilapay; el;gpay; Fbapay; vd VO gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J 70
mjpfhuq;fspy; nghUl;ghypy; jk; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wfpwhh; ts;Sth;;. Filg;gpupthf
tpsq;Fk; 25 mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l fhkj;Jg;ghy; fstpay; fw;gpay; vd ,U gpupthf
mikj;Jf; fhjy; tho;it kpFe;j RitNahL $wpr; nry;Ye;jpwd; El;gk; tha;e;jjhFk;.

E}y; rpwg;G:

,e;E}y; Vwj;jho 33 nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;ff

; g;gl;Ls;sNj ,jd; rpwg;igj;
njuptpf;Fk;. gd;dhl;L mwpQh;fSk; ,e;E}iy ntFthfg; ghuhl;bAs;sdh;. ,g;gbg;gl;l
E}iyg; ngw;wJ ek; mUk;ngUk; NgNwahFk;. vdNtjhd; kfhftp ghujpahUk; “ts;Std;
jd;id cyfpdf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL” vd;W $wpdhh;. ehLfle;J nkhop
fle;J ,dk; fle;J cyfpw;Nf ts;Std; Xq;fp epd;W Fuy; nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. ,jw;F
,izahd ePjpE}y; cyfpNyNa NtW ve;j nkhopapYk; ,y;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,J ek;
jkpo;nkhopf;F tha;e;j <L,izaw;w nry;tf; fsQ;rpak; vdf; $wyhk;.
 42

ghly; rpwg;G:

fhjy; Nehia mUk;G> NghJ> kyh; vd tUzpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ,tiu cah;e;j

ftpQuhff; fhzKbfpwJ. fhiyapy; fhjyiug; gphpe;j Jd;gk; nky;y mUk;Gfpwjhk;.
gfnyy;yhk; mJ tsu Muk;gpj;J khiy te;jJk; Jd;gk; Kw;wp kyuhfpd;wjhk;. ,ijf;

fhiy mUk;gpg; gfnyy;yhk; Nghjhfp

khiy kyUk; ,e;Neha;

vd;fpwhh;.

ts;;StDf;Fg; Gydlf;fj;jpy; ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ. Gydlf;fk; cilath;fNs mhpa

nray;fisr; nra;a KbAk;. mth;fNs nghpNahh;fs; Mth;. mt;tlf;fk; ,y;yhjth;fs;
jd; Mw;wy;fis ,og;ghh;fs;: kfj;jhd nray;fisr; nra;aTk; khl;lhh;fs; vd;fpwhh;.
,ij>

nraw;fhpa nra;thh; nghpah; rpwpah;

nraw;fhpa nra;fyhjhh;

vd;fpwhh;.

ts;;StDf;Fj; Jwtpy; ek;gpf;if cz;L. Mdhy; Nghypj; Jwtpfis mwNt gpbf;fhJ.

xUtd; ey;y Jwtpapd; Ntlj;ijg; Gide;J nfhz;L jfhj nray;fisr; nra;tJ
Ntld; Gjhpy; kiwe;J epd;W gwitfis Ntl;ilahLtJ khjphp vd;gJ ts;Std;
fUj;J.

jdp kdpjd; gl;bdp fplg;gJ ts;StDf;F kpFe;j tUj;jj;ijf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ.

xUtd; ,ue;J caph;tho Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jhy; mjw;fhfg; gue;J nfLf ,e;j
cyifg; gilj;jtd; vd;fpwhd;.

9. Mrhuf;Nfhit

E}ypd; mikg;G:

Mrhuf;Nfhitapd; Mrpupah; ngUthapd; Ks;spahh;. ,e;E}ypy; 100 ntz;ghf;fs;

cs;sd. kf;fs; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba epakq;fis ,e;E}y;
 43

tpsf;FfpwJ.cs;Sk; GwKk; J}a;ikahf ,Ug;gJjhd; Mrhuk;. ,e;j ,Utif

Mrhuj;ijNa Mrhuf;Nfhit Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

E}y; rpwg;G:

ed;whf Fspj;j gpwF rhg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. cz;Zk; ghj;jpuj;ij Rw;wp ePh; njspj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cz;Zk; NghJ NfhgNkh ntWg;Ngh ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. fpof;F Nehf;fp
mkh;e;J cz;z Ntz;Lk;. epd;W nfhz;Nlh gLj;Jf;nfhz;Nlh cz;zf; $lhJ. cz;z
Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ Kjypy; ,dpg;ghd gz;lq;fisAk; ,Wjpapy; NtW Ritahd
gz;lq;fisAk; cz;z Ntz;Lk; vd;wg; ghly; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;W
,e;E}Yf;fr; rpwg;G Nrh;f;fpd;wJ.

ghly; rpwg;G:

ePuhbf; fhy; fOtp tha;g+rp kz;lyk; nra;

Jz;lhNu cz;lh nudg;gLth; my;yhjhh;

cz;lhh;Nghy; tha;g+rpr; nry;tuJ ntWj;Jf;

nfhz;lhh; muf;fh; Fwpj;J

vd;gJ Mrhuf;Nfhit ghly; ,J Nghd;w eilKiw tof;fhWfs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;

,e;E}ypy; tUfpd;wd.

10. gonkhop

E}ypd; mikg;G:

flTs; tho;j;J cl;gl 40 ntz;ghf;fSila xU ePjp E}y;. xt;nthU ntz;gh

,WjpapYk; xU gonkhop mike;Js;sikahy; gonkhop vDk; ngah; nfhz;lJ. ,jd;
Mrpupah; Kd;Wiw miuadhh; vd;gh;. ehybahh; jpUf;Fws; Nghd;w mwE}y;fspd;
mbfisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;jhz;Ls;shh;.

E}y; rpwg;G:

%Nte;jUs; rpyiuAk; filnaO ts;sy;fs; rpyiuAk; gw;wpar; nra;jpfSk; rpy

Guhzf; fijfSk; ,jDl; fhzg;gLtjhy; goe;jkpoupd; gz;ghl;il mwpjw;Fk; tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpf;Fk; cWJiz GupAnkd;gh;. ,jpy; tUk; xt;nthU gonkhopAk; ehNlhbg;
 44

gonkhopad;W. vy;yhk; ,yf;fpa gonkhopfNs. fupfhw;Nrhod; tuyhWk; mwq;$Wk;

KiwAk; Fyf;fy;tpaikAk; KiwAk; ,e;E}y; topNa mwpaKbfpwJ.

ghly; rpwg;G:

EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk; vd;gJ ,d;W tof;fhw;wpy; cs;s gonkhop. jd;
Fuiy ntspg;gLj;jp ghk;gplk; khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; jtisiaf; Fwpj;jJ ,g;gonkhop. ,J
Nghy Ngij xUtd; jd; tha;r; nrhy;yhy; jdf;Fj; jPq;ifj; Njbf; nfhs;Sthdhk;.

ghly; ,Njh

nghy;yhj nrhy;yp kiwe;njhOFk; Ngijfs;

nrhy;yhNy jd;idj; Jah; gLf;Fk; - ey;yha;

kzYs; KOfp kiwe;J fplf;Fk;

EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;.

11. rpWgQ;r%yk;

E}ypd; mikg;G:

Fhupahrhd; ,e;E}yhrpupauhthh;. ,th; Xh; irdh;. fz;lq;fj;jpup rpWtOJiz

rpWky;yp ngUky;yp neUQ;rp Mfpa Ie;jd; Nth;fs; kf;fs; cly; Nehiag; Nghf;fp eyk;
GupAk; rpwe;j kUe;JfshFk;. mitNghy kf;fs; cs;sg; gpzpiag; Nghf;fp cyf
tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLk; Ie;ije;J cWjpg; nghUs;fisf; $WtJ “rpWgQ;r%yk;”
MFk;.

E}ypd; rpwg;G:

Njhw;fd;iwf; fhl;bg; gRf;fisf; fwf;Fk; nfhba gof;fj;ij ,t;thrphpah;

fbtjpypUe;J ,g;gof;fk; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;J tUfpwJ vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. Fws;
ehd;kzpf;fbif E}w;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; nrhw;fSk; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
 45

mfk;gw;wpa E}w;fs;

1. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ

2. Ie;jpiz vOgJ

3. jpiz nkhop Ik;gJ

4. jpiz khiy E}w;iwk;gJ

5. ife;epiy

6. fhh; ehw;gJ

Mfpa MW E}w;fSk; gjpndz;fPo;fzf;F E}w;fspy; mf E}w;fs; MFk;.

1. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ

,e;E}y; Ky;iy FwpQ;rp kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy vd;w itg;G Kiwapy; jpizf;Fg; gj;J
ghf;fshf Ie;jpizfl;Fk; Ik;gJ ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ghbath; Gyth; khwd;
nghiwadhh;. jpidg;Gdj;Jg; Gwg;nghopypy; jiytp jiytNdhL kfpo;e;jpUe;jhs;.
fz;fs; rpte;jd. mt;Ntis nrtpyp te;J fz; rpte;j fhuzq; Nfl;f nrhy;yhw;wy;
kpf;f Njhop Fwpf;fpl;L vd;W eak;glf; $wpdhs;. ,J Nghd;w gy ghf;fisf; nfhz;l
Rit kpf;f E}y; ,J.

2. Ie;jpiz vOgJ

Xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; gjpdhd;F ghf;fshf Ie;J jpizfl;Fk; vOgJ ghf;fisf;

nfhz;l mfg;nghUs; E}y;. ,g;NghJ fpilj;Js;s ghly;fs; 66 kl;LNk. ,jd; Mrpupah;
%thjpah;. “g+ ehW gyTf; fdp jpd;W te;j ke;jp ePh; Ntl;if nfhz;L ku epoypy;
cwq;Fk; fhl;Lg; gRtpd; fdj;j kbapid tUl mJ fd;nwd vz;zpg; ghiyr; Ruf;f
Fbj;J ePh; Ntl;if jzpa ngw;wjhk;” vd;gJ gz;gl;l nkhop. NtWgl;l ,ay;Gs;s
tpyq;Ffspd; md;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;whh; Gyth;.

3. jpiz nkhop Ik;gJ

,e;E}y; FwpQ;rp ghiy Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; vd;Dk;; itg;G Kiwapy;

mike;j Ie;jpizg; gFjpfis cilaJ. jpiznahd;Wf;Fg; gj;J ghlyhf 50
ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Mrpupah; fz;zd; Nre;jdhh; Mthh;.
 46

guj;ijtapd; gpupe;j jiytidf; fz;L jiytp Cly; nfhzlhs; ;Cliyj;

jPh;f;f tpioe;j jiytd; Njhopaplk; fdpnkhopfs; gy Ngrp gzpe;J epd;whd;. mg;nghOJ
Njhop “cid nehe;J vd;d gad;? vd; jiytpf;F md;Gk; vopYk; ,d;gKk; ePNa
je;jha; mtw;iw ePNa gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lha;; nfhLj;jtd; vLf;fhJ gpwF ahh;jhd;
vLg;gh;?” vd;W $wp thapy; Neh;e;jhs;vd;gJ mj;Njhopapd; nghUs; nghjpe;j nkhop.

4. jpiz khiy E}w;iwk;gJ

FwpQ;rp nea;jy; ghiy Ky;iy kUjk; vd;w tupirapy; mfj;jpiz xOq;fpid

E}w;iwk;gJ ghf;fshy; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jid ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpahh;. cld;Nghf;Fr;
nrd;w kfisj; Njbr; nrd;w nrtpypapd; Mw;whik fz;L tUe;jpa topNghf;fh;
nrtpypiag; ghh;j;J “jhkiu Nghd;w KfKk; Mk;gy; Nghd;w thAk; ePNyhw;gk; Nghd;w
fz;fSk; fhe;js; Nghd;w tpuy;fisAk; cila cd; kfisf; fz;L mtsJ
cWg;Gfis vy;yhk; kaf;fj;jhy; mt;tk; kyh;fshff; fz;L tz;Lfs; Gil neUq;fpf;
$l;lq; $l;lkhfr; nrd;wjhNy tz;Lg; ge;jupd; epoypy; tUj;jkpyhJ nrd;whs; eP
tUe;jw;f vd;W MWjy; $wpdh;.

5. ife;epiy

Ie;jpizf;Fhpa mfnthOf;fj;jpw;F ,yf;fpakha; mike;jJ ,J. jpizf;F gdpnuz;L

ghly;fshf mWgJ ntz;ghf;fisAila E}y;. vdNt Ie;jpiz mWgJ vdTk;
toq;fg;ngWk; ,jd; Mrpupah; Gy;yq;fhldhh;.

jiytd; jd; nrhy; eaj;jhy; vd;id Vkhw;wpdhh; vd;wtd; nfhz;l ngha;f; Nfhgk;
mts; md;gpd; cah;itf; fhl;LfpwJ.

6. fhh; ehw;gJ

,e;E}y; ehw;gJ ntz;ghf;fis cilaJ. fhh;fhyj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; ,e;E}yp;y;

tpje;J $wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,e;E}y; fhh;ehw;gJ vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;wJ. fhh;fhyk; Ky;iy
jpizf;Fhpa ngUk; nghOjhFk;. vdNt Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fhpa mfnthOf;fNk
,e;E}ypy; ahz;Lk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrpupah; fz;zd;$j;jdhh; vd;w Gyth;
Mthh;. ,e;E}y; fp.gp.4-k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;gh;. jiytidg; gpupe;jj; jiytp
Mw;wpapUj;jy; epfo;rr
; p ,e;E}ypy; njhlh;ghff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;gpid vd;w
ntz;ghthy; ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
 47

Gwk; gw;wpa E}y;

1. fstop ehw;gJ

Nghh;f;fsj;Nj ele;j epfo;rr

; pfis ehw;gJ ghf;fspy; $WfpwJ. ,J ,lk; gw;wp
te;j E}yhFk;. Nrhod; Nfhr;nrq;fzhNdhL fOkyk; vDkplj;jpy; Nghupl;L Njhw;w Nrud;
fizf;fhypUk;nghiw rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhd;. fhtydplk;ePh; Nfl;f mtidg;
nghUl;gLj;jhJ fhyk; jho;j;jpf; nfhLf;f mjid cz;zhJ caph; tpl;lhd;. me;j khd
tPuDf;F tpLjiy ngw;Wj; ju ngha;ifahh; ,jidg; ghbdhuhk;. Nrhodpd; ntw;wpiag;
gygl Gfo;e;J ghuhl;Lfpd;whh; ngha;ifahh;. Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; FUjp gbe;jpUf;Fk; Njhw;wk;
epykile;j nrt;thil Nghh;j;jpaJ NghypUe;jnjd;Wk; khw;whh; FUjpAz;L Guz;L jpupe;j
fUq;fhfk; nrq;fhfk; Mapw;nwd;Wq; $Wfpd;whh;. vq;Fk; gpzf;Ftpay; kbe;J tpOk;
kf;fs; tl;lkpLk; fOF ,it Nghd;w mr;rkpF fhl;rpfisf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,jDs;Sk;
fhh;j;jpif gw;wpa Fwpg;G tUfpd;wJ.vd;Wk; Nrhodpd; ahidg;gil cah;T $Wkplj;J
mofpa fhl;rpapidAk; fye;J $Wfpd;whh;.
 48

ghlk; - 4

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;:;

Rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> tisahgjp Mfpa Ie;Jk;

„Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;>kzpNkfiy
,uz;Lk; rq;fk;kUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;. gpd;dh; tUk; %d;Wk; Nrhoh;fhyj;ijr;
rhh;e;jit. mtw;wpy; Fz;lyNfrpAk;>tisahgjpAk; fhynts;sj;jpy; mope;j jkpo;r;
nry;tq;fs; MFk;.

1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;

jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ngUq;fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;. neQ;ir ms;Sk;

RitAila ,f;fhg;gpak;> rpyk;G vd;w fhyzp fhtpaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdNjhh; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjhy; „rpyg;gjpfhuk;‟ vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,f;fhg;gpaj;ijg;gilj;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
rkzrkak; jOtpath;. fp.gp.2-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Nrud;
nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gp vd;W tuyhw;wpy; mwpag;gLfpwhh;.

„kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghly;‟njhlq;fp „tue;jU fhij‟ <whf Kg;gJ

fhijfisf;nfhz;L ,e;E}y; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gfhh;f;fhz;lk;>
kJiuf;fhz;lk;>tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; vd;w Kg;gphpTfspd; fhg;gpaj;ij tsh;f;fpwJ.

„murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk;$w;W MtJ}ck;

ciurhy; gj;jpdpf;F cah;e;Njhh; Vj;jYk;

Co;tpid cUj;Jte;J Cl;Lk; vd;gJ}ck;

Mfpa Kg;ngUk; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr;

nra;Al;fNshL ,yf;fpak; gilj;jjhfg; ghapuj;jpy; $Wfpwhh;.

fhg;gpar; RUf;fk;:

g+k;Gfhhpy; khrhj;Jthd; kfdhfpa NfhtyDf;Fk; kheha;fd; kfshfpa

fz;zfpf;Fk; jpUkzk; eilngWfpwJ. ,dpikahd ,y;ywj;ijr; rpy Mz;Lfs;
fhz;fpd;wdh;. xU jpUg;Gikak;! Mly;>ghly;>moF vd;w %d;wpYk; FiwTglhj khjtp
vd;w ngz;zzq;F Nfhtyd; tho;tpy; FWf;fpLfpwhs;. Nfhtyd; ,ir> eldk;
Mfpatw;wpy; fiyapd;gk; Ja;fF ; k; tz;L. khjtpNah fiyj;Njd; toq;Fk; kyh;. vdNt
RitAk; fiyAk; ,ize;jd. fhyk; tsh;fpwJ. tpjpapd; tpisahly; fhuzkhf fhjyh;
gphpfpd;wdh;. fw;Gf;flk;g+z;l nja;tkhfpa kidtp fz;zfpia mile;j Nfhtyd;>
 49

mts; fhw;rpyk;GfisNa %yjdkhff; nfhz;L ,oe;j nry;tj;ij kPz;Lk; jpul;l

kJiukhefh; nry;fpwhd;. fz;zfpAk; cld;nry;fpwhs;. Co;tpid njhlh;fpwJ!
kJiuapy; fs;td; vdf; fsq;fk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;Lf; Nfhtyd; nfhy;yg;gLfpwhd;.
fjputidAk; jd; fw;Gj;jpwj;jhy; Ngritj;j fz;zfpahy;> kJiu khefh; jPg;gpbj;J
vhpe;J mopfpwJ. NruehL Nehf;fpr; nrd;w fz;zfp> mk;kz;izr; rhh;e;j kiyapy;> xU
Ntq;if kuj;jpdbapy; epw;fpwhs;: Njth;fNshL Njhpy; te;j Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpiaf;
ifg;gpbj;J VFfpwhd;. kiytho; Fwth;fs; ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L> Nrukd;dd;
nrq;Fl;LtDf;F mwptpf;fpd;wdh;. murDk;> ,kak; nrd;W> mjd; new;wp gpse;J> fy;
vLj;J fq;ifapy; ePuhl;bf; fdftprah; jiyNky; nfhz;Lte;J tQ;rpkhefhpy;
fz;zfpf;F rpiy vLj;jhd;. Nfhtpy; jpwg;Gtpoh fhz;fpwJ. fz;zfpAk; nja;t tbtpy;
Njhd;wp mUs; ciuf;fpd;whs;. fhg;gpak; ,sq;Nfhtbfspd; mwpTiufNshL Kw;Wg;
ngWfpwJ.

fhg;gpar; rpwg;Gf;fs;:

,sq;Nfhtbfs; jk; fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;ifia tho;j;jpg; Nghw;Wtjd; %yk;

Jtf;Ffpwhh;.

jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk;! jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk;!

QhapW Nghw;WJk;! QhapW Nghw;WJK;!

khkio Nghw;WJk;! khkio Nghw;WJk;!

GJikg; nghypNthL Muk;gpf;Fk; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLf;fpwhh;. fhg;gpa ehafpahd fz;zfpiaNa Kjd; Kjypy; ekf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

Nghjpyhh; jpUtpdhs;> Gfo; cil tbT vd;Wk;>

jPJ,yh tlkPdpd; jpwk;> ,ts; jpwk; vd;Wk;>

khjuhh; njhOJVj;j> taq;fpag; ngUq;Fzj;Jf;

fhjyhs;: ngah; kd;Dk; fz;zfp vd;ghs;.

Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpakhd rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Nfhtyd; fz;zfpiaj; jpUkzk; Kbj;j

Qhd;W> Gfo;e;J $Wtjhf tUk; gFjp ek; neQ;rj;ij ms;Stjhf mike;Js;sJ.
ePykapy; NghYk; rhaiyAk;> md;dj;jpd; nkd;eiliaAk;> gRq;fpspapd; FuiyAk;
nfhz;l fz;zfpiaf; fhg;gpaj; jiytd; Nfhtyd; ghuhl;Lfpd;whd;.
 50

khjtp Nrw;wpy; gpwe;jhYk;> mts; nre;jhkiu jhd; vd;gij mts; $Wk;>

„mk;nkd; ,zu mLk;Gfhs;! md;dq;fhs;! ek;ik kwe;jhiu ehk; kwf;fkhl;Nlkhy;! vd;w
fhg;gpa thpfs; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

Kj;jkpOk; ,jpy; ,ioe;J tUtjhy; „Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;‟ vd;w ngaiuAk;>

ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; „ehlff; fhg;gpak;‟ vd;w ngaiuAk; ngWfpwJ.
,ir ,yf;fzKk;> ehlfNkil mikg;G KiwfSk; gw;wpf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; nra;jpfs;
tUfpd;wd. g+k;Gfhh;> kJiu> tQ;rpkhefh; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk;> mf;fhyr;
rKjha mikg;G> kfsph; mzpfyd;fs;> gy;NtW ,irf; fUtpfs;> fy;tp tzpfk; gw;wpa
Fwpg;GfisAk;> rkz rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs;> jkpof Ml;rpKiw gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. MfNt jkpoh;f;Ff; fpilj;j mhpa fUt+ykhf ,r;rpyk;Gr;
nry;tj;ijf; fUjyhk;.

2. kzpNkfiy:

ngsj;j rkaf; fhg;gpakhfj; jpfOk; kzpNkfiy NfhtyDf;Fk;> khjtpf;Fk;

gpwe;j kfshfpa kzpNkfiyapd; tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwJ. ,jd; Mrphpah; kJiuf;
$ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;. ,tUk; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhyj;jijr; Nrh;e;jtNu.

kzpNkfiyapy; „tpohtiw fhij‟ Kjy; „gtj;jpwk;‟ mWnfdg; ghit Nehw;w

fhij <whf Kg;gJ fhijfs; cs;sd. Mdhy;> rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;sJ Nghy;
Kg;gphpTfs; ,y;iy. kzpNkfiy ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Kd;ghfTk;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; rPj;jiyr;
rhj;jdhh; Kd;ghfTk; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;ld vd;gh;.

fhg;gpar; RUf;;fk;:

g+k;Gfhhpy; tUle;NjhWk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;w ,e;jputpoh me;j Mz;Lk; tUfpwJ.

,e;jputpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L Mly;ghly; epfo;j;jpl khjtpiaAk;> kzpNkfiyiaAk;
miog;gjw;fhfj; Njhop tae;jkhiy te;jhs;. jd;fztd; NfhtyDf;Fk;> fz;zfpf;Fk;
kJiuapy; epfo;e;j Jauj;jhy;> jhq;fs; tu,ayhJ vd;W tae;jkhiyaplk;
$wptpLfpwhs; khjtp.

Nfhtydpd; Jautuyhw;iw tae;jkhiyaplk; khjtp $wf;Nfl;l kzpNkfiy

cs;sk; cile;J fz;zhP ; tbf;fpwhs;. jd; kfSf;Fk; jdf;F Neh;e;j fjp Vw;gl;Ltplf;
$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mtisAk; jd;idg;NghyNt ngsj;j Jwtpahf;fp ,Ue;jhs; khjtp.
MfNt> khiyapy; Gj;jDf;Fr; #Ltjw;fhf kzpNkfiy njhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
khiyapy; mtspd; fz;zhP ;j; Jspfs; gl;Ltpl khiyapd; Gdpjk; nfl;Ltpl;lij
czh;e;j khjtp> kzpNkfiyiag; Gjpa kyh;fs; gwpj;J te;J khiy njhLf;Fk;gb
 51

Ntz;Lfpwhs;. g+k;Gfhhpy; ,Ue;j cttdk; milfpd;wdh; kzpNkfiyAk; mts; Njhop

RjkjpAk;.

cttdj;jpd; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfspy; kdk; gwpnfhLj;j kzpNkfiy> jd;idj;

NjbtUk; Nrho ,sturd;> cjaFkhudpd; Njh;xyp Nfl;L mQ;rp> mq;fpUe;j
gspf;fiwapDs; GFe;J nfhs;fpwhs;. kzpNkiyia cttdj;jpy; fhzhJ mtd;
kPz;Lk; nry;Yk;NghJ topapy; mtisf; ifg;gw;w vz;zp cjaFkud; mfy;fpwhd;.

,e;jputpoh fhzte;j kzpNkfyh nja;tk; kzpNkfiyiaj; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L

nrd;W> kzpgy;ytj;jPtpy; Nrh;f;fpwJ. kzpgy;ytj;jPtpy; Njhd;wpa Gj;j gPbifiaj;
njhOJ> jd;gok; gpwg;Ggw;wp mwpfpwhs; kzpNkfiy. thd;topNa gwj;jy;> grpahjpUj;jy;>
jd; cUit khw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd ke;jpuq;fisAk;> ms;s ms;sf;
FiwahJ mKJRuf;Fk; mKj RugpiaAk; ngWfpwhs;.

g+k;GfhUf;Fj; jpUk;gpa kzpNkfiy mwj; njhz;L Mw;Wfpwhs;. fha

rz;bifapd; fLk;grp ePq;FfpwJ. rpiwf;Nfhl;lk; mwf;Nfhl;lkhfpwJ. kzpNkfiy kPJ
fhjy; nfhz;liyAk; cjaFkud;> xU ehs; ,utpy; mtisf; ifg;gw;w „cyf mwtp‟
nry;fpwhd;. fharz;bifapd; tbtj;jpypUe;j kzpNkfiyiaj; jd; kidtpjhd;
vdj;jtwhff; fUjpa fharz;bifapd; fztd;> kzpNkfiyia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;
cjaFkuidf; nfhd;WtpLfpwhd;. murpapd; Neubg; ghh;itapy; rpiwitf;fg;gl;l
kzpNkfiy jd; nja;tPfr; nray;fshy; tpLjiy milfpwhs;.

Kw;gpwtpapy; mKjRugpiaf; iff;nfhz;bUe;j MGj;jpuid tlehL nrd;W

fhz;fpwhs; kzpNkfiy. rhtf ehl;bypUe;J tQ;rpkhefh; te;J fz;zfp Nfhl;lj;jpy;>
fz;zfpia tzq;FtNjhL> gy;NtW kjj; jUf;fE}y;fisAk; fw;Wj; Njh;fpwhs;. fhQ;rp
khefh; mile;J> gtj;jpwk; mWnfdg;ghit Nehw;whs; vd;gNjhL Kw;WfpwJ
kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak;.

fhg;gpar; rpwg;Gfs;:

kzpNkfiyapy; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfSk;> ,aw;if tUzidfSk;> mofpa

ctikfSk;> tpWtpWg;Gj;jUk; epfo;r;rpfSkhf mike;Js;sd. kzpNkfiyAk;>
RjkjpAk; nrd;wile;j cttdj;jpd; Nrhiyapy; cs;s ngha;ifapy; gspq;FNghy;
njspe;j ePh; cs;sJ. tz;zkyh;fs; gy g+j;Jf; FYq;f> mtw;wpilNa jhkiug; g+f;fs;
nghpjhf kyh;e;J ngha;iff;F moF Nrh;f;fpd;wd. nghpa jhkiu kynuhd;wpy; mur
md;dnkhd;W tPw;wpUf;fpwJ. ngha;iff; fiuapy; kapy; xd;wpd; ehl;bak;> fk;Gl;
Nrtnyhd;W cuj;Jf;Fuy; vOg;GfpwJ. g+q;nfhk;gpy; mkh;e;j tz;zk; Fapnyhd;W
ghLfpwJ. ngha;iff; fhl;rp eldk; eilngWk; muritNghy; cs;sjhfr; rhj;jdhhpd;
 52

kdj;jpiuapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. mf;fhl;rpiaf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; fz;L kfpo;fpNwhk;.

grpg;gpzpapd; nfhLikia kzpNkfiyf;Fj; jPtjpyif vLj;Jiuf;fpwhs;.

Fbgpwg;G mopf;Fk;> tpOg;gk; nfhy;Yk;:

gpbj;j fy;tpg; ngUk;Giz tp^ck;:

ehzzp fisAk;: khnzopy; rpijf;Fk;:

g+z;Kiy khjnuhL Gwq;fil epWj;Jk;:

grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp

vdNt> tWikapy; coYk; kf;fSf;F czT toq;Fthh; rpwg;ig

kz;jpzp Qhyj;J tho;Nthh;f;F vy;yhk;

cz;bnfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu

vd;W kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ.

gpw nra;jpfs;:

kzpgy;ytk;> ,uj;jpd jPgk;> cQ;iQ> fypq;fk;> nfhw;if> rz;ig> rhtfehL>

ehfehL> g+k;Gfhh;> kfjehL Nghd;w ,lq;fs;> efuq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk;> fhjy;
flikg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> vz;tiff; fiyfs;> guj;ij> kJ> rpiw xopg;Gg; gw;wpa
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> gok; gpwg;Gf; nfhs;iffs;> Gj;jrkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> mf;fhyr;rKjhak;>
gof;f tof;fq;fs; Nghd;w nra;jpfisAk;> gy fpisf; fijfisAk; kzpNkfiy %yk;
mwpfpNwhk;. g+k;Gfhh; mope;j tuyhW kzpNkfiyapy; $wg;gLtJ mjd; rpwg;ghFk;.

3. rPtf rpe;jhkzp:

jkpopy; tpUj;jhg;ghthy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; jkpo;f;fhg;gpak;. Rkzrkaf; fhg;gpakhfj;

jpfOk; ,jidf; fp.gp.7-k; E}w;whz;by; jpUj;jf;fNjth; vd;w ,sk; rkzj;Jwtp
gilj;jhh;. tlnkhopapy; „fj;jpa rpe;jhkzpapd;‟ jOtNy ,e;E}y; vd;ghUk; csh;.

„jpUj;jf;fNjth; jkpo;f; ftpQh;fSf;Fs;Ns jiy rpwe;jth; vd;W tPukhKdptUk;>

rPtf rpe;jhkzp nre;jkpo; fhg;gpaq;fspy; rpwe;jJ kl;Lkd;W> cyf kfh fhtpaq;fspy;
xd;whFk;> vd;W lhf;lh; [p.A.Nghg;Gk; ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;.

rPtfrpe;jhkzp ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; Kjy;> Kj;jp ,yk;gfk; tiu gjpd;%d;W

,yk;gfq;fisAk;> 3145 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. fhtpa ,yf;fzk; Kw;wpYk; ngw;Wj;
 53

jpfOk; ,e;E}y; tho;tpyf;fzk; KOtijAk; tiuaWj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.

mwk;>nghUs;>,d;gk;>tPL vd;w ehd;F cWjpg; nghUl;fisAk; tphpthfg;NgRk;
rPtfrpe;;jhkzpiag; gjpg;gpj;Jf; nfhLj;jth; lhf;lh; c.Nt. rhkpehjh; Mthh;. ,e;E}Yf;F
Vw;w ciu toq;fpath; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;.

fhg;gpar; RUf;fk;:

Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; jiyefh; ,uhrkhGuk;. ,e;ehl;il Mz;l kd;dd; rr;re;jd;. jd;

,staJ kidtp tpriaNahL muz;kid me;jg;Guj;jpNy jq;fpapUf;f> ehl;ilf;
ftdpj;J te;j mikr;rd; fl;baq;fhud; Vw;w Neuj;jpy; muridf; nfhd;W Ml;rpiag;
gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. kapy;nghwp xd;wpd; %yk; murdpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;Wj; jg;gpa
tpria> ,uhrkhGuj;jpd; ,Lfhl;by; rPtfidg; ngw;nwLf;fpwhs;. rPtfd; Jk;k
„rpe;jhkzpNa fplj;jpahy;‟ vd;W tpriaf;F cjtpGhpe;j mts;Njhop tbtpy; te;j
nja;tk; $Wtjhy;> ,f;fhg;gpak; rPtf rpe;jhkzp vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. fe;Jf;fld; vd;w
tzpfd; rPtfid vLj;J tsh;f;fpwhd;. mr;rze;jp vd;w Mrphpah; rPtfDf;Fg; gy;NtW
fiyfisAk; fw;gpf;fpwhh;. jd;dpfhpy;yhj; jiytdhf tpsq;Fk; rPtfd; jd; Mw;wyhYk;
fUiz cs;sj;jhYk;> jd;khkd; cjtpahYk;> ,iwtd; ey;yhrpahYk; gy;NtW tPur;
nray;fisg; Ghpe;J> fl;baq;fhuidg; Nghhpy; tPo;j;jp ehl;lhl;rpia kPzL
; k; ngWfpwhd;.

fhe;jUtjj;ij> Fzkhiy> gJik> Nfkrhhp> fdfkhiy> tpkiy> RukQ;rhp>

,yf;fiz Mfpa vl;Lg; ngz;fis kzf;Fk; rPtfd;> mth;fs; %yk; vl;L
Mz;gps;isfisg; ngWfpwhd;. Kbtpy; Kj;jp ngw;wpl %j;j kfDf;Fg; gl;lk; #l;bj;
jd; NjtpaNuhL Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.

fhg;gpar; nra;jpfs;:

fhg;gpaq;fspy; ehl;Ltsk;> efutsk; ghLtjpy; Gjpakuig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;j

fhg;gpak; rPtfrpe;jhkzp. ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> mit gw;wpa tUzid> Nghh;Kiwfs;>
fhjy;> jkpoh; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> ctik eaq;fs;> ciuahly;fs;> murpay;#o;r;rpfs;>
cah;e;j fUj;Jfs;> rkzf;nfhs;if tpsf;fq;fs; gw;wptphpthfg; NgRfpwJ rpe;jhkzpf;
fhg;gpak;.

ehkfs; ,yk;gfj;jpy; tUk; ehl;Lr; rpwg;gpy;> jpUj;jf;fNjth; Vkhq;fj ehl;bd;

rpwg;igf; fPo;f;fz;lthW ghLfpwhh;. Nrhoehl;bd; tsikiaf; fw;gidapy; fz;L ftp
,aw;Wfpwhh;. jpUj;jf;fNjth; njq;fpd; gok; fOfpd; new;wpapy; tpo> Njdil
ciltijAk; gyhf;fdp> khq;fdp>thiog;goq;fs; Mfpait rpjWtijAk; fz;Kd;dhy;
fhl;Lk; ghly;:

fha;khz;l njq;fpd; gok;tPof; fKfpd;new;wpg;

 54

g+khz;l jPe;Njd; njhilfPwp> tUf;if Ngho;e;J

Njkhq;fdp rpjwp thiog;goq;fs; rpe;Jk;

Vkhq;fjk; vd;W ,irahy; jpirNghaJ cz;Nl!

Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; nropg;ig ,ijtplTk; jpwikahff; fhl;l ,aYNkh!

4. Fz;lyNfrp:

mope;JNghd jkpo;r; nry;tq;fSs; xd;W Fz;lyNfrp. ngsj;j rka E}y;.

ehjFj;jdhh; vd;w Gytuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. Gwj;jpul;by; Fz;lyNfrpapd; ghly;fshfg;
gj;njhd;gJ nra;Al;fSk;> ePyNfrp ciuapy; 180 ghf;fSk; ,d;W fpilf;fpd;wd. ,it
nfhz;Lk;> NtW rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs; %yKk; Fz;lyNfrpapd; fijaikg;ig mwpaKbfpwJ.

,uhrfpUfk; vd;w efiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Mz;l murDf;F mikr;rd;

xUtd; ,Ue;jhd;. mtDf;Fg; gj;jpiu vd;W xU kfs;. jpUl;Lf; Fw;wj;jpw;fhfj;
jz;lid ngw;w xUtid tpUk;Gfpwhs;. kfspd; tpUg;gj;ij mwpe;J je;ij murdplk;
$wpf; fs;tDf;F tpLjiy ngw;W> kfSf;F kzk; Kbj;J itf;fpwhd;. fs;td;
ey;ytdhf khWfpwhd;. ,y;ywk; ey;ywkhfpj; njhlUk; jpUehs; xd;wpy; gj;jpiu
ehtlf;fkpd;wpf; fztid „eP fs;td; jhNd‟ vd;W mtd; goikiar; Rl;bf;
$wptpl;lhs;.

gj;jiuapd; nrhy;iy kdj;jpNy gjpj;j mtd; „kiyapNy cs;s nja;tj;ij

topgl;L tUNthk;‟ vd;W kidtpaplk; $w mtSk; Gwg;gl;lhs;. kiyapd; cr;rpia
mile;jJk;> „md;W ehtlf;fkpd;wp> vd;idf; fs;td; vd;wha; my;yth! ,d;W cd;idf;
nfhy;yg; NghfpNwd;‟ vd;W $w> gj;jpiu cz;ikia czh;e;J jpLf;fpl;lhs;. „fztNd
fz;fz;l nja;tk;: cq;fis xUKiw Rw;wp tzq;fpagpd;> vd;idf; nfhd;WNghLq;fs;:
cq;fs; ifahy; vd; caph; NghtJ ehd; nra;j NgW‟ vd;W fztdplk; tpz;zg;gk;
Nfl;f mtDk; ,ire;jhd;: „jw;nfhy;ypia Kw;nfhy;f‟ vd;gij czh;e;J mtidr;
Rw;wp tUifapy; gpd;GwkpUe;J kiyapd; Moj;jpw;Fj; js;sp mtidf; nfhd;whs;.

tho;f;ifapy; ntWg;Gw;w gj;jpiu xU rkzg; gs;spia mile;J Jwtwk; Vw;whs;.

mts; $e;jy; fisag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mk;Kb kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; RUz;L RUz;L
tsh;e;jjhy; mts; „Fz;lyNfrp‟ vdg;gl;lhs;. rkz rkaf; fUj;Jf;fis ed;F fw;w
mtis> Gj;jhpd; khzhf;fh;fspy; xUtuhd rhhpGj;jh; ntd;whh;. rhhpGj;jhh;Nfl;l
Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gj;jpiuahy; gjpy; nrhy;yKbahky; Njhy;tpAw;wNjhL> Gj;jrkaj;jpYk;
GFe;jhs;.
 55

Gwj;jpul;by; fhzg;gLk; Fz;lyNfrpg;ghly;fspy; xd;W> ek; rpe;ijiaf; ftUk;

jd;ik gilj;jJ. kdpjDf;F ehtlf;fk; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijg; ghtpy;
mlq;fpAs;s nghUs; vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.

ghisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;> ghydhk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;>

fhisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;> fhKW ,sik nrj;Jk;>

kPSk; ,t; ,ay;Gk;> gpd;Nd Nky;tUk; %g;Gk; Mfp>

ehSk; ehk; rhfpd;Nwkhy;> ehkf;Feh khohjnjd;Nd!

5. tisahgjp:

rpwe;j rkzE}y; gilg;ghd tisahgjp ,d;W fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mrphpah; ngaUk;

njhpatpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;Lj; njhif E}ypy; tisahgjpg; ghly;fshf mWgj;jhW
nra;Al;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW ciuahrphpah;fs; ,e;E}y; ghly;fis
Nkw;Nfhs;fshf vLj;jhz;Ls;sdh;. rkz rkaf; fUj;Jf;fis ,d;W fpilf;fpd;w
ghly;fs; mofhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

tpUj;jg; ghf;fshf mike;j tisahgjpg; ghly;fs; fs;shik> nfhy;yhik>

ngha;ahik> ,sik epiyahik Mfpad Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpd;wd. kf;fl;NgW gw;wpg;
ghlg;gl;Ls;s tisahgjpg; ghly; xd;W

nghiwapyh mwpT: Nghfg; Gzh;tpyh ,sik: Nktj;

Jiwapyh tdr thtp: Jfpypyhf; Nfhyj;J}a;ik:

Eiwapyh khiy: fy;tp eykpyhg; Gyik: ed;dPh;r;

rpiwapyh efuk; NghYk;> Nrapyhr; nry;tk; md;Nw!

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;:

mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL Mfpa ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fspy; FiwTngw;Nwh>

ngUq;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;F khWgl;Nlh tUtJ rpWfhg;gpaq;fshFk;.

cjazFkhu fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> aNrhju fhtpak;> #shkzp> ePyNfrp

vd;gitNa IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpy; ehfFkhu fhtpak; ,d;W fpilf;ftpy;iy.
,t;ite;Jk; rkz rkak; gw;wp vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.

1. #shkzp:
 56

ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ,izahfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w #shkzpia ,aw;wpath;

Njhyhnkhopj; Njth;. gd;dpnuz;L fhz;lq;fSk;> ,uz;lhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
nra;Al;fisAk; #shkzp ngw;Ws;sJ. jptpl;ld;>tprad; Mfpa ,Ukd;dh;fisg; gw;wpa
tuyhw;iwf; fiyaoFld; gilj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ #shkzp.

2. ePyNfrp:

Fz;lyNfrpf;F kWg;GE}yhf ,aw;wg;gl;l ,r; rkz E}ypd; Mrphpah; mwpag;gl

,aytpy;iy. ,jid „ePyNfrpj; jpul;L‟ vd;Wk; miog;gh;. gj;Jr; rUf;fq;fisAk;> 895
nra;Al;fisAk; ePyNfrp ngw;Ws;sJ. rhq;fpaj; jj;Jtq;fs; ePyNfrpapy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.

ghQ;rhy ehl;by; xU efhpd; ,LfhL: mq;Nf elf;Fk; caph;f;nfhiyia> Kdpr;re;jpuh;

vd;w rkz Kdpth; jk; jt typikahy; jLj;jhh;. mth; jtj;ijf; fiyf;fg;gioaD}h;
ePypg;Nga; murpNghy; Ntlkpl;L te;J Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. Mdhy; Njhy;tpailfpwJ.
Kaw;rpapy; Njhw;w mts;> mtUf;F kidtpahfpg; gpd;G rkz rkaj;jpd; caph;f;
nfhs;ifahfpa nfhy;yhikiag; ghnuq;Fk; gug;GtjNjhL> gy rkaj; jiyth;fisAk;
thjpy; ntd;W rkz rkaj;jpy; Nrh;j;J rkzj; jiytpahfpwhs; vd;gNj fijahFk;.

3. aNrhju fhtpak;:

Rkz rka E}yhd aNrhju fhtpak;> ,ir fhkj;ij kpFtpf;fpwJ. caph;f;nfhiy

jPJ: fUkj;jpd; gad; tpisAk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l fhtpakhFk;.

,jd; Mrphpah; mwpag;gltpy;iy. ntz;zhtYilahh; ,jd; Mrphpah; vd;W rpyh;

$Wfpd;wdh;. Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk; 320 nra;Al;fisAk; aNrhju fhtpak; ngw;Ws;sJ.

cja ehl;L kd;dd; khhpjj;jd;. mtdplk; caph;g;gyp $lhJ vd;gij typAWj;Jk;

nghUl;L> „aNrhjud;‟ vd;ghd; gy gpwg;Gg; gpwe;J nfhs;if tpsf;fk; nra;fpwhd;.
aNrhjudpd; gy gpwg;Gg; gw;wpg; NgRtNj aNrhju fhtpakhFk;.

4. cjaz Fkhu fhtpak;:

cjazd; fijiar; RUf;fkhff; $Wk; fhtpak; cjaz Fkhu fhtpak;.

MapDk; ,J fhg;gpakhd ngUq;fijapdpd;Wk; NtWgl;ljhFk;. fhyKk; kpfg; gpw;gl;lJ
vd;gh;.

MW fhz;lq;fisAk;> 367 nra;Al;fisAk; nfhz;l cjaz Fkhu fhtpaj;jpd;

Mrphpah; mwpag;gltpy;iy.

.
 57

Kj;njhs;shapuk;:

Kj;njhs;shapuk; fw;gidAk;> ftpd; RitAk; nfhz;l ,yf;fpak; kiwe;J Nghd

jkpo; VLfspy; ,e;E}Yk; E}w;nwhd;gJ ghf;fs; kl;Lk; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; flTs;
tho;j;jhf xd;Wk;> Nrukd;didg; gw;wp 22> Nrhoidg; gw;wp 29> ghz;baidg; gw;wp 56>
rpije;J fhzg;gLk; ghl;L xd;Wk; Mf 109 ghf;fs; E}y;tbtpy; ntspte;Js;sd.
Kj;njhs;shapuk; 3*900 my;yJ 3*300=900 vd;w ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; ngah;
ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd;gh;.

Kj;njhs;shapug; ghly;fs; KOikAk; ehlfg; Nghf;fhf cs;sd. %Nte;jh;fspd;

mftho;itAk;> Gwtho;itAk; ikakhff; nfhz;L ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
mfg;ghly;fs; mj;jidAk; ngz;ghw; iff;fpisahfTk;> Gwg;ghly;fs;> %Nte;jh;fSila
ehL> efuk;>tPuk;>nfhil>gpwe;j ehs; tpoh> epiwg;nghUs; nfhs;sy;> ahidkwk;> Fjpiu
kwk;> Nghh;f;fsr; nra;jpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; njhptpg;gdthf cs;sd. ,aw;if ,d;gk;>
fhjy; czh;Tfs;> tPur; nrwpT> ehl;bd; tsk;> nropg;G Nghd;wtw;iw ghly;fspy;
fhz;fpd;w nghOJ ,yf;fpa ,d;gk; Efu KbfpwJ.

Nru ehL ePh;tsk;> epytsk; nfhz;lJ. Rw;wpYk; kiyfSk; tdq;fSk; cs;sd.

Nru kd;ddplk; ghpR ngwr; nry;Yfpd;wdh; ftpQH;. mth; NghFk; topapy; fhz;fpd;w
,aw;ifaoF mth; rpe;ijiaf; fth;fpwJ. jz;zhP ; epiwe;j Fsj;jpy;> Mk;gy; nrbfs;
epiwe;Js;sd. gRikahd nrbfspy; nre;epw kyh; nkhl;Lf;fs;: epynthspnaq;Fk;
guTfpwJ: Kj;jhd xspapy;> Mk;gy; nrbfSf;fpilNa jk; FQ;RfNshL ePe;jp
tpisahbf;nfhz;bUe;j md;dg;gwitfs; ePh; ntspapy; Vw;gl;l ,j;jplPh; khw;wk; fz;L
jLkhwpd. ePh;g;gug;ngq;Fk; jP gutp tUfpd;wNjh vd;W mit jtwhff; fUjp mQ;rpd.
mQ;rpa md;dq;fs; jk; FQ;RfSf;F ,jdhy; VJk; jPq;F ele;J tplf;$lhNj vd;W
fUjp> jk; ifr; rpwFfshy; mtw;iw mizj;Jf; fhg;ghw;w Kay;fpd;wd! ,aw;ifahf
gwitfs; tpisahb kfpOk; fhl;rpiaf; fw;gidf; ftpd; Nrh;j;J Nru kd;ddplk; ghbf;
fhl;Lfpd;whu; ftpQh;. muridAk;> Fbkf;fisAk; ,izj;J cs;Siwf; Fwpg;NghL mth;
ghba ftpij ,Njh!

ms;sy; godj;J

muf;F Mk;gy; tha; mtpo>

nts;sk; jPg;gl;lJ

vd xhP,g; - Gs;spdk; jk;

ifr;rpwfhy; ghh;g;G xLf;Fk;

 58

ft;it cilj;jhNuh

er;rpiy Nty; Nfhf;Nfhij ehL!

kyhpDk; nky;ypaJ fhjy;. ,s kq;ifahpd; cs;sj;jpy; nkhl;lhfj; Njhd;Wk;

fhjy;> kyuhf kyUk; vd;why; mth;fs; fz;Zk;> NjhSk;> KfKk;> nraYk;; fhl;Lfpd;w
czh;TfNsh gutrk;. Nru kd;dd; tPjpapy; cyh tUfpd;whd;: mtd; GJkyh;fshy;
njhLj;j khiyazpe;J> mofpa Nfhyq;nfhz;L> Fjpiufs; g+l;lg;ngw;w Njhpy;
tUfpd;whd;. mtd; tUfpd;w fhl;rpiaf; fhz> mtd; Nky; fhjy; cs;sk; nfhz;l
ngz;fs;> fjitj; jpwe;J ghh;f;f Kay;fpwhh;fs;: Mdhy; md;idaNuh kd;didg;
ghh;f;fh tz;zk; fjit milj;J tpLfpd;wdh;. md;idah; mfd;wJk; Muzq;fpdh;>
kPz;Lk; fjitj; jpwf;fpd;wdh;. jhahh; FKwp te;J fjit milf;fpd;wdh;. ,t;thW
fjT jpwf;fg;gLtJk;; milf;fgLtJkhf ,Ug;gjhy; thapw;fjTfspd; Fkpo;fs;
Nja;e;JtpLfpd;wd! ,dpf;Fk; ,g;ghlypd; ,dpikiaf; ftpijapy; fz;L kfpOq;fs;

jhah; milg;g

kfsph; jpwe;jplj;

Njaj; jphpe;j

FLkpasNt! Ma;kyh;

tz;L cyh mq; fz;zp

takhd; Njh;f; Nfhijiaf;

fz;L cyh mk; tPjpf; fjT!

fw;gidAk; fUj;J kzKk; Nghl;bapLk; Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpd; kw;nwhU rpwg;G

me;E}ypy; gapd;W tUk; ctikfshFk;. nry;tr; rpwg;GfNshL tho;e;j gz;ghsh; xUth;
fhy xl;lj;jpy; tpjpapd; rjpahy; tWik mile;jhh;. tho;ehis vg;gbahtJ fopf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpa mt;td;gh; ngUQ;nry;th;fis ehbr;nrd;W cjtp Nfl;f
Kay;fpwhh;. nry;th;fspd; thapiy mile;j mth; jaq;fp epw;fpwhh;. fhuzk; ehzk;
Kd;nry;y xl;lhky; mtiuj; jLf;fpwJ. Mdhy; tWikNah gpd;nry;yj; jLf;fpwJ. xU
KbTf;Fk; tu Kbahky; mth; jtpg;gijg; Nghy Nru kd;dd; tPjp cyh tUk;nghOJ
mtidf; fhz Kjypy; fjitj; jpwf;fr; nrd;wts;> ehzk; jLf;fNt tPl;bDs; nrd;W
kiwfpwhs;. neQ;rg; Nghuhl;lk; njhlh;fpwJ! czh;r;rpfNshL NghuhLk; mts; cs;s
epiyia ftpQh; ftpijapy; ctikNahL ,izj;J kzf;fr; nra;fpwhh;.

Ma;kzpg; igk;g+z;
 59

myq;F jhh;f; Nfhijiaf;

fhzpa nrd;W

fjtile;Njd; - ehzpg;

ngUQ;nry;th; ,y;yj;J

ey;$h;e;jhh; Nghy

tUQ;nry;Yk; NgUk; vd; neQ;R!

ghly;NjhWk; Njdiyfs;: fUj;Jk;> fw;gidAk; fye;J g+j;j kyh;fs;: ,aw;ifAk;>

vopYk; epiwe;j gRQ;Nrhiy! ifapy; vLj;jhy; ftpij ,d;gj;ij ms;spj;jUk;> ,k;
Kj;njhs;shapug;ghly;fs; KOikAk; fpilf;fhjJ Nghy;> Rit kype;j ,g;ghly;fisg;
ghba ftpQh; ahh; vd;Wk; mwpa Kbatpy;iy.

ngUq;fij

jkpopy; Njhd;wpa goq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;W ngUq;fij ,jid ,aw;wpath;

nfhq;FNtsph;. ,aw;ngah; njhpatpy;iy. nfhq;Fehl;ilr; rhh;e;j tprakq;fyj;jpy;
tho;e;jth;. Ntsph; guk;giuiar; rhh;e;jtuhjyhy;> ,tUk; xU rpw;wuruhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;
vd mwpa KbfpwJ. jkpo;g;Gyth;fis Mjupj;j nrk;ky; nfhq;FNtsph;. ,th; tho;e;j
fhyk; gw;wp mwpa Kbatpy;iy. fp.gp.7-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd
fh.Rg;gpukzpak; $Wfpwhh;. ngUq;fij rq;f fhyj;ij xl;ba goe;jkpo;f; fhtpak;
vd;Wk;> mjd; Njhw;wj;ij mwptjw;Fr; rhpahd rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy vd;Wk;
c.Nt.rhkpehjh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

ngUq;fijia mftw; ghtyhd Kjy; rkzf; fhg;gpak; vd;W Fwpg;gpLth;.

,e;E}ypd; %yE}y; igrhr n;khopapy; „Fzhl;bah;‟ vOjpa „Nfhrhk;gp‟ efu kd;dd;
cjazd; fij vd;W rpyUk;> fp.gp.6-k; E}w;whz;by; fq;if ehl;il Mz;l Jh;tpePjd;
vd;w kd;dd; tlnkhopapy; „gpUfj; fjh‟ vd;W Mf;fpa E}ypd; jkpohf;fNk ,e;E}y;
vd;W rpyUk; Fwpg;gpLth;. vdNt ngUq;fij xU topE}Ny vd;W nfhs;sg;gLk;.

vl;L tifahd nka;g;ghl;L czh;TfSk;>RitfSk; Njhd;wpLk; tz;zk;

ngUq;fij gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. E}ypy; ClYk;> $lYk; kpf mjpfkhfg; gapd;W
te;Js;sd. FwpQ;rp>Ky;iy>kUjk;>ghiy Mfpa jpizfs; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.

ngUq;fijapd; KjYk; KbTkhfr; rpy gFjpfs; ,d;W fpilf;ftpy;iy.

fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,ilg; gFjpfspYk;> ghly; thpfspYk; rpijTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rPtf
 60

rpe;jhkzp vd;w rkzf; fhg;gpak; Njhd;Wtjw;F top fhl;bahf ,e;E}y; jpfo;e;Js;sJ.

ngUq;fijapy; Copd;typ> ePj;jhh; ngUik> murhl;rp nra;Ak; Kiw> ez;gh; flik
Nghd;w rkz rkaf; nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}ypidg; gjpg;gpj;j mwpQh;
c.Nt. rhkpehjh; ,e;E}Yf;F tpsf;fkhd jpl;g El;gq;fs; nrwpe;Js;s ,e;E}ypidg; gw;wp
“me; ehisa ehfhpf tho;tpd; rpwg;ngy;yhk;> tifnayhk; ,e;E}ypy; tpsq;FtJ Nghy;>
NtW ve;j jkpo; E}ypYk; tpsq;Ftjpy;iy” vd;W mwpQh; nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

,e;E}ypd; tj;jt fhz;lj;jpy;>

md;Gilf; fzth; mopjfr; nrapDk;

ngz;gpwe; Njhh;f;Fg; nghiwNa ngUik

vd;W ngz;zpd; mzpfyd; nghWikNa vd;gij typAWj;jpf; $wg;gl;L;s;sJ.

ngUq;fij fhg;gpar; RUf;fk;:

nfhq;F Ntsph; ,aw;wpa ngUq;fij Ie;J fhz;lq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. cQ;irf; fhz;lk;

2. ,yhtzf; fhz;lk;

3. kfj fhz;lk;

4. tj;jt fhz;lk;

5. euthz fhz;lk;

fhg;gpaj; jiytd; cjazd; #hpad; cjakhFk; NghJ gpwe;jtuhdjhy;

mg;ngah; ngw;whd;. fhg;gpak; KOtjpYk; cjazd; rpwe;j tPuuhfTk;> fiyQdhfTk;
cyh tUfpwhd;. cjazZila tuyhw;iw „cjazFkhu fhtpak;‟ vd;w rpWfhg;gpak;
%ykhfNt njspthf mwpa KbfpwJ.

tj;jt ehl;L kd;dd; rjhdpfd;. mtd; kidtp kpfhtjp. Cjazidg;

ngWtjw;F XhpU ehl;fs; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ muz;kid epyh Kw;wj;jpy; gQ;rizapy;
J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j kpfhtjpia mz;l Nguz;lg; gwit xd;W> J}f;fpf; nfhz;L
nrd;W fhl;by; tpl;LtpLfpwJ. mlh;e;j cja#hpadpd; xspf;fuq;fs; cjtpl Foe;ij
gpwf;fpwJ. fhl;by; jtkpaw;wp te;j kpfhtjpapd; je;ij Nrlf kd;dd; kfisAk;>
NguidAk; fz;L Nguhde;jk; nfhz;L kfpo;fpwhd;. ghl;ldhhpd; mutizg;gpy; cjazd;
 61

tsh;fpwhd;. ,aw;ifr; #oypy; fhdg;Gl;fSlDk;> fhpf;fzq;fSlDk; tho;e;j cjazd;

rpwe;j fiyQdhf cUthfpwhd;. fPjg;Gue;jud; vd;w nja;t kdpjd; nfhLj;j Nfhltjp
ahiog; ngw;W ,irf;fiyQdha;j; jpfo;fpwhd;. xUehs; kiyr;rhuy; mUNf
nja;tahid xd;W elkhLtijf; fz;lhd;. mjNdhL gofpdhd;: ,UtUk; caph; el;G
nfhz;ldh;. mtd; tho;e;j jtg;;gs;spapNyNa ahidAk; jq;fpl> ,UtUk; ,ize;J
tsh;e;jdh;. nja;tahid xUehs; mtd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp> jd;id kwe;J czT
cz;lhYk;> jd;Nky; VWtjw;Fg; gpwUf;F ,lq;nfhLj;jhYk; mtid tpl;Lg;gphpe;J
Ngha;tpLtjhff; $wpaJ. Co; nghpajd;Nwh! ,e;epiyapy; kpfhtjpapd; rNfhjud;
Foe;ij ,y;yhjtd; fhl;by; jd; kUkfidf; fz;L kfpo;e;J jd; ehl;bw;F mioj;Jr;
nrd;W mufhpik ey;Ffpwhd;. Cjazd; je;ij cz;ikawpe;J> gpd;dh; jd; ehl;bw;Fk;
mtid kd;ddhf;Ffpwhd;: xUehs; jd; ahidia kwe;J> Kjypy; cjazd; czT
cz;ljhy; ahid mtid tpl;L gphpe;jJ> ahidiaj; Njb jd; tPuh;fNshL cjazd;
Gwg;gLfpwhd;.

1. cQ;iQf; fhz;lk;:

mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; gpur;Nrhjdd;> mtd; kfs; thrtjj;ij mte;jp ehlile;j

cjazd; kd;ddpd; gl;lj;J ahidahd esfphp kjntwp gpbj;J miyaNt mjid
mlf;Ffpwhd;. mjdhy; kd;dd; kfpo;e;J> „FQ;rhQ;Nrhp vd;w khspifia mtDf;F
mspj;J mq;F jq;f itf;fpwhd;. thrtjj;ijf;F aho; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Mrphpadhf
khWfpwhd; cjazd;. aho; ,ir mth;fs; ,UtiuAk; ,izf;fpwJ. fhjy; kyh;fpwJ>
fiyf; flypy; fl;Lz;ldh; ,UtUk;! mte;jp ehl;by; Vw;gl;l Fog;gj;jhy; cjazd;
thrtjj;ijNahL ahid Nky; Vwpj; jg;Gfpwhd;. kUjk;>Ky;iy>FwpQ;rp>ghiy topahf
ePz;l gazkhf mikfpwJ ,ilntspapy; gy;NtW Mgj;Jfs;> mj;jidapYk; jd;
tpuh;fNshL Nrh;e;J gifth;fis ntw;wp fhz;fpwhd; cjazd;. ePz;l tpiue;j
gazj;jhy; „Nfhltjp‟ vd;w nja;t aho; cjazdplkpUe;J eOtp> fhl;by; %q;fpy;
Gjnuhd;wpy; rpf;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ. mtd; gpb ahidAk; NehAw;W ,we;J tpLfpwJ:
cjazd; thrtjj;ijNahL rae;jp efuk; mile;jhd;.

2. ,yhthz fhz;lk;:

cjazidAk;> thrtjj;ijiaAk; rae;jp efu kf;fs; tuNtw;wdh;. kq;fy ePuhl;L

vLj;J> kzk;Kbj;Jg; ghuhl;bdh;. ,d;g tho;tpy; jd; ehl;il kwe;J jpisf;fyhapddhd;
cjazd;. mtidj; Njb te;j ez;gDk; mikr;rDkhd a+fp cz;ikia czh;fpwhd;.
cjaZf;F muRhpikiag; gw;wpg; ghlk; Gfl;bl xU jpl;lk; tFf;fpwhd;.
cjazdplkpUe;J thrtjj;ijiag; gphpj;J mts; ,we;Jtpl;ljhf cjazid ek;g
itf;fpwhd;. Nrhfj;jpy; %o;fpa cjazd;> gazkhfp kfj ehlilfpwhd;.
 62

3. kfj fhz;lk;:

kfj ehl;bd; jiyefh; ,uhrfphp. kfjehl;by; fhfJz;ld; vd;Dk; Kdpth; tho;e;J

te;jhh;. jd; ,d;gj;Jiztp thrtjj;ij jd;id tpl;L jpBnud;W kiwe;Jtpl;lijAk;>
mtis kPz;Lk; ngw;wpl mk;Kdptiu ehbdhy; xUNtis gyd; fpl;lyhk; vd; ez;gh;fs;
$w> mq;F te;jhd; cjazd;. Kdpth; $w;Wg;gb cjazd; Nehd;G Nehw;fyhdhd;.
Mdhy; thrtjj;ij fpilg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> kfjkd;ddpd; jq;if gJikapd; fhjy;
mtDf;F fpilj;jJ. ,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rpahy; gJkhtjpNahL $b kfpo;e;j cjazd;
mtis kze;jhd;. Tpjp Juj;jpl mtisg; gphpe;J nry;yyhdhd; cjazd;.

4. tj;jt fhz;lk;:

Cjazd; tj;jt ehl;L kd;ddhf ,Ue;J> Mz;l rpwg;Gf; $WtJ ,g;gFjp.

Cjazd; jd; giftdhfpa MUsp kd;dd; ghQ;ryuhaid> kfj kd;dd; jUrfd;
JizNahL ntd;W> tj;jt ehl;L kd;ddhfpwhd;. jdf;F ntw;wpfpl;bl cjtpa
kfjehl;L kd;dDila mikr;rh;> tPuh;fs; Nghd;w gyUf;F ghprspj;Jr; rpwg;G
nra;fpwhd;. ehL tsk; nfhopf;fpwJ: kf;fs; kfpo;r;rp milfpd;wdh;. jd; kidtp
gJkhtjpia mioj;J te;J ,d;g tho;T Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;. jhd; gaz Nkw;gl;l
fhiyapy; el;Gnfhz;l khddPifiaAk;> tphprpifiaAk; fhjy; kzk; nra;fpwhd;.
mikjpahd Ml;rpfz;l cjazd; jd; nja;t ez;gd; gpbahid gj;jpuhgjpia
epide;J> mJ tpOe;J ,we;j ,lj;jpy; Nfhapy; fl;b gj;jpuhgjpf;Fr; rpiy nra;tpj;J>
mjid tzq;fp nja;tkhf;Ffpwhd;. mtd; gazj;jpd; NghJ> ahidaplkpUe;J ,lwp
tpOe;j Nfhltjp vd;w nja;t ahioAk; jpUk;gg; ngWfpwhd;. muRhpikia ed;Fzh;e;J
nfhz;l cjazDf;F mtd; kdkhw;wk; mwpe;J nfhz;l a+fp thtjj;ijia
cUkz;Zth vd;w mikr;rd; %yk; nfhz;L Nrh;f;fpwhd;. cjazd; kfo;fpwhd;: ,d;g
epiyapy; tho;T nry;fpwJ.

5. euthz fhz;lk;:

thrtjj;ijf;F euthzd; vd;w kfd; gpwf;fpwhd;. mtd; tsh;e;J je;ijiag;

Nghy; Gfo; ngWfpwhd;. „kjdkq;if‟ vd;w ngz;iz kzf;fpwhd;. tpj;jpahjud; xUtd;
euthzidf; ifg;gw;wpr; nry;fpwhd;;. cjazd; mtid kPl;lhYk;> euthzd; tpj;jpahju
ehl;L kd;ddhf Kb#l;lg;gLfpwhd;. vdNt tj;jtehl;by; cjazDf;F gpwF
gJkhtjpapd; kfd; gl;lk; Vw;fpwhd;. ey;tho;T fz;l cjazd;> gpd;dh; jd; NjtpaNuhL
jttho;T Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;. ,JNt fhg;gpar; RUf;fkhFk;.
 63

4. fk;guhkhazk;:

jkpo; ,yf;fpa thdpy; xsp tPrpj; jpfOk; ngUq; ftpQh; fk;gh;. fp.gp.12-k;
E}w;whz;by; Nrho kz;lyk; njnuOe;J}hpy; Njhd;wpath;. ,th; fhyj;J kd;ddhfr;
Nrhod; FNyhj;Jq;fd; tpsq;fpdhd;. jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rilag;g ts;sy; fk;giu
Mjhpj;jtuhthh;.

fk;gh; Vh; vOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; Kjypa
E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Mdhy; mtUf;F mopahg; Gfioj;je;j ,yf;fpak; fk;g
,uhkazNkahFk;. Tl nkhopapy; thy;kPfp vOjpa ,uhkazj;ijkj; jOtp> jkpopy;
gilf;fg;gl;l top E}Ny ,uhkfhijahFk;. vdpDk; %yE}y; Nghd;Nw Njhd;Wk;
tz;zk;> fk;gh; jk; jpwikahy; ,uhkfhijia khngUk; fhtpakhfr; nra;Js;shh;.

fhg;gpa mikg;G:

fk;guhkhazk; 10>500 ghly;fisAk;> ghy fhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpa

fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; Mfpa MW fhz;lq;fisAk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. jruj kd;dDf;F ,uhkd;>gujd;>,yf;Ftd;>rj;Uf;fd; Mfpa ehd;F
gps;isfs; gpwg;gJk;> ,uhkd; tpy;iy tisj;Jr; rPijia kzk; Kbg;gJk; ghy
fhz;lj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ. ifNfap Nfl;l ,uz;L tuq;fshy; ,uhkd; fhliltJ
mNahj;jpah fhz;lj;jpYk;> #h;g;gzifapd; #jhy; ,uhtzd; rPijiaf; fth;e;J
nry;tJ Muzpa fhz;lj;jpYk;> rPijiaj; Njbr; nry;Yk; ,uhkd; ,yf;Fkzd;
,UtUk; thypiaf; nfhd;W Rf;ht
P d;> mDkd; el;igg; ngWtJ fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lj;jpYk;>
,uhkidg; gphpe;j rPij Gyk;GtJk; mDkdpd; Mw;wy; tpsf;fg;gLtJk; Re;ju
fhz;lj;jpYk; ,uhtzid mopj;J rPijia kPl;gJ Aj;j fhz;lj;jpYk;
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,yf;fpar;Rit:

fw;gidf;Ff; fk;gid tpQ;rKbahJ vd;gh;. fhtpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;glyk;> efug;glyk;

vd;W mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; ghy fhz;lj;jpy; fk;gdpd; fw;gidiaf; fz;L kfpoyhk;.
fw;NghUf;F kpFjpAk; Rit gaf;Fk; tz;zk; ,aw;ifiaAk;> fijg; Nghf;ifAk;
,izj;J caph;j;jj;Jtkhd fhl;rpnahd;iw kUjepyg; gpd;ddp xd;wpy; fk;gh;
gilj;jspf;fpwhh;. ngha;ifapy; cs;s jhkiu tpsf;FfshfTk;> Nkfq;fs;
KoNthirahfTk; mika kapy;fs; eldk; MLfpd;wd. Ftis ,f;fhl;rpiaf;
fz;tpopj;Jg; ghh;f;fpwJ. ePuiyfs; jpiur;rPiyfshfpd;wd: tz;Lfs; kfuahohf ,ir
kio nghopfpd;wd. kUjk; muridg; Nghy nrk;khe;J cs;sJ vdf; fw;gid Ghpfpwhh;
fk;gh;.
 64

jz;;liy kapy;fs; Mlj;

jhkiu tpsf;fe; jhq;ff;

nfhz;ly;fs; Kotpd; Vq;ff;

Ftisfz; tpopj;J Nehf;fj;

njd; jpiu vopdp fhl;lj;

Njk;gpop kfu ahopd;

tz;Lfs; ,dpJ ghl

kUjk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; khNjh!

fw;gidNahL Nrh;e;J czh;r;rpAk;> ,irAk; Nghl;bNghl fhg;gpar; nra;Al;fs;

gytw;iw ,aw;wpAs;shh; fk;gh;. rhd;whfg; gQ;rtbapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; ,uhkdpd; Nguofpy;
Nkhfq;nfhz;l #h;g;gzif> jd;id kpd;dy; gpok;ghf;fp> kaf;Fk; Nkhfd cUtj;jpy;
,uhkid Nehf;fp tUtijf; fhl;lyhk;. ,yf;fpar; RitNahLk;> eaj;NjhLk; ghliyf;
fhZq;fs;:

gQ;rpnahsph; tpQ;RFsph; gy;ytk; mDq;fr;

nrQ;nrtpa fQ;repkph; rPwbahs; Mfp

mQ;nrhypd kQ;iQnad md;dnkd kpd;Dk;

tQ;rpnad eQ;rnkd tQ;rkfs; te;jhs;.

xU ehL vg;gb ,Ue;jhy; me;j ehL mikjpahfj; jpfoKbAk; vd;gijf; fk;gh;

fw;gid nra;fpwhh;. tWik> gifik> ngha;ik>mwpahik ,y;yhj ehlhf mNahj;jpiaj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;l NfhryehL tpsq;FfpwJ vd;W fk;gh; $Wfpwhh;.

tz;ik ,y;iy Xh; tWik ,d;ikahy;

jpz;ik ,y;iy Neh;nrWeh; ,d;ikahy;

cz;ik ,y;iy ngha; ciu ,yhikahy;

xz;ik ,y;iy gy; Nfs;tp Xq;fyhy;.

fk;gehld; ftpij Nghy fw;Nwhh;fF

; ,jak; fdpahNj vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
fk;gh; Nfhjhthp Mw;wpid tUzid nra;tjpy; fhz KbAk;. ,jpy; fk;gh; ftpijapd;
 65

,yf;fzj;ijAk; cl;nrwpj;J itj;Js;sijf; fhZk; NghJ ek; cs;sk; ,Wk;g+

nja;JfpwJ.

GtpapDf;F mzpaha; Md;w

nghUs;je;J> Gyj;jpw;W Mfp

mtpafj; Jiwfs; jhq;fp

Ie;jpid newp mshtpr;

rtpAwj; njspe;J jz; vd;W

xOf;fKk; jOtp rhd;Nwhh;

ftp vdf; fple;j Nfhjhthp

jid tPuh; fz;lhh;.

Cyfkfhf; fhtpaq;fSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLk; rpwg;G fk;guhkzj;jpw;F cz;L.

,J jOty; ,yf;fpa nkd;whYk;> thy;kPfp ,uhkaz;jpdpd;Wk; gy ,lq;fspy; khw;wk;
ngw;W gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rPijAk;> ,uhkDk; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;dNu>
xUtiu xUth; Nehpy; fz;L fhjy; nfhs;tjhf mikj;Jg; ghLfpwhh;. ,k;Kiw
jkpo;g;gz;ghl;NlhL ,ize;jjhFk;.

vz;zWk; eyj;jpdhs; ,idas; epd;Wopf;

fz;nzhL fz;zpid fy;tp xd;iwnahd;W

cz;zTk; epiyngwhJ czh;Tk; xd;wpl

mz;zYk; Nehf;fpdhd; mtSk; Nehf;fpdhs;.

jkpopd; fw;G khz;igr; rpwg;gpf;f te;j fk;gh;> ,uhtzd; rPijiag; gw;wpj; J}f;fpr;
nry;yhky;> epyj;ij mfo;e;J J}f;fpr; nry;tjhfNt fk;gh; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ,ijg; Nghd;W
gy rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;s fk;guhkhazk; ,iwtNdhL ,uz;lwf; fyf;Fk; ruzhfjpj;
jj;Jtj;ijf; flTs; tho;j;NjhL njhlq;fp Ffd;> rlhA> thyp> mDkd;> ,uhtzd;
Mfpa gy epiyfspy; tpsf;fp cyFf;F mspf;fpwJ. ftpij eak; kpd;dpl nghUSf;F
Vw;wk; je;J ftpg;Gyik Nghl;bapl gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpwe;j fhg;gpak; jhd;
fk;guhkhazkhFk;.
 66

irt rkak;

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; fsg;gpuh; Ml;rp ele;jJ.

mf;fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j rkz rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;Nf kpFe;jpUe;jJ. vdNt jkpofr;
irt> itzt rkaq;fs; nry;thf;F ,oe;j epiyapypUe;jd. Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd;
,Wjpapy; fsg;gpuh; nry;thf;Ff; FiwaNt njw;Nf ghz;bad; epd;w rPh; neLkhwd;
fsg;gpuh;fis ntd;whd;. gy;yth; njhz;ilkz;lyk; tiu ntd;wdh;. fhQ;rp
jiyefukhapw;W. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; irt> itztrkaq;fs; Gj;Japh;
ngwyhapd. gy;yth; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijr; rka fhyk; vd;gh;.irt rka ehad;khh;
ehy;tUk;> gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSk; ,f;fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpg; gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghbdh;.
kd;didg; ghLk; kuG khwp ,iwtidg; ghLk; GJ ,yf;fpa kuG jiyf;fhl;baJ.
rkaj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; jiof;fj; njhlq;fpd.

rptngUkhid KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;L topgLfpd;w kjk; irtkhFk;.

topghl;L E}y;fshff; fUjg;gLk; gd;dpU jpUKiwfSk;> fe;jGuhzk;>
jpUtpisahly;Guhzk; KjypadTk; irtrka ,yf;fpaq;fshFk.;

gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;

gd;dpU jpUKiwfisr; irtrkaj;jpy; „Njhj;jpu E}y;fs;‟ vd;W $Wth;;. Nrhog;

ngUNte;jd; ,uhruhrd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fj; jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jth;
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpfshth;. nghpaGuhzk; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahfg; gpd;dh;r; Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

jpUKiw 1>2>3: jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; Njhthuk;

4>5>6: jpUehTf;furh; Njhthuk;

7: Re;juKh;j;jp Rthkpfs; Njhthuk;

8: khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk;> jpUf;Nfhitahh;.

9: jpUkhspifj; Njth; Kjypa xd;gJNgh; E}y;fs; -

(1;.jpUkhspifj; Njth;> 2.Nre;jdhh;> 3.Nrjpuhah;> 4.fz;luhjpj;jh;> 5.G+e;JUj;jp ek;gp>
6.fhltek;gp> 7.jpUthyp mKjdhh;> 8.GUNlhj;jk ek;gp> 9.fUT+h;j;Njth; Ntzhl;lbfs;)

10. jpU%yh; - jpUke;jpuk;

 67

11. jpUthythAilahh; Kjypa gd;dpUth; E}y;fs; (1.jpUthythAilahh;>

2.fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;> 3.Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd;> 4.Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;> 5.ef;fPuh;>
6.fgpyh;> 7.guzh;> 8.fy;yhlh;> 9.,sk;ngUkhdbfs;> 10.mjputbfs;> 11.gl;bdj;Jg;
gps;isahh;> 12.ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp)

12: Nrf;fpohh; - nghpaGuhzk;

Njthug; ghly;fspd; rpwg;G:

Njtdhfpa ,iwtDf;Fr;#l;Lk; ghkhiy vd;Wk;> ,iwtDf;Fr; #l;Lk; md;Gg;

Gfo;khiy vd;Wk; Njthuk; vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; nfhs;th;. gf;jpkzk; fkOk; Njthug;
ghly;fs;> xt;nthU rptjyj;jpizAk; NehpNy fz;L ghbajhy;> jpUf;Nfhapy;fspd;
mikg;G> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G> mt;tt; ,lq;fspd; ,aw;if tdg;G Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L
jpfo;fpd;wd. Xt;nthU Njthug; gjpfj;jpw;Fk; gz; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,tw;wpd;
rpwg;ghFk;.

1. rk;ge;jh; Njthuk; :
Kjy; %d;W Njthug; gjpfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; ,iw
<Lghl;ilAk;> gf;jpg;ngUf;ifAk; fhzKbfpwJ. ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;gpa
Qhdrk;ge;jh; rPh;fhopapy; Njhd;wpath;. kJiuf; $d;ghz;baid> rkzj;jpypUe;J kPl;Lr;
irtj;jpw;F khw;wpa ngUik Qhdrk;ge;jUf;F cz;L. Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly;fspy;
,aw;iff; fhl;rpfspd; tdg;igf; fz;Lkfpo KbAk;. Xd;W Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfshd
Njthuj;jpYk; 4146 ghly;fs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd.
cyf kf;fs; NjLk; nry;tq;fs; epiyahjd> mit mopaf; $bait. Mdhy;
rpw;wk;gy ehjdhfpa rptngUkhdpd; jpUtbr;nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Nthnkd;why;>
mJNt mopahj> jiyrpwe;j nry;tkhFk; vd;W Qhdrk;ge;jh; $Wfpwhh;:
nry;t neLkhlQ; nrd;W NrNzhq;fpr;
nry;t kjpNjhar; nry;tk; cah;fpd;w
nry;tk; tho;jpy;iyr; rpw;wk; gyNka
nry;td; foNye;JQ; nry;tk; nry;tNk
NkYk;>
njd;dhLila rptNd Nghw;wp:
ve; ehl;lhh;f;Fk; ,with Nghw;wp:
vd;W KOKjw; flTspd; ngUikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
 68

2. ehTf;furh; Njthuk;:
4>5>6 jpUKiwfspd; mlq;fpa Njthug; ghly;fisg ghbath; jpUehTfurh;.
Nrhoehl;by; jpUth%hpy; gpwe;j jpUehTf;furh;> jkJ vz;gnjhU taJtiu irtg;gaph;
jiof;f cioj;jth;. jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ehTf;furiu „mg;gh;‟ vd;w mioj;J kfpo;e;jth;.
ehTf;furhpd; Njthug; ghly;fs; 3064 cs;sd.
„jiyNa eP tzq;fha;;‟ vd;W Njthuk;. ,irf;Fk; ehTf;furh; ,iwtdpd;
ghjfkyq;fs; vg;gbg;gl;lit vd;gij mDgj;jpypUe;J cah;e;J nfhLf;fpwhh;.
khrpy; tPizAk;> khiy kjpaKk;
tPR njd;wy;> tPq;fps NtdpYk;
%R tz;liw ngha;ifAk; Nghd;wNj
<rd; ve;ij ,izab ePoNy-
„neQ;Nr eP epidaha;‟ vd;W ghLk; ehTf;furh; ,iwtNdhL kpf neUq;fp
tpLfpwhh;.,iwtd;jiytd; vd;why;> mth; jiytp; jiytdpd; jhis tzq;fplj;
jiyg;gLfpwhs; jiytp.
3. Re;juh; Njthuk;:
Nrhokz;lyk; jpUehtY}hpy; gpwe;jth; Re;juh;. mtUila ghly;fs; nkhj;jk; 1026.
mit Vohk; jpUKiwapy; cs;sd. Fiwe;j Mz;LfNs tho;e;j Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhh;
guitahh;> rq;fpypahh; vd;w ,Utiu kze;J tho;e;jhh;. ,iwg;gzpia KO%r;rhff;
nfhz;L irtj; njd;wy; jto;e;jpl cioj;jhh;.
,iwtidg; „gpj;jh‟; vd;W mioj;jth; Re;juh;. Mdhy; me;jr; nrhy;ypy;jhd;
vj;jid gf;jp ,d;gk; nfhl;Lfpd;w ,yf;fpa ,d;gj;ijf; fhzKbfpwJ! ,iwtNd
Nfl;L kfpo;e;j ghlyy;yth mJ:
gpj;jh! gpiw#b! ngUkhNd! mUshsh!
vj;jhd; kwthNj epidf;fpd;Nwd; kdj;Jd;id!
itj;jha; ngz;nza;j; njd;ghy; ntz;nza; ey;Y}h; mUl;LiwAs;
4. khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk;
khzpf;fthrfh; kJiuf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s jpUthjT+hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,aw;ngah;
jpUthjT+uh;. mtUila mwpT> Mw;wy;> cah;gz;G> xOf;fk;> fy;tp>Nfs;tp Mfpa
rpwg;Gf;fisf; Nfs;tpAw;w ghz;bakd;dd; mhpkh;j;jd ghz;bad; mtiuj; jd;
mikr;ruhf;fpdhd;. njd;dtd; gpukuhad; vd;wg; gl;lj;ijg; ngw;w khzpf;fthrfh;>
kd;dd; nghUl;Lr; Nrhoehl;Lf; flw;fiuapy; ey;y Fjpiufs; thq;fr; nrd;w nghOJ>
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; Qhdhrphpah; xUth; %ykhf ,iwQhdk; ngw;whh;. ,iwtd; ,th;
nghUl;L ehpiag; ghpahf;fpaJk; jpUtpisahly; Guhzj;jpy; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
 69

jpUthrfk; Ik;gj;njhU jpUg;gjpfq;fSld;>656 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;L jpfo;fpwJ.

ekr;rptha tho;f! ehjd; jhs; tho;f!
,ikg;nghOJk; vd;neQ;rpy; ePq;fhjhd; jhs;tho;f!
vd;W jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; mUspa rptGuhzk; jpUthrfj;jpy; Kfg;G Xtpakha;
mike;Js;sJ. thdhfp> kz;zhfp> tspahfp>xspahfp> Cdhfp>capuhfp>
cz;ikAkha;>,d;ikAkha;> Nfhdhfp> cyfpYs;s vy;yhg; nghUs;fspYk; ePf;fkw;w
epiwe;J epw;Fk; ,iwtid
„xUehkk; Xh; cUtk; xd;Wk; ,y;yhh;f;F>Mapuk;
jpUehkk; ghbehk; njs;Nsdk; nfhl;lhNkh‟
vd;W ghbg; Nghw;Wfpwhh;.
mOJ> cUfp> mbmile;j md;guhfpa khzpf;fthrfh; ,aw;wpa „jpUthrfj;jpw;F
cUfhjhh; xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh;‟ vd;gJ gonkhop. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,iwtNdhL
xd;wpf; fye;j jkJ Nguhde;j mDgtj; JspfisNa jpUthfj;jpy; Njf;fpj; jUfpwhh;
khzpf;fthrfh;.
jpU%yhpd; jpUke;jpuk;;:
gjpndd; rpj;jh;fspy; jiyik ,lj;ijg; ngWk; jpU%yh; ,aw;wpaNj jpUke;jpuk;.
jpUKiwapy; ,J gj;jhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. je;jpuk; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;w xd;gJ
gphpTfisAk;>3047 ghly;fisAk; jpUke;jpuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
„xd;Nw Fyk;;> xUtNd Njtd;‟ vd;w xUikg;ghl;L ke;jpuj;ij Kjd; Kjypy;
jkpofj;jpy; Kof;fpa ngUikf;Fhpath; jpU%yh;. gjp> gR> ghrk; vd;w Kg;nghUs;fspd;
jj;Jt cz;ikfisj; jpUke;jpuk; %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
jpU%yhpd; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
jpU%yhpd; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfspy; cah;e;j ,lj;ijg; ngWtJ mtUila
fharpj;jp cghaNk. clk;Gf;Fk;> capUf;Fk;> cj;jkdhfpa ,iwtDf;Fk; neUq;fpa
njhlh;G ,Ug;gijj; jpU%yh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;:
jpwk;gl nka;Qhdk; NruTk; khl;lhh;:
clk;ig tsh;f;Fk; cghak; mwpe;Nj
clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;NjNd.
jd; mDgj;ijAk; mLj;j ghlypy; vLj;Jiuf;fwhh; jpU%yh;.
clk;gpid Kd;dk; ,Of;nfd;W ,Ue;Njd;:
clk;gpd; cs;Ns cWnghUs; fz;Nld;:
clk;GNs cj;jkd; Nfhapy; nfhz;lhd; vd;W
 70

clk;gpid ahdpUe;J Xk;Gfpd;NwNd.

„vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;> jd;id ed;whfj; jkpo; nra;AkhNw‟ vd;W
jhk; mwpT ngw;wJ cz;ikahd nka;g;nghUis mwptjw;Fk;> jhk; mwpe;jij
cyfpdh;f;F czh;j;jTNk vd;WfUjpdhh; jpU%yh;. cyfpy; ,iwtid mila
nka;Q;Qhdnewp kf;fsplKk;> caph;fsplKk; md;G fhl;lNt vd;gij mwpe;J> ,iwtd;
md;GkakhapUf;fpwhd; vd;W mwptpj;jhh; jpU%yh;.
md;Gk; rptKk; ,uz;nld;gh;:
md;Ng rptkhtJ ahUk; mwpfpyhh;:
md;Ng rptkhtJ ahUk; mwpe;jgpd;
md;Ng rptkha; mkh;e;J ,Ue;jhNu.
md;G kakha; ,yf;Fk; ,iwtd; vg;gbg;gl;ltd;? mtNu tpilAk; mspf;fpwhh;:
jPapDk; nta;ad; GdypYk; jz;zpad;:
MapDk; <rd; mUswpthh; ,y;iy;
NrapDk; ey;yd; mzpad; ey; md;gh;f;Fj;
jhapDk; ey;yd; jho;ril NahNd.
md;Gkakha; mUs; cUtha; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtid vg;gb miltJ? vg;gbf; fhz;gJ?
Vspa topapidf; fhl;Lfpwhh; jpU%yh;.
ahtUf;Fk; ,with;f;F xU gr;rpiy:
ahtUf;Fkhk;; gRTf;F xU thAiu:
ahtUf;Fkhk; cz;Zk; NghJ xU ifg;gpb:
ahtUf;Fkhk; gpwh;f;F ,d;Diu jhNd!
cz;z cztpy;yhky>; cLf;f cilapy;yhky;> trpf;f tPby;yhky; miyfpd;w
Viofspd; rphpg;gpy; ,iwtd; fhl;rp jUfpwhd; vd;gijj; jpU%yh; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
mhpjhff; fpilj;j khdplg; gpwtpapy; jd; caph; ahnuhL xd;w Ntz;LNkh> mjw;fhd
topKiwfis mwpe;J tho;tpaiyj; njhlh;f vd;W jpUke;jpuk; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak;
ts;sy; gpuhdhh;f;F tha; NfhGu thry;
njs;sj; njspe;jhh;f;Fr; rPtd; rptypq;fk;
fs;sg;Gyd; Ie;Jk; fhdh kzptpsf;Nf.

itzt rkak;

irt rkaj;jpw;Fr; rptngUkhd; KOKjy; nja;tkhf tpsq;FtJ Nghy; itzt

rkaj;jpw;Fj; jpUkhy; KOKjy; flTdhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. itzt rkaf;
 71

nfhs;iffisAk; gf;jp czh;itAk; gug;Gk; gzpia Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l

Mo;thh;fs;> Myaq;fs; gytw;wpw;Fr; nrd;W ghly;fs; ghb ,iwtid topgl;ldh;.
,t;thW ghba Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUth; Mth;. ,th;fs; ghba ghly;fs; ehyhapu
jpt;tpag;gpuge;jkhfj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; Kjyhapuk;>
nghpajpUnkhop> ,aw;gh> jpUtha;nkhop vd ehd;F gFg;Gfis cilajhf
mike;Js;sJ.

Kjyho;thh;fs; %th;

ngha;ifaho;thh>; G+jj;jho;thh;> Ngaho;thh; Mfpa %tUk; Kjyho;thh;fshff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.

1. ngha;ifaho;thh;

ngha;ifapy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jikahy; ngha;ifaho;thh; vdg; ngah; ngw;whh;.

fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; Ig;grpj; jpq;fs; jpUNthz el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ghQ;rre;epak; vDk; rq;fpd;
mk;rkhfg; gpwe;jhh; vd;gh;. ,th; Kjy; jpUte;jhjpiag; ghbath;.

jpUf;NfhtY}hpy; Xh; tPl;bd; ,ilf;fopapy; kiof;fhyj;Nj Kjyho;thh;fs;

%tUk; $Lfpd;wdh;. xUth; gLf;fyhk;. ,Uth; ,Uf;fyhk;;. %th; epw;fyhk; vdf;$wp
%tUk; epd;wNghJ ehd;fhtjhf xUth; mth;fspilNa neUq;fp epw;fpwhh;. mt;thW te;J
epd;wth; jpUkhy; vd;gij czh;e;J xt;nthUtUk; Xh; ntz;gh ,aw;Wfpd;wdh;.

ngha;ifahh; mg;NghJ ghba

“itak; jfspah thh;flNy nea;ahf

nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr;”

vd;w ntz;gh vg;nghOJk; ,d;gj;ijj; jUtjhFk;.

2. G+jj;jho;thh;

jpUkhiyg; G+jk; vdg;gy ,lq;fspy; ghbapUg;gjhy; G+jj;jho;thh; vdg; ngah;

ngw;whh;. jpUfly;ky;iy vdg;gLk; khky;yGuj;jpy; Ig;grp mtpl;lel;rj;jpuj;jpy;
nfsNkjfp vd;Dk; fjhAjj;jpd; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpath;. ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp ghbath;.

jpUf;NfhtY}hpy; %d;who;thh;fSk; re;jpj;j NghJ „itafk; jfspah‟ vd;Dk;

ghliyg; ngha;ifaho;thh; ghbdhh;. mr;#oypy; G+jj;jho;thh; ghba>
 72

“md;Ng jfspah Mh;tNk nea;ahf

,d;GUF rpe;ij ,Ljphpah”

Vd;w ghly; ,ir eaKk; ,iw czh;Tk; kpFe;jJ MFk;.

3. Ngaho;thh;

jpUkhypd;kPJ nfhz;l gf;jpahy; mOJ> rphpj;J> Mbg;ghbg; Nga; gpbj;jth; Nghy

tpsq;fpajhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh;.kapyhg;G+hpy; Ig;grp rja el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ehe;jfk; vDk;
thspd; mk;rkhfg; gpwe;jth;. %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp ghbath;.

jpUkhypd; Nfhyj;ijf; fz;L fspj;j Ngaho;thh; mjid

“jpUf;fz;Nld; nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld; jpfOk;

mUf;fd; mzpepwKk; fz;Nld;”

vd;W ige;jkpopy; ghb kfpo;tijf; fhzyhk;.

4. jpUkopiraho;thh;

jpUkopir vDk; Chpy; gpwe;jth;. ij kf el;rj;jpuj;jpy; rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rkhfg;

gpwe;jth;. ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp> jpUr;re;jtpUj;jk; Mfpa E}y;fisg; ghbath;. re;jg;gh
ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth;. ,tUila ghly;fspy; jj;Jtf; fUj;Jfs; kpFjp.

jpUkopiraho;thiu Kjyho;thh;fisg; Nghyr; rka ey;ypzf;fk; cilath; vdr;

nrhy;y ,ayhJ. ,th; rka thjk; nra;J gpw rkaj;jpdiu ntd;wth;. jk;Kila
ghly;fspy; gpw rkaj;jpdiuf; fz;bg;gij

“mwpahh; rkzh; mah;j;jhh; ngsj;jh;

rpwpahh; rptg; gl;lhh;fs;”

fhQ;rpg; gy;ytd; ,tUila rPlh; fzpfz;zid ,fo;e;jNghJ ,th; jpUkhiyAk;

mioj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghd nra;jpia

“fzpfz;zd; Nghfpd;whd; fhkU G+q; fr;rp

kzptz;zh eP fplf;f Ntz;lh”

 73

vd;w ghlyhy; mwpayhk;. gpd;dh; gy;ytd; jdJ nraYf;F tUe;jp fhQ;rpf;F kPz;Lk;
tu Ntz;Lk; vd;wiof;f Mo;thUlDk; rPlDlDk; jpUkhy; fhQ;rpf;Fj; jpUk;gpajhy;
“nrhd;d tz;zk; nra;j ngUkhs;” vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

5. nghpaho;thh;

jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. Mdpj; jpq;fs; Rthjp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; fUld; mk;rkhfj;

Njhd;wpath;. gl;lh;gpuhd>; tp\;Zrpj;jd; vDk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fis cilath;. Mz;lhis
tsh;j;jth;. jpUg;gy;yhz;L> nghpaho;thh; jpUtha;nkhop Mfpa E}y;fisg;
ghbath;.fz;zidf; Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J ,th; ghba ghly;fs; gps;isj; jkpo; vDk;
jdpnahU ,yf;fpak; cUthff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. kJiu kd;dd; ty;ygNjtdplk;
itztj;jpd; rpwg;ig epiyehl;bg; nghw;fpop ngw;wth;.

fz;zd; nra;Ak; FWk;Gr; nray;fisr; nrhy;ypkfpo;tij>

“fplf;fpy; njhl;by; fpopa cijj;jpLk;

vLj;Jf; nfhs;spy; kUq;if ,Wj;jpLk;”

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; gbj;J ,d;Gwyhk;.

6. Mz;lhs;

nghpaho;thh; ee;jtdj;jpy; Mbj;jpq;fs; G+r el;rj;jpuj;jpy; Njhd;wpats;. Nfhij

vd;gJ ,aw;ngah;. Mz;ltidNa Mz;lhs; vd;wikahy; Mz;lhs; vDk; ngah;
ngw;whs;. #bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhb vd;gJ Mz;lhspd; nray; fUj;jike;j
rpwg;Gg;ngah;. muq;fidf; fhjydhf;fp ,th; ghba ghly;fs; kpfr; rpwg;ghdit.
gf;jpapYk; fhjy; czh;it ntspg;gLj;jpa Gul;rp Nehf;Filats;. jpUg;ghit> ehr;rpahh;
jpUnkhop vd;gd ,tUila E}y;fs;.

“thuz khapuk; #o tyk; nra;J

ehuzd; ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;nwjph;

G+uz nghw;Flk; itj;Jg; Gwnkq;Fk;

Njhuzk; ehl;lf; fdhf;fz;Nld; Njhop ehd;”

vd;w ghly; Mz;lhspd; gf;jpf;fhjiy ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

 74

7. ek;kho;thh;

Mo;thh;fspy; jiyik rhd;wth;> irt rkaj;jpy; khzpf;fthrfUf;F ,izahf>

itzt rkaj;jpy; ,tiug; Nghw;WtJz;L. jpUf;FU$h; vdg;gLk; Mo;thh; jpUefhpapy;
gpwe;jth;. muq;fg; ngUkhdhy; „ek; rlNfhgd;‟ vd;wiof;fg;gl;likahYk;. vy;NyhUf;Fk;
chpatuhf ,Ug;gjhYk; ek;kho;thh; vd;w ngah; ngw;whh;. rlNfhgd;> guhq;Frd;>
jkpo;khwd; Kjypa NtWngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L.

,th; ghba jpUtha; nkhop „jpuhtpl Ntjk;‟ vd;w rpwg;gpidg; ngw;wJ. ,tUila
ehd;F E}y;fSk; itzrkaj;jhh;fF
; hpa kiwfshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; ,iwtdhff; fhZk; Mo;e;j cs;sk; cilatuhf

ek;kho;thh; tpsq;Ffpwhh;. „cz;Zk; NrhWk;> gUFk; ePUk; jpd;Dk; ntw;wpiyAk; vy;yhk;
fz;zd; vk;ngUkhNd vd;W vq;Fk; vjpYk; fz;zidf; fhZfpd;whh;.

8. FyNrfu Mo;thh;

jpUtQ;irf; fsj;jpy; khrpj; jpq;fs; Gdh;G+r el;rj;jpuj;jpy; kzp mk;rkhfg;

gpwe;jth;. murhl;rpiaj; Jwe;J itztj; njhz;luhdth;. tlnkhopg; gapw;rp kpFe;jth;.
,uhkhtjhuj;jpy; mjpf <LghL nfhz;lth;. Ntq;flj;jpy; gbaha;f; fple;J kfpo
tpUk;gpath;. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; %d;whk; kjpiyf; fl;bath;. jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk;
tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiyAk; ,tuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;wd.

,iwtd; gf;jh;fisg; gyKiw Jd;gj;jpy; thlr; nra;fpd;whd;;. vd;whYk;

mbath;fs; mtidNa epidj;J mtd; mUisehLtij Nehahsp> kUj;JtNdhL
,iaG gLj;jp ctik $Wk;.

“thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk; kUj;Jtd;; ghy;

khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy; khaj;jhy;

kPshj; Jah; jhpDk; tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;kh! eP

Msh cdJ mUNs ghh;g;gd; mbNaNd”

vd;w ghly; rpwg;ghdJ.

 75

9. njhz;lubg;nghb Mo;thh;

Nrhoehl;by; jpUkz;lq;Fb vDk; Chpy; khh;fopj; jpq;fs; Nfl;il el;rj;jpuj;jpy;

tdkhiy mk;rkha;j; Njhd;wpath;. „tpg;u ehuhazh;‟ vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;.
jpUtuq;fj; jpUkhYf;F mzptpj;J topgl G+e;Njhl;lk; mikj;Jj; njhz;lhw;wpath;.
jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp> jpUkhiy vd;gd ,th; ghbait.

“gr;irkh khiy Nghy; Nkdp gtstha; fkyr; nrq;fz;

mr;Rjh mkuh; VNw Mah; jk; nfhOe;Nj vd;Dk;

,r;Rit jtpu ahd; Ngha; ,e;jpuNyhfk; MSk;

mr;Rit ngwpDk; Ntz;Nld; muq;fkh efUshNd”

vd;w ghly; midtUk; mwpe;jNj. ,tUila ghly;fspy; Jd;gj;jhy; mOJ Gyk;Gk;

epiy kpFjp.

10. jpUg;ghzho;thh;

ciwA+hpy; fhh;j;jpifj; jpq;fs; Nuhfpzp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; new;fodpapy; Njhd;wpath;.

ghzh; Fyj;jtuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;likahy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh;. Fyj;ijf; fhuzk; fhl;b
muq;fid topglf;$lhJ vd;w jilfisnay;yhk; jfh;j;jth;. muq;fd;Nky; ngz;
xUj;jp fhjy; nfhz;l jd;ikapy; mike;j mkyhdhjpgpuhd; vDk; jpUnkhop nrhy;eak;
kpf;fJ vd;gij

“Mykh kuj;jpd; ,iyNky; xU ghyfdha;

Qhyk; VOk; cz;lhd; muq;fj;J mutpd; mizahd;”

vd;w ghlyhy; mwpayhk;.

11. jpUkq;if Mo;thh;

Nrhoehl;by; jpUf;FiwaY}hpy; es tUlk; fhh;j;jpifj; jpq;fspy; tpy;ypd;

mk;rkha;j; Njhd;wpath;. fs;sh; kugpy; Njhd;wpath.; ePyp vDk; gilj;jiytdpd;
kfdhff; fUjg;gLtjhy; „ePyd;‟ vd;Wk;> Nrho kd;ddpd; jhidj; jiytdhfj; jpfo;e;J
giftiu ntd;wjhy; „gufhyd;‟ vd;Wk;> jpUkq;if ehl;by; kd;ddhf tpsq;fpajhy;
„jpUkq;if kd;dd;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLgth;. nghpa jpUnkhop jpUf;FWj;jhz;lfk;>
 76

jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;> jpUvO $w;wpUf;if> rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly; vd;gd ,th;

,aw;wpa E}y;fs;.

12. kJuftpaho;thh;

,th; ek;kho;thhpd; rPlh; jpUf;FU$iuaLj;j jpUf;NfhShpy; <Rtu Mz;L rpj;jpiu

el;rj;jpuj;jpy; fUlho;thh; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpath;. nrtpf;F ,d;gk; juf;$ba
ghly;fisg; ghbajhy; ,g;ngah; nghw;whh;. ,iwtd; jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ mtUila
mbatuhd ek;kho;thiug; ghbath;.

“fz;zp Ed; rpWj; jhk;gpdhy; fl;Lz;zg;

gz;zpa ngUkhad; vd;dg;gd; ,y;

ez;zpj; njd; FU$h; ek; nad;wf;fhy;

mz;zpf;Fk; mKJ}Wk; vd; ehTf;Nf”

vd;W njhlq;Fk; gjpndhU ghly;fs; nfhz;l ,dpikahd gpuge;jk; ,tuhy; ghlg;

ngw;wJ.
 77

ghlk; -5

rkzh; tsh;j;j jkpo;

nksupag; Nguurh; fhye;njhl;L jkpofj;jpy; rkzr; nry;thf;F kpFe;jJ. mJ

fp.K.3-k; E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;jpy; GFe;jJ fhQ;rpGuKk; kJiuAk; mr;rkaj;jpd;
tho;tplkhfj; jpfo;e;jd. rq;fg; Gyth;fSs; cNyhr;rdhUk; epfz;ld; fiyf;Nfhl;Lj;
jz;ldhUk; rkz rhh;Gilath;fshf tpsq;fpdh;. mr;rkaj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j
nfhs;isfshd nfhy;yhik JwT Jd;gk; nghWj;jy; vd;gd jkpo; kf;fisg; ngupJk;
fth;e;jd. vdNt mr;rkak; jkpofj;jpy; NtUd;wpaJ NkYk; mr;rkaj;jpdh; jkpo;ehl;by;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk; nghUl;Lj; jkpo; nkhop gytifahd ,yf;fpa nry;tq;fisg; ngw;wJ
mtw;iw ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

rkzh;fspd; jkpo;r; rq;fk;:

rq;f fhyj;Nj rkzh;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; vJTk; mwptjw;F ,aytpy;iy.

Mdhy; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpa E}y;fspy; gy rkzh;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld
vd;W njupfpwJ. ,r;rkzh;fs; gy gs;spfis epWtpf; fy;tpg; gzp nra;jdh;. ,th;fs;
cly; Neha; cs;sNeha; ,uz;ilAk; Nghf;fp te;jdh;. ,f;fhuzj;jhNyNa ,th;fshy;
,aw;wg;ngw;w E}y;fs; Vyhjp rpWgQ;r%yk; vd kUj;Jtg; ngah;fisg; ngw;W
toq;fyhapd. ,th;fs; kJiu khefupy; “tr;rpue;jp rq;fk;” vd;w rq;fk; xd;iw epWtpj;
jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;J te;jhh;fs;. Njthu fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dh; ,th;fspd; nry;thf;Nf
jkpo;ehl;oy; kpFe;jJ. kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s Mi;d kiy ,th;fsJ Kf;fpakhd
,lkhf mike;jJ. gy;yt kd;dd; Kjypw; rkzdhf ,Ue;jhd;. Mjypd; rkz rkak;
murpay; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. ,t;thW murpay; nry;thf;fpd; Jizf;nfhz;L
tpsq;fpa rkzh;fspd; nry;thf;F Mo;thh;fs; ehad;khh;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpd;
Fiwayhapw;W.

,yf;fz E}y;fs;:

rkzh;fs; ,yf;fzk; fhg;gpak; mwE}y;fs; vd gytifahd E}y;fisg;

gilj;Js;sdh;. jkpopy; cs;s E}y;fspy; kpf goikahdJ njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk;
,yf;fz E}yhFk;. ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ,tiu ,e;E}Yf;Fg; ghapuk;
vOjpa gdk;gudhh; “gy;Gfo; epWj;j gbikNahd;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. gbik vd;gJ
rkz rka xOf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fk; Mjyhy; njhy;fhg;gpah; rkzuhjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gh;.
jpU.itahGup gps;isath;fs; NkYk; ,yf;fzj; Jiwapy; rkzh; msT NtW
 78

vr;rkaj;jpdUk; njhz;lhw;wtpy;iy vd;W Jzpe;J $Wthh;. Nkw;$wpa

njhy;fhg;gpaNkad;wp; ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif Nekpehjk; ed;D}y; ek;gpafg;nghUs; ntz;gh
gl;bay; Kjyhd ,yf;fz E}y;fs; rkzh;fs; gilj;jdNt vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jJ.

ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;:

fhg;gpaq;fSs; fhyj;jhy; Kd;Njhd;wpaJk; Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;whf

kjpf;fg;gLtJkhd rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ehk; ed;F mwpNthk;. ,jid ,aw;wpa
,sq;Nfhtbfs; rkzNu vd;gh;. mbfs; jk; fhg;gpaj;Jf;F gy rkaq;fisAk; gy rkaf;
flTsiuAk; gw;wp eLT epiyikNahL Nghw;wp $wpapUg;gpDk; fTe;jpabfs; vd;Dk;
rkzj; Jwtpiag; gilj;J mth; thapyhfr; rkz fUj;Jf;fis cyFf;F vLj;Jf;
$Wfpd;whh;.

mLj;J Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;whfpa rPtfrpe;jhkzpAk; rkz fhg;gpaNk

MFk;. ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpa jpUj;jf;fNjth; rkz rkaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Gyth; Mthh;.
gpw;fhyj;Nj tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; ,ad;w fhg;gpaq;fSf;nfy;yhk; topNfhypa ngUik
rkzf; fhg;gpakhfpa ,jw;Nf cupajhFk;.

“tisahgjp” vd;Dk; E}Yk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;whFk;. ,e;E}ypy;

ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s ghly;fs; 66 kl;LNk. ,e;E}y; “Jf;fk; Jilf;Fk; JfsW fhl;rpahh;
epf;fe;j Ntlj;J ,Ubfzq;fis” vd;w njhlh; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,J rkz
,yf;fpakhFk;.

rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;:

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fshfpa #shkzp aNrhju fhtpak; cjazFkhu fhtpak;

ePyNfrp ehfFkhu fhtpak; Mfpad rkz rkaf; fhg;gpaq;fNsahFk;. #shkzp vd;Dk;
E}y; Njhyh nkhopj; Njtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;E}ypd; fij ,e;Jrkaf;
fijfNshL xj;jpUg;gNj ,J ahtuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;.
,e;E}iyg;gw;wpa Fwpg;G rputz ngy;Nfhyhf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhyk;
10-k; E}w;whz;lhFk;. aNrhju fhtpak; kpf vspa eilapy; 330 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy;
$WtJ ePyNfrp ngsj;j rkaf; fhg;gpakhfpa Fz;lyNfrpf;F vjpuhf vOe;j E}y;
MFk;. Mrpupah; ngah; njupatpy;iy. ,r;rpWfhg;gpaq;fNsad;wpg; ngUq;fij vd;Dk;
E}Yk; rkz E}yhFk;. ,jid ,aw;wpath; nfhq;FNts; vd;gh;.
 79

ePjp E}y;fs;:

,dp rkzh; jk; E}y;fSs; ehybahh; gonkhop mwnewpr;rhuk; rpWgQ;r%yk; Vyhjp

vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jit. ,tw;Ws; ehybahh; jpUf;FwNshL xj;j ngUikAilaJ.
“MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp” “goFjkpo; nrhy;yUik
ehypuz;by;” vd;Dk; gonkhopfs; ,e;ehybahh; ngUikia tpsf;FtdthFk;.

Guhz E}y;fs;:

mwE}y;fNsad;wp NkUke;jpuGuhzk; =Guhzk; kfhGuhzk; rhe;jp Guhzk; Nghd;w

Guhz E}y;fSk; rkzh;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. NkU ke;jud; vd;w ,Uth; tuyhw;iwf;
$WtJ NkU ke;jpu Guhzk; ,jd; Mrpupah; thkdhrhupah;.

epfz;L E}y;fs;:

,f;fhyj;Nj nrhw;fSf;F nghUs; fhz;gjw;F cjtpahf miktJ mfuhjpahFk;.

,t;tfuhjp Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dh; nrhw;fSf;F nghUs; mwpAkhW epfz;L vd;Dk;
xUtif E}y;fs; gad;gl;L te;jd. jpthfu epfz;L gpq;fy epfz;L #lhkzp epfz;L
vd;Dk; E}y;fis ,aw;wpa midtUk; rkzNuahth;.

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;:

,yf;fpak; ,yf;fzk; Mfpa ,U JiwfspYk; ,izaw;wj; njhz;lhw;wpa

rkzh;fs; rpw;wpyf;fpag; gilg;gpYk; rpwe;j gzp nra;jdh;. mth;fsJ gzpapd; %ykhf
tpUj;jk; me;jhjp fyk;gfk; gps;isj; jkpo; Nghd;w rpy tif E}y;fs; ntspahapd.
euptpUj;jk; jpUE}w;we;jhjp jpUf;fyk;gfk; Nghd;w rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; rkz Kdpth;fshy;
,aw;wg;gl;ld.

ciueil:

=Guhzk; rj;a rpe;jhkzp Kjypad rkzh;fs; ,aw;wpa ciueil E}y;fshFk;.

,itNa jkpOk; tlnkhopAk; fye;J vOJk; kzpg;gputhsj;Jf;Fj; jkpo; epyj;jpy;
tpj;jpl;ld. ,yf;fz E}y;fSf;F ciu fz;l ,sk;g+uzh; Fzrhfuh; MfpNahiuAk;
,q;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,th;fs; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j ciuahrpupah;fs; Mth;.
 80

KbTiu:

rkzh;fs; ,d;gj;ij ntWj;jdh; ,irAk; ehlfKk; kf;fs; tho;iff;F CW

tpistpg;gd vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;ldh;. ,jdhy; jkpopy; ,Ue;j ,ir ehlf E}y;fs; gy
kiwe;jd vd;gJ tuyhw;W Mrpupah; KbT. MapDk; rkzh; jkpo;nkhopf;F Mw;wpaj;
njhz;L jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; vd;Wk; vtUk; kwf;f Kbahj ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,Jtiu $wpa nra;jpfis Nehf;Fk;NghJ rkzh;fs; gy;JiwapYk; nra;jg; gzp
vd;Wk; khwhJ kzk; fko;e;J epw;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

Gj;j rkak; tsh;j;j jkpo;

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpAk;

Kd;Diu:

jkpo; ehl;bd; njhd;ikr; rkaq;fshd irtKk; itztKk; gf;jp ,af;f

fhyj;jpy; kWkyh;rr
; p ngWtjw;F Kd;dh; ngsj;j rkz rkaq;fs; ,q;F ey;y
nry;thf;F ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jd. ngsj;j rkak; fp.K %d;whk; E}w;whz;by; tlehl;il
Mz;l ngUNte;juhd mNrhfr; rf;futh;j;jpapd; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; gutpaJ vd;gh;.
,q;F te;J FbNawpa ngsj;jh;fs; jq;fs; nfhs;iffis capupuf;fk; rhjp
NtWghbd;ik mwnewp epw;wy; Kjypad jkpo; kf;fisg; ngupJk; fth;e;jd. vdNt
jkpoh; gyh; ngsj;juhf khwpdh;. Vida rkaj;jhiug; NghyNt ngsj;jh;fSk; jkJ
nfhs;ifia kf;fspilNa gug;Gk; nghUl;L jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzj; Jiwfsp;s;
<Lgl;ldh;. mitfisf; fw;W njspe;J rpwe;j gilg;Gfisj; jkpOf;Fj; je;jdh;.
,t;tz;zk; cUthd ngsj;jupd; fiy ,yf;fpar; nry;tk; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

ngsj;jk; jOtpa jkpofj;Jr; rhd;Nwhh;:

ngsj;jh;fs; jkpo;ehnlq;Fk; gy tpfhuq;fisAk; gs;spfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpj; jk;

rkaj; njhz;bidr; nra;J te;jhh;fs;. G+jkq;fyk; Nghjpkq;if nghd;gw;wp fhtpup
g+k;gl;bdk; ehfg;gl;bdk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; ngsj;jh;fs; ngUkstpy; FbNawp tho;e;J
te;jdh;. rq;fg; Gyth;fSs; xUtuhfpa ,sk; Nghjpahh; vd;gth; ngsj;j rkaj;jpdh;
Mth;. mwtz mbfs; kzpNkfiy rPj;jiy rhj;jdhh; rq;fkpj;jpuh; Gj;jkpj;jpuh;
Nghd;Nwhh; ngsj;j jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; Mth;. ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jiytuhf
tpsq;fpa jpd;ehfh; jUkghyh; rPdk; nrd;w Nghjp jUkh; tr;rpuNghjp MfpNahh; fhQ;rpapy;
 81

tho;e;j jkpo;g;Gj;jh;fNs. ngsj;jh;fs; ,aw;wpa jkpo; E}y;fs; mope;jd Nghf

vQ;rpapUg;gd rpyNt. mtw;Ws;Sk; rpwg;G kpf;fJ kzpNkfiy vd;Dk; fhg;gpaNk MFk;.

ngsj;j rkaf; fhg;gpaq;fs;:

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; kzpNkfiyAk; Fz;lyNfrpAk; ngsj;j rka

fhg;gpaq;fs; MFk;. ,t;tpuz;bDs; kzpNkfiy ,aw;wpath; $ythzpfd; rPj;jiy
rhj;jdhh; Mthh;. jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F “kzpNkfiyj; JwT” vd;W Mrpupah;
ngaup;l;Ls;shh;. rhj;jdhh; Gj;j rka fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;g Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nehf;fj;JlNdNa ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;. Gj;j rkag; gpupTfshfpa k`had Gj;j rkak;
njd;dhl;bypUe;j epiyia tpsf;fNt ,e;E}y; vOe;jJ vd;gh;. NkYk; kzpNkfiy
JwnthOf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W rka thjpfs; gyiuAk; ntd;w
nra;jp $Wkplj;jpYk; Gj;j rka fUj;Jf;fis Mrpupah; ed;F tpsf;fpAs;shh;. ngsj;j
rka fUj;Jf;fNsad;wp kf;fs; gpd;gw;wj; jf;f nghJthd mwq;fisf; Fwpj;Jk; ,e;E}y;
NgRfpd;wJ. mwk; ,J vd;gij Fz;lyNfrpAk; ngsj;j fhtpaNk MFk;. ,J jUf;fr;
rkz itjpfr; rkaq;fis fz;bf;fpwJ. ,e;E}y; tpUj;jq;fshYk; fypg;ghf;fshYk;
,ad;wJ. ,e;E}yhrpupah; ehjFj;jdhh; vd;gth;. ,f;fhg;gpaj; jiytp RUz;l
kapUilats; Mjyhy; “Fz;lyNfrp” vdg;gl;lhs; ,ts; ,uh[fpUf efuj;ij Mz;l
murdJ mikr;rd; kfs;. nfhiyf;Fw;wthspahd fhsd; vd;ghid fhjypj;J kze;J
nfhz;lts;. mtd; mtis kiyAr;rpapypUe;J js;s Kad;wNghJ je;jpukhf mts;
kiykPjpypUe;j mtidj; js;sp ,wf;fr; nra;jhs;. gpd;dh; tho;tpy; ntWg;Gw;W rkzk;
rhh;e;J gy Ch;fSf;Fk; nrd;W rka thjk; nra;ayhdhs;. ,Wjpapy; Gj;juplk; thjj;jpy;
Njhy;tpaile;jhs;. mjdhy; Gj;juplk; cgNjrk; ngw;Wg; ngsj;j rkak; rhh;e;jhs;.
,JNt Fz;lyNfrpapd; tuyhW. ,e;E}y; KOtJk; ekf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Rpy
nra;Al;fs; kl;Lk; fpilj;Js;sd. mitaidj;Jk; rPupa nre;jkpo; eilapy; ,ad;wit.
xU ghly; tho;f;ifapd; jd;ikia moFw vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

tpk;grhuf;fij:

,e;E}Yk; ,g;nghOJ fpilf;ftpy;iy. tpk;gprhud; Gj;jh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kfj

ehl;L murd; Gj;jUila rPld; ,tdJ tuyhw;iwf; $WtNj ,f;fhtpak;;. ePyNfrp
ciuahrpupah; tpk;gprhuf; fijapypUe;J ehd;F mbfis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b “,J
tpk;gprhuf;fij vd;Dk; fhtpak; ngsj;jUila E}y;. mjd; fz; nfhs;f” vd;Wk;
Fwpj;Js;shh;.
 82

rpj;jhe;jj;njhif jpUg;gjpfk;:

rpj;jhe;jj;njhif jpUg;gjpfk; vd;Dk; ngah;fspy; ,uz;L ngsj;j rka E}y;fs;

,Ue;jd vd;W mwpfpNwhk;. ,e;E}y;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,tw;Ws; Kjyhtjhfpa
rpj;jhe;jj;njhif ngsj;j rkaf; nfhs;iffisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; E}yhFk; rptQhd
rpj;jpahUf;Fj; jj;Jtg; gpufhrh; ciuapy; ,t;tpU E}y;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G kl;Lk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fzk;:

“tPu Nrhopak;” vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}Yk; ngsj;jh;fspd; njhz;lhy; fpilj;jNj

MFk;. ,e;E}iy Gj;jkpj;jpudhh; vd;gth; vOjpdhh;. ,tuJ ngaNu ,th; Gj;j rkaj;jpdh;
vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;E}y; vOj;J Kjyhd Ie;jpyf;fzq; $WtjhFk;;. ,e;E}Yf;F
ciu vOjpa ngUe;NjtdhUk; ngsj;j rkaj;jtNu. ,e;E}iy tPu Nrhopaf; fhupif
vdTk; toq;Fth;. Mrpupah; Gj;jkpj;jpuh; jhk; vOjpa E}Yf;Fj; jk;ik Mjupj;j “tPu
Nrhod;” vd;Dk; kd;ddpd; ngaiuNa mikj;Js;shh;. ,/J mtupd; ed;wpAzh;itg;
Gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk; 11-k; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.

KbTiu:

,t;thW jkpOf;Fj; njhz;L nra;j ngsj;j rkak; jkpo; ehl;by; Nt&d;wtpy;iy.

Mo;thh;fSk; ehad;khh;fSk; Njhd;wpajw;Fg; gpd;dh; Gw rkaq;fshd rkzKk;
ngsj;jKk; eypaj; njhlq;fpd. ,tw;Ws; rkz rkak; VNjh rpy ,lq;fspyhtJ
epiyj;J epw;f ngsj;jNk Kw;wpYk; mope;Jtpl;lJ. MapDk; ngsj;j rkaf;
fhg;gpakhfpa kzpNkfiy ,d;Dk; xsptPrpj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. md;wpAk; jkpo; kf;fsplj;Jk;
jkpof rkaq;fspYk; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;.

irtk; tsh;j;j jkpo;

Kd;Diu:

rkzKk; ngsj;jKk; rupe;J irt rkak; jioj;J tsh;tjw;Fj; njhz;L Gupe;j

J}ath;fs; mWgj;J%d;W ehad;khh;fs; Mth;. %th; ,aw;wpa Njthuq;fs; midj;Jk;
fp.gp. 10-k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; tho;e;j Nrhog; Nguurd; ,uhruhrdpd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp vd;Dk; irtg; ngupahh; VO jpUKiwfshfTk;
NkYk; rpy E}y;fis ehd;F jpUKiwfshfTk; tFj;J gjpndhU jpUKiwfis
 83

ntspapl;lhh;. gpd;dh; Nrf;fpohh; ,aw;wpa ngupaGuhzj;ijr; Nrh;j;J gd;dpU jpUKiw vd

toq;fyhapdhh;.

rk;ge;jh; Njthuk; (123 jpUKiwfs;):

,th; rPh;fhopg; gFjpapy; rptghj ,UjaUf;Fk; gftjpak;ikahUf;Fk; kftha;j;

Njhd;wp %d;W tajpNyNa ,iwQhdk; va;jp “NjhLila nrtpad;” vd;w ghliyg;
ghbdhh;. ghz;ba kd;dd; kidtp kq;ifah;f; furpahupd; Ntz;Ljyhy; kJiu khefh;
nrd;W mdy; Gdy; thjq;fspy; rkziu ntd;W me;j $d; ghz;baidr;
irtdhf;fpdhh;.

,th; 16 000 gjpfq;fs; ghbajhf ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp $Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; ekf;F 8

840 ghly;fNs fpilj;Js;sd. rpw;wk;gyj;jpy; cs;s nry;tdpd; foy; Vj;Jk; nry;tNk
cz;ikr; nry;tk; vd;fpwhh;. gf;jp kyh; nfhz;L mj;jd; ghjj;jpy; J}tpdhy; Kf;jp
vspjhFk; vd mwpTWj;Jfpd;whh;.

,th; ghba ghf;fspy; kl;Lk; 23 gz;fs; gapd;W tUtjhy; “ehSk; ,d;dpirahy;

jkpo;gg
; ug;Gk; Qhd rk;ge;jd;” vd Re;juuhy; Nghw;wg; ngWfpd;wdh;. ,iwtid
jiytdhfTk; jk;ik jiytpahfTk; ghtpj;J cs;sk; cUf;Fk; tifapy; ghly;fs;
gytw;iwg; ghbAs;shh;. ,th;jk; gf;jp ghly;fspy; ,sik nkUifAk; ,ir
,dpikiaAk; ,aw;if ,d;g vopiyAk; tskhu Efuyhk;.

mg;gh; Njthuk; (456 jpUKiwfs;):

,g;ngupahh; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUth%upy; Gfodhh; vd;ghUf;Fk; khjpdpahh;

vd;ghUf;Fk; Gjy;tuha;j; Njhd;wpdhh;. ,sikapy; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;J gpd;dh; jk;
jkf;ifahupd; mUs; jpwj;jhy; kPz;Lk; irtuhdhh;. gw;gy ,d;dy;fSf;F <LnfhLj;Jr;
rkzdhapUe;j kNfe;jpu th;k gy;ytidr; irtdhf;fpa ngUik ,g;ngupahUf;Nf cz;L.
vz;gj;Njhh; Mz;Lfs; ,t;Tyfpy; tho;e;J ,iwg;gzp Gupe;j ngUe;jifahthh;. “mg;gh;”
vd;W rk;ge;juhy; miof;fg;ngw;whh;. mtiu thrPfh; vd;Wk; ehTf;furh; vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
49000 ghly;fis mg;gh; ghbajhfr; Re;juh; nrhy;fpwhh;. Mdhy; 3 110 ghly;fNs ,d;W
ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. ,th; ghly;fs; gz;Rke;j ghly;fs; mDgt Kjph;rr
; p kpFe;j
ghly;fSkhFk;. Rkz Kdpth;fs; J}z;Ljypdhy; kNfe;jputh;kd; kjk;khwpa
jpUehTf;furiuj; jz;bg;gjw;fhf Rz;zhk;G cs;s miwapy; ,l;lNghJ me;j
fhstha;f; nfhLikapYk; ,iwtdpd; ,dpikiaNa fhz;fpd;whh; ehTf;furh;.
 84

Re;juh; Njthuk; (7-k; jpUKiw)

,th; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUehtY}upy; riladhUf;Fk; - ,ir

QhdpahUf;Fk; moF kfthf mtjupj;jhh;. ,th; mofpy;kaq;fpa eurpk;k th;kd; vd;w
murd; ,tiur; nry;ykhf tsh;j;J te;jhd;. ,sikapy; kzk;Gupe;j fhyj;J
,iwtdhy; jLj;J Ml;nfhs;sg;ngw;whh; me;epiyapy; “gpj;jh gpiw#b” vd;w gjpfj;ijg;
ghbaUspdhh;. gpd;dh; Nrukhd; ngUkhNshL fapiy nrd;W Kf;jp ngw;whh;.

khzpf;fthrfh;(8-k; jpUKiw)

Njd; CWk; thrfq;fs; IE}Wk; jpUf;Nfhit ehE}Wk; mKJ}w khe;jUspa

,e;ehafd; jpUthjt+hpy; gpwe;J fy;tp Nfs;tpfsp;y; rpwe;J mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badhy;
mikr;ruhf;fg;gl;lhh;. murdp;l;l Mizapd;gb Fjpiu thq;fr; nrd;wth; ehk; nfhz;L
te;j nry;tj;ijnay;yhk; Myag;gzpf;Fk; mbahh;fSf;FNk nrytpl;L tp;ll
; hh;.
mjdhy; rpiwapy; milgl;L gw;gy rpj;jputijf;nfy;yhk; M;shfp ,Wjpapy; ,iwtdhy;
Ml;nfhs;sg;ngw;whh;.

Xd;gjpd;kh; ghbait (9-k; jpUKiw):

jpUkhspifj; Njth; Nre;jdhh; Nrjpuhah; fz;luhjpj;jh; g+e;JUj;jp fhl ek;gp

fUt+h;j
; ; Njth; Ntzhl;lbfs; jpUthyp mKjdhh; GUNlhj;jk ek;gp Mfpa xd;gJ Ngh;
ghba gf;jpg; ghly;fisj; “jpUtpirg;gh” “jpUgy;yhz;L” vd toq;Fth;. jpUkhspifj;
Njth; ,iwtidf; fw;wth; tpOq;Fk; fw;gff; fdpahf fiuapyhf; fUiz kh flyhf
kw;wth; mwpah khzpf;f kiyahf kdkzp tpsf;fhff; fhz;fpwhh;.

jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuk; (10-k; jpUKiw):

$Ltpl;L $LghAk; jpwj;jpdh; vd ,tUila Md;kPf Mw;wiyf; fijahff;

$Wth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y; “jpUke;jpuk;” MFk;. ,J fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa E}yhFk;.3000
nra;Al;fisAilaJ. nra;Al;fspd; fUj;Jr; nrwpitf; fz;l mwpQh;fs; ,j;jifa
rpe;jidahsh; Vwf;Fiwa 3000 Mz;LfshtJ tho;e;jpUg;gh; vd;W $Wth;. irt rkaf;
fUj;Jf;fis Kjd;Kjyhf tpsf;f vOe;j KOKjy; E}y; jpUke;jpuk; MFk;. ghf;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; cUtfq;fshfNt mike;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kdpjd; ,r;irahfj;
jphpAk; Ik;Gyq;fisAk; mlf;fpdhy; mtd; vj;jifa Mw;wiyAk; mila KbAk;
vd;gij mth; jdJ ghly; thapyhf Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
 85

gjpndhUthpd; ghly;fs; (gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiw):

GOthf gpwf;fpDk; Gz;zpah! epd;db tOthjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tuk; Ntz;ba

fhiuf;fhyk;ikahupd; jpUg;gjpfq;fs; jpUte;jhjp Iabfs; fhlth; Nfhdpd; N\j;jpuj;
jpUntz;gh Re;juupd; ez;guhd Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; ,aw;wpa
nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp jpUf;fhapyha Qhd cyh Kjypa E}y;fs; rq;fg; ghKiwiag;
gpd;gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fis mfg;nghUs; eak;gl vLj;Jiug;gdthFk;. cyh E}y;fspy;
rpwe;jJ Nrukhd; vOjpa “Qhd cyh” MFk;. NkYk; ,JNt jkpopy; vOe;j Kjy;
cyh E}y; MFk;. rq;fg; Gyth;fspd; ngaiu Nkw;nfhz;L ef;fPuh; fgpyh; guzh; fy;yhlh;
MfpNahh; gyh; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;. ,sk; ngUkhdbfs; mjpuh mbfs;
Mf;fpAs;s Kk;Kzpf;Nfhit E}y;fSk; ,j;jpUKiwapy; mlq;fpAs;sd. gl;bdj;Jg;
gps;isahh; E}y;fSk; jpUKiw tFj;jUspa ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp E}y;fSk;
,g;gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; mike;Js;sd. ,J fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; ghly; MFk;.

Nrf;fpohh; ngupaGuhzk; (gdpnuz;lhk; jpUKiw):

Nrf;fpohh; vd;Dk; irtg; ngupahuhy; 12-k; E}w;whz;by; ngupaGuhzk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mWgj;J %d;W irt mbahh;fspd; tuyhWfis 4252 ghly;fspy;
fw;gidj; jpwj;JlDk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;GlDk; fhtpa eaj;JlDk; $WfpwJ. ,e;E}y;
Vida kjq;fspd; nry;thf;if gut tplhJ jLj;jNjhL irtkj ek;gpf;ifia ehl;by;
eP&w;wp tsh;j;j E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; Njthug; ghly;fspy; nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; irtf;
fUj;Jf;fisnay;yhk; fy;yhUk; fw;WzUk;gb kpf vspikahf vLj;Jf;$WfpwJ.
mjdhy;jhd; ,e;j E}iyr; irt jpUKiwfspy; xd;whd “gdpnuz;lhk; jpUKiw” ahfr;
Nrh;j;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

,ilf;fhyj; jkpof kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;

njhopy; KiwfisAk; nghOJ Nghf;FfisAk; ekf;F mwptpf;fpd;w xU tuyhw;Wf;
fhg;gpakhfTk; ,e;E}y; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. nghJthf gyjug;gl;l RitfSk; rpwg;ghf gf;jpr;
RitAk; ed;F tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Nrf;fpohupd; cs;sj;J}a;ikAk; gf;jpg; ngUikANk
xUE}yhf tbntLj;jhw;Nghyj; jpfo;fpwJ ,g;ngupaGuhzk;.

KbTiu:

,f;fl;Liu thapyhf gd;dpU jpUKiwfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;Nlhk;. mit

irt rka tsh;;r;rpf;F ,d;Wk; cWJizaha; cs;sJ vd;gjpy; rpwpJk; Iak; ,y;iy.
mNjhL jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; cWJizaha; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
 86

itztk; tsh;j;j jkpo;

irt rkak; jioj;Njhq;f mWgj;J%d;W ehad;khh;fs; vt;thW ghLgl;lhh;fNsh

mt;thNw gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSk; itztk; jiof;f kpfTk; ghLgl;lth;fs;.
,g;gd;dpUth;fSk; “Mo;thh;fs;” vdg; ngah; ngWthh;fs;.

,jw;Fg;gpd; vl;L xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; itzt topghL gd;dpU Mo;thh;fspd;

ngU Kaw;rpahy; mth;fsJ gf;jpg;ghf;fshy; kpfg;ngUk; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy. ,t;tho;thh;fs; 108 itztj; jyq;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;. ,th;fs; ghba
ghly;fisj; njhFj;J “ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;” vdg;ngaupl;L ntspapl;Ls;sdh;.
,g;gzpia jkpo; cyfj;jpw;Fr; nra;jUspath; ehjKdpfs; vd;Dk; ngupNahuhth;.

,e;ehyhapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jg; ghly;fs; midj;Jk; vspikAk; ,dpikAk; epuk;gpf;

fw;Nghh; neQ;ir fdpaitj;J gf;jp nts;sj;jpy; gutrg;gLj;JtJkhFk;. ,dp gd;dpU
Mo;thh;fisg; gw;wp tupirahff; fhz;Nghk;.

ngha;ifahh;:

,th; fhQ;rpapy; gpwe;jtuhth;. ,th; fhQ;rpapy; cs;s ngha;if xd;wpd; jhkiu

kyupy; Njhd;wpajhfTk; MfNt ,th; ngha;if Mo;thh; vdg; ngah; ngw;wjhfTk; $Wth;.
Kjy; “jpUte;jhjp” vd;Dk; gf;jpg; ghliy ,th; ghbAs;shh;.

G+jj;jho;thh;:

,th; khky;yd; vd;Dk; gy;yt murdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khky;yGuk; vd;Dk;

Cupy; Njhd;wpath;. ,th; jpUkhyplk; ,ilawhj gf;jp nfhz;lth;. ,iwtdplNk rpe;ij
nrYj;jpa ,th; ,t;Tyf tho;itNa ntWf;fyhdhh;. jdf;F vt;tpj ,d;gg; NgWfs;
tha;f;fpDk; mtw;iw tpUk;ghJ jpUkhy; jpUtbNa ruzhf mile;jth;. ,uz;lhk;
jpUte;jhjp vd;w E}y; ,th; ghba gf;jpg; ghlyhFk;.,tuJ ghly;fspypUe;J ,tUf;Fs;s
jkpo;g; gw;iwAk; nja;tg; gw;iwAk; mwpayhk;.

Ngaho;thh;:

,th; kapyhg;g+iur; rhh;e;jtuhthh;. gf;jpg; gutrj;jhy; ,th; Mbg;ghbaNjhL Nga;

gpbj;jJ Nghy; ,iwtidj; njhOJ kfpo;e;jjhy; ,th; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh; vdf; $Wth;.
%d;whe; jpUte;jhjpNa ,th; ghba gf;jp ghRukhFk;.
 87

jpUg;ghzho;thh;:

,th; ciwa+upy; gpwe;jtUk; fPo;f; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jtUk; Mthh;. ,jdhy; ,th;

Myaj;jpw;F ntspapNy fhtpupf; fiuapy; epd;W muq;f ehjidg; ghlyhdhh;. ,tuJ
gf;jpiaAk; cs;sk; nefpo;e;J czh;r;rpapy; Njha;e;J ,th; ghLtijAk; kf;fs; fUjhJ
,tiu ,op Fyj;jth; vd;w Nehf;fpy; fy;yhy; vwpaj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,jid mwpe;j
muq;fehjh; jk; new;wpapypUe;J FUjp topAk;gb nra;J nfhz;lNjhL xU njhz;lupd;
fdtpNy Njhd;wp mtiuj; Njhspw; Rke;J tUk;gbAk; Mizapl;lhh;.

mjd;gbNa mj;njhz;lUk; ,tiuj; Njhspw; Rke;J te;jhh;. mt;thW jpUtuq;fg;

ngUkhd; Myaj;jpw;Fs; te;j jpUg;ghzho;thh; jpUtuq;f ehjupd; jpUtoiff; fz;L
,th; Nky; ikay; nfhz;L jd; cs;sj;ij mth;ghy; gwpnfhLj;jhh;.

; pj; Njha;tpy; “mkydhjpgpuhd;” vd;w gjpfk; xd;iwg; ghbdhh;. kq;if

mt;Tzh;rr
xUj;jp jpUtuq;fehjdpd; Nky; fhjy; nfhz;ljhf mike;j E}yhFk; ,J.

jpUkopir Mo;thh;:

njhz;il ehl;bYs;s jpUkopir vd;Dk; Cupdh;. irtj;jpw;Fj; jpU%yh; Nghd;W

itztj;jpw;Fj; jpUkopir Mo;thuhthh;. jpUr;re;j tpUj;jKk; ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjpAk;
,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fshFk;.

“cd;idad;wp ehdpy;iy vd;idad;wp eP ,y;iy” vd ehuhaziu vz;zp vd;

njhopnyy;yhk; cd;idj; njhOtJ nghOnjy;yhk; cd;idg; Gfo;tNj vdf;
$Wfpd;whh;. “tho;j;Jf tha; fhz;f fz; Nfl;f nrtp jho;j;Jf jiy vd
,iwQ;Rfpd;whh;.

ek;kho;thh;:

,th; ghz;ba ehl;bYs;s Mo;thh; jpUefupiar; rhh;e;j jpUf;FU$upy; Njhd;wpath;.

kJuftpaho;thh; ,tuplk; md;Gnfhz;L ,tuJ ghRuq;fisg; gug;GtjpNyNa jk;
tho;ehl;fisf; fopj;J te;jhh;. jpUthrpupak; jpUtha;nkhop jpUtpUj;jk; ngupa
jpUte;jhjp vd;w ehd;F E}y;fis ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tiur; rlNfhgh; vd;Wk;
$Wth;.
 88

kJu ftpaho;thh;:

,th; ek;kho;thupd; rPluhthh;. ,th; ek;kho;thiug; gw;wp “fz;zpEz; rpWjhk;G”

vdg; ghb ngah; ngw;whh;. ,th; jpUkhiyg; gw;wpf;$lg; ghlhJ ek;kho;thiuNa jhk;
fz;l flTshfg; ghLfpd;whh;. ek;kho;thuplk; ,tUf;Fs;s gw;iwAk; gf;jp <Lghl;ilAk;
,th; ghbAs;s “fz;zpEz;rpW;jhk;G” vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghRuq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;,tuJ
FUgf;jpia fhl;Ltjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

ngupaho;thh;:

,th; ghz;b ehl;bYs;s =tpy;ypGj;J}iur; rhh;e;jtuhthh;. ,tiu tp\;Z rpj;jd;

vd;Wk; gl;lh;gpuhd; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. “jpUnkhop” “jpUg;gy;yhz;L” vd;w ,U E}y;fis
,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. fz;zZila Foe;ijg; gUtj;ij ,th; gps;isj; jkpo; E}yhfg;
ghbapUg;gJ kpfr; rpwg;ghdjhFk;. ,tUila ,e;E}Ny gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fj;
njhlf;fk; vdyhk;.

Mz;lhs;:

Mz;lhs; ngupaho;thh; tsh;j;j jpUkfs; Mthh;. ,th;jhk; njhLj;j kyh;

khiyiaj; jhk; #b moF ghh;j;j gpd;dNu ,iwtDf;Fr; #l;Lthh;. ,t;thW ,th;
#l;ba kyh; khiyia ,iwtd; md;NghL Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. vdNt ,tiur;
#bf;nfhLj;j ehr;rpahh; vd rpwg;G ngauhy; miog;gh;.

,iwtidf; fhjydhfTk; jk;ik fhjypahfTk; mth; cUtfk; nra;J ehr;rpahh;

jpUnkhop (143 ghRuq;fs;) jpUg;ghit (30 ghRuq;fs;) vd;w ,U E}y;fis ,th;
,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,t;tpU E}y;fSk; gf;jpr; Rit fye;j fhjYzh;r;rpiag; ngUf;Fk;
E}y;fshFk;.

jpUkq;ifaho;thh;:

,th; fs;sh; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jtnud;gh;. ,j;Jld; ,th; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpYs;s xU

Nfhtpypd; Gj;j tpf;fpufj;ij cilj;J =uq;fk; Nfhapypd; %d;whk; Rw;W kjpiyf;
fl;bajhf ,tiug;gw;wpf; fij xd;W $Wth;.

ngupa jpUkly; jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk; jpUneLe; jhz;lfk; jpUntO $j;jpUf;if

ngupa jpUnkhop rpwpa jpUkly; vd;w MW gf;jpg; ghly;fis ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
 89

njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;:

,tUf;F tpg;uehuhazh; vd;w kw;nwhU ngaUk; cz;L. ,th; NjtNjtp vd;Dk;

tpiykhjpd; tiyapy; rpf;fp jk; tho;ehspy; ngUk;gFjpiaf; fopj;jhh;. gpd;dh;
,iwtid vz;zp ,jak; cUfp “jpUkhiy” “jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp” vd;dk; E}y;fisg;
ghbdhh;.

FyNrfuho;thh;:

,th; Nru ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;. ,th; jkf;Fupa rpk;khrdj;ijj; Jwe;J itztj;

njhz;luhdth; jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; Gyik kpf;ftuhthh;.

jkpo; nkhopapy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhop vd;w E}iyAk; tlnkhopapy; Kfe;jkhiy

vd;w E}iyAk; ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. cyf kf;fs; JauKk; Jd;gKk; ,y;yhj
ey;tho;it Ntz;b ,th; ,iwtidg; ghbg; guTfpd;whh;.

KbTiu:

jpUkhiy KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;L topgLk; Mo;thh;fisg; gw;wpAk; mth;fs;

,aw;wpa E}w;fs; gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf rpwg;Gw mwpa KbfpwJ. ,e;E}w;fs;
jkpo;nkhop tsh;rr
; pf;Fk; ngUe;njhz;L GuptijAk; mwpe;J midtUk; ctif
nfhs;syhk;.

INuhg;gpah; fhyk;:

Jkpof tuyhw;iw Muha;e;J ghh;g;Nghh;> rq;ffhy kd;duhl;rpf;Fg;gpd;> jkpofk; gy

me;epah; Ml;rpapd; fPpo; te;j epiyiaf; fhz KbAk;. ,jdhy; jkpof murpay; thdpy;
mikjpAk;> GaYk;> #whtspAk; khwp khwpr; Rod;W te;jd. ehl;bDila murpay;
khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g ,yf;fpa tuyhWk; khWjy; mile;jJ. fp.gp.1565-y; jQ;ir>
kJiuiaj; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; jkpofj;ij
Mz;L te;jdh;. Mdhy; 17-k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; Kfkjpa kd;dh;fs;
cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;gq;fis cUthf;fpj; jkpofj;jpd; rpygFjpfisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L
Msj;Jtq;fpdh;. ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rpAk; eypaj; Jtq;fpaJ. ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;
,Ryhkpah;fSf;Fk; ,iltplhky; Nkhjy;fs; ele;J te;jd. ,jdhy; jkpofk; kPz;Lk;
mikjp ,oe;jJ.

,r;#o;epiyiaj; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp thzpfj;jpw;fhfj; jkpofk;

te;j INuhg;gpah;fshd lr;Rf;fhuh;fSk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSk;> Mq;fpNyah;fSk; jkpoj;ij
 90

Mz;L te;j kd;dh;fNshL Nghh; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;L> jkpo;ehl;bd; gy ,lq;fisg;

gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L Msj; Jtq;fpdh;. Muk;gj;jpy; thp t#ypf;f chpik ngw;w mth;fs;
gpd;dh;j; jkpof kz;izNa nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhl Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;.

Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; ngUk; gFjpia gpbj;Jf; nfhs;s> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;

ghz;br;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy; gFjpfisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L Mz;ldh;. fp.gp.1752-y; ,uhgh;l;
fpist; Mh;f;fhl;L ethg;gplkpUe;J ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp> Mq;fpy muRf;F tpj;jpl;lhh;.
mt;tuR ,sQ;nrbahfp> kukhfpg; gpd;dh;g; g+j;Jf; fha;ff ; j; Jtq;fpaJ. me;epah;
Mjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J tpLjiy Ntl;if Kfpo;f;fNt 1947 tiuapyhd fhy ,yf;fpa
tuyhNw INuhg;gpah; fhyk; my;yJ rkaf; fyg;Gf;; fhyk; my;yJ ciueil tsh;r;rpf;
fhyk; vd miof;fg;glyhapw;W.

jkpo; nkhopf;F Vw;gl;l ed;ikfs;:

Mq;fpNyah;fs; jkpofj;jpd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp Msj; Jtq;fpagpd;> ew;wkpo;

ehl;by; mikjpahd #o;epiy cUthdJ. jkpo;nkhop jdJ tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;fpYk;
gy;NtW khw;wq;fSld; tsh;e;J nropf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. fpwpj;jt rkaj;ijj; jkpofj;jpy;
gug;g te;j rkag; gzpahsh;fs; jkpo; fw;wdh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis cyfpw;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; gy;NtW rPh;jpUj;jq;fis cz;lhf;fpdh;.
,yf;fz VLfis cUthf;fpdh;. gy;NtW nkhopfNshL xj;Jg;ghh;f;Fk; NgNuLfisj;
jahhpj;jdh;: fiyr; nrhw;fs; gpwe;jd. ciueil jkpopy; Njhd;wp kpd;dy; Ntfj;jpy;
nropj;J tsh;e;jJ. cyf nkhop Mq;fpyj;jpd; njhlh;ghy; vz;zw;w jkpo; VLfs; Gjpa
rpe;jidfSld; gpwe;jd. mr;Rf;fiy GFj;jg;gl;ljhy;> mUik nkhopahk; jkpo; cyf
muq;fpDs; Eioe;J ngUik ngw;wJ. klhyaq;fspy; kq;fpf; fple;J xspgug;gpa jkpo;
cyf nkhopfSs; xd;whf> tsh;r;rpaile;j jUthf khwp> ,yf;fpathdpy; ee;jh epythf
xsptPr Muk;gpj;jJ.

Mq;fpNyah; tUifahy; r%fj;jpYk; gy khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jd. jkpoh;

gz;ghl;bYk;> fyhr;rhuj;jpYk; Mq;fpy ehfhpfr; rhay; gbe;jd. czT> md;whl
tho;f;if KiwfspYk; Nkiy ehl;L Kiwfs; GFe;jd. fy;tp midtUf;Fk; vd;w
epiy cUthapw;W. mbikfshf tho;e;j ngz;fs; Gj;Jyfk; fhzj; Jtq;fpdh;. GJikg;
ngz;fisf; fy;tp vd;Dk; fodp cUthf;fpaJ. gy;NtW rkaq;fs;> rkj;Jtk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtk;> gy;NtW ehl;lth;fs; ,ize;J tho;e;jjhy; Vw;gl;l $l;Lf; fyg;G Gjpa
nghUshjhuk;> cyf thzpfk; ,itahTk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyifAk; ghjpj;jjhy;
Gj;jpyf;fpaq;fs; Kfpo;f;fj; Jtq;fpd.
 91

fpwpj;jth; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L

jkpo;nkhop tsh;r;rpapYk;> ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapYk; fpwpj;jt rkaj;jhUk; ngUk;gq;F

Mw;wpAs;sdh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gzp nra;jth;fspy; Nkdhl;bypUe;J jkpo; ehl;bw;Fr;
rkaj; njhz;lhw;w te;j ngUkf;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. jkpoff; fpwpj;jtr;
rhd;Nwhh;fSk; ,yf;fpag; gzp Mw;wpAs;sdh;.

m. Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;:

INuhg;gpahtpypUe;J jkpofk; te;j rkag; nghpahh;fs; nre;jkpio Kiwahff;

fw;wdh;. jkpopd; ,dpikapYk;> ,yf;fpa ,d;gj;jpYk; jk;ik kwe;J jpisj;jdh;.
mjdhy; mth;fshy; jkpo; gy;NtW tsh;r;rpfisf; fhzyapw;W. jkpopy; E}y;fs;
mr;Nrhpd: mfuhjpfs; Njhd;wdpd. Jkpo; vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jk; ngw;wNjhL ciueil
tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa jpUg;gk; fz;lJ. ,jo;fs; Njhd;wpd. rpWfijfs;> neLq;fijfs;
gy;fpg;ngUfpd. mwptpay; jkpo; Gjpa fl;Liufisf; fhzyhapw;W. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;
fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikia mth;fNs Kjypy; fz;L cyFf;F mwptpj;jdh;. jkpo;
,yf;fpak; nry;tq;fs; gy Nkiy ehl;L nkhopfspy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;ld. mth;fspd;
jkpo;g;gzp fp.gp.16-k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; njhlq;fyhapw;W.

jkpo;g; gzp Ghpe;j Nkdhl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fspy; tPukhKdpth;> Nghg;igah;>

fhy;Lnty;>jj;Jtg;Nghjfh;> vy;yp];>rPfd;ghF>,Nudpah]; Iah;> Nrtpah;> gphpl;Nlh Nghd;w
mwpQh;fs; Gfo;ngw;wth;fs;.

tPukhKdpth;:

fp.gp.17-k; E}w;whz;by; fpwpj;jt rkag; gzp Ghptjw;fhf ,j;jhyp ehl;bypUe;J

jkpofk; te;jhh;. ,aw;ngah; „ fhz;];lhz;bd]; ng];fp‟ vd;gJ. kJiuapy; Rg;ujPgf;
ftpahuplk; jkpo; fw;whh;. jpUf;Fws;> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> fk;guhkhazk; Mfpa
,yf;fpaq;fisj; njspTwf; fw;whh;. ,thpd; jkpo;g; Gyikiaf; fz;l kJiuj; jkpo;r;
rq;fj;jhh;> „tPukhKdpth;‟ nre;jkpo; Njrpfh;‟ Mfpa gl;lq;fis toq;fpdh;. tPukhKdpth;
jk; jha;nkhopNahL Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> jkpo;> njYq;F> tlnkhop
Nghd;w gy nkhopfis mwpe;jth;.

tPukhKdpth; fhtpaq;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> ciu eil E}y;fs;> mfuhjp

Nghd;wtw;iw ,aw;wpAs;shh;. mtUila gilg;gpy; Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpaNk mtUf;F
mopahj Gfiof;; nfhLj;jJ. md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> milf;fykhiy> fpj;Njhp
mk;khs; mk;khid> jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;> rJufuhjp> nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;>
nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Ntj xOf;fk;> Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> gukhh;j;j
FUtpd; fij Mfpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.
 92

Njk;ghtzpr; rpwg;G:

,NaRehjhpd; je;ij #irag;ghpd; tuyhw;iwf; fhtpakhfg; gilf;fg;gl;lNj

Njk;ghtzpahFk;. #irag;giu „tsd;‟ vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;yhy; Fwpj;Js;shh;. 36
glyq;fSk;> 3165 ghly;fSk; nfhz;lJ Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpak;. “Njk;ghtzp
jkpod;idapd; fOj;jpy; thlhj khiyahfj; jpfo;fpwJ” vd;W nrhy;ypd; nry;th;
NrJg;gps;isath;fs; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,iwtdpd; ,ay;igj; njspTs vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;
Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; tPukhKdpth;.

mwf;fly; ePNa: mUl;fly; ePNa:

mUq; fUzhfud; ePNa:

jpwf;fly; ePNa: jpUf;fly; ePNa:

jpUe;Jsk; xspgl Qhd

epwf;fly; ePNa: efh;fle;J cyfpy;

epiyAk; eP: capUk; eP: epiyjhd;

ngwf;fly; ePNa: jhAk; eP vdf;Fg;

gpjhTk; eP: midj;Jk; eP md;Nwh:

Nghg;igah;:

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bypUe;J fp.gp.19-k; E}w;whz;by; rkag; gzpGhpa gj;njhd;gJ

taNj epiwe;j ,se;njhz;lh; Nghg;igah; te;jhh;. kfhtpj;Jthd; ,uhkhDrf;
ftpuhahplk; jkpo; fw;whh;. Gy nkhopfisf; fw;wwpe;j nrk;kyhfpa Nghg;;igah;
jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpahfpa rhah;Guj;jpy; jq;fpj; jk; gzpiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; gy gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F tho;e;j kf;fspd; nkhopfs; gw;wp
Muha;e;Js;shh;.

Nghg;igahpd; gzpfspy; jiyrpwe;jJ nkhop ngah;g;G gzpahFk;. jpUf;Fws;>

jpUthrfk> ehybahh;> GwehD}w;wpy; gy ghly;fs; Nghd;wtw;;iw Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop
ngah;j;Js;shh;. „jpUf;Fwspd; fUj;Jf;fs; VRehjhpd; ,ja xyp‟ vd;W Nghw;wpg; gutpdhh;.
jkpo; Mq;fpy mfuhjp> JS ,yf;fzk;> Njhlh; kf;fspd; nkhop ,yf;fzk;
Mfpatw;iwAk; Nghg;igah; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;w Nghg;;igah; Mf;];Nghh;L
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpypUe;J nkhopj; njhz;Lfs; Mw;wpdhh;. jhk; ,wf;Fk; NghJ jk;
 93

fy;yiwapy; „xU jkpo; khztd;‟ vd;W vOj Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;l Ngud;G
mth; jkpo;kPJ nfhz;l Mokhd fhjiyf; fhl;LfpwJ.

fhy;Lnty;:

mah;yhe;jpNy gpwe;J> ];fhl;yhe;jpNy fy;tp fw;W ,q;fpyhe;jpy; rka rq;fk;

Nrh;e;J> jkpofj;jpy; ,iwg;gzpahw;w te;jth; fhy;Lnty;. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;
,ilad;Fbapy; ,tuJ njhz;L Muk;gj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ.

fhy;Lnty; gzpapy; jiyahdJ mth; „jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;‟

,aw;wpaNjahFk;. ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> nrh;kd;> gpnuQ;R Kjypa Nky;ehl;L nkhopfisAk;
jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> JS> tlnkhop Kjypa ,e;jpa nkhopfisAk;
mwpe;j gd;nkhopr; nry;thf;fhy; jhd; mth;> jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fz Muha;r;rp
E}iy ,aw;w Kbe;jJ. ,e;E}ypidj;jtpu jpUney;Ntyp rhpj;jpuk;> jhkiuj; jlhfk;
Qhd];ehdk;> ew;fUizj; jpahdkiy> ew;fUiz Kjypa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
fhy;Lnty;ypd; njhz;bid kjpj;J mtUf;F „,yf;fpaNte;jh;‟ „Ntjtpw;gd;dh;‟ Mfpa
gl;lq;fisr; nrd;id gy;fiyf; fofk; mspj;J ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ.

,uhgh;l; B nehgpyp:

fp.gp. 1606-y; jkpofk; te;j ,j;jhyp ehl;Lf;fhuh;. jkpioAk;> tlnkhopiaAk;

Kiwahff; fw;wNjhL jd; gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; jkpo;g;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. Nkyhil
mzpjy;> khh;gpy; Gdpj E}y; NghLjy;> irt czitNa Vw;wy; Nghd;w
nfhs;iffSf;Fj; jk;ik Ml;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. mth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fspy; Mj;k
eph;zak;> QhNdhgNjr fhz;lk; ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpakhd E}y;fshFk;. jkpo;
ciueilfSf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa ,tiuj; „jj;Jt Nghjfh;‟ vd toq;Fth;.

rPfd; ghy;f;:

fp. gp. 1709-y; jkpofk; te;j nrUkhdpa ehl;Lf;fhuh;. juq;fk; ghbapy; jq;fpapUe;J
ntsp ehl;bypUe;J nfhz;L te;j mr;Rg; nghwpahy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; jkpo;g;
Gj;jfq;fisg; gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;lhh;. jkpopy; Kjypy; mr;Rf; fiyiag; GFj;;jpath;
,tNu. jkpo; ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp E}nyhd;Wk;> jkpo; ,yj;jPd; ,yf;fz E}nyhd;Wk;
,aw;wpdhh;. Kjd; Kjyhf tptpypak; KOtijAk; nkhop ngah;j;J ntspapl;lth; ,tNu
vd;w ngUikf;Fhpatuhfj; jpfo;fpwhh;.
 94

,Nudpa]; Iah;:

fp. gp. 1814-y; jkpofk; te;j nrUkhdpa ehl;Lf;fhuh;. njd; jkpofk;

ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; 18 Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUe;J> jkpio Mo;e;J fw;W> nkhopj;
njhz;lhw;wpa ey;ywpQuhthh;. ,th; tho;tpd; Kf;fpag; gzpahfg; Gjpa Vw;ghL jkpopy;
nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lijf; $Wth;. ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; ngz;fs; fy;tp epWtdq;fs;
Njhd;Wtjw;F Muk;gj;jpy; cioj;jth; ,tNu vdyhk;.

M.jkpoff; fpwp];jtg; ngUkf;fspd; ,yf;fpag; gzp:

jkpoff; fpwpj;jt ,yf;fpar; rhd;Nwhh;fspy; Ntjehak; gps;is> Ntjehaf

rh];jphpahh;> n`d;wp My;gpul; fpU~;zg;gps;is> jQ;ir Mgpufhk;gz;bjh; MfpNahh;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdh;.

Ntjehafk; gps;is:

jQ;ir juzp Fsj;J}hpNy gpwe;J> rPh;fhop kha+uk; Mfpa Ch;fspy; ePjpgjpahfg;

gzpahw;wpdhh;. ePjpgjpahfj; jpfo;e;jhYk;> jkpo;j; njhz;ilAk; jk; jiyaha gzpahff;
nfhz;L xOfpdhh;. jpUthLJiw MjPdk; kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isaplk;
Kiwahfj; jkpo; fw;whh;. jkpo;g; GyikNahL ,irg; GyikAk; ngw;wpUe;jhh;. Viofsplk;
md;Gk;> ,uf;fKk; nfhz;bUe;j Ntjehafh; J}anewpahd tho;itf; filg;gpbj;J
tho;e;jhh;. ,jd; fhuzkhf fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jk; NtiyiaAk; tpl;Ltpl;Lj; jkpo;j;
njhz;Nl Mw;wpdhh;.

jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; Gjpdk; ,aw;wpa ngUik NtjehafiuNa rhUk;. 1876-k;

Mz;L „gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;‟ vd;w Gjpdj;ij ,aw;wpg; nghd;whlg; Gfo;gilj;jhh;.
kPz;Lk; 1887-k; Mz;by; RFz Re;jhp rhpj;jpuk; vd;w Gjpdj;ij ntspapl;lhh;. ePjp E}y;>
ngz;kjpkhiy> Njtkhjh me;jhjp> NjtNjhj;jpu khiy> rh;t rka rkurf; fPh;j;jid
Kjypa gjpdhW E}y;fis Ntjehafk; gps;is ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

rkur Nehf;fq; nfhz;l Ntjehafk; gps;is ePjpE}ypy; „jha; je;ijaiu

tzq;fy;‟ vd;w jiyg;gpy; fPo;f;fz;lthW md;id je;ijahpd; ngUikapidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

rpd;dNth; nghUs; je;Njhiur;

rPtDs; ssTk; cs;sj;J

cd;d Ntz;Lk; vd;W

 95

ciuj;jdh; nghpNahh;: Njfe;

jd;id MUapiur; rPuhh;

juzpapd; tho;itj; je;j

md;id je;ijf;Fr; nra;Ak;

mUq; ifkhW csNjh mk;kh!

Ntj ehaf rh];jphpahh;:

fp.gp.18-k; E}w;whz;by; jpUney;Ntypapy; gpwe;jhh;. jkpo; nkhopapYk;> ,irapYk;

Gyik va;jpath;. juq;fk;ghb> Ntjf;fy;Y}happy; Kjy;tuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,yf;fpag;
gzpAk; Nghw;wj;jFk; tifapy; Ghpe;J Gfo;ngw;whh;.

ngj;yNfk; FwtQ;rp> guhgud; khiy> Nghpd;gf; fhjy;> Qhdf;Fk;kp> Qhdxyp>

Qhdj;jr;rd; ehlfk;> Vw;wg;ghl;L Kjypa gjpndhU E}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Vw;wg;ghl;by;
,iwtd; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikia ciof;Fk; kf;fSf;F czh;j;Jfpwhh; Ntjehaf
rh];jphpahh;.

xU nghUNs nja;tk; - eP

cfe;J njhO neQ;Nr@!

cile;J kdk; neQ;Nr – me;j

xU guDf;F mQ;Nr!

n`d;wp My;gpul; fpU~;zg;gps;is:

jpUney;Ntypiar;rhh;e;j fiuapUg;G vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; 1872-k; Mz;L Vg;uy;

khjk; 23-k; ehs; gpwe;jth; fpU~;zg;gps;is. jkpo; Mrphpauhf tho;Tg;gzpiaj;
njhlq;fpa fpU~;zg;gps;is rhah;Guj;jpYk;> nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapYk; jkpo;g;gzp
Mw;wpdhh;. jkJ Kg;gjhk; tajpy; fpwpj;jt rkaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;. jk; ngaiuAk; n`d;wp
My;gpul; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;.

,ul;rz;a ahj;jphpfk;> ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rz;af; Fws;> ,ul;rz;a eph;zak;

Mfpa E}y;fisg; gilj;jhh; fpU~;zg;gps;is. Mdhy;> mtUf;Fg; ngUk;;Gfo;
nfhLj;jJ „,ul;rz;a ahj;hpfk;‟ vd;w fhg;gpakhFk;.
 96

Nkiy ehl;L „Nkhl;rg; gazk;‟ vd;w [hd;gdpadpd; Mq;fpy E}iyj; jOtpj;

jkpopy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhtpaNk ,ul;rz;a ahj;jphpfk; MFk;. ,e;E}y; Mjp gUtk;> Fkhu
gUtk;> epjhd gUtk;> Muzpa gUtk;> ,ul;rz;a gUtk; Mfpa Ie;J gUtq;fisAk;>
3776 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. fk;guhkhazj;ij ed;F fw;wpUe;jjhy;> tpUj;jhg;ghtpy;
mofhdnjhU fhg;gpakhf ,ul;rz;a ahj;jphpfj;ijg; gilj;jspj;jhh; fpU~;zg;gps;is.
vdNt mtiuf; „fpwp];jtf;fk;gh‟; vd;gh;.

cyfpw;F xspahf te;J> cyfpid kPl;fj; jk;ikNa rpYitapy; xg;Gf;nfhLj;j

mUs; ts;syhfpa ,NaRtpd; rpYitf; fhl;rpiaf; fpU~;zg;gps;is fPo;f;fz;lthW
ghLfpwhh;. vk; kjj;jthpd; cs;sj;ijAk; cUf;Fk; tz;zk; mike;Js;sJ mg;ghly;:

jd;dhpa jpUNkdp rijg;Gz;Lk;> gijg;nga;jpg;

gd;dhpa gyghL gLk;NghJk; ghpe;nje;jha;

,d;dnjd mwpfpyhh; jhk; nra;tJ ,th;gpioia

kd;dpAk; vd;W mUl;fdptha; kyh;e;jhh; ek; mUs;ts;sy;.

jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;:

jpUney;Ntyp rhk;g+h; tlfiuiar; Nrh;e;jth;. fp.gp.19-k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa

,th;> jQ;ir juzpapy; Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpajhy; jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,irj;jkpOf;Fg; Gjpa caph; mspj;j ngUikf;Fhpath; ,th;. Nkdhl;L
,ir – jkpo; ehl;L ,ir xg;ghuha;rr
; p> tlehl;L ,ir – jkpo;ehl;L ,ir xg;ghuha;r;rp
,uz;bYk; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mth; fz;l Muha;r;rp KbNt „fUzhkph;j rhfuk;‟
vd;Dk; ,irj; jkpo; ,yf;fpakhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

jkpopir 8000 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;jpaJ. ,jpy; 103 gz;fs; cs;sd. 11000f;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l ,uhfq;fs; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa ,Ue;jd vd;gd Nghd;w mhpa fUj;Jf;fis
Muha;e;J ntspapl;lhh;. „aho;‟ ,irj; jkpOf;F fpwpj;jtj; njhz;luhd Mgpufhk;
gz;bjhpd; gzp fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ MFk;.

,Ryhkpah; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L

rq;ffhye;njhl;Nl ,Ryhkpa rkak; Njhd;wpa ,lkhd mNugpahtpw;Fk;>

jkpofj;jpw;Fk; njhlh;G ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ ,jdhy; jkpo;kz;zpy; gutp> epiyj;jnghOJ
,Ryhkpa rkak; rhh;e;j Gyth;fs; ,d;jkpopy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilj;jdh;. mth;fspy;
ckWg;Gyth;> Fzq;Fb> k];jhd; rhfpG> rt;thJg; Gyth;> iraJ KifjPd; ftpaurh;>
 97

Nrfdhg; Gyth;> fhrpk; Gyth;> Fyhk; fhjpW ehtyh;> rjhtjhdp nra;F jk;gpg; ghtyh;>
tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth; MfpNahh; Kf;fpakhdth;fs;.

ckWg; Gyth;:

17-k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jth; ckWg;Gyth;. ,Ryhkpa rkaj;jpd; jiyr;rpwe;j

Gyth;. vl;laGuk; muritf; ftpQuhf tpsq;fpa fbif Kj;Jg; Gythpd; khzth;. jk;
ftp Mw;wyhy; tlehl;Lg; Gytuhfpa thiythUjpiag; Nghl;bapy; ntd;whh;.
,uhkehjGuk; fPof;fiuapy; Njhd;wpa rPjf;fhjp ts;syhy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;lth;.

ckWg;Gyth; ,aw;wpaNj „rPwhg;Guhzk;‟ rPwh vd;w muGr; nrhy; „tho;f;if‟ vdj;

jkpopy; nghUs;gLk;. Guhzk; tuyhW vdg;gLtjhy;> KfkJ egpapd; tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf;
fhg;gpaNk rPwhg;Guhzk; MFk;. ,e;E}ypd; fz; tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk;>
`pI;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w %d;W fhz;lq;fSk;> 5021 ghly;fSk; cs;sd.

,Ryhkpa jkpopyf;fpa thpirapy; rpwg;ghdNjhh; ,lj;ijg; ngWk; fhg;gpakhfr;

rPwhg;Guhzk; tpsq;FfpwJ. jkpo; eyj;jpw;Fk;> jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; Vw;wtz;zk;
rPwhg;Guhzk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ mjd; rpwg;Gf;F kw;WnkhU fhuzkhFk;. egpfs;
ehafk; gpwe;j muGg; ghiytdk; ckWg;Gythpd; fhg;gpaj;jpy; jkpo;r;NrhiytdkhfNt
Gide;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. muGehl;by; Mw;Wtsk; gw;wp nra;j fw;gidapy;>
ghiytdj;jpy; mJ jto;e;J Xb nts;sg; ngUf;Fld; Koq;fhJ NghapDk; fhg;gpaj;jpy;
Koq;Ftijf; fz;L kfpo KbfpwJ.

kiyvDk; murd; Gaq;fisj; jOtp

kfpo;r;rp nra;J> mtd; coir; rpwe;j

epiynrO nghd;Dk; KuRk;> nrk;kzpAk;

epj;jpyuhrpAk; fth;e;J

njhiytpyhg; gz;lk; midj;ijAk; thhpr;

RUl;bNa vy;iy tpl;lfYk;

tpiykfs; Nghd;W gygy Kfkha;

nts;sUtp jpus; rhAk;

 98

Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG:

,Ryhkpa rka ,yf;fpa cyfpy; ckWg;GytUf;F mLj;j GfioAilath;.

Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh; vDk; ,aw;ngaUila ,th; fhyk 1788 Kjy; 1835 tiu vd
mwpaKbfpwJ. tho;tpy; ,sik ,d;gj;ij ntWj;Jj; Jwtwk; g+z;lth;. ,tUila
ghly;fs; „Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpGj; jpUg;ghly;fs;‟ vdj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit
jhAkhdthpd; ghly;fisg; Nghy;> jj;Jtf; nfhs;;ifAk;> nra;As; mikg;Gk; nfhz;lit.
Ngr;Rj; jkpopd; eiliag; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;. re;j ,dpikAk;> gf;jp cUf;fKk;
nfhz;l ,tUila ghly; njhFjpapy; Mde;jf; fspg;G> rjfk;> ee;jP];tuf;fz;zp>
kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp Kjypait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

rhd;whf kNdhd;kzpf; fz;zpapy;> Fzq;Fb k];jhd;> ,iwtidj;

jiytpahfTk;> jk;ikj; jiytdhfTk; nfhz;L GJikahd Kiwapy; ghLtijf;
fhzyhk;.

vd;idtpl;lhy; khg;gps;isahh; vj;jidNah cd;jdf;Nf!

cd;idtpl;lhy; ngz;vdf;F cz;Nlh kNdhd;kzpNa!

rjhtjhdp nra;F jk;gp ghtyh;:

nre;jkpo;r; nry;td; vd;W ftpkzpahy; Nghw;wpr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l nra;F jk;gpg;

ghtyh; Xh; mw;Gjf; ftpQh;: nrhy;Nte;jh;: epidTf; fiyQH;. xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;NtW
nray;fisr; nra;J epidTj; jpwd;khwhky; mtjhdk; nra;J fhl;bath;. ,Ryhkpaf;
fhg;gpakhfpa rPwhg;Guhzk; KOtjw;Fk; ciuAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; Njhd;wpa ghtyh;. ts;syhhpd; mUl;ghit> kUl;gh vd;w rpyh;

thjpl;l nghOJ> mJ mUl;ghNt vd thjpl;L ts;syhhpd; ngUikiaAk;
jpUtUl;ghtpd; ,yf;fpaj; jd;idiaAk; epiyehl;bath;. jpUeh$h;j; jphpge;jhjp>
jpUf;Nfhl;lhw;Wg; gjpw;Wg;gj;J> ehafkhd;kpa kQ;rhp> ePjpntz;gh> mofg;gf; Nfhit>
rk;Rj;jhrpk; Nfhit Kjypa vl;L rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; ,aw;wpg; Gfo;ngw;whh; ghtyh;.

ngz;khl;rpapidf; Fwpj;Jr; nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyh; ,aw;wpAs;s ghly;> ngz;fs;

r%fj;jpdh;f;Ff; fpilj;j ,yf;fpag; ghprhFk;.

ngz;Nz ngz;Nz ngz;kzpNa!

ngUik epiwe;j ngl;lfNk!

gz;Nz epfh;j;j nkhopkwthg;

 99

igk;nghw;fpspNa gRe;NjNd!

ehtpnyhUtd; ,lj;njhUtd;

eiwNrh; khh;gpd; eLnthUtd;

Mtpaida itj;j Jd;id

my;yhy; ahNu miwahNah!

tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth;:

,Ryhkpa rkaj;jpy; mkPJ ,g;uhfpk; Gytiu tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth; vd;gh;.

,uhkehjGuk;> kPry; vd;w CHpy; gpwe;jth;. kJiu klj;Jj; jk;gpuhdplk; jkpo;>
kiyahsk;> tlnkhop %d;iwAk; fw;whh;. tz;zf;ftpfis tpiue;J ghLtjpy;
ty;ytuhfj; jpfo;e;jjhy;> tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth; vdg; gl;lk; ngw;whh;.

tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth; ,uhrehafGuhzk;> jPdt

; psf;fk;> Fj;Gehafk;>
mypghJ~h ehlfk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tw;wpy; ,uhrehafg; Guhzk;
,yf;fpa Vw;wKk; mUikAk; cilaNjhh; fhtpakhFk;.

,e;E}ypy; jht+J egp> jhk; kuzg; gLf;ifapy; ,Uf;ifapy; jd; kfd;

fiykhid mUfioj;Jf; $Wk; mwpTiufs; kpfr; rpwg;Gilad. rhd;whff; fiykhdplk;
„cd; tUe;jjjf;f tWikiaNah my;yJ ,ufrpaq;fisNah‟ cdf;F caph;f;F
capuha;j; jpfOk; ez;gh;fsplk; $lj; jpwe;j kdj;Jld; $wptplhNj: mg;gbr; nrhy;tha;
vd;why;> mth;fs; cd; Fiwiaf; fz;L> ,opNehf;NfhL ghh;j;J mtkjpg;Gf; nfhs;th;‟
vd;W $Wkplj;ijf; fhl;lyhk;.

gpw Mrphpah;fs;:

tir ghLtjpy; fhsNkfj;ijg; Nghy; jpfo;e;j rt;thJg; Gyth; kjPdj;je;jhjp>

KifjPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj; jkpo;> ehiff; fyk;gfk; Mfpa E}y;fisAk; Nrfdhg;
Gyth; jpUkzpkhiy vd;w E}iyAk;> iraJ KifjPd; ftpuhrh; KifjPd; Mz;lth;
gps;isj;jkpo;> KifjPd; gps;isj;jkpo;> khzpf;f khiy Mfpa E}y;fisAk;
ftpf;fsQ;rpag; Gyth; egp mtjhu mk;khidAk;> jf;fiy gPH; KfkJ rhfpG
Qhdkzpkhiy> Qhdg;Gfo;r;rp> Qhdf;Fwk;> Qhdg;ghl;L> Qhduj;jpdf; FwtQ;rp Mfpa
E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;sdh;.
 100

ghlk; -6

epfz;Lfs;

,f;fhyj;J toq;Fk; nrhw;Nfhit Nghy; fhye;NjhWk; nkhopf;F epfz;Lfs;

gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wk; gzpia mit
nfhz;bUe;jd. njhy;fhg;gpa chpapay; nrhw;nghUs; mwpAk; mfuhjp Nghy;
mike;Js;sJ. mjd; tsh;r;rpNa epfz;Lfshf mike;jd. epfz;Lfs; nra;Al;fshy;
mike;jd. mf;fhy kugpd; mbg;gilapy; mit ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. Nre;jd; jpthfuNk
Kjy; epfz;lhFk;. ,e;E}y; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpw;F Kd; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Vidait Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ldthFk;.

1. Nre;jd; jpthfuk; - Mrphpah; jpthfuh;

2. gpq;fye;ij - Mrphpah; gpq;fyh; jpthfuh; kfd;
3. #lhkzp - Mrphpah; kz;lyGUlh;
4. chpr;nrhy; epfz;L – Mrphpah; fhq;Nfah;
5. Rahju epfz;L – Mrphpah; Rahjuh;
6. mfuhjp epfz;L - ,Nutz rpj;jh;

,yf;fz E}y;fs;:

1. ed;D}y;

gtze;jp vd;w rkz Kdptuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lNj ed;D}y;. vOj;J> nrhy;

,uz;bw;Fk; njspthd ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F mLj;J kf;fshy;
kpfTk; tpUk;gpg; gapyg;gLtJ ,e;E}y;. 464 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; RUf;fkhd>
vspa jd;ikahy; ,e;E}y; ed;D}y; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah; ngw;wJ. gjpd;%d;whk;
E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j> ik#h; FWepy kd;dd; mkuhguzd; rPafq;fs; vd;w murd; Kd;
ed;D}y; muq;Nfwpajhf mwpaKbfpwJ. mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; mike;j
njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijj; jOtp> ,e;E}y; ,aw;wg;gl;lhYk;> gjtpay;> ghapuk; Nghd;wit
fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w tphpTilajhf mike;Js;sJ. ed;D}ypd; filrp E}w;gh>

gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;

tOty fhy tifapdhNd

vd;W tUjyhy;> njhlh;e;J tUfpd;w fhyq;fspy; nkhop khw;wq;fs; epfoyhk;

vd;Wk;> mtw;iwAk; jkpo; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L Gj;jk; GJ nkhopahfj; jkpo; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjdhy; mjd;; mUik czug;gLk;. Kapiy ehjh;> rq;fu ekr;rpthah;> MWKf
 101

ehtyh; KjypNahh; ed;D}Yf;F ciu ,aw;wpAs;sdh;. rptQhd Kdpth; ,jw;F

tpUj;jpTiu vOjpAs;shh;. ,f;fhyg; Gyth; ngUkf;fSk; ed;D}Yf;F ciutsk; fz;L
tUfpd;wdh;.

2. tPuNrhopak;

Gj;jkpj;jpuh; vd;w ngsj;j rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j Mrpupauhy; ,e;E}y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

tPuNrhod; vd;w kd;dh; epidthf ,e;E}Yf;Fg; ngah; mike;jJ vd;gh;. vOj;J> nrhy;>
nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp Mfpaj; jkpo; Ie;jpyf;fzq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. tlnkhop
kuigj;jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;l ,t; ,yf;fz E}Yf;Fg; ngUe;Njtdhh; ciu vOjpAs;shh;.

3. Nekpehjk;

FztPu gz;bjh; vd;w rkz Kdpth; ,e;E}iyg; gilj;Js;shh;. vOj;J>nrhy;

,uz;bw;Fk; RUf;fkhf 95 E}w;ghf;fspy; ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ Nekpehjk;.

4. tr;rze;jp khiy

Nekpehjk; ,aw;wpa FztPu gz;bjNu> jk; Mrphpah; tr;rze;jpf;Fg; ngUik

Nrh;j;jpl ,e;E}iyg; gilj;Js;shh;. ,J ntz;ghf;fshy; Mfpajhy;> ,jid
ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. ,e;E}y; 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSf;F ,yf;fzk;
$WfpwJ.

5. gd;dpU ghl;bay;

ghl;bd; ,yf;fzj;ij tphpthff; $WtJ gd;dpU ghl;bayhFk;. ghl;bay;

E}y;fspy; ,e;E}y; kpfg; gioaJ vd;gh;.

6. ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpif

mkph;j rhfuh; vd;w rkzh; jkpo;f;ftpij ,yf;fzkhd ahg;igg; gw;wp tphpthff;

$Wfpd;w E}yhf ,jid ,aw;wpdhh;. Fzrhfuh; ,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. mkph;j
rhfuh; Kjypy; gilj;jJ ahg;gUq;fyk;. Mjid tphpTgLj;jpg; gilj;jNj ahg;ngUq;fyf;
fhhpifahFk;.

7. jz;bayq;fhuk;

jz;b vd;w Mrphpah; tlnkhopapy; „fht;a jh;rk;‟ vd;w ngahpy; E}y; ,aw;wpdhh;.
mjd; jkpo; nkhop ngah;g;Ng jz;bayq;fhuk; vd;Dk; mzpE}y;. ,jid nkhop
ngah;j;jth; ahh; vd mwpaf;$ltpy;iy. E}ypy; nghJtpay;> nghUszpapay;>
nrhy;yzpapay; vd;w Kg;gphpT tFf;fgg;gl;L nghUszpapay; 35 mzp tiffs;>
 102

mtw;wpd; cl;gphpTfs; gw;wp ,yf;fzk; $Wfpwhh;. ,t; mzpE}Ny ,d;Wtiu

gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUtJ ,jd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;. E}yhrpupaNu vLj;Jf; fhl;Lr;
nra;aAl;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;.

8. ek;gp mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk;:

ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp vd;w rkzuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l mfg;nghUs; E}Ny ek;gp

mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fkhFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; mfg;nghUspaiy vspikahf> tphpthf
vLj;Jf; $wNt ,e;E}y; vOe;Js;sJ. ,e;E}y; mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz> fsT> fw;G>
tiuT> xopG vd;w Ie;J gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ. jQ;ir thzd; Nfhitr; nra;Al;fs;
,jd; ciuapy; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.

9. ,iwadhh; fstpaYiu

,f;fstpay; ,iwadhh; vd;w Gytuhy; mWgJ E}w;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;E}Yf;F ciu ,aw;wpdhh; ef;fPuh; vd;gh;. mt;Tiu nrtptopr; nra;jpahff; $wg;gl;L>
xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; vOj;JUg; ngw;wJ vd;gh;. cz;ikapNy ciuapy; fUj;J kzk;
fkoj;jhd; nra;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jiytp jiytid ehbg; nghopiy milfpwhs;.
mts; jdpaplk; Nrh;tJ gw;wpa E}w;ghTf;F ciu ,t;thW vOe;Js;sJ.

“nghhpg; Gd;Fk;> Gd;dhfKk; KUf;nfhL Kif rpwe;J> tz;L ,iue;J> Njdhh;e;J>

thpf;Fapy;fs; ,irghl> jz;njd;wy; jto;e;J cyTk; jz;zWk; nghopypd; eLNt
tpRk;G Jilj;Jg; gRk;nghd; g+j;J> tz;L Jitg;gj; jz;Njd; Jsph;gg
; Njhh; nrtpAW
eWkyh; Ntq;if fz;lhs;”.

10. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy

Iadhhpjdhh; vd;w Nru kd;dh; kugpduhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;r;p,

fhQ;rp> nehr;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;> nghJtpay;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz
Mfpa gd;dpU Gwj;jpizfSf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy. 19
E}w;ghf;fSk;> 361 cl;gphpTfSkhf E}y; mike;Js;sJ. E}w;ghf;fs; nfhS vd;W ngah;
ngWk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; ntz;ghtpy; mike;Js;sd. ,e;E}y; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J
rw;W tpyfpAk;> gd;dpU glyj;ijj; jOtpAk;; mike;Js;sJ. ,jidg; gjpg;gpj;jth;
lhf;lh;.c.Nt.rhkpehjh; Mthh;.

11. khwdyq;fhuk;

mzp ,yf;fz E}yhfj; jpfOk; ,jidg; gilj;jth; jpUf;FU$h; ngUkhs;

ftpuhah; Mthh;.
 103

12. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;

itj;jpa ehj Njrpfh; ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. jkpo; Ie;jpyf;fzq;fisAk;>

ghl;baiyAk; gw;wp ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. ,jd; rpwg;ig czh;e;J> ,e;E}iyf; Fl;b
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W miog;gh;.

13. ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J

<rhd Njrpfh; vd;w Rthkp ehj Njrpfh; ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah;. Ie;jpyf;fzk; gw;wpg;
NgRfpwJ.

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;

jkpo; ,yf;fpak; fhye;NjhWk; tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ. xt;nthU fhy fl;lj;jpYk;>

Gjpa Kiwapy; mit tsh;e;J ngUfpAs;sd. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyNy rpw;wpyf;fpaf;
$Wfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt gioa kuigj; jOtp> GJikahd ghLnghUSk;
fw;gidAk; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;ldNt rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vdyhk;. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisg;
„gpuge;jk;‟ vd;wtl nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLth;. mit 96 tif vd;W gyuhy;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vspjpy; gbj;J Kbf;ff;$ba tifapy;> VjhtJ xU
Jiw gw;wp> RUf;fkhd mstpy; miktd. ,iwtid kd;did ts;siy tho;j;jpg;
ghLtjw;Fk;> Gfo;e;J Vj;Jtjw;Fk; mit ,aw;wg;gl;ld.

fp.gp.11-k; E}w;whz;L njhlq;fp 17-k; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s fhyj;jpy;

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; kpFjpahfj; Njhd;wpAs;sd. Nrhoh; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jhYk; gpw;fhyg; ghz;bah; Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd; te;j ehaf;fh; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;
jhd; rpwe;j rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; Mw;Wg;gil
E}y;fSk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; rpw;wpyf;fpar; rhaypNy Njhd;wpAs;sikiaf; fhz KbAk;.
,d;W me;jhjp> Nfhit> khiy> cyh> fyk;gfk;> rjfk;> guzp> gps;isj; jkpo;> J}J>
gs;S> FwtQ;rp Kjypa rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. me;jhjp

xU ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;J> mir> rPh;> nrhy;> mb ,tw;Ws; VNjDk;

xd;W mLj;J ,lk; ngWk; ghlypd; Kjypy; tUk;gb mikj;Jg; ghlg;gLtJNt me;jhjp
,yf;fpakhFk;. fw;W ty;y Gyth;fs; jq;fs; Gyikiaf; fhl;bl me;jhjp
,yf;fpaq;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;. ntz;gh>tpUj;jk;>fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw Mfpa ahg;G
Kiwfs; me;jhjp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhz KbfpwJ.

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy;; me;jhjp E}y;fNs kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhiuf;fhy;

mk;ikahh; ghba mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjpNa fhyj;jhy; Kjd;ikahdJ vd;gh;. Kjyho;thh;
 104

%tUk; ghba E}w;we;jhjpfs;> jpUkopiraho;thh; ghba jpUte;jhjp> Nrukhd; ngUkhs;

ehadhh; ghba nghd; tz;zj;je;jhjp> tuJq;fuhkd; ghba jpUf;fUitg; gjpw;Wg;
gj;je;jhjp> gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh; ghba jpUtuq;fj;je;jhjp> Ntjehafk; gps;is
ghba jpUtse;jhjp> Njtkhjh me;jhjp Mfpa E}y;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahhpd; mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjpapy; ,iwtd; cUtkw;wtd;:

cyfnkyhk; epiwe;jtd; vd;w fUj;J ,lk; ngw;Ws;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

md;Wk; jpUTUtk; fhzhNj Ml;gl;Nld;

,d;Wk; jpUTUtk; fhz;fpNwd; - vd;Wk; jhd;

vt; TUNthd; ck;gpuhd; vd;ghh;f;F vd;Diuf;Nfd;:

vt; TUNth epd; cUtk; vJ!

- mgpuhkpg; gl;lh; me;jhjp

Nrhoehl;by; khatuj;Jf;F mUfpy; cs;s jpUf;flt+hpy; tho;e;jth; mgpuhkpg;

gl;lh;. Mgpuhkp mk;ikaplk; Mo;e;j gf;jp nfhz;ljhy;> gf;jpg; gutrj;jpy; ghba me;jhjp
,yf;fpakhf ,J jpfo;fpwJ. nrhy; moFk;> nghUs; moFk;> nfhz;l ,e;E}y; 100
ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. kdpjd; tho;f;ifapy; ngwNtz;ba gjpdhW nry;tq;fisj;
jkf;F mUSkhW mgpuhkp md;idaplk; Gyth; Ntz;Lfpwhh;. Mit tUkhW:

1. fy;tp 2. ePz;l MAs; 3. ey;y ez;gh;fs; 4. tho;Tf;Fj;Njitahd nghUs; 5.

ey;y cly; tsk; 6. Nehaw;w tho;f;if 7. fyq;fhj kdk; 8. md;gfyhj fztd; 9.
mwpT Mw;wy; XOf;fKila Foe;ijfs; 10. ew;Gfo; 11. tha;ikAk;> Neh;ikAk; 12.
mopahj nry;tk; 13. ey;y ehl;lhl;rp 14. ciog;Gf;Nfw;w Cjpak; 15. rhd;Nwhh;fs;
njhlh;G 16. ,iwaUspy; ek;gpf;if ,itfNs: mgpuhkpg; gl;lhpd; me;jhjpapy; tUk;
ghly;:

Fiyahj fy;tpAk;: Fiwahj taJk; Xh;

fgL thuhj el;Gk;> fd;whj tsikAk;>Fd;whj ,sikAk;>

fOgpzp ,y;yhj clYk;> rypahj kdKk;> md;gfyhj kidtpAk;

jtwhj re;jhdKk;> jhohj fPh;j;jpAk;> khwhj thh;j;ijAk;>

jilfs; thuhj nfhilAk;> njhiyahj epjpaKk;>

Nfhzhj NfhYk;> xU Jd;gkpy;yhj tho;Tk;>

 105

Ja;aepd; ghjj;jpy; md;Gk;: cjtpg; nghpa

njhz;lNuhL $l;Lf; fz;lha;:

miyahop mhpJapYk; khadJ jq;ifNa:

Mjpflt+hpd; tho;Nt> mKjrPh; xUghfk; mfyhj Rfghzp

mUs;tha;eP mgpuhkpNa!

2. cyh

fw;NghUf;Fr; Rit gaf;Fk; ,yf;fpak; cyhthFk;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; NjNuhLk;

tPjpapy;> jk;fzq;fNshL cyh tUk;NghJ> Ngij(5-7 taJ) ngJk;ig(8-11 taJ)
kq;if(12-13 taJ) kle;ij(14-19 taJ) mhpit(20-25 taJ) njhpit(26-31 taJ)
Nghpsk;ngz;(32-40 taJ) Mfpa VO gUt kfspUk; jiytd; Njhw;wk; fz;L
fUj;jope;J fhjy; nfhz;L epw;gjhff; fw;gid nra;J ghlg;gLtdNt cyh E}yhFk;.
,e;E}y; fypntz;ghj; Jiwapy; ,aw;wg;glf; $baJ.

Cyh ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; ,aw;wpa jpUf;ifyha Qhd

cyh kpfg; goikahdJ vd;gh;. vdNt ,jid „Mjpcyh‟ vd;W rpwg;gpj;jiof;fpd;wdh;.
ifyhaj;jpy; rptngUkhdpd; Nguofpidf; fhz tpUk;gpa Njth;fs; Ntz;bf; nfhs;s>
,iwtd; NjNuhLk; tPjpfspy; vOe;jUsp cyh tUfpd;w fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpiag; glk;
gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh.

ngz;ePh;ik fhkpd;;: ngUe;Njhs; ,id fhkpd;:

cz; ePh;ik NkfiyAk;: cs;gLkpd;: -njz;ePuf;

fhh; VW nfhd;iw me;jhh;f;F Mthyp fl;llq;fs;

Ch; VW Nghe;jJ cyh.

Kj;njhs;shapug; ghly;fspy; cyh ,yf;fpar; rhay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nrud;>

Nrhod;> ghz;ba kd;dh; cyh tUfpd;wNghJ> kq;ifah; mth;fisf; fhzj;Jbf;Fk;
czh;r;rp ntspg;ghLfs; Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ,yf;fpar; rpwg;Gg; ngw;Ws;sd.
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; kPJ ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ghba MSila gps;isahh; jpUcyh khiy
ghbg; Nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
 106

%th; cyh:

cyh ,yf;fpaq;fspy; xl;lf;$j;jh; ,aw;wpa %th; cyh tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G

kpf;fjhFk;. ,e;E}ypy; tpf;fpuk Nrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;
Mfpa %d;W kd;dh;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdh;. xt;nthUtiuAk; jdpj;jdpNa xl;lf; $j;jh;
ghbAs;shh;. gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh;fspd; tuyhw;wpid mwpa cjTk; ,e;E}y; fp.gp.12-k;
E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ vd;gh;. xl;lf; $j;jhpd; Gyikia ,e;E}y; Giwrhw;wp epw;fpwJ.

3. fyk;gfk;:

fyk;gfk; vd;gJ fjk;gkhiy Nghy gy;NtW gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L

mfk;>Gwk; fye;J ,aw;wg;gLtJ. fyk; gfk; vdg; gphpj;jhy; fyk; gdpnud;L vd;Wk;> gfk;
vd;gJ mjpw;ghjp vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. vdNt GatFg;G>
jtk;>tz;L>mk;khid>ghz;.kjq;F>iff;fpis>rpj;J>Cry;>fsp>klf;F>Ch;>kwk;>fhyk;>
jio>,uq;fy;>rk;gpujk;>fhh;>J}J>Fwk;>gpr;rpahh;>nfhw;wpahh; Mfpa gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf;
nfhz;L fyk;gfk; ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ.

njs;shW vwpe;j %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg; ghuhl;b Nghw;Wk; „ee;jpf; fyk;gfNk‟

fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ghba MSila gps;isahh; jpUf;fyk;gfKk;>
gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhhpd; jpUtuq;ff; fyk;gfKk;> ,ul;ilah;fs; ghba
jpUthkhj;J}h;f; fyk;gfKk;> jpy;iyf;fyk;gfKk; rpwg;Gila gpw fyk;gf E}y;fshFk;.

njs;shW vwpe;j %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; fhyk; fp.gp.9-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ.

ee;jpth;kdpd; khw;we;jha; kfd; xUtd; Gyik kpf;ftd; vd;Wk;> mtd; ee;jpth;kidf;
nfhy;tjw;F mwk; itj;Jg; ghbaNj „ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;‟ vd;Wk; $Wth;. 100 ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. fUj;Jr; nrwpTk;> fhtpa ,dpikAk; nfhz;litfshfg; ghly;fs;
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; muq;Nfw;wj;jpd; NghJ> ee;jpth;kd; ghly;fspd;
jkpo;r;Rit gUfp kfpo;Tw;wpUf;f ,Wjpg;ghliyg; gbf;fpd;w nghOJ> ge;jy; jPg;gpbf;f
kd;dd; caph;Jwe;jhd; vd;gJ kuGtopr; nra;jpahFk;. jkpo; ee;jpapd; Gfo;ghLk;
ghlnyhd;iw fPo;f; fhzyhk;.

thDW kjpia mile;jJ cd; tjdk;:

kwpfly; GFe;jJ cd; fPh;j;jp

fhDW Gypia mile;jJ cd; tPuk;

fw;gfk; mile;jJ cd; fuq;fs;

NjDW kyuhs; mhpaplk; Nrh;e;jhs;

 107

nre;joy; GFe;jJ cd; Nkdp

ahDk; vd;fypAk; vt;tplk; GFNthk;

ve;ijNa ee;jp ehafNd!

4. FwtQ;rp:

FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; Fwth;. kiyiar; Nrh;e;j Fwj;jp efh;gG

; wk; te;J tphpr;rp $wp
kf;fis kfpo;tpg;ghs;. Fwpnrhy;y te;jpLk; Fwj;jpiaj; jiytpahfNth> my;yJ
mtSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Njh ,aw;wg;gLtJ FwtQ;rp E}y;fshFk;. ,t;tifapy;
E}Wghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gLjy; kuG.

FwtQ;rp ,;yf;fpaq;fspy; jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpNa Gfo;ngw;w E}yhFk;.

Fle;ijiar; rhh;e;j rptf;nfhOe;J Njrpfh; ,aw;wpa ruNge;jpu g+ghyf; FwtQ;rpAk;;>
ghgehr Kjypahh; ,aw;wpa Fk;Ngrh; FwtQ;rpAk;> ftpf;FQ;ru ghujpahh; ,aw;wpa mofh;
FwtQ;rpAk;> Ntjehafk; rh];jphpahh; ,aw;wpa ngj;jNyk; FwtQ;rpAk; FwtQ;rp
E}y;fSs; ngUQ;rpwg;Gf;Fhpait.

jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpia ,aw;wpath; Nkyfuk; jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;.

Kj;jkpOk; fkOk; jpj;jpf;fpd;w Njdhf ,e;E}y; tpsq;FfpwJ. vspikAk; ,dpikAk;
,ize;J nry;tJ ,e;E}Yf;F kw;WnkhU rpwg;ghFk;. ,ir ,yf;fpakhfTk;> ehlf
,yf;fpakhfTk; ,e;E}y; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. Fw;why mUtpapd; FSikiaAk;> jphp$l
kiyapd; rpwg;igAk;> rpw;whw;wpd; njspitAk;> thd;Kl;Lk; tdq;fspd; gRikiaAk;
Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; fhzyhk;.

fijj; jiytp tre;jty;yp> Fw;why ehjh; kPJ fhjy; nfhs;fpwhs;. kiyapypUe;J

,wq;fptUk; Fwj;jpahfpa rpq;fp mtSf;Ff; Fwpnrhy;yp kPs;fpwhs;. tre;jty;ypaplk;
Fw;why kiyapd; nrOikiag; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhs; rpq;fp.

thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;

ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;

fhdth;fs; topvwpe;J thdtiu miog;gh;

ftdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;gh;

NjdUtpj; jpiunaOk;gp thdpd;top xOFk;

nra;fjpNuhd; ghpf;fhYk; Njh;f;fhYk; tOFk;

 108

$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzp myq;fhuh;

Fw;whyj; jphp$lkiy vq;fs; kiyNa.

5. Nfhit:

Nfhit ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf ,yf;fzr; rhh;igf; nfhz;lit. fhjyhy;

gpizf;fg;gLk; jiytd;> jiytpahUila fsT xOf;fk;> fw;G xOf;fk; Mfpait gw;wp
400 fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwg; ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gLtdNt Nfhit ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.

jpUthrfk; ghba khzpf;f thrfh; ,iwtd; kPJ jhk; nfhz;l fhjiy tpsf;fpl
„jpUf;Nfhitahh;‟ghbdhh;. ,d;Dk; ftpuhahpd; „ehzpf; fz; Gijj;jy;‟ vd;w xU Jiwf;
Nfhit Nghd;wit rpwg;Gf;Fhpait.

Nfhit ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngha;ah nkhopg; Gyth; ,aw;wpa jQ;irthzd;

NfhitNa Gfo;tha;e;j E}y; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fhuzk; mf ,yf;fzj;Jf;Fhpa
mj;jid JiwfisAk; cs;slf;fp ,e;E}y; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ek;gp mfg; nghUs;
,yf;fz E}Yf;F jQ;irthzd; Nfhitapd; ghly;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $Wth;.
„gphpTop kfpo;r;rp‟ vd;gJ mfj;Jiwfspy; xd;W. epoy;jUk; Nrhiyapy; jiytd;
jiytpiaf; fz;L kfpo;fpwhd;. mth;fs; $b kfpo;fpd;wdh;. gphpT Neuk; te;jJ.
jiytdplk; gphpah tpil ngw;Wg; Nghfpd;w jiytpapd; moFr; rhaiyj; jiytd;
fz;L g+hpf;fpd;whd;.

mfpNye;J $e;jy; xU ifapy; Ve;jp

mire;J xU if

JfpNye;jp Ve;Jk; Jizr; rpyk;G

Mh;g;g Jsp fye;j

KfpNye;J g+k;nghopy; #o; jQ;ir

thzd; Ke;ePh;j; Jiwtha;

efpNye;J g+q;nfhb Nghy; nry;g

khneQ;rk; ek; capNu!

flw;fiuNahuk;: jiytd; capiur; Rke;J nry;Yk; jiytp: mfpy; Gif kzf;Fk;

$e;jiy xU if gpbj;Js;sJ. kw;nwhU if fhw;wpy; GuSk; Jfpiy mizj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhypy; rpyk;G nfhQ;RfpwJ: vLg;ghd fiy vopNyhL xU g+q;nfhb
 109

nkJthf ele;J nry;tJNghy; jiytp nry;fpd;whd;. mts; ele;J nry;Yk; moif

Nehpy; fz;L kfpo;fpwhd; jiytd;. Ehk; ,yf;fpag; ghl;by; fz;L kfpo;fpNwhk;.

6. rjfk;:

tpisAk; xU nghUs; Nky; xUE}W

jisa ciuj;jy; rjfk; vd;g

vd;W ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;bay; rjf ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzj;ijf;

$WfpwJ. Mrphpa tpUj;jk;> fyptpUj;jk;> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw Mfpa ahg;G kuGfs;
rjf ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk;> Mrphpa tpUj;jNk rjf ,yf;fpag;
ghtpdkhfr; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. mfg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs;
,uz;lDs; ahNjDk; xd;wpy;> E}W ghly;fs; ghlg;gLtJ rjfk; vd;gh;. Mapd; rpy
rjfE}y;fspy; E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpopy; khzpf;fthrfNu rjfk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjyhff; ifahz;l

ngUikf;Fhpath; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;. mth; gf;jpr;Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba
jpUthrfj;jpy;> jpUr;rjfk; vd;nwhU gFjp E}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;L jpfo;fpwJ. vdNt
,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa rjf ,yf;fpak; vd;w ngUik jpUr;rjfj;jpw;Nf
fpilf;fpwJ.

tpz;> kz;> fhw;W> ePh;> neUg;G Mfpa Ik;g+jq;fspYk; clYk;> capUkhfp

epiwe;jpUf;fpw ,iwtid> mtd; ngUikfisf; $wp ghl;bd; thapyhf tpae;J
epw;fpwhh; khzpf;fthrfh;. jpUr;rjfj;jpy; tUk; ghpide;jhk; ghly; ,Njh:

thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp

Cdhfp capuhfp cz;ikAkha; ,d;ikAkha;f;

Nfhdhfp ahd;vdJ vd;W mtutiuf; $j;jhl;L

thdhfp epd;whia vd;nrhy;yp tho;j;JtNd!

rjf ,yf;fpaq;fisg; nghUsikjp mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;W E}y;;fs;> Jjp E}y;fs;>

ePjp E}y;fs; vd;w %d;W gphpTfSs; mlf;fyhk;. fp.gp.11-k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa
mtpehrp Miwf;fpohh; ,aw;wpa fhh;kz;lyr; rjfk; Kjy;rjf; jdpE}yhf kyh;e;jJ
vd;gh;. gpd;dh; tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; Nrho kz;ly rjfk;> ghz;ba kz;ly rjfk;>
nfhq;F kz;ly rjfk;> njhz;il kz;ly rjfk;> <okz;ly rjfk; MfpaitfSk;>
mz;zh kiyahh; rjfk;> jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lr; rjfk;> jpUg;Ngh&h;r; rjfk; Mfpa Jjp
,yf;fpaq;fSk;> XOf;fk;> rFdk;> gonkhopfs; ,tw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L ePjpf;
 110

fUj;JfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J mwg;gsPRtuh; rjfk;> gbf;fhfg; Gythpd;

jz;liyahh; rjfk; Nghd;wit Njhd;wpd. Rjf ,yf;fpak; ghLtjpy;; Gjpa kuig
Vw;gLj;jpath; gbf;fhfg; Gyth; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhh;.

7. J}J:

J}J ,yf;fpaq;fs; kpfg; goq;fhy ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspy; xd;W. fhspjhrd;

,aw;wpa Nkfk; tpLJ}J ,jid czh;j;Jk;> mfg;ghly; Jiwfspy; ,j;Jiw Kf;fpa
,lk; ngWfpwJ. jiytd; xUtdplk; neQ;rk; gwpnfhLj;j jiytp> jd; cs;sj;jpy;
nghq;Fk; fhjy; czh;> njd;wy;> Nkfk;> md;dk;> kapy;> fpsp> Fapy;> tz;L
Nghd;wdtw;iw mZfpj; J}J mDg;Gtjhf mikAk;. Vd;? Jd; neQ;irNa J}jhf
mDg;Gk; fhjyh;fSk; cz;L. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghq;fd;> ghzd;> Njhop Nghd;Nwhh;
J}jhf mDg;gg;gl;lhYk;> Njhopapd; gq;F kpFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; J}Jg; nghUl;fs; rpyNt MdhYk;> fhy tsh;r;rpapYk; gzk;> kyh;>
fhf;if> jkpo; vd;W gythfg; ngWfpd. nrUg;Gf; $l J}Jg; nghUshf gad;gl;lijf;
fhz KbfpwJ.

gyg;gl;lilr; nrhf;f ehjg; Gyth; ,aw;wpa mofh; fps;is tpL J}J> Rg;ujPgf;
ftpuhah; ,aw;wpa $sg;g ehaf;fd; fhjy; my;yJ tpwyptpL J}J ,uz;Lk; gbf;fr;
Rit gag;gd. gzk; tpL J}J> tir tpL J}J> ney; tpL J}J> khd; tpL J}J Jfpy;
tpL J}J> Gifapiy tpL J}J vdj; J}J ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy;fpg; ngUfpd. jkpo;
nkhopapd; ,dpik> ,yf;fpa tsk;> ,yf;fzg; gug;G ,tw;wpid cs;slf;fpj; jkpioj;
J}Jg; nghUshf;fp ,yf;fpak; gpwe;jJ. jkpo;tpLJ}J vd;w ,yf;fpar; nry;tj;jpd;
Mrphpah; mwpag;gltpy;iy vd;whYk; me;E}ypy; tUfpd;w ,yf;fpa thpfs; jkpopd;
ngUikia mwptpj;J ,d;Wk; tho;fpwJ.

,Ue;jkpNo cd;dhy; ,Ue;Njd;: ,ikNahh;

tpUe;jkpo;jk; vd;whYk; Ntz;Nld;

;8. guzp

Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w

khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp

vdg; guzp ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. gd;dpU ghl;bay;. Nghh;f;fs

ntw;wpiag; Gfo;e;J ghLtNj guzp E}yhFk;. Nghh;f;fs nja;tk; fhsp. mtSf;Fhpa
el;rj;jpuk; guzp. vdNt el;rj;jpug; ngaNuhL> Nghh;fs; vq;F eilngw;wdNth> mt;
,lj;jpd; ngaiuAk; ,izj;Jg; guzp ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; ngahplg;gl;ld.
 111

nfhw;witiaj; jiytpahff; nfhz;L thOfpd;w Nga;fshfpa $spfs;> fhspaplk;

Kiwapl> „mts; tpiutpy; Nghh; eilngw cs;sJ: tapwhu cz;zyhk;> vd;W $w>
mjidNaj; njhlf;fkhff; nfhz;L Nghh; epfo;r;rpfis tUzpg;gNj guzp
,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.

fypq;fj;Jg;guzpNa> fhyj;jhy; goikahd guzp ,yf;fpakhFk;. fp.gp.12-k;

E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j xl;lf;$j;jh; ghba jf;fahfg; guzpAk;> jj;Jtuhah; ghba
Nkhftijg; guzpAk;> itj;jpaehj Njrpfhpd; ghrtijg;guzpAk; gpw guzp
,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.

fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath; nraq;nfhz;lhh;. Nrho kd;dd; Kjyhk;

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; gilj; jiytdhfpa fUzhfuj; njhz;ilkhd;> Nrho kz;lyj;Jf;
fg;gk; nrYj;j kWj;j fypq;fehl;L kd;dd; mde;jth;k Nfhlq;fid vjph;j;Jg;
gilnaLj;J ntw;wp ngw;Wj; jpUk;gpaijg; ghbaNj fypq;fj;Jg; guzpahFk;.

fypq;f kz;zpy; Nghh; ghbaNj eilngWfpwJ. Nghh; eilngWk; fsj;ij ek;

fz;Kd;Nd tUzidNahL nfhz;L tUfpwhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh;. re;j ,dpikAk;
ty;NyhirAk; ghl;by; tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

vLk; vLk; vLk; vd vLj;jNjhh;

,fy;xyp fly;xyp ,ff;fNt

tpL tpL tpL ghp fhpf;Fohk;

tpLk; tpLk; vDk; xyp kpiff;fNt

Nghh;f; fsj;jpy; kw;WnkhU fhl;rp! ntw;wpAld; tPL jpUk;Gthh; vd;W vjph;ghh;j;Jf;

fhj;jpUe;j kidtp Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; mts; fztdpd; cly; rpjWz;L fplf;Fk;
fhl;rpiag; ghh;j;J> fhspaplk; KiwapLfpwhs;:

nghUjlf;if ths; vq;Nf? kzpkhh;G vq;Nf?

Nghh;Kfj;jpy; vth;thpDk; Gwq;nfhlhj

gUtapuj; Njhs; vq;Nf? vq;Nf vd;W

gaputpiaf; Nfl;ghisf; fhz;kpd;! fhz;kpd;!

fw;Gj;jpwk; tha;e;j ngz;kfs;> Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; milfpd;w jd;

fztDila cliyAk;> capiuAk; kz;kfSk;> muspkfspUk; njhl;L tplf; $lhJ
 112

vd;W vz;zp jd; capiuf; fzth; caph; gphptjw;F Kd; tpLfpd;w fhl;rpiaf;
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp fhl;LfpwJ.

jiukfSk; jd;nfhOed; clyk; jd;idj;

jhq;fhky; jd;fuj;jhy; jhq;fp> tpz;ehl;L

mukfsph; mt;Tapiug; Gzuh Kd;dk;

MtpXf;f tpLthisf; fhz;kpd;! fhz;kpd;!

9. gs;S:

coth; ngUkf;fspd; tho;tpaiy eifr;RitNahL $WtJ gs;S ,yf;fpak;.

fs;sk; fglkpy;yh kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyr; Ritkpf;f nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fshfg; gilj;Jf;
fhl;LtJk; rpw;wpyf;fpa kugpy; GJikahd ,yf;fpak; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W.

,yf;fpa ,d;gk; nghq;fplg; ghlg;gl;Ls;s Kf;$lw;gs;Sk;> nghpatd; ftpuhad;

,aw;wpa jpUkiy KUfd; gs;Sk;> fkiy Qhdg;gpufhrh; ,aw;wpa jpUth&h; gs;Sk;>
Kj;Jf;Fl;bg; Gyth; ,aw;wpa jpy;iyg; gs;Sk; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwe;jit.

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; rPtyg;Nghpia ikakhff; nfhz;L Kf;$lw;gs;S

ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUie> Nfhjz;luhkejp> rpj;uhejp Mfpa %d;Wk; $Lkplk; Kf;$ly;
vd;w rPtyg;Nghp. ,q;F Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;s jpUkhy; kPJ ghlg;gl;l E}y; ,J vd;gh;.
cotd; xUtd; ,U kidtpahiu kze;J tho;fpwhd;. %j;jts; Kf;$liyr; rhh;e;j
itzt rkak; rhh;e;jts;. ,isats; kUJ}iur; rhh;e;j irt rkak; rhh;e;jts;. ,U
kidtpahh;f;Fs; eilngWk; rz;il> cotd; gLk; Jd;gq;fs;> gz;izahh; jiyaPL>
,iwtidg; guTjy; Nghd;w ehlfg; ghq;NfhL Kf;$lw;gs;S gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ntshz; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s kf;fs; kioiaNa ek;gp tho;fpd;wdh;. kiof;fhyk;

neUq;Ffpd;wJ. jpl;Ljpl;lhf fhh;Nkfq;fs;! kpd;dy; NfhLfs;! coth; ngUkf;fs;
Js;spf;Fjpj;J kfpo;fpd;w fhl;rpapid ,yf;fpa ,d;gk; nghq;fpl Kf;$lw;gs;S
fhl;LfpwJ.

Mw;W nts;sk; ehis tuj;

Njhw;WNj Fwp – kiy

Ahs kpd;dy; <okpd;dy;

#o kpd;DNj!
 113

New;Wk; ,d;Wk; nfhk;GRw;wpf;

fhw;wbf;FNj – Nfzp

ePh;g;gL nrhwpj;jtis

$g;gpLFNj!

Nrw;W ez;L Nrw;wpy; tis

Vw;wilf;FNj – kio

NjbnahU Nfhb thdk;

ghb ahLNj!

Nghw;W jpU khyofh;F

Vw;wkhk; gz;izr; - Nrhpg;

Gs;spg; gs;sh; Mbg; ghbj;

Js;spf; nfhs;NthNk!

10. gps;isj; jkpo;:

flTisNah jiytd; xUtidNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jg; gj;Jg; gUtq;fshf

mikj;J> xU gUtj;jpw;Fg; gj;J tpUj;jg; ghf;fs; tPjk; E}W ghly;fs; mikag;
ghLtJ gps;isj; jkpo; MFk;. ,t;tif ,yf;fpaq;fs; Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpo; vd;Wk;
ngz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo; vd;Wk; ,Utiffshf cs;sd. fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp>
Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjh; Mfpait Mz;ghw; gps;isj;
jkpOf;Fhpa gj;Jg; gUtq;fs;. ,tw;wpy; Kjy; VOk;> fOq;F> ePuhly;> Cry; %d;iwAk;
,izj;Jg; ghLtJ ntz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpOf;FhpadthFk;.

Xl;lf;$j;jh; ghba ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj; jkpNo fhyj;jhy;

Kw;gl;lJ. kfh tpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is ,aw;wpa Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj; jkpOk;>
gfopf; $j;jh; ,aw;wpa jpUr;nre;J}h; gps;isj;jkpOk;> FkuFUguh; ,aw;wpa Kj;Jf;
Fkhurhkp gps;isj; jkpOk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpOk; Gfo;ngw;w E}y;fshFk;.

gps;isj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mk;Gypg; gUtk; ghLtJ fbdk; vd;gh;.

kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpopy; tUifg; gUtj;jpy; tUk; „njhLf;Fk; flTs; gok;ghly;
njhilapd;gaNd!‟ vd;w ghly; muq;Nfw;wj;jpd;NghJ ghLifapy; kPdhl;rpak;ikNa
 114

nka;kwe;J jpUkiyehaf;fh; fOj;ij myq;fhpj;j Kj;Jkhiyiaf; fow;wp

FkuFUguUf;F mzptpj;jjhf tuyhW $Wth;.

VRehjh; gps;isj;jkpo; ,aw;wpa ftpQh; ,.Fw;whyk;> Kj;jg; gUtj;jpy; VRehjiuf;

fUizf;Ff; fhtyd; vdg; Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

Fw;why mUtpnadf;

Fspiu ey;fp

$btU Vioahpd;

Fw;wk; ePf;fp

fw;whUk; kw;whUk;

fUjpg; Nghw;w

fUizkio nghopKfpyha;f;

ffde; jd;id

cw;whYk; GtpNahhpd;

cz;zpd; nwhspUk;

cj;jkNd! fh;j;jhNt!

cd;wd; rPh;ik

tw;whj mKJ}Wk;

thahy; Kj;jk;

toq;fpLtha;! thd;GfOk;

ts;sy; ePNa!

Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fs;:

gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; rkzh;fs; tlnkhopapypUe;J gyGuhz E}y;fisj;

jkpo;g;gLj;jpdhh;. Mit ciueilapYk;> nra;AspYk; mike;jd. Fwpg;ghf NkUke;ju
Guhzk;> ky;yp ehjh; Guhzk;> rhe;jp Guhzk;> cj;ju Guhzk;> = Guhzk; Nghd;wit
 115

rkzh;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;litfshFk;. mth;fs; gzpapidj; njhlh;e;J Guhz E}y;fs;>

jyGuhzq;fs; gilg;gjpy; ngUtsh;rr
; p jkpopy; epfo;e;jJ.

(m) mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk;:

Kfhghujj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; xU fpisf; fijahd mhpr;re;jpud; tuyhw;iw

tphpthf;fpj; jkpopy; ghlg;gl;Ls;s E}Ny mhpr;re;jpu GuhzkhFk;. ,e;E}ypid ghz;ba
ehl;L tPuftpuhah; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. tha;ikf;F ,yf;fzkhfj; jpfo;e;j mhpr;re;jpuidg;
gw;wp 1225 ghf;fspy; ,e;E}y; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; 16-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jjhFk;.

(M) jpUtpisahly; Guhzk;:

ghz;ba ehl;bd; jiyefh; kJiuapy; NrhkRe;juf; flTs; epfo;j;jpa mWgj;J

ehd;F jpUtpisahly;fisg; gw;wp njhFj;Jf; $Wfpd;w ,yf;fpak; jpUtpisahly;
GuhzkhFk;. ,e;E}Yf;F „Myhrpa kfhj;kpak;‟ vd;Dk; tlnkhop E}y; Kjy; E}yhFk;
vd;gh; rpyh;.

,jid ,aw;wpath; irtf; nfhz;ly; guQ;Nrhjp Kdptuhthh;. Jwtpahf

tho;e;jth;: Nrhots ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j jpUkiwf;fhL gpwe;j CuhFk;. irt Ntshs
kuigr; rhh;e;jth;. ,sikapNyNa jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; Gyik ngw;whh; vd;gh;. irt
rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fis Kiwahff; fw;Ws;sikia ,tUila E}y;fisg;
gbg;gjpypUe;J mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

jpUtpisahly; Guhzj;jpYk; kJiuf; fhz;lk;> $lw;fhz;lk;> jpUthytha;f;

fhz;lk; Mfpa %d;W fhz;lq;fSk;> mWgj;J ehd;F glyq;fSk;> 3360 ghly;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;E}ypy; mike;Js;s tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; ,dpikAk;> njspTk;
ciladthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehd;khlf; $lyhd glyj;jpy; kJiu khefh; ehd;khlf; $ly;
vd;W miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

td;wpwy; tUzd; tpl;l khhpia tpyf;f <rd;

kpd;wpfo; rilapd; epd;W ePq;fpa Nkfk; ehd;Fk;

Fd;W Nghy; epte;J ehd;F $lkhff; $ly; MNy

md;W ehd; khlf; $ly; Mdjhy; kJiu %J}h;.

tUzd; tpl;l kioNkfq;fisj; jLf;Fk; nghUl;Lr; rptngUkhdpd; rilapdpd;W

ePq;fpa ehd;F Nkfq;fSk;> ehd;F khlq;fshff; $bapUe;j fhuzj;jhy; md;WKjy;
 116

kJiu khefuk;> „ehd;khlf; $ly;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLtjhfj; jpUtpisahly; Guhzk;

$WfpwJ.

guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; jpUtpisahly; Nghw;wpf; fypntz;gh> kJiu gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp>

Ntjuhzpa Guhzk; Mfpa gy E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,th; fhyk; 16-k; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;.

(,) jy Guhzq;fs;:

jpUtpisahly; Guhzj;ijg; Nghd;W> ckhgjp rptk; vd;gth; 14-k; E}w;whz;by;

Nfhapy;Guhzk; xd;W ghbAs;shh;. guQ;Nrhjp Kdptiug; gpd;gw;wp Ntk;gj;J}uhUk;>
ngUk;gw;wg; Gypa+h; ek;gpAk; jpUtpisahly; Guhzq;fs; ,aw;wpdh;. jUkGuk;> fhrp>
jpUj;jzp> jpUth&h;> jpUntz;fhL> jpUtz;zhkiy> jpUr;nrq;NfhL> Ntjuhzpak;>
Fk;gNfhzk; Nghd;w Gfo; ngw;w Ch;fs; gw;wpAk;> Nfhapy;fs; gw;wpAk; jy Guhzq;fs;
vOe;jd. jy Guhzq;fspy;; $wg;gLk; fijfNshL fye;JtUk; fiy ,d;gk;> kf;fs;
cs;sj;ijf; ftUk;fiy tpUe;jhf mike;jd. Mjyhy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
jyGuhzq;fisg; Gyth;fs; ,aw;wpdhh;fs;. juGuhzq;fSs; rptg;gpufhrh; ,aw;wpa
rPfhsj;jpg; GuhzKk;> tPuuhft Kjypahh; ,aw;wpa jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; GuhzKk;> $h;k
GuhzKk; Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwe;jit vd;gh;.

rpj;jh; ghly;fs;

rpj;J vd;why; mwpT> Qhdk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. vdNt rpj;jh;fs; Ez;zwpT

gilj;jth;fshf> nka;Q;Qhdpfshf tpsq;fpdhh;fs;. cz;ik vJntd;W cyFf;F
mwptpf;fg; gFj;jwpitg; gad;gLj;jpa rkur rd;khh;f;fj;jpdh;. Rhjp rka NtWghLfisf;
fle;jth;fs;. %l ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; ,lk; juhjth;fs;. rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ij cyFf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa kUj;Jtf; fiyQh;fs;.

rpj;jh;fs; gjpndl;Lg; Ngh;:

1. jpU%yh; 2. ,uhkNjth; 3. Fk;gKdp 4. ,ilf;fhlh; 5. jd;te;jphp 6. thd;kPfp

7. fkyKdp 8. Nghfehjh; 9. kr;rKdp 10. nfhq;fzh; 11. gjQ;ryp 12. ee;jpNjth;
13. NghjFU 14. ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh; 15. rl;ilKdp 16. Re;juhde;j; Njth; 17. Fjk;igr;
rpj;jh; 18. Nfhuf;fh; KjypNahh;.

rpj;jh;fshfTk;> rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; Njh;e;jth;fshfTk; NkNy $wpa gjpndl;L

Ngh;fNshL ,d;Dk; rpyiuAk; Nrh;j;Jf; $Wk; tof;fKk; cz;L. mth;fspy;
Kf;fpakhdth;fs; gl;bdj;jhh;. mUzfphp> rptthf;fpah;> mfg;Nga;r;rpj;jh;> mOfdpr;
rpj;jh;> fLntspr; rpj;jh; MfpNahh; Mth;.
 117

vl;Ltifr; rpj;jh;fs;:

rpj;jh;fs; mwpthy; rpy Mw;wy;;kpF nray;fisr; nra;a KbAk; vdj; jpz;zkhf

ek;gpdh;. mth;fs; ifahz;l rpj;jpfs; „ml;lkhrpj;jp‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
mit:1.mzpkh 2.kfpkh 3.yfpkh 4.gpuhe;jp 5.gpufhkpak; 6.<rj;Jtk; 7.trpj;Jtk; 8.fhpkh.
mZittplr; rpwpa Mw;wy; mzpkh vd;Wk;> kiyia tplg; nghpa Mw;wy; kfpkh vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;ld. ePhpNyh> epyj;jpNyh nry;Yk; NghJ clk;igf; fhw;Wg; Nghy ,Nyrhfr;
nra;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw „yfpkh‟ vdg;gl;lJ. mwpthy; mw;Gjj;ij epfo;j;jpf; fhl;l
KbAk; vd ek;gpa rpj;jh;fs; kdj;jhy; epidj;jij milAk; ty;yikiag; „gpuhj;jp‟
vd;wioj;jdh;.

rpj;jh;fspd; gapw;rp Kiwfs;:

cyfj; Jd;gq;fSf;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; kdpjDila cs;sNk vdf; fz;ldh;

rpj;jh;fs;. vdNt cs;sj;ij tsg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kiwia mth;fs;
fw;gpj;jdh;. Nkhdepiyapy; %o;fpj; jpahdg; gapw;rp ngw;wth;fs;. rpy rpj;jh;fs; ngUk;
NahfpfshfTk; tho;e;Js;sdh;. gpuhzthAit kl;Lk; cl;nfhz;L %r;rpid mlf;fpg;
gapw;rp ngw;W> Nahfj;jpy; epiyj;jth;fs;. ,jidf; Fz;lypdp rf;jpia vOg;Gjy; vd;gh;.
,g;gapw;rpapidj; njhlh;e;J nra;jhy;> kuzkpyhg; ngUtho;T tho KbAk; vd ek;gpdh;.
,d;Dk; gpwh; fz;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glhky; kiwe;J tho;tJ> jz;zPhpNyh. my;yJ ntl;l
ntspapNyh kiwe;J cyhTtJ> $Ltpl;Lf; $L gha;jy; Kjypa mjpra fiyfisAk;
gapw;rp %yk; fz;lwpe;jth;fs;.

rpj;jh;fs; ntspg;gilahfNt rkar; rlq;FfisAk;> %lek;gpf;iffisAk;

vjph;j;jdh;. rh;t rkur epiyapidg; Nghw;wpdh;. Co;tpidia mth;fs; ek;gpdhYk;> fh;k
Neha;fis kdpjd; mwpthYk;> cs;sg; gapw;rpahYk; khw;w KbAk; vd mwptpj;jdh;.
vy;NyhUk; Xh; Fyk;: ,iwtd; xUtNd vd;w jhuf ke;jpuj;ij cyFf;F mwptpj;jdh;.

rpj;jh;fs; ghly;fspy; rpy:

kdj;ij mlf;fpdhy; vspjpy; Kj;jp fpilf;Fk; vd;gij

,ilfhl;Lr;; rpj;jh; $Wfpwhh;:

kdk; vd;Dk; khL mlq;fpy;

jhz;ltf; NfhNd! Kj;jp

tha;e;j njd;W vz;Nzlh

 118

jhz;ltf; NfhNd!

rpdk; vd;Dk; ghk;G ,we;jhy;

jhz;ltf; NfhNd! ahTk;

rpj;jp vd;Nw epidNalh

jhz;ltf; NfhNd!

rpj;jh;fs; mwpTf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; ghly;fis kl;Lk; Gide;jhuy;yh;. kUj;Jtk;>

ke;jpuk;> ,urthjk;> NahfKiwfs; gw;wpAk; ghbdh;. Goikahd ,yf;fz kugpypUe;J
khWgl;L> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; kugpy; vspaKiwapy; rhjhuzr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L
ftpghbdh;. ,jdhy; nghJ kf;fs; rpj;jh; ghly;fis tpUk;gp Vw;wdh;. fLntspr; rpj;jh;
clk;igf; Fatd; nra;j Njhz;bahf cUtfpj;J Mde;jf; fspg;G ,uhfj;jpy; ghLfpwhh;:

; ee;j tdj;jpNyhh; Mz;b – mtd;

ehyhW khjkha;f; Fatid Ntz;b

nfhz;L te;jhndhU Njhz;b – mijf

$j;jhbf; $j;jhbg; Nghl;Lilj; jhz;b

rpj;jh; ghly;fs; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; toq;Fk; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fspdpd;W

khWgl;lit. jpU%yUk; jk;Kila jpUke;jpuj;jpy; ,iwtid tzq;Fk; Kiwapy;
GJikiaf; fw;gpf;fpwhh;. gjp> gR> ghrk; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j tpsf;fk; mspj;jth;
jpU%yNu. ,iwtid tzq;Fk; Kiwapidr; rpj;jh;fspy; xUtuhd rptthf;fpahh;
ghLfpd;whh;:

el;l fy;iyr; Rw;wp te;J

ehY Gl;gk; rhj;jpNa

Rw;wp te;J nkhz nkhnzd;W

nrhy;Yk; ke;jpuk; Vjlh!

el;l fy;Yk; NgRNkh!

ehjd; cs; ,Uf;ifapy;!

Rl;l rl;b rl;Ltk;

 119

fwpr;Rit mwpANkh!

rpj;jh; ghly;fspy; Nkw;Nghf;fhf xU nghUs; ,Uf;Fk;. Mo;e;J ghh;j;jhy; NtnwhU

cl;nghUs; ,Uf;Fk;. Gul;rpr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; mtw;wpDs;Ns ,Ug;gijr; rpe;jpj;Jg;
ghh;j;jhy; mwpa KbAk;. Fjk;igr; rpj;jh; ghlnyhd;wpy; khq;fha;> Njq;fha; vd;W
ntspg;gilahfj; njhpe;j vspa nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ghbdhYk;> cs;Ns kiwnghUs;
mike;J cs;sijg; ghlypy; fhZq;fs;.

khq;fha;g; ghy;cz;L kiyNky; ,Ug;NghUf;Fj;

Njq;fha;g; ghy;cz;L VJf;fb – Fjk;gha;

Njq;fha;g; ghy; VJf;fb!

ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh; ghlnyhd;W!

Cj;ijf; FopjdpNy kz;iz vLj;Nj

cjpug; GdypNy cz;il Nrh;j;Nj

tha;e;j Fatdhh; gz;Z ghz;lk;

tiu xl;Lf;Fk; Mfhnjd;W ML ghk;Ng!

 120

ghlk; -7

ciu eil

njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj jkpopy; ciu eil ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;

fp.gp.15-k; 16-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu $l nra;AspNyNa ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;Fk; jd;ik
kpFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. Nkiy ehl;lhh; tUiff;Fg; gpwF jhd; jkpo; ciueil gy Gjpa
$Wfisg; ngw;W kWkyh;r;rp ngw;wJ vdpy; mJ kpifad;W.

VOtif ahg;GfSs; xd;whf ciueiliaf; Fwpg;gpLk; njhy;fhg;gpah; mjd;

tifia,

“ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhDk;

ghtpd; nwOe;j fpstpahDk;

nghUnshL Gzuhg; ngha;k; nkhopahDk;

nghUnshL Gzh;e;j eif nkhopahD nkd;w

ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg”

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

ghly; kpFjpahfTk; ciu FiwthfTk; tUk; ciur;nra;As; (v.L)rpyk;gpd;

ciug;ghl;L kil.

KO ciueil (v.L ciu E}y;fs;)

nghUl;rpwg;gpy;yhj fw;gidf; fijfs; (v.L.Gidfijfs;)

nghUs; nghjpe;j eifr;Ritf; fijfs; (v.L.gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfs;) vd ehd;F

tiffspy; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng ciueil tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jJ vd
,jdhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.

jkpo; ciueil tsh;rr

; pia goq;fhyk;, ,ilf;fhyk;, gpw;fhyk;, jw;fhyk; vd
ehd;F tifahfg; gphpj;Jg; ghh;ff
; yhk;.
 121

goq;fhy ciueil (fp.gp.5 tiu):-

njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l ciueilia gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fshy; Md

rpj;jd;dthry; mofh;kiyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; czuKbfpwJ.

rq;f kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr;

nra;As; vd;gh;. ciungW fl;Liu ciug;ghl;L vd;w ngah;fsp;y; ciueil
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,it, ePz;l njhlh;fshf mike;Js;sd. tUzidr; rpwg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

tpidnar;rq;fis mLf;fpr; nry;tijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. nrhy;yikg;G, nrhw;nghUs;
rpwg;ghf cs;sJ.

,ilf;fhy ciueil (fp.gp.6 fp.gp.13):-

fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; rpk;kth;k gy;ytd; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l gs;sd; Nfhapy;

nrg;NgLfSk; fp.gp.7-y; Njhd;wpa Kjyhk; guNkRth;kDila $uk; nrg;NgLfSk; gy;yth;
fhy ciueilia mwpa cjTfpd;;wd. ,tw;wpy; gpioaw;w nrhy;yhl;rpiaAk;

,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu:-

ef;fPuh; vOjpa ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuiaj; jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; Njhd;wpa

ciueil vdyhk; fhyk; fp.gp.8-k; E}w;whz;L. Xirg; gz;Gkpf;f ftpijg; ghq;fpy;
ciueil mike;Js;sJ. ctikfs; rpwe;j eil. ,e;eilapy; tUzidg; gFjpfs;
ePq;fpa gpw gFjpfs; rpW njhlh;fshfNt cs;sd. xU njhlhpd; tpidKw;iwNa
tpidnar;rkhf;fp mLj;j njhliuj; njhlq;Fk; Nghf;fpidf; fhz;fpNwhk;. (v.L) mJ
nrhw; Nfl;lYk; ftd;W Nehf;fpdhd; Nehf;fp cz;ik fz;lhd;.

ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciueil:-

ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciueilAk; kzpg;gpuths eilAk; ,f;fhy vy;iyapy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthk;. ,sk;g+uzh; Nrdhtiuah; Nguhrphpah; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; mbahh;f;F
ey;yhh; ghpNkyofh; Kjypa gw;gy ciuahrphpah;fs; jkpo; ciueilf;Ff; fzprkhd
njhz;L Ghpe;Js;shh;fs;. ,th;fs; ciueilapy; vspik njspT tpsf;fk; fUj;Jr;
nrwpT fhzg;gLfpwJ. mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; ,yf;fpar;Rit Gyg;gLk;gb vOjpAs;shh;.
Nrdhtiuahpd; eilapy; tpdh vOg;gp tpilaspf;Fk; jd;ik mjpfk; cs;sJ.
 122

Kj;Jk;, gtsKk; Nfhj;j khiy Nghy tlnrhw;fSk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fSk; fye;J

vOjg;gLk; eilf;F kzpg;gpuths eil vd;W ngah;. rkz Kdpth; vOjpa =Guhzk;
rj;jpa rpe;jhkzp Mfpa E}y;fSk; kzpg;gpuths eilahy; Md KO ciueil
E}y;fs;. ciuahrphpah;fs; ,e;eiliag; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jhh;fs;. ehyhapu jpt;tpag;
gpuge;jj;jpw;F vOjg;gl;l tpahf;fpahdq;fs; Mwhapug;gb Kg;gj;jhwhapug;gb itztg;
nghpahh; tuyhW $Wk; FU guk;giug; gpughtk; Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

gpw;fhy ciueil:-

rka E}y;fSf;fhd ciu E}y;fs; fp.gp.1314 ,y; vOe;jd. vdpDk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;

kUj;Jtk; Nrhjplk; fzpjk; Nghd;w E}y;fSk; nra;As; tbtpNyNa nra;ag;ngw;wd.

ciueilapy; Gjpa khw;wk;:-

fp.gp.16 Kjy; Mq;fpNyah; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh; Nghh;rR

; f;fPrpah; lr;Rf;fhuh; Kjypa
INuhg;gpah; tzpfk; nra;tjw;fhf ek; ehl;bw;F te;jdh;. mth;fSld; rkak; gug;g te;j
ghjphpkhh;fshy; jkpo; ciueil kWkyh;rr
; p ngw;wJ. 157-,y; fpwpj;Jt cgNjrk; vd;w
Kjy; jkpo;E}y; mk;gyf;fhl;by; mr;Nrw;wg;gl;lJ. njhlh;e;J rPfd; ghy;FIah; uhgh;l; b
nehgpyp tPukhKdpth; fhy;Lnty; Nghg; Nghd;Nwhh; gy;NtW rka tpsf;f E}y;fis
vOjpdhh;fs;. tPukhKdpth; vOjpa gukhh;j;j FUfij Ngr;Rnkhop fye;j eifr;Ritf;
fsQ;rpak; MFk;.

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; tho;e;j rptQhd Kdpth; ciueil

tsh;rr
; papy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lk; ngWthh;. ,th; vOjpa njhy;fhg;gpa Kjw; #j;jpu
tpUj;jp ,yf;fz tpsf;fr; #whtsp rptQhd khghbAk; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
E}y;fshFk;. ,tuJ eil njspTk; tpsf;fKk; Ma;T El;gKk; nfhz;ljhFk;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Mde;juq;fk;gps;is ehl;Fwpg;Gk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;GilajhFk;.
Ngr;R eilAk; gpnuQ;Rr; nrhw;fSk; fye;jJ.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ciueil gy;NtW Jiwfspy; tsh;rr

; p ngw;wJ.
jhz;ltuhah; fjhkQ;rhp vOjp fij ,yf;fpak; tsu topfhl;bdhh;. ts;syhh;
rPtfhUzpa xOf;fk,; kDKiwfz;l thrfk; Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpdhh;. gioa
ciueilg; Nghf;if khw;wpg; Gjpa ciueilf;Fj; Njhw;Wtha;; nra;jth; MWKfehtyh;
Mthh;. jpUj;jkhd nrhy;yhl;rp, epWj;jw;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jpaJ re;jp gphpj;J vOjpaJ
Kjypad ,th; eilapd; rpwg;GfshFk;. kha+uk; Kd;rg
P ; Ntjehak; gps;is gpujhg
Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; vd;w Kjy; jkpo; ehtiy ntspapl;lhh;. njhlh;e;J ,uh[ikah,;
 123

khjitah MfpNahUk; vOjpdhh;fs;. irt cjaghD RNjrkpj;jpud; Nghd;w

ehspjo;fSk; ciueilia tsh;j;jd.

jw;fhy ciueil:-

,f;fhyj;ij ciueil tsh;rr

; papd; nghw;fhyk; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fl;Liu,
Gjpdk,; rpWfij vdg; gy;NtW tiffspy; ciueil tsh;e;jJ. ehspjo;, jpq;fs; ,jo,;
fpoik ,jo; vd ,jopay; jkpOk; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.

ghujpahh; ,dpa vspa jkpio tsh;j;jhh; kiwkiy mbfs; jdpj;jkpo; eilapy;

rpwe;jhh;. tp.Nfh.#hpa ehuhazrh];j;jphpahh,; NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;, ehl;lhh,; gz;bjkzp
KjypNahh; nrwpthd nre;jkpo; eilia tsh;j;jhh;fs;. kpf vspikAk;, ,dpikAk,; jdpj;
jd;ikAk; cila eilahsh; jpU.tp.f vspikAld; vJif Nkhidr; rpwg;gika vOjpg;
Gfo; ngw;whh;. uh.gp.NrJgps;is. fth;rr
; pahd eilapy; ctik mzpaika mLf;F
eilapy; vOjp khw;wk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh; mz;zh. mz;ikf;fhy vOj;jhsh;fspy,; nrwpTf;F
lhf;lh;.t.R.g khzpf;fdhUk;, vspikf;Ff; fz;zjhrDk; rhd;whth;.

Gjpdk;, rpWfij:-

ghku kf;fSf;Fg; GupAk; vspa eilapy; vOjpdhh; K.t.Gyik eilia tsh;j;jhh;.

GJikg;gpj;jd; jhtpr;nry;Yk; jdpeilapy; rpwe;jhh;. tpthj eilapy; jpwik fhl;bdhh;
n[afhe;jd;. Fwpg;G El;gk; mike;j vspa eilapy; Gfo; ngw;whh;.jp.[hdfpuhkd;.
mz;ikf;fhy vOj;jhsh;fspy; eWf;Fj; njhpj;jhw;Nghy RUf;fkhfTk; fth;rr
; pahfTk;
vOjp tUgth; R[hjh ghyFkhuDk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.

,jo;fs;:-

jpdkzp, jpdkyh,; jpdfud;, Kunrhyp, tpLjiy Nghd;w ehspjo;fSk,; tpfld,;

fy;fp, Fq;Fkk;, rhtp Nghd;w thu ,jo;fSk;, fiykfs,; fiyf;fjph;, jPgk;, fizahop
Nghd;w jpq;fs; ,jo;fSk; Gjpa ,yf;fpa tiffis tsh;j;J tUfpd;wd. xU rpy
,jo;fSk; nfhr;ir nkhopfs; tputpa eilf;Fk,; rpy Mq;fpyf; fyg;G kpFe;j eilf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J ntspapl;L tUfpd;wd. jiyg;Gfisf; $l Mq;fpyj;jpy; jUk;
Nghf;F kpFjpahfp tUfpwJ. jdpj;jkpo; eil ,e;E}w;wh;bd; ,ilg;gFjpapy;
tYg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,g;NghJ fyg;G eilapd; fhykhfj; Nja;e;Js;sJ. tl;lhu tof;F
eil nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdpDk,; ciueil gy cj;jpfSld; gy;NtW
 124

Jiwfspy; tsh;rr
; p ngw;W tUfpwJ eUg;Gf;Fr;rpfs;! cuRfpd;wnghOJ gw;wpf;
nfhs;fpd;wjy;yth!

kuGf;ftpij ,yf;fpak;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L cyfpy; gy tpe;ijfis mwptpaypYk;> njhopy; Gul;rpapYk;

re;jpj;J NghyNt> ,yf;fpa cyfpYk; gy khw;wq;fisf; fz;lJ. Ciueil
tsh;r;rpapYk;> ftpij Mf;fj;jpYk; gy GJikfs; epfo;e;jd. GJikr;
rpe;jidahsh;fSk;> Gul;rp vOj;jhsh;fSk; Gjpa Nehf;fpy; ,yf;fpa cyif eilNghl
itj;jdh;. Jkpof ,yf;fpa cyfpYk; GJikfs; epfo;e;jd. Gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapNyNa ,jw;fhd khw;wq;fs; njhpe;jd.,uhkypq;f ts;syhUk;> Ntjehafk;
gps;isAk; kf;fs; Nghw;wpg; gapYk; tz;zk; ftpijia vspikg; gLj;jpapUe;jdH.
mtHfspd; mbr;Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpj; Njhd;wpa ftpQh;fSk;> ,yf;fpathjpfSk; ,f;fhy
,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapy; xU kyh;r;rpiaj; Njhw;wtpj;jdh;. mth;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;
mkuftp ghujpahh;.
1. GJikf;ftp ghujp (1882 – 1921)
ige;jkpo;j; Njh;gg
; hfd;> nre;jkpo;j; NjdP> Ftpf;Fk; ftpijf; Fapy;> ftpKuR>
rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij vd;nwy;yhk; Nghw;wpg; Gfog;gLfpwhh; GJikf; ftpQd; ghujp.
vl;laGuj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ghujpahh; ,ay;ghfNt ftpij ghLfpd;w Mw;wy; ngw;wth;.
,sikapNyNa fiykfs; ftpijf;fiy thapyhfj; jd;id te;J Ml;nfhz;lij>
“......... G+e;jkpo;f; ftp nrhyNt
gps;isg; gUtj;jpNy – vidg;
Ngiz te;jhs; mUs; G+zte;jhs;”
vd;W ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> ruRtjp tzf;fj;jpy; $Wfpwhh;. Ghujp tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa
kz;zpy; nts;is Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjph;j;J tpLjiy Nghh; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,e;jpaj; jhapd; fz;fspy; nghq;fpa fz;zPiuj; Jilj;jplTk;> mts; iffspYk;>
iffspYk; gpizj;jpUe;j mbik tpyq;fpid cilj;njwpaTk; ghujp jk; ftpijg;
Nghh;thisg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJyhTNthk; - mb
Nkyf; fly;KOtJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;
gs;spj; jykidj;Jq; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk; - vq;fs;
ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs; nfhl;LNthk;
,e;jpa jpUehl;il tho;j;jpg; ghba ghujp ,d;gj; jkpo;ehl;ilAk; kwf;fhky;>
ftpijapy; fz;L kfpo;e;jhh;.
GJikf; ftpQh; ghujp jkpof ,yf;fpa thdpy; epiw epythfj; Njhd;wpath;.
cyFf;Fg; GJ xsp je;jth;. vspikAk; ,dpikAk; Njhd;wpl ,yf;fpak; gilj;jth;.
 125

jkpoh;f;F mth; fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;w Kg;ngUq;
fhtpaq;fisr; nry;tq;fshf mspj;Jr; nrd;Ws;shh;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; ghujp guk;giu
vd;w xU ftpQh; $l;lNk Njhd;wp ,yf;fpa cyif mzp nra;jJ.
2. ghujpjhrd;
ePythd; Milf;Fs;Ns cly; kiwe;J
epyntd;W fhl;Lfpd;wha; xsp Kfj;ijf;
NfhyKOJk; fhl;b tpl;lhy; fhjy;
nfhs;ifapNy ,t;Tyfk; rhaNk! thdr;
NrhiyapNy G+j;j jdpg; G+Nth ePjhd;!
ePythdpy; Njhd;Wk; epyit> moF kq;ifnahUj;jpapd; Kfkhff; fw;gid
nra;J> mts; vopy; clk;igf; fUikahd Nghh;itf;Fs; kiwe;Jf; nfhs;tjhff;
fw;gid nra;Js;shh;.
Ruz;lyw;w rKjhaj;ijg; gilj;jpl> kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho;e;jpl vy;NyhUk; Xh;
Fykhf xd;wp thog; ghujpjhrd; miw$ty; tpLj;jhh;. jk; vz;zj;ijAk; MtiyAk;
fPo;f;fz;lthW ntspapLfpwhh;.
GjpaNjhh; cyfk; nra;Nthk; - nfl;l
NghhpLk; cyfj;ij NtNuhL rha;g;Nghk;
nghJ cilikf; nfhs;if jpirnal;Lk; Nrh;g ; ;Nghk;
ghujpjhrd; jkpOf;F msg;ghpa njhz;lhw;wpAs;shh;. mtUila ftpij
,yf;fpaq;fs; ,f;fhyj; jkpOf;F tsQ;Nrh;f;fpd;wd. FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL>
ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; Nghd;w
gilg;Gfs; ghujpjhrdpd; GfOf;F NkYk; Gfo; Nrh;g;gd.
3. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; (1876 – 1954)
“NjndhOff; ftpghLk; Njrpf tpehafNk”> vd;W Foe;ijf; ftpQh;
mo.ts;spag;ghthy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ftpkzp. vspikAk; mikjpAk; mth;jk;
tho;thapw;W. mth; tho;tpd; epoNy ftpijapYk; gbe;jJ. Ftpijf;Fg; GJ ,yf;fzk;
$wpath; ftpkzp. cz;ikAk;> cs;sj;J vOr;rpAk; czh;r;rp kakhfpg; gpwg;gNj ftpij
vd;gJ mth; $w;W:
cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij - ,d;gk;
cUntLg;gJ ftpij
njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy; - cz;ik
njhpe;J ciug;gJ ftpij
ftpkzpf;Fg; Gfo; Nrh;j;jJ mtUila Foe;ijg; ghly;fshFk;.vspikAk;>
,dpikAk;> mikjpAk;> mlf;fKk; mtUila Foe;ijg; ghly;fspy; Nghl;bapl;L epd;wd.
Ghliy xU Kiw gbj;jhNy NghJk;. Kdj;ij tpl;L kiwahJ. xU Njhl;lj;jpy;
 126

gRk;Gy;iy Nka;e;J nfhz;bUe;j gRitAk;> mjd; fd;iwAk; fz;lhh; ftpkzp> ftpij

xd;W gpwe;jJ> Foe;ijfSf;nfd;W mjid vspikahf;fp mikj;jh;. mf;ftpijiag;
gbf;fpd;w nghOJ> cs;snkDk; Njhl;lj;jpy; Js;sp te;J gRTk; fd;Wk; gRk;Gy;
Nka;fpd;w fhl;rpia ehk; czuyhk;. ftpij Xtpaj;jpy; ftpijiaf; fhZq;fs;:
Njhl;lj;jpy; NkAJ
Nts;isg; gR – mq;Nf
Js;spf; Fjpf;FJ
fd;Wf; Fl;b
mk;kh vd;FJ
nts;isg;gR – cld;
mz;ilapy; XLJ
fd;Wf; Fl;b
ehthy; ef;FJ
nts;isg; gR – ghiy
ed;wha;f; Fbf;FJ
fd;Wf; Fl;b
Kj;jk; nfhLf;FJ
nts;isg; gR – kb
Kl;bf; Fbf;FJ
Fd;Wf; Fl;b
Ftpkzp jk; ftpijj; njhFg;ghd “kyUk; khiyAk;” jtpu “kUkf;fs; top
khd;kpak;”> “Mrpa N[hjp” “ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;”> “Njtpapd; fPh;j;jdq;fs;” Mfpa
E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
4. ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ,uhkypq;fk; gps;is(1888 – 1972)
fhe;jpaj;jpw;F xU ftpQh; cz;nld;why; mth; ehkf;fy; ,uhkypq;fk; gps;isNa
Mthh;. “fhe;jpaj;ij ,dpa ftpfshy; xypf;Fk; jkpo;r; rq;F mth;” vd;W Gfohuk;
R+l;lg; ngw;whh;. Njd; kzf;Fk; ghly;fs; gytw;iw ,aw;wpdhh;. vspikAk;> re;j
,dpikAk; Njhd;wpl mth; ghly;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
fhe;jpabfisf; ftpijapy; fz;L> mtiu tzq;fpl miof;fpd;whh; ftpQh;.
fhe;jpnaDk; NgnuhspNa!
fUiznghop thd;KfpNy!
rhe;jp epiw ghj;jpuNk!
rd;khh;f;f rhj;jpuNk!
khe;jUf;Fs; khkzpNa!
khepyj;jpd; mw;GjNk!
 127

Ve;JGfo; NkhfdNk!
vd;nrhy;yp mQ;rypg;Nghk;!
fhe;jpabfisg; gw;wpAk;> mth; nfhs;if tpsf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; gy ghly;fis ehkf;fy;
ftpQh; ,aw;wpdhYk; mtUf;Fj; Njrpa ftpQh; vd;w gl;lj;ijAk;> kpFe;j GfioAk;
<l;bj; je;j ghly; ,Njh:
fj;jpapd;wp uj;j kpd;wp
Aj;jk; xd;W tUFJ
rj;jpaj;jpd; epj;jaj;ij
ek;Gk; ahUk; NrUtPh;!
jkpod; ,jak;> fhe;jp mQ;ryp> rq;nfhyp> ftpjhQ;ryp> jkpo; kzk;> jkpo;j;Njd;
Kjypa ftpij E}y;fisAk;> mtDk; mtSk;> md;G nra;j mw;Gjk; Nghd;w rpW
fhg;gpaq;fisAk;> kiyf;fs;sd;> fhjy; jpUkzk; Nghd;w Gjpdq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;
,uhkypq;fk; gps;is. Gy ,yf;fpaf; fl;LiufisAk;> jpwdha;T E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpj;
jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpAs;shh;.
5. Rujh
Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd;gjpd; RUf;fNk Rujh. ,aw;ngah; ,uhrNfhghy;. jQ;ir
khtl;lk; gioaD}hpy; 1921 Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpdhh;. ghNte;jhpd; topj;Njhd;wy;!
tPWzh;rr; pf; ftpQh;. ,tUila ghly; thpfspy; ctik ,d;gk; gspr;rpLk;. vdNt
“ctikf; ftpQh;” vd;Nw ,yf;fpa cyfpy; Rujhit Fwpg;gpLth;.
Njd;kio> gl;lj;jhhp> cjl;by; cjL> rhtpd; Kj;jk;> JiwKfk; Nghd;wit
mtUila vOr;rpkpF gilg;GfshFk;.fhtpak;> ,yf;fzk;> Rujh> Ch;tyk; Mfpa thu>
khj ,jo;fis elj;jpdhh;. Jkpof murpd; fiykhkzp> ghujpjhrd; tpUJ Mfpatw;iwg;
ngw;wth;.
Mbf; fspf;Fk; mofpa kapNy!
cd; tpop ePyk;> cd;Njhif ePsk;!
cd;Dly; kufjk;> cr;rpf; nfhz;ilNah
fz;izf; fth;e;jpLk; fhah kyh;fs;!
ftpijapy; GJik Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wgth; Rujh. GJf;fUj;Jfs; jkpio tsg;gLj;Jk;>
Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpOk; tsUk; vd;gijj; jk; ftpQh; guk;giuapdUf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
6. fz;zjhrd;(1926 – 1981)
jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyFf;Ff; fhyk; je;j ghpNr gz;zurh; fz;zjhrd;.
,aw;ngah; Kj;ijah. ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; rpW$lw;gl;bapy; 1926 Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wp
1981 Mz;Ltiuf; ftpQuhfNt tho;e;jth;. jpiug;gl cyfpy; %yk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
,irg;ghly;fis ,aw;wp> jkpoh; neQ;rq;fisj; njhl;lth;> ,yf;fzj;NjhL $ba
ftpijfs; fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; vd;w ngahpy; ,U njhFg;Gf;fshf ntsp
 128

te;Js;sd. khq;fdp>Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp>,NaR fhtpak; vd;git fhyj;ij ntd;w

mtUila fhg;gpag; gilg;Gf;fshFk;.
fz;zjhrd; jk; tho;tpy; filrpahfg; gilj;j fhg;gpaNk “,NaR fhtpak;”
,NaRehjhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwJ ,NaR fhtpak;. ,NaRtpd; kiyg;
nghopT cyfk; Nghw;Wk; mwf;nfhz;ly;! kdpjh; thoNtz;ba newpKiwfis
kiyg;nghoptpy; fhzyhk;.
Cz;gJ vijvd cLj;JtJ vijvd
vz;zpj; jpdKk; Vq;Fjy; tpLtPh;!
Czit tplTk; capNu nghpaJ!
Cilia tplTk; clNy nghpJ!
7. Kbaurd;
kJiu khtl;lk;> nghpa Fsj;jpy; 1920 Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpath; Kbaurd;.
,aw;ngah; Jiuuhrd;.jkpo; Mrphpauhfg; gzpGhpe;jth;. ,yf;fzj; jkpopy; mjpfg;
gw;Wilath;. Ghujp fz;zidj; jha;> je;ij vd;W ghbaijg; NghyNt> ,tUk;
jkpioj; jha; je;ij vd;W cwT nfhz;lhbg; ghbAs;shh;.
ftpauq;fpy; Kbaurd;> fhtpag;ghit> Kbaurd; ftpijfs;>ghLk; gwit> G+q;nfhb>
tPufhtpak; Nghd;wit KbaurDila gilg;Gfshf ntspte;Js;sd. jkpof murpd;
ghpR ,tUila tPufhtpaj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ.
fz;gO jhfpDq; fhzyhk; - cyiff;
fhZq; fUtpiag; G+Zyhk;!
gz;Gfs; gho;gl NeUNky; - vd;d
gf;Ftk; nra;apDk; jPUNkh?
8. ngUQ;rpj;judhh; (1933 – 1955)
jkpNo jk; tho;T> %r;R vd;W tho;tpd; ,Wjp vy;iytiu>jkpOf;fhfNt
njhz;lhw;wp kiwe;j ftpQNu ngUQ;rpj;judhh;.Nryk; khtl;lk; ftpQh; gpwe;j ,lk;.
,aw;ngah; Jiukhzpf;fk;. Nghuhrphpah; NjtNeag; ghtzhpd; md;G khzth;. Ghthziug;
NghyNt jdpj; jkpo;g; gw;Wf; nfhz;lth;. jhk; ghh;j;jte;j muR NtiyiaAk;
cjwptpl;Lj; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;w te;j cj;jkf; ftpQh;.
md;id nkhopNa!
mofhh;e;j nre;jkpNo!
Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;Nd!
Kfpo;j;j eWq;fdpNa!
vd;W jkpio tzq;fp tho;e;j ftpQh; Mthh;.
ew;gof;fq;fis tsUfpd;w fhyj;jpNyNa gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;
ftpQh;. nghWik vd;w mzpfyidg; G+z;Lnfhz;lhy; cyif Msyhk;. gz;G vd;w
 129

mzpfyid Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; ghhpy; kfpo;e;J thoyhk; vd;W ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jk;

ftpijapy; fUj;Jkio nghopfpd;whh;.
rpdj;ij mlf;fpg; gofpf;nfhs;>
rphpg;gij vd;Wk; kwthNj!
gzj;ijg; nghpjha; vz;zhky;
gz;gpid vz;zf; fw;Wf;nfhs;.
9. thzpjhrd; (1917 – 1974)
ghujpjhrd; guk;giuapy; Njhd;wpa thzpjhrd; rpwe;j ftpQh;. jkpo; Mrphpauhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhh;. Czh;r;rpkakhff; ftpijghLk; Mw;wy; cilath;. rphpj;jEzh>
nfhbKy;iy>vopNyhtpak;>jkpor;rp>,d;g ,yf;fpak;<njhLthdk;> thzpjhrd; ftpij
gilg;GfshFk;>
tPo;r;rpAw;w jkpoUf;F typT+l;Lk; Fd;wk;!
nky;ypahpd; tho;tpw;Fg; Gul;rptopg; ghl;il!
#o;r;rpapdhy; tsh;e;jkjf; Nfhl;ilf;F Ntl;L!
xUrpyhpd; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;j jkpo; Cw;iwj;
jho;r;rpapd;wpj; jkpo;ehl;L kf;fnsy;yhk; cz;z
vspikNahL Rit$l;br; rhpnra;j ts;sy;!
10. kpd;Dk; ituq;fs;
J}j;Jf;Fb t.c.rp. fy;Y}apy; Mq;fpyg; NguhrphpauhfTk;> fy;Y}hp Kjy;tuhfTk;
gzpahw;wpa rPepthruhftd; „ehzy;‟ vd;w Gidngahpy; ftpijfs; vOjpatuhthh;.
Mq;fpyf; ftpijfs; gytw;iw moFlDk;> fUj;Jf;fs; rpijah tz;zKk;
nkhopahf;fk; nra;Js;shh;. fy;fp thu ,jopy; mtUila ftpijg; gilg;ghd
„nts;isg; gwitf;F‟r; rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp ghpR mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. „Fw;why
kiyapnyhU FWzpNkfk; nfhl;LJ> Nfhz %q;fpy; clk;ig tisj;Jf; Fk;kpghb
ntl;LJ‟ vd;w mtUila ftpijiag; ghbg;Nghw;whj ,yf;fpa neQ;rq;fNs ,y;iy
vdyhk;.
,d;Dk; Rj;jhde;j ghujp> r.J.Rg;gpukzpaNahfpahh;> Gyth; Foe;ij> Foe;ijf;
ftpQh; mots;spag;gh> nfhj;j kq;fyk; Rg;G> mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh;> nghparhkpj;
J}ud;> kP.g.NrhK> fk;gjhrd;>J}j;Jf;Fb n[fjPrd;> ftpQh; jpahF Nghd;w gy Gfo;kpf;ff;
ftpQh;fs; ftpij cyfpy; kpd;Dk; ituq;fshf xsph;fpd;wdh;. jkpo;f; ftpQh;
guk;giuiag; gl;baypbd; kpf ePSk;.
jkpopy; GJf;ftpij

„ghl;bidg;Nghy Mr;rhpak; ghhpd; kpir ,y;iyalh‟ vd;Wk; „Mir jUq;Nfhb

mjpraq;fs; fz;ljpNy Xir jUk; ,d;gk; ctikapyh ,d;gklh‟ vd;Wk; ftpij
 130

,d;gj;ijg; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;fpd;whd; ghujp. Gjpndl;lhk; Ew;whz;L tiu ,yf;fpak;

vd;whNy ftpij xd;Wjhd; vd;W $Wkstpw;Fj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ePz;l
,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;f; ftpijapYk; xU kyh;r;rp
Vw;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; ghujpapd; tUiff;Fg; gpd; ftpij ,yf;fpak; Gjpa vOr;rpiaAk;
Ntfj;ijAk; fz;lJ. rkaj;ijAk; jdpkdpjidAk; rhh;e;J epd;w jkpo;f;ftpijiar;
rKjhaj;jpd; vy;yhg;gFjpfSf;Fk; chpikahf;fpg; nghJthf;fpatd; ghujp.

ghujpahh; - ftpij vOr;rp Gjpa Gjpa fUj;Jf;fSk;> tbtq;fSk;> jkpo;g;gw;Wk;>

Njrg;gw;Wk;> rPh;jpUj;j NtfKk;> ngz;ikapd; vOr;rpAk;> Gul;rpfukhd nfhs;iffSk;>
vspikAk; ,d;iwa jkpo;f;ftpijapd; ,ay;Gfshf tpsq;Ftjw;Fg; ghujpapd; gq;fspg;G
mjpfk;. ghujpapd; ftpijfs; ahTk; ftpij cyfpy; ,d;W jdpj;Jtj;NjhL Ngrg;gLk;
GJf;ftpijf;Fk; trdf;ftpijf;Fk; topfhl;baha;j; jpfo;fpd;wd.

Nky;ehl;lhh; ftpijj; jhf;fk; ghujpapDila GJik kl;Lkpd;wp Nky;ehl;lhhpd;

ftpijj;jhf;fKk; GJf;ftpij tsh;rr
; pf;F xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
thy;lt
; pl;kd;; kw;Wk; mtUila rhh;ghsh;fs; GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;jpw;Fg; ngUk;MjuT
je;jhh;fs;. „,yF ftpij ,af;fk;‟ vd;gJ – vspjhfg; ghLtJ vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,e;j
,af;fk; „v];uh g;uTd;‟ KjypNahiuf; fth;e;jJ.mjdhy; GJf;ftpij ,d;Dk; Ntfkhff;
fhY}d;wpaJ.

“kungDk; goikf; fhl;il

xd;whfNt mopg;Nghk;”

vd;w nrhw;fs; jkpo;f;ftpijf;Fg; Gjpa Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jd.

ghujpapd; ftpijg; Nghf;Fk; Nky;ehl;lhhpd; jhf;fKk; jkpo;f; ftpQh;fspilNa

ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfg; GJf;ftpijapid tpUk;gp vOjj; njhlq;fpdh;.
ftpij vd;why; GJf;ftpij vd;W nrhy;Yk; mstpw;F ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; epiyahd
,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. gbj;jth;fs; Kjy; ghkuh;fs; tiu GJf;ftpijiag; gbf;fTk;>
gilf;fTk; Kad;W tUfpd;wdh;.

GJf;ftpij ,yf;fzk; ftpij vd;w nrhy;ypd; tiuaiwapy; ,Ue;J

GJf;ftpijf;F toq;fg;gLk; tiuaiwfs; khWgl;L mikfpd;wd.

“vz;zj;ij mjd; gpwg;gplj;jpNyNa gpbj;J tpLtJ” GJf;ftpij vd xUth;

tiuaiw jUfpd;whh;. ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy; uFkhd; $Wk;NghJ GJf;ftpijapd; fUj;J
 131

ntspg;ghL kpd;dy; Nghd;wJ. kuGf;ftpij fUj;ijr; Rw;wp tisj;Jr; nrhy;tJ

“GJf;ftpij Neubahff; fUj;ijr; nrhy;tJ” vd;fpwhh;.

“ahg;Gilj;j ftpij

mizAilj;j fhtphp

KfpYilj;J khkio

Kul;Lj; NjhYhpj;j

gyhr;Ris”

vdg; GJf;ftpijf;F tpsf;fk; jug;gLfpwJ. ituKj;J Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ

“GJf;ftpij vDk; Nghh;ths; ,yf;fz ciwapy; ,Ue;J ftdkhfNt fow;wg;gLfpwJ”
vd;fpwhh;. rhh;tfd; vd;w ftpQh; GJf;ftpij Fwpj;Jg; NgRk; nghOJ

“ahg;gw;w ftpij

mUtUf;Fk; mypay;y

twl;Lf; Nfh\h vhpe;j kq;if

khh;fopapd; nkhl;butpy;

njd;wy; jUk; #L Nghf;fp

ntz;zpyhtpd; gad; Ja;f;f

cil fise;j xU jiytp”

vdf; $Wfpd;whh;. ,t;thW Gjpa tiuaiwfSf;F cl;gl;l GJf;ftpijapd; tsh;rr

; p
%d;W fhyfl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mikfpwJ.

%d;W fhyfl;lk; (,af;fk;)

GJf;ftpijapd; ,d;iwa ,khya tsh;r;rpf;F kzpf;nfhb> vOj;J> thdk;ghb>Mfpa

%d;W ,af;fq;fspd; gq;fspg;G cd;djkhdJ. ,t;tpaf;fq;fisr; rhh;e;j ftpQh;fs;
jq;fspd; rpe;jidfisg; gjpT nra;a ,jo;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Vw;wk; ngw;wdh;.
 132

kzpf;nfhbfhyk ;(1930 Kjy; 1945 tiu)

kzpf;nfhb fhyj;jpy; Nky;ehl;Lf; ftpijj; jhf;fj;jhy; ciueilf; ftpijfs;

Njhd;wpd. ,yF ftpij vd;w ngahpy; ahg;gw;w ftpij cyif tyk; te;jJ.
thy;lt
; pl;kdpd; trd ftpijfs; jkpo;f; ftpQh;fspd; ghh;itf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,jidg;
gpd;gw;wp e.gpr;r%h;j;jp trd ftpijapy; Nrhjid Kaw;rpfisAk; GJf;ftpijapy; gy
nrhy;yhf;fq;fisAk; cUthf;fpdhh;. kzpf;nfhb fhyf; ftpQh;fSs; Kjd;ikahdth;
GJikg;gpj;jd;. #o;epiyf;F Vw;g NfypAk;> fpz;lYkhff; ftpij vOjpg; GJik
gilj;jhh;.

“gz; vd;ghh; ghtk; vd;ghh;

gz; kuG vd;wpLth;

fz;izr; nrUfp

ftp vd;ghh; mz;zhe;J

nfhl;lhtp tpl;lnjy;yhk;

$Wjkpo; ghl;lhr;Nr

Kl;lhNs ,d;Dkh ghl;L”

vd;W ftpijapid vs;sy; nra;fpd;whh; GJikg;gpj;jd;. F.g. uh[Nfhghyd;>

ty;ypf;fz;zd;> J}ud;> njh.K.rpjk;gu uFehjd; Nghd;w ftpQh;fSk; kzpf;nfhbapy;
GJf;ftpij vOjp tsh;j;jth;fs; Mth;.

vOj;J tl;lj;jpdh; fhyk; (1950f;Fg; gpwF)

vOj;J vDk; ,jopd; top GJf;ftpij gilj;jth;fs; gyh;. Rp.R.nry;yg;gh

,t;tpjopd; Mrphpauhf tpsq;fpdhh;. ,t;tpjopy; ,lk; ngw;w GJf;ftpijfspd; fUthfg;
ghypay; rpijT> kdkwpT> Jf;fk;> epuhir Nghd;wit mike;jd. kdpjDila tpUg;G
ntWg;Gfs; GJf;ftpijapy; mjpfk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rf;jpf;fdy; ,f;fhy
GJf;ftpijfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk;nghOJ GJf;ftpijfs; my;y Gjph;f;ftpijfs; vd;fpwhh;.
,f;fhyf; fl;lf; ftpijfspy; cUtKk;> cs;slf;fKk; jkpowpQh;fSf;Fg;
Gwk;ghdjhfj; Njhd;wpd.
 133

thdk;ghb ,af;fk; (1970f;Fg;gpwF…)

thdk;ghb vDk; ,jo; GJf;ftpij tsh;rr

; pf;Fg; nghpJk; Jiz nra;jpUf;fpwJ.
,t;tpjopy; vOjpa GJf;ftpQh;fs; rKjhaj;ij cw;W Nehf;fpag; gilg;Gfisj; je;jdh;.
thdk;ghb ,af;fk; gw;wpf; ifyhrgjp Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ> vjph;fhy ek;gpf;if> nfhs;ifj;
njspT> Njrg;gw;W Neh;ik> jkpo;kuGzh;r;rp> vspik> nghWg;Gzh;r;rp> rKjhaNeak;>
$l;LwT kNdhghtk; Kjypad %d;whtJ fhyf;fl;lf; ftpQh;fsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
vdj;Jzpe;J $wyhk; vd;fpwhh;.

GJf;ftpijapd; Njit

tskhd kuGf;ftpijfs; ,Uf;f GJf;ftpij vd;w GjpaKiw jkpOf;Fj;

Njitapy;iy vd;W $wpa ftpQh; gyUk; GJf;ftpijapd; Njitia czh;e;J
ftpijfisj; je;jdh;. GJf;ftpijiag; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L ,d;iwa jkpo;f; ftpij
cyiff; fhz;gJ ,ayhj epiy vd;gij czh;e;jhh;fs;. GJf;ftpijapd; Njitiaf;
$w tpUk;Gk; mg;Jy;uFkhd; md;dk; ,jopy; gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gjpT nra;fpwhh;.

 nrhw;fis MAjq;fshff; ifahSk; gf;Ftk;

 gioa ahg;gpy; cs;sijtpl mh;j;jKila re;j El;gk;
 Rz;lf;fha;rr
; p filrp epiyf;Ff; nfl;bg;gLj;Jk; tbt mikg;G
 cs;slf;fNk thh;e;J mikAk; cj;jp> GJik
 ,it vy;yhtw;wpAk; tpl Gjpa ghh;it> Gjpa cs;slf;fk;

Nghd;wtw;iwg; GJf;ftpijapd; Njitfshff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

GJf;ftpijapy; cj;jpfs;

 gbkk;
 FwpaPL
 ,Uz;ik
 njhd;ik
Nghy;td ,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfspd; cj;jpfshfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Rpy Neuq;fspy; ftpijiag; Ghpahjj; jd;ikf;F cl;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
GJftpijapd; Nehf;if ,yf;if ,t;Tj;jpfs; jLj;J tpLtJk; Ghpahky;
vOJtNj GJf;ftpij vd;w epidg;NghL GJf;ftpijfisj; jUtJk;
Vkhw;wj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
 134

GJf;ftpijapd; Nghf;Ffs;

Thdkhkiy vd;gth; GJf;ftpijapd; Nghf;Ffis tifg;gLj;jpf; $Wfpd;whh;.

 tho;f;if
 rhT
 ,iztpio czh;rr
; p
 epuhir
 jdpkdpjk;
 ftpQd; njhopy;
 vOj;jhsd; njhopy;
 gbkk;
 FwpaPL
 czh;r;rp
Nghd;wit GJf;ftpijapd; Nghf;Ffshfr; Rl;lg;gl;lhYk; ,d;W ,itaidj;Jk;
fle;J vy;yhtw;iwAk; GJf;ftpijahy; nrhy;y KbAk; vd;w epiy cUthfp
,Uf;fpwJ.

GJf;ftpQh;fs;

GJf;ftpQh;fs; mjpfkhfNt ftpijfisj; je;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; mit

epiwthd ftpijfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdth? vd;gJ rpe;jpf;f Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. ,d;iwa
,jo;fSk; Gw;wPry; Nghy; GJf;ftpijfis ntspapl;L tUfpd;wd. fhjYk; NrhfKk;
jtpu NtW Nehf;F ,f;ftpijapy; ,y;iy vd;gJ tUj;jj;jpw;FhpaJ.GJf;ftpijia
tsh;j;J thh;j;j jukhd GJf;ftpQh;fspd; gzpapidAk;> gilg;gpidAk; Fwpg;gpLtJ
nghUj;jkhf mikAk;.

e.gpr;r%h;j;jp

GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> Kjy; Kaw;rpahsh; trd ftpij> GJf;ftpij

,uz;bYk; ty;yth;. jj;Jtf; ftpQuhfTk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLgth;. Gw cyf
mtyq;fs; kdpjidg; Gz;gLj;JtJ fz;L nghq;fp> jd; cs;shw;wiy tsh;j;J mjid
ntd;W kdpjd; NkNyhq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntl;ifia cilath;.

“tho;f;ifg; Nghh;!
 135

Kz;;b NkhJk; JzpNt ,d;gk;

caphpd; Kaw;rpNa tho;tpd; kyh;r;rp

[Pth! ;tpopia cah;j;J

#o;tpd; ,Us; vd;d nra;Ak;?

fOF ngw;w ntw;wp ekf;Fk; $Lk;”

vd;gd Nghd;w ftpijfs; ,tUilad. gpr;r%h;j;jp ftpijfspy;

fpspf;FQ;R>G+f;fhhp>topj;Jiz> fpspf;$z;L Nghd;w gilg;Gfs; rpwe;jd.

F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;

trd ftpijapy; GJf;ftpijapd; Ntfj;ijg; gha;r;rpath;. Mz;> ngz;

czh;Tfisg; GJikahd Kiwapy; cstpay; tpkh;rdj;NjhL jUk; ehl;LGwf; ftpQh;.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlw;ghq;fpy; neQ;ir trg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfisj; je;jth;.

“tho;f;if xU ntw;wp> xU Jbg;G

xU fhjw;gh> xU ,ir

kz;zpd; kha Nkhidapy; gpwe;J

miuj;J}f;fj;jpYk; mjpraj;jpYk; mJ cjph;fpwJ.”

vd;gJ F.g.uhtpd; ftpij. rpwpJ ntspr;rk; 21ftpijfs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G. kdpj

,ay;ig El;gkhff; fhZk; jpwd; gilj;jit ,tUila ftpijfs;.

rp.R.nry;yg;gh

GJf;ftpijiaj; jd; „vOj;J‟ ,jopd; %ykhf tsh;j;jth;. GJf;ftpQh;fis

cUthf;fpa ngUikf;Fhpath;. eP ,d;W ,Ue;jhy;? khw;W ,jak; Mfpa ,U njhFg;Gfs;
,tUilait.

ty;ypf;fz;zd;

fpU\;zrhkp vd;gJ ,tUila ngah;. ieahz;b ghujp vDk; Gidg;ngahpy;

vOjpath;. GJf;ftpijj njhFg;G „mku Ntjid”. ,tuJ GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk;
tsh;rr
; pAk; vDk; jpwdha;T E}y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp ghpR ngw;wJ. ftpijfspy;
 136

ciueilj; jd;ikAk;> capuw;w nrhw;fSk; kpFjpahf mike;jikahy; rpwe;j

GJf;ftpQuhf mh;j;jg;gltpy;iy.

GJikg;gpj;jd;

,aw;ngah; tpUj;jhryk;. rpWfij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nra;j GJikfisg;NghyNt

GJf;ftpijapYk; GJ cUt mikg;igj; je;jth;. kuGf; ftpijapYk; GJikfs;
nra;jth;. ,tUila ftpijfspy; vs;sy; jd;ikAk;> ieahz;bg; Nghf;Fk;
kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. „GJikg;gpj;jd; ftpijfs;‟ vd;gJ ,tUila ftpijj njhFjp.

“Ntjk; gbj;jpLNthk;; ntWq;if Kok; Nghl;bLNthk;

rhjj;Jf;fhfr; rq;fuid tpw;wpLNthk;!

mj;jidf;Fk; Nkyy;Nyh mfpk;ir fijNgrp

tpj;jfdhk; fhe;jpapid tpw;Wg; gpiof;fpd;Nwhk;”

vd;gJ GJikg;gpj;jd; je;j rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk; ftpij.

rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad;

ftpij r%fj;jpd; Nghh;ths; vd;w Nehf;Filath;. vy;yhh;f;Fk; vy;yhk; vd;w

nghJTilikr; rpe;jid cila GJftpQh;. ftpj;Jtk; jJk;Gk; tho;f;ifr; rpj;jphpg;G>
Gjpa cUtk;> Gjpa eil> Nghypj;jdkpy;yhj gilg;G Mfpad ,tuJ ftpijf;
Nfhl;ghLfs>; epyTg;G+>rphpj;j Kj;Jf;fs;>xspg;gwit>rh;gg
; hahfk;>nksd
kaf;fq;fs;>Gd;dif G+f;Fk; G+idfs;> ,wF> xU fpuhkj;J ejp Nghd;w rpwe;j
gilg;Gfisj; je;j thdk;ghbf; ftpQh; kzptpohf; fz;l ngUikf;Fhpath;.gbkk; kw;Wk;
fijf; ftpQh;. ,tUila ftpij E}y;fs; midj;ijAk; njhFj;J kzpthrfh;
gjpg;gfk; rpw;gpapd; ftpij thdk; vDk; rpwe;j njhFg;G E}yhf ntspapl;bUf;fpwJ.

“vq;fpUe;J tUfpwJ

,e;j ejp?

kiyfspd;

nksdk; cile;jh?

Kfpy;fspd;
 137

Mil fpope;jh?

tdq;fs; Ngrpa

,ufrpaq;fs; frpe;jh?

,y;iy…

vd;dpypUe;J

vd; me;juq;fq;fspd;

Cw;Wf;fz; jpwe;J

vd; khh;Gfs;

Gy;yhpj;J

vd; uj;jf;Foha;fspy;

Gy;Yk; G+Tk; kze;J

vd;id KOf;fhl;b

vd;idNa fiuj;Jf; nfhz;L

mq;fpUe;J tUfpwJ

,e;j ejp.”

vd;w ftpijapy; ftpQh; rpw;gp jd;id mtUila Chpy; gha;e;NjhLk; ejpNahL

mizj;Jf; nfhz;L jd;Dila gilg;GfSf;F tw;whj %y Cw;whf me;ejp
jpfo;tjhff; fUJtJ GJf;ftpijapy; Gjpa ghpzhkk; vdyhk;. xU fpuhkj;jpy; ejp
rpw;gpf;F rhfpj;a mfhjkp ghpirg; ngw;Wj; je;jJ.

mg;Jy; uFkhd;

ftpf;Nfh vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaUf;Fhpath;. ftpauq;fj; jdpf;ftpQh;. GJf;ftpijapy;

Gjpa thh;j;ijfis thh;gg
; jpy; ty;yth;. rpNyilahff; ftpij je;J rphpf;fTk;
rpe;jpf;fTk; nra;gth;. gbkf; ftpQh;> ghy;tPjp> Neah; tpUg;gk;> kuzk;Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
my;y>nrhe;jr; rpiwfs;>ryit nkhl;L> Kl;ilthrpfs;> mtSf;F epyh vd;W ngah;.
 138

,d;wpuT gfypy;> fiufNs ejpahtjpy;iy Nghd;wit ftpf;Nfhtpd; jukhd gilg;Gfs;.

,d;Wk; ,jo;fspd; top gilg;Gfisj; je;J nfhz;bUg;gth;. kdpjdpd; kWgf;fj;ijf;
fhl;Lk; gpj;jd; vDk; ftpijj; njhFg;ig mz;ikapy; ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

“FwpQ;rp vd; nfhq;if

Ky;iy vd; $e;jy;

kUjk; vd; kzpf;fuk;

nea;jy; vd; gzpg;ngz;

ghiy vd; Ntdpw;fhy tpahjp!”

vd;gJ kz; vDk; jiyg;gpy; mikee;j ftpf;Nfhtpd; rpe;jidg; gjpT.

kPuh

kP.uhNre;jpud; vd;gJ ngah;. ctikf;ftpQh; Rujhtpd; jhf;fj;jhy; rpWtajpNyNa

ftpij gilj;jth;. GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpy; jdpj;Jr; Rl;Ltjw;Fhpath;. md;dk;> mfuk;
gjpg;gfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jukhd E}y;fs; gytw;iwg; GJg;ghh;itNahL ntspapl;Lr;
rhjidg; gilj;jth;. ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs;>%d;Wk; MWk;>Crpfs;>
fdTfs;+fw;gidfs;= ftpijfs; Mfpad ,tuJ gilg;Gfs;. ,tw;Ws;
fdTfs;+fw;gidfs;= fhfpjq;fs; xU GJikahd rhjid gilg;G.

khkd; kfisr; nrhj;Jf;fhf kze;J nfhs;Sk; ,d;iwa ,isQh;fspd;

nray;ghl;il ntspf;fhl;Ltjd; %yk; ek; r%f mikg;ig> jpUkz Kiwia
czh;Tfisg; nghUshjhu fhuzq;fSf;fhfr; rhfbj;J tpLk; ,isQh;fis

“cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;

xNu Ch; -

thRNjtey;Y}h;…

ePAk; ehDk;

xNu kjk;…

jpUney;Ntypr;
 139

irtg;gps;iskhh;

tFg;Gq;$l…

cd;wd; je;ijAk;

vd;wd; je;ijAk;

nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs;

ikj;Jdd;khh;fs;-

vdNt

nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh; Nghy

md;GilneQ;rk; jhk; fye;jdNt”

vd ftpQh; kPuh tpkh;rpg;gJ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;LfpwJ.

GtpauR

[fd;dhjd; vDk; ngaUila thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;. ftpij tuyhW>,yf;fpak;>ehlfk;

Nghd;w JiwfspYk; rhjid Ghpe;jth;. ,jo;fspd; MrphpauhfTk;> JizahrphpauhfTk;
,Ue;J rpwg;ghfg; gzpahw;wpath;.GtpauR ftpijfs;>,Jjhd; kPwy;> ,g;NghNj ,g;gbNa
Mfpad ,th; je;j ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;. etPd ehlfq;fs; gytw;iw NkilNaw;wpYk;>
jpiag;gl ghlyhrphpauhf tpsq;FtJk;> ftpij fle;J Mw;wptUk; mh;j;jKs;s gzpfs;.

rf;jpfdy;

thdk;ghb fz;l ftpQh;fSs; Kf;fpakhdth;. godpr;rhkp vd;w

ngaUilath;.ftpij>,yf;fpak;>nghJg;gzp Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lth;.
Rf;jpf;fdy; ftpijfs;>GOjpg;Gay;> fdfhk;uKk; brk;gh; G+f;fSk;> ePq;fs; Nfl;lit
Nghd;w gilg;Gfis mspj;j rpwg;gpw;Fhpath;.

<NuhL jkpod;gd;

kuGf;ftpijapy; ntw;wp ngw;Wg; GJf;ftpijapYk; RtLfs; gjpj;jth;.tpbnts;sp vd;w

ngaUk; cz;L. ,aw;ngah; nrfjPrd;. ftpj;JtKk; kf;fs; rhh;e;j Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fSk;
xU Nru ,ize;J> xLf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; chpikf; Fuiy xypg;gdthf miktd ,tuJ
 140

ftpijfs;. Rpyph;g;Gfs;>Njhzp tUfpwJ> jPTfs; fiuNaWfpd;wd>#hpag;gpiwfs;>Cik

ntapy;>me;j ee;jid vhpj;j neUg;gpd; kpr;rk; Nghd;wit jkpod;gidg; GJf;ftpQuhf
milahsg;glj;jpa gilg;Gfs;.

“ Vd;

,uTfspy; kdpjh;fs;

jk;Ks; gJq;fpapUf;Fk; tpyq;Ffis

Ntl;ilahl

tpLtpf;fpd;wdh;?

vd;w tpdhit vOg;Gk; jkpod;gd;

“Vd; vd;why;

kdpjid mg;gb

khw;wp itf;fpwJ

gfy;”

vd;W gjpy; cWtJ kdpj ,ay;ig vjhh;j;jkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

vopy; Kjy;td; (kh.,uhkypq;fk;)

Rujhitg; gpd;gw;wp vOjpath;.ftpQh; ciueil Mrphpah;. jpwdha;thsh; vDk; gy

Nfhzq;fspy; rpe;jidfisg; gjpT nra;J tUgth;. jw;fhyg; gilg;gpyf;fpaf;fh;j;jh. Xh;
Mikapd; tUif>epidTg; G+f;fs; Mfpad ,tuJ GJf;ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; MFk;.

jkpo; ehld;

,aw;ngah; Rg;gpukzpak;. Rptg;Gr; rpe;jidfisf; ftpijahf;Fk; Nehf;Filath;.

jw;fhyf; fijAyfpy; Fwpg;gpl;lj; jFe;jth;. Kw;Nghf;Fk; jdpg;Nghf;Fk; kpFe;j mq;fjf;
ftpQh;. mk;kh> mg;gh>el;rj;jpug;G+f;fs; Nghd;w GJf;ftpijj; njhFg;GfisAk;>
GJf;ftpijapd; tbtq;fSk;; tiffSk; vd;w GJf;ftpijj; jpwdha;T E}iyAk;
je;jth;.

“efk; ntl;Lk; rhf;fpy;

 141

tpiuiyNa ntl;btpl;l

nrtpypj;jhaplk;

rpf;fpf; nfhz;lha; eP”

vd ,e;jpa mk;khitg; ghh;j;Jg; NgRk; jkpo; ehldpd; ftpij Gfo; ngw;wJ. neUf;fb
fhy gpufldj;ij kpfr;nrwpthf ,f;ftpijg; gpujpgypg;gij czuyhk;.

FUtpf;fuk;ig rz;Kfk;

Gidngah; nrq;Fapy;. Ftpijia ,jkhf Nerpg;gth;. Gul;rpf; ftpQiuAk;>

e.gpr;r%h;j;jpiaAk; topfhl;bahff; nfhz;lth;.Mq;fpyf; ftpij cyfpy; iguDk; fPl;Rk;
ngw;Ws;s ,lj;jpidj; jkpo;f; ftpijAyfpy; ngw;Ws;s ftpQh; FUtpf;fuk;ig rz;Kfk;
ftpijfs;> G+j;jnts;sp Mfpad ,tUila GJf;ftpijj; njhFjpfs;.

rq;ffhyg; ngz;fSf;F ,ilNa ,y;iy

vq;fs; fhug; ngz;fSf;F cilNa ,y;iy!

vd;gd Nghd;w gFjpfs; rKjha Nehf;Fkpf;f rpe;jidf;Fhpa ftpijfshf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,d;Fyhg;

,aw;ngah; rhFy; `kPJ. GJg;ghij tFj;j ftpQh;. ciof;Fk; th;f;fj;jpd;

cah;Tf;fhff; ftpij top Fuy; nfhLg;gth;. khh;fr
; pa ,yf;fpathjp. ,d;Fyhg;
ftpijfs;> #hpaidr; Rkg;gth;fs;> fpof;Fk; gpd; njhlUk;> ,th;fs; vOg;gpa ,e;jg;
gpukpLfs>; kUj;Jtr;rp Mfpad ,tuJ gilg;Gfs;.

eh.fhkuhrd;

thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fspy; rhjhuz thrfidAk; <h;j;j ngUikf;Fhpath;. Gjpa

nrhy;yhl;rpfisj; jUtjpy; ty;yth;.

“ Viofspd; mLg;nghpg;Nghk;

,y;iynadpy;

#hpadpy; jPf;Fspg;Nghk;”
 142

“ ehq;fs; eph;thzj;ij

tpw;gid nra;fpNwhk;

Mil thq;Ftjw;fhf”

Nghd;w ftpijfspd; Ntfj;jhy; midtuJ ftdj;jpw;F cs;shd rpwe;j ftpQh;. fWg;G

kyh;fs;> fpWf;fy;fs;> ehty;gok;> kfhfhtpak;> Rje;jpujpdj;jpy; xU ifjpapd; ilhp>
jh[;kfhYk; nuhl;bj;Jz;Lk;> #hpafhe;jp> rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj xl;lfq;fs; Nghd;w
gilg;Gfs; ,tUilad.

Kfk;kJ Nkj;jh

r%fr;rpf;fy;fis ikakpl;L vOJk; jukhd GJf;ftpQh;. cs;slf;fk;> tbtk;

czh;j;Jk; Kiwapy; GJik> fw;gid> espdeil> eykhd nrhy;yhl;rp> mokhd kd
czh;Tfs; Nghd;w gz;Gfs; ,tuJ ftpijfspd; jdpj;Jtk;. ,tiug; gpd;gw;wp vOjpa
GJf;ftpQh;fs; gyh;. Jkpoff; ftpQh; Nguitapd; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;.

„vq;fs; tho;if

,Ul;NlhL

,y;ywk; elj;JfpwJ‟

„ G+f;fspNy ehDk; xU

G+thfg; gpwe;jhYk;

nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa

nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa

ehd; G+ khiy MfypNa‟

Nghd;w ftpijfs; rKjha Nehf;Fila rpe;jidf; ftpijfs;.fz;zPh;g;G+f;fs;>

,jaj;jpd; ehw;fhyp> ee;jtd ehl;fs;> fhj;jpUe;j fhw;W> kdr;rpwF> mth;fs; tUfpwhh;>
Kfj;Jf;F Kfk;> ele;j ehlfq;fs;> jpUtpohtpy; xU njUg;ghlfd;> xU thdk; ,U
rpwF> Ch;tyk; Nghd;wd Nkj;jhtpd; GJf;ftpijg; ghilg;Gfs;. „Mfhaj;jpw;F mLj;j
tPL‟ vDk; ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fhf rhfpj;a mfhnjkp ghpirg; ngw;whh;.
 143

tyk;Ghp[hd;

thh;j;ijr; rpj;jh; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth;.Ngr;rhw;wy; kpf;fth;.ftpQh;. fl;Liuahsh;>

jpwdha;thsh;>Gidfijahsh;>ehlf Mrphpah; vdg; gy Jiwfspy; rhjid gilj;jth;.
,johrphpaH. mDgtk; kpf;fth.;

“vg;NghJk; tUtjy;y ftpij

vg;NghNjh tUtJ ftpij‟

„epidj;jhy; tUtjy;y ftpij

neQ;R fdj;jhy; tUtJ ftpij‟

vdf; ftpijf;Fg; GJ ,yf;fzk; je;j ,yf;fpar; rpj;jh;. fhw;wpd; ftrk;> mk;kh

miog;G> xU ejp Fspf;fg; NghfpwJ> gjpNdhyhtJ fl;lis> me;j ,utpy; re;jd
kpd;dy;> ej;ijf; $Lfs;> ftpijf; fdpfs; Nghd;w gilg;Gfisj; je;jth;.

ghyh

ghyr;re;jpud; vd;gjd; RUf;fk;. GJf;ftpij cyfpy; jlk; gjpj;jth;. gy E}y;fSf;F

Kd;Diu vOjpa jpwdha;thsh;. eP vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;gpj;jth;. „GJf;ftpij xU
GJg;ghh;it‟ vDk; E}y; GJf;ftpijfspd; Nehf;ifAk;> ntdpaPl;L kiwikiaAk; gw;wpa
jpwdha;T E}yhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. „,d;ndhU kdpjd;‟ vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;igj;
je;jth;. tsh;;e;J tUk; gyGjpa jkpoyf;fpag; Nghf;FfSf;F topfhl;baha; tpsq;fp
tUgth;.

„thf;Fg; ngl;b‟ vd;w jiyg;gpy; mike;j ftpiijapy; muR> Ml;rp> fl;rp Mfpait
rhjhuz kdpjDf;F khdk; fhf;f Mil toq;fKbahj epiyia

“ehq;fs;

vq;fspy; Milaw;wtUf;F

xU rl;il jUfpw

xU ijaw;fhuh; Ntz;b

,e;jg; ngl;bf;Fs;
 144

Rpy Neh;j;jpahd Crpfisg;

Nghl;Nlhk;

eP jpwe;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;l NghJ

mit vq;fs; clikfs;

vy;yhk; gwpj;J milj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

Nfhzp Crpfshf khwptpl;lhy;

ghtk; eP vd;d nra;tha;”

vd;w ftpijapy; gjpT nra;J ,d;iwa Ml;rpKiwia Vsdk; nra;fpd;whh;.

mf;dp Gj;jpud;

,aw;ngah; muq;fuhrd;. ,af;fr; rpe;jidfisf; ftpijfshfj;

je;jth;.thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;. rKjha khw;wk;> khwp tUk; tho;f;if kjpg;gPLfis
czh;j;JtJ ,tuJ Nehf;fk;. Nrhjid ehlf ,af;fq;fspy; <LghL nfhz;L nrayhw;wp
tUgth;. tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; jkpopy; GJf;ftpij vd;gJ GJf;ftpijiag; gw;wpa jpwdha;T
E}yhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

ituKj;J

thndhypapy; Kjd; Kjypy; GJf;ftpijg; ghba ngUikf;Fhpath;. ehlwpe;j ftpQh;.

jpiug;glg; ghlyhrphpah;. Gjpa ,sk; ftpQh;fSf;F topghl;bahf tpsq;Fgth;. rpfuq;fis
Nehf;fp> uj;jjhdk;> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;>ftpuh[d; fij>
nfhb kuj;jp;d; Nth;fs;> vd; nksdj;jpd; rg;jq;fs; Nghd;wd GJf;ftpijj; njhFjpfs.;
Jiztpahh; nghd;kzp ituKj;JTk; GJf;ftpQNu.

“mtd;

xU

gl;L Ntl;b gw;wpa

fdtpy; ,Ue;j NghJ

fl;bapUe;j Nfhtzk;
 145

fsthlg;gl;lJ”

vd 1947> Mf];L 15 vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOjpa ftpij r%f mtyj;ijr;

Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.

ghg;gphpah

,aw;ngah; nghd; jpuhtplkzp. ghl;lhsp kf;fspd; kdf;FKwy;fisf; ftpijahfj;

je;jth;. ehtyhrphpauhfTk;> rpWfijahrphpauhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;whh;. fz;rpkpl;Lk;
fy;yiwfs;> tPjpfis Nerpf;Fk; tPizfs;> vq;fs; fpuhkj;Jg; gf;fk; Nghd;wd
,tUila GJf;ftpijj; njhFjpfs;. ,tw;Ws; fpuhkpa tho;tpidg; GJf;ftpijapy; jUk;
Kjy; E}yhf tpsq;FtJ vq;fs; fpuhkj;Jg; gf;fk; vDk; ftpijj; njhFg;G.

mKjghujp

mKNjhd; vDk; ngahpy; rpwe;j Xtpauhfr; nray;gl;L tUgth;. ftpahw;wy;

kpf;ftuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whh;. cja fhyq;fs;> ,iz NjLk; ,jak;> kd;kj uhfq;fs;>
Gs;spg; G+f;fs; Nghd;wit ,tUilad. ,tw;Ws; jkpopy; Kjd; Kjyhf ntspte;j KO
i`$ ftppij E}yhfr; rpwg;Gg; ngWtJ Gs;spg; G+f;fs; vDk; njhFg;ghFk;.

fodpA+uhd;

,aw;ngah; mg;Jy; fhjh;.GJf;ftpijapd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpahfTk;> [g;ghdpaf;

ftpijj; jhf;fj;jhYk; tpise;j i`$ vd;w tbtikg;gpy; ftpijfs; jUtjpy;
ty;yth;. epue;ju kpd;dy;fs;>neUg;gpy; tpOe;j tpijfs;> el;rj;jpu tpopfs; Nghd;wd
,tUila i`f;$ ftpijj; njhFjpfs;.

“kdpjh;fis cukhf;Fk;

QhdpfSf;F cukhFk;

tWik‟

“New;Wtiu J}w;wpath;fs;

ehis Kjy; Nghw;Wthh;fs;

,d;W mtd; ,we;Jtpl;lhd;”

,it fodpA+uhd; gilj;jspj;j rpe;jpj;J kfpo;jw;Fhpa rpy i`$ ftpijfs;.

 146

Qhdf;$j;jd;

vjph;g;Gj; jd;ikiaf; ftpij %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jgth;. frljgw> eil Nghd;w

,jo;fspd; top milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lth;. md;W NtW fpoik vd;w GJf;ftpijj
njhFg;igAk;. ftpijf;fhf vd;w jpwdha;T E}iyAk; je;Js;shh;.

fyhg;gphpah

ghypay; jd;ikf; ftpijfis vjhh;j;jkhfg; gilg;gth;. fhjy; Nrhfk; tputp tUk;

„vl;laGuk;‟ vDk; ftpij Gfo;ngw;wJ. fyhg;gphpah ftpijfs; vDk; ngahpy;
KOj;njhFg;G ntspte;Js;sJ.

gRita;ah

,aw;ngah; Re;jujhkrhkp. Ehtyhrphpah;. Mofpay;> mq;fjk;> gbkk;> ,Uz;ik

Nghd;wd ,tuJ ftpij cj;jpfs;. 107 ftpijfs; vDk; ngahpy; ,yUila ftpijfs;
njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;sJ.

Qhdp

khh;f;frpaj; jpwdha;thsh;. fy;ypif vd;w fijf;ftpij ,tUilaJ. njhd;k

cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpwe;jth;.

rp.kzp

rpw;gpapd; ,yf;fpa tpUJ ngw;wth;. Xspr;Nrh;f;if> tUk; NghFk; Kjypait ,tuJ

ftpijj; njhFjpfs;. gr;irak; vDk; ftpij rpwg;ghdJ.

gokya;

ehl;Lg;Gwk; rhh;e;j ftpijfisg; gilg;gij cj;jpahff; nfhz;lth;. rpw;gp> ,yf;fpa

tpUijg; ngw;wth;. ,tUila rdq;fspd; fij. FNuhl;ld;fNshL nfhQ;r Neuk>;
,d;Wk; vd;Wk; Kd;epyTf; fhyk;> Gwefh; tPL> ,uTfs; moF> NtW xU #hpad; Nghd;w
GJf;ftpijfs; njhFg;Gfisj; je;jth;.

“Kj;jhy; uhTj;jNu… vd;W

%r;Rf;F %r;R

ngah; itf;f mtd; ngaiug;

 147

ngw;Nwhh;fs; Nfl;lhy;

vd; ngaiur; nrhy;fpwhd;

„ghl;ld;‟ nrhy; kUtpg;

gl;lhzp Mfptpl;Nld;

kw;wgb ehd;

cg;Gf;fliyAk; ,y;iy!

nghl;Lf; fliyAk; ,y;iy!”

vd;w ftpijapy; „Kj;jhy; uhTj;jh;‟ vd;w ,Ryhkpag; ngah; tl;lhu tof;fpy; ngah; kUtp
gl;hzp rhkp Mfptpl;lij eifr;RitNahL vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

mgp

jkpo;g; Nguhrphpah;> KOg;ngah; mgpGy;yh> kdf;Nfhyq;fis ftpijahf;Ftjpy; Njh;e;jth;.

me;ju eil vd;gJ ,tuJ ftpijj; njhFg;G.

“tpise;j tpid

tpise;jJ

tpise;jit cjph;j;J

kPz;Lk; ngUfpd

kPz;Lk; ngUfpd

kPz;Lk;…”

vd;Dk; ftpij kdj;jpd; Cryhl;lj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

fy;ahz;[p

nkd;ikahf mjph;r;rpA+l;Lk; GJf;ftpijfisj; jUgth;. ,Uj;jy;> rpe;jidfisf;

ftpijfspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; jpwDilath;. Gyhp> fhyk; vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;Gfisj;
je;jth;.
 148

“fUg;G tisay; ifAld; xUj;jp

Fdpe;J tise;J ngUf;fpg; Nghdhs;

thry; Rj;jkhr;R kdR Fg;igahr;R”

vd ,isQdpd; kdepiyia ,f;ftpij fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

gQ;R

gQ;rhq;fk; vd;gJ ,tuJ ngah;. rKjha Nehf;fpy; ftpijfisj; jUgth;. Xl;Lg;Gy;>

Ew;whz;Lf; ftpijfs; vd;w ,uz;Lk; ,tUilad. rpwe;j Gj;jpyf;fpaj;
jpwdha;thsuhfTk; tpsq;Ffpwhh;.

fe;jh;td;

rKjha tpkh;rdk; rhh;e;j ftpijfis mq;fjr; RitNahL gilg;gth;. rpiwfs;>

fpopry;fs; vd;w ftpijj; njhFjpfis ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

Mz;lhs; gphpajh;rpdp

jkpo;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghpr;rak; kpf;fth;. ngz;fspd; vjph;g;ghh;Gfis>

fdTfisj; jdJ ftpijfspy; gjpT nra;tjpy; ntw;wp; ngw;wth;. Rak; NgRk; fpsp>
Kj;jq;fs; jPh;e;J tpl;ld Mfpad ,tUila rpwe;j GJf;ftpijj; njhFg;GfshFk;.
ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; GJik vz;zq;fs; KOtPr;R ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;
cUthd.

“kWgb kWgbf;

fOtp nkOfp

kWgb kWgb

rikj;J rikj;J

kWgb kWgb

Rke;J jsh;e;J

kWgb Xb
 149

kWgb Xa;e;J

kfNs… vd; kfNs

,Jth vd; tho;f;if”

vd;w ftpij ftpQhpd; ngz;fs; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

gj;khtjp jhAkhdtd;

ftpauq;Ffspy; ftpijfs; je;J gyUila ftdj;ij <h;j;J tUgth;. r%f

mtyq;fisf; fpz;ly; nra;Ak; mq;fjj; jd;ik ,tuJ ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk;.
kWgbAk;> mLg;gq;fiu ntspr;rj;jpy; Mfpad ,tuJ ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; flikiar;
nra; vDk; ftpijapy;

“fPjh cgNjrk;

mw;Gj fhl;rpjhd;

tpUk;gp urpg;Nghk;

tpiyf;F thq;fp

tPl;by; Rthpy;

khl;b (kl;Lk;) itg;Nghk;

vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

ry;kh

nuf;ifah khypf; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngah; nfhz;l ,th; ry;kh vd;w Gidngahpy;

ngz;zpa nkhop rhh;e;j ftpijfisg; gilj;J tUgth;. xU khiyAk; ,d;ndhU
khiyAk;> gr;irj;Njtij Mfpad ,tuJ ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;. gaq;fs; vd;w
jiyg;gpy; mike;j

“,d;W kWgbAk;

xUKiw

vd;idf; fz;zhbapy; ghh;f;fpNwd;

 150

gpwh; gag;gLk;gbahff;

Fwpg;ghf eP gak; nfhs;Sk;gbahf ,y;iy

vd; Njhw;wk;

ehd; J}q;Fk; NghJk;

mijhpaj;Jld; tpopj;jpUf;fpwha;

,d;Wk;

vd;id tPo;j;jpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ

cd; typikapy;iy

cd; gaq;fs;”

vd;w ftpij ry;khtpd; Gjpa Nehf;ifAk; Nghf;ifAk; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

Rfph;jhuhzp

Mzhjpf;f cyfk; fl;likj;j ngz; gw;wpa ghh;itfis cilj;njwpAk; tifapy;

ftpijfs; gilj;J tUgth;. ifg;gw;wpa vd; fdT Nfs;> ,uT kpUfk; Mfpad ,tuJ
ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;

“vd; kPJ cUz;L jpuz;l

cd; gphpaj;ijNa gpopj;J jUfpd;Nwd;

mJ tp\r; rhwhfTk; ,Uf;fthk;.”

vd;w ftpij ,tUila Mzhjpf;f vjphg;Gf; Fuiy ntspg;gLj;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.

khyhjp ikj;hp

jdf;Nf chpj;jhd ftpij nkhopiaf; fz;lwpe;J ngz;zpak; rhh;e;j ftpijfisg;

gilj;J tUgth;. rq;fuhguzp> ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF> ePyp Mfpait ,tUila
ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;

“/Ngh; mz;l;yt;yp Kfk;

 151

fpspdpf; g;sy; $e;jy;

yf;]; gl;L Nghd;w rUkk;

Inlf;]; fz;fs;

,khkp ,jo;fs;

yf;Nk efq;fs;

yypjhtpd; Mguzq;fs;

ey;ypapd; Milfs;

rutzhtpd; rPh;thpirfs;

ehnshU NkdpAk;

nghOnjhU tz;zKfkhf

cwthbajpy;iy mtw;Wld;

vd;whYk;

mts; Kd;Nd

,uh[Fkhuh;fs;

gphpahzpg; nghl;lyj;Jld;

Njhd;Wfpwhh;fs; gpd;dputpy;

tPjpNahukhf mkh;e;J

Ngd;fs; cjpUk;

jiyiar; nrwpe;jgb

jfuf;Ftisapy; cUSk;

$ohq;fy;ypd; yaj;Jld;

ghbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;
 152

gfnyy;yhk; igj;jpaf;fhhp”

Efh;Nthh; vd;w jiyg;gpy; mike;j ,f;ftpij ekJ fyhr;rhuj;jpy; ngUfptUk;

tpsk;gu Nkhfq;fis vjhh;j;jkhd jd;ikapy; tpkh;rdk; nra;fpwJ.

jkpopy; GJf;ftpQh;fspd; gl;baYk; gilg;Gk; kpf mjpfk; gyh; nrwpthd

GJf;ftpij gilg;Gfisj; je;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. gpuhd;rp]; fpUgh> Njtjr;rd;>
NjNte;jpu G+gjp> fgpyd;>ituKj;J> Afghujp> jgrp>md;ghjtd;>vd;.b.uh[;Fkhh;> yjh>
m.ntz;zpyh> moFepyh> itifr; nry;tp>uNk\; - gpNuk;>fhpfhyd;> ,uh.KUfd;> NfhFy
fz;zd;> Atd; re;jpuNrfh;> ,sk;gpiw> Njd;nkhop> fdpnkhop> kjpthzd;> #j;ujhhp
MfpNahh; GJf;ftpQh;fshfj; jq;fis milahsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L tsh;e;J tUgth;fs;.

3. iff;$ ftpijfs;;:

%d;wb vy;iyf;Fs; tpsq;Fk; ftpij. neUg;Gf;Fr;rp! mofpa tbtk;! cuha;e;jhy;

jPg;gwg;gJ Nghy;> iff;$ ftpijfSk; nghUl;nrwpNthL gpwf;fpd;wd. vhpkiyf;Fs;
mlq;fpf; fplf;Fk; jPf;Fok;G Nghy;> Mokhd nghUs; ,f;ftpijfspy; Cw;nwLf;fpd;wd.
fLF rpWj;jhYk; fhuk; NghfhJ vd;gJ Nghy;> FWfpa tbtnkd;whYk; ftpijg;
gz;Gfis cs;slf;fp czh;r;rpfspd; Njf;fkhf iff;$ ftpijfs; jpfo;fpd;wd.

ftpijfspd; FWtbtk; jkpOf;Fk; GJtutd;W. jkpo; %jhl;b mt;itahh;

xUthpapy; mwf;ftpijfs; gilj;jhh;. thd;Gfo; ts;Sth; ,uz;L mbfspy;> VNo
rPh;fspy; cyfk; tpaf;Fk; mwE}y; jpUf;Fws; gilj;jhh;. rq;f ,yf;fpak; Iq;FWE}W
%d;W mbg; ghly;fshy; mff;fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fpj; jUfpd;wd.

Mdhy; rg;ghd;> ehl;bypUe;J ,f;ftpij tbtk; gpwehLfSf;Fg; gutpAs;sJ

vd;gh;. rg;ghd; ehl;L kf;fs; cauk; Fiwe;jth;fs;. Mdhy; moFk; mwpTk;
epiwe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; tpUk;Gk; nghUl;fs;> gilf;Fk; nghUl;fs; fiyEl;gk; epiwe;j
rpwpa tbtq;fNs! ,aw;ifapy; ehk; fhZk; nghpa kuq;fisf; $l tPl;by; njhl;bapy;
tsh;f;Fk; rpwpa tbtq;fshf;fp kfpo;fpd;wdh;. mk;kf;fs; mth;fs; jq;fs; mofpa iff;$
ftpijfs;! Kjybapy; Ie;J rPh;: ,uz;lhk; mbapy; VO rPh; kPz;Lk; %d;whkbapy; Ie;J
rPh; vd;W tpsq;FtJ iff;$ ftpij tbtk; vd ,yf;fz mikjp $Wth;.

jkpopy; jw;fhyj;jpy; iff;$ ftpijfs; ngUtuNtw;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. rKjhar;

rpf;fy;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F ,d;iwa ftpQh;fs; iff;$ ftpijfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ciof;Fk; th;f
; ;fj;jpdhpd; tho;;fi
; fg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> tujl;rizf;
nfhLikfs;> ngz;zbik> tpjit kWtho;T> ,d kjr; rz;ilfs;> nfhj;jbikj;jsk;>
murpay; Nghf;F> Vo;ik> tWik> fhjy; Nghd;wtw;iw eWf;Fj; njhpj;jhw;Nghy;>
 153

gbg;gth;f;Fg; nghUs; Rlr;Rlg; GhpAk; tz;zk; iff;$ ftpijfspy; gilf;fpd;wdh;.

nghJTlikr; rpj;jhe;jq;fis ,d;iwa ,f;fiytbtq;fs; nghpJk; jhq;fp tUtijf;
fhzKbfpwJ.

Viofs; murhq;fj;jhYk;> nry;te;jh;fshYk; vg;gbnay;yhk; thpf;nfhLik>

ciog;ghy; gpopag;gLfpd;whh;fs; vd;gijg; GJit jkpo;neQ;rd; jk; ftpijfspy; glk;
gpbf;fpd;whh;.

Viofspd; neQ;rpy;

mdy; kpd;rhuk; vLg;Nghk;

kpd;ntl;L ,y;iy.

ryhTjPd; vd;w ftpQh; kdpjdhfg; gpwe;Jk;> tho topapy;yhky; jtpf;Fk; kf;fs;

,dj;ij ek; fz;Kd; nfhz;L tUfpwhh;.

yQ;rk;

grp gl;bdp

elf;Fk; kuq;fs;

czTf;fhf kdpjd; elj;Jk; th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lk;: ehNahL NghuhLk; kdpjd;!

,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L fz;zhP ; tpLNthkh! eifg;Nghkh! Mlyurd; rKjha tPjpapy; jhk;
fz;l fhl;rpiaf; ftpij Xtpakhf;Ffpwhh;: fhZq;fs;:

,iyia vq;Nf Nghl

vjpnujpuha; vjph;g;ghh;gG
; ld;

ehAk; kdpjDk;

ftpQh; jkpod;gd; kdpjKaw;rp ntw;wpf;fdpiag; ngw;Wj; jUk; vd

Kunrhypf;fpd;whh; jk; ftpij %yk;. Fwpg;ghf khzth;fSf;F mth; ftpij vOr;rp
cs;sj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;!

gj;jhtJ jlitahf tpOe;jtDf;F

Kj;jkpl;Lr; nrhd;dJ g+kp!

xd;gJ Kiw vOe;jtdy;yth eP!

 154

ehty;

Nkiy ehl;lhh; njhlh;ghy; jkpOf;F fpilj;j Gjpa tuTfs; GjpdKk; xd;whFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpak; ciu eil tif gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUNshL Gzuhg; ngha;k;nkhop,
nghUNshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhop vd;git goq;fhyf; fij ,yf;fpaq;fisr; Rl;Ltd
vd;gh;.; gy;NtW kdpjh;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; eilngWk; gy;NtW epfo;rr
; pfis,
epiyf;fsdhff; nfhz;L gilf;fg;gLtd Gjpdq;fshFk;.

rhtpj;Jthuk; topNa ghh;g;gJ rpWfij vdTk; rhsuk; topNa ghh;g;gJ Gjpdk;

vd;Wk; tpsf;Fth;. xU fhyj;jpy; fhg;gpaq;fs; ngw;wpUe;j ,lj;ij ,d;W Gjpdq;fs;
ngw;Ws;sd vdyhk;. Gjpdq;fspy; gytifAz;L. rpy, epfo;rr
; pfis
Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jgit, rpy, ghj;jpuq;fisg; ngUikg;gLj;Jgit, rpy cj;jpfshy;
rpwg;git. E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhd jkpo;g; Gjpdq;fisr; r%fg; Gjpdq;fs;, Jg;gwpAk;
Gjpdq;fs;, tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fs,; tl;lhu tof;Fg; Gjpdq;fs;, murpay; Gjpdq;fs;,
ghYwTg; Gjpdq;fs,; cstpay; Gjpdq;fs; vdg; gytifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Nkiy ehLfspy; rpWfijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpwNf Gjpdk; Njhd;wpaJ. Mdhy;

jkpopy; Gjpdk; Njhd;wpajw;Fg; gpwNf rpWfij Njhd;wpaJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1740-
,y; fbjk; vOJtJ Nghd;w mikg;gpy; vOe;j “ghnkyh” vd;w E}Ny Mq;fpyj;jpy;
Kjw; GjpdkhFk;.

njhlf;ffhyg; Gjpdq;fs;:- (1879-1910)

fp.gp.1878-,y; kha+uk; Kd;rg

P ; Ntjehafk; gps;isahy; “gpujhg Kjypahh;
rhpj;jpuk;” vd;w Gjpdk; vOjg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyr; rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;il, rpy
kdpjh;fspd; tif khjphpfis mq;fj eilapy; Gyg;gLj;Jk; mf;fijf; fhg;gpa
mikg;gpy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. njhlh;e;J gp.Mh;.,uh[ikahpd; fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk;,
khjitahtpd; gj;khtjp vOe;jd. ,g;Gjpdq;fSk; md;iwa elg;gpaiyr;
rpj;jhpg;gdthFk;.

Jg;gwpAk; Gjpdq;fSk; gpwTk; (1910-1935):-

1910-f;F gpwF Gjpag; Nghf;F khwpaJ. Muzp Fg;Grhkp Kjypahh;, tLt+h;

Jiurhkp Iaq;fhh; MfpNahh; Nkiy ehl;Lg; Gjpdq;fisj; jOtpj; Jg;gwpAk;
Gjpdq;fis vOjpg; gugug;G Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. tLt+uhhpd; k&q;fhGhp khaf; nfhiy,
Nkdfh, jpfk;gur;rhkpahh; Kjypad Gfo;ngw;w gilg;GfshFk;. ngz;zpd; tho;f;ifia
 155

vOjpf; Ftpj;jhh; it.K.Nfhij ehafp mk;khs;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nkjhtp, rpuQ;rt

P p, gp.b.rhkp
Nghd;NwhUk; rq;fh;yhy; vd;w ghj;jpuj;ij caph;fis jJk;g cyttpl;l jkpo;thzDk;
,t;tifg; Gjpdq;fis tsh;j;Js;shh;fs;.

ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; kjpthzd; kiwkiy mbfspd; Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs;

vd;w Gjpdq;fs; ey;y jkpo; eilapy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.

fhe;jPaj; jj;Jtj;ij tsh;f;Fk; tifapy; fpuhkpa tho;it mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Nf.v];.ntq;flukzp vd;gth; vOjpa Njrgf;jd; fe;jd,; KUfd; Xh; cotd;
vd;w Gjpdq;fs; rpwg;GilaitahFk;.

tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fs; (1936-1960):-

fij nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy; Gjpa ghzpia tFj;Jf; nfhz;L tuyhw;Wg;

Gjpdq;fis vOjpg; Gfo;ngw;whh; fy;fp. jkpo;ehl;bd; “thy;lh; ];fhl;” vd;Nw ,tiug;
ghuhl;Lth;. ,th; vOjpa fs;tdpd; fhjyp, ghh;j;jpgd; fdT, rptfhkpapd; rgjk;,
nghd;dpapd; nry;td; vd;gd jkpo; kf;fshy; ,d;Wk; tpUk;gpg; gbf;fg;gLtdthFk;.
; pfisf; fUthff; nfhz;l “miyXir” rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l epfo;rr
ghpR ngw;wjhFk;.

r%f ehty;fs; vOjpg; Gfo;ngw;w mfpydpd; Ntq;ifapd; ike;jDk; fay;tpopAk;

jdpr; rpwg;GilaitahFk;. Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd; mfhlkp ghpR ngw;wjhFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
vOjpath;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; rhz;by;ad;. ,th; vOjpa Gjpdq;fSs; fd;dp khlk;
kd;dd; kfs; atduhzp fly;Gwh Kjypad vjph;ghuhj jpUg;gq;fisAk; ,d;gk;
kpFtpf;Fk; tUzidfisAk; nfhz;lit. gpukpg;g+l;Lk; rhfrr; nray;fshy;
thrfh;fisg; ghjpg;gth;fs; ,tUila fij ehafh;fs;.

mU. ,uhkehjd; vOjpa tPughz;bad; kidtp Xh; mw;Gjg; gilg;ghFk;.

n[frpw;gpapd; Mytha; mofd;, kfuaho;kq;if KjypadTk;, ,yf;fpaj; jukhd eilapw;
rpwe;j Nfhtp kzpNrfudpd; nrk;gpad; nry;tp, gPyptis, nghw;fhyg; g+k;ghit
KjypadTk; caph;fis jJk;GtdthFk;.

NrhKtpd; ntz;zpyTg; nghz;zurp, eh. ghh;j;j rhujpapd; kzpgy;ytk;,

tpf;fpukdpd; ee;jpGuj;J ehafp, K.fUzhepjpapd; NuhkhGhpg; ghz;bad; MfpadTk;
ghuhl;Lf;Fhpa gilg;GfshFk;.
 156

r%fg; Gjpdq;fs;(1956-1965):-

r%f epiyfisAk; jdpkdpjDf;Fr; r%fj;jhy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fisAk;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOtd r%fg;Gjpdq;fshFk;. rPh;jpUj;j czh;Tld; vOjg;gl;l
K.t.tpd; Gjpdq;fs; mf;fhyj; jkpoh;fspilNa ngUQ;nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jd. fs;Nsh
fhtpaNkh, neQ;rpy; xU Ks;, faik fhpj;Jz;L, kz;Fbir thlhkyh; vd;gd ,th; jk;
mwpTiuf; fhtpaq;fs;, ,tUila mfy; tpsf;F vd;w Gjpdk; rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp ghpR
ngw;wjhFk;.

ghj;jpuq;fspd; czh;r;rpfisAk;, gz;GfisAk; rpj;jphpg;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa

mfpyd,; ghit tpsf;F, ngz; rpNefpjp, neQ;rpd; miyfs; Nghd;w jukhd ehty;fisj;
je;Js;shh;. rpj;jpug;ghit vd;w Gjpdk; QhdgPlg;ghpR ngw;wjhFk;.

eh.ghh;j;jrhujpapd; FwpQ;rpkyh; ngaUf;Nfw;g mUik rhd;whFk;. ,th; fhe;jpaj;

jj;Jtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpdq;fs; vOjpath;. ,tUila Mj;khtpd;
uhfq;fs; nghd;tpyq;F Fwpg;gplj; jf;fitahFk;.

FLk;gg;ghq;fhd Gjpdq;fs; vOjpg; Gfo;ngw;wth; lhf;lh; jphpGuRe;jhp vd;Dk;

yl;Rkp. ngz;kdk; kpjpyh tpyh]; Mfpait ngz;fspd; rpf;fy;fisg; NgRgit.

t.uh.mth;fspd; Nfhijj;jPT, Re;jhp Mfpad rPh;jpUj;jg; Nghf;Filad. mq;fj

eilapy; Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; vOjpg; Gfo; ngw;wth; tpe;jd;. ,tUila njhopyhsh;fspd;
rpf;fy;fisf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;lJ.

1960 vd;fpw fhyfl;lj;jpy; jiyrpwe;j Gjpdq;fisg; gilj;jth; n[afhe;jd;.

ghypay; czh;Tfisr; r%ftpay; Nehf;NfhL rpj;jphpg;jpYk;, r%fj;jhYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; gf;fk; rhh;e;J epd;W Njh;e;j tof;FiuQh; Nghy; thjpLtjpYk;,
Mw;wy; kpf;f eiliaf; ifahStjpYk; ajhh;j;jkhd fUf;fisg; GidtjpYk;
jd;dpfuw;wtuhfj; jpfo;gth;. rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs;, xU ebif ehlfk;
ghh;f;fpwhs;. ,yf;fzk; kPwpa ftpij, ghhp]Pf;Fg; Ngh Kjypad jdpj;jd;ik
cilaitahFk;. cstpay; hPjpapy; xU rpy Gjpdq;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.

NkhfKs; vd;w Gjpdj;ijj; jkpo; ehty;fSs; jiy rpwe;jJ vd;W ghuhl;Lth;.

mg;Gjpdj;ij vOjpath; jp.[hdfpuhkd; Mthh;. ,tUila „mk;kh te;jhs;‟ „kug;gR‟
vd;gd ghypay; czh;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gidag;gl;l fl;likg;Gr; rpwe;j
Gjpdq;fshFk;. ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujpapd; FUjpg;Gdy,; [rf; mUik uhrdpd; fPwy;fs;
 157

Mfpait th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fisr; rpj;jphpg;git. G+kzpapd; gpwF rpd;dg;ghujpapd;

jhfk;, rq;fk; Kjypad mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; tho;tpidr; rpj;jphpg;gitahFk;. n`g;rpgh
N[Rjhrdpd; Gj;jk; tPL, ePygj;kehgdpd; jiyKiwfs;, ehQ;rpy; ehldpd; “vd;gpyjid”
nghd;dPydpd; “fhpry;”; Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tl;lhug; Gjpdq;fshFk;.

murpay; Gjpdq;fs;:-

,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp, Mjtd; Nghd;Nwhh; murpay; Gjpdq;fis vOjpAs;shh;fs;.

,e;jpuhghh;j;jrhujpapd; je;jpug+kp, Rje;jpug+kp Kjypad murpay; je;jpuq;fis mq;fj
eilapy; tpsf;Ftd.

ngz; Gjpd Mrphpah;fs;:-

fhe;jpaj; jj;Jtj;ijAk; nghJTilikj; jj;Jtj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

gy;NtW ,d kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiag; glk; gpbg;gth; ,uh[k;fpU\;zd;, ,tUila
FwpQ;rpj;Njd; NtUf;F ePh; rpwe;j ehty;fs;. mk;ig, rptrq;fhp, ,e;Jkjp, mDuhjh
ukzd;, th]e;jp Nghd;Nwhh;fs; tsh;e;J tUk; vOj;jhsh;fs; Mth;.

,d;iwa vOj;jhsh;fs;:-

eilj;jpwd; rpwe;j R[hjh, mwptpay; Gjpdq;fisAk; mspg;gth;. uh.fp.uq;fuh[d,;

fp.uhN[e;jpud,; rhtp, v];.V.gp.mz;zhkiy, njhlh;fij Mrphpah;fs; ghyFkhud; Kj;jpiu
nghwpf;Fk; tsUk; vOj;jhsh;.khj ehty;fs; vd;w ngahpy; Gw;wPry; Nghyj; Jg;gwpAk;
Gjpdq;fs; gpwe;J kbfpd;wd. gy;NtW Nehf;Fk;, Nghf;Fk; cila vz;zw;w
vOj;jhsh;fshy; Gjpd ,yf;fpak; nropj;J tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ.

rpWfij

rpWfijapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

Ritahd xU epfo;r;rp my;yJ #o;epiy mikg;G, fth;rr

; pahd xU fhl;rp,
neUq;fpg; gpd;dg;gl;l rpW epfo;rr
; pfs;, xUthpd; jdpg;gz;G, xU rpW mDgtk,;
tho;f;ifapd; xU ntw;wp, mw czh;thy; tpise;j xU rpf;fy;-,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W
my;yJ ,it Nghd;w VNjDk; xd;W ey;y rpWfijapd; mbg;gilahf mikayhk;.
 158

nrl;[;tpf; $w;W:-

rpWfij Fjpiug; ge;jak; Nghy,; njhlf;fKk; KbTk; Rit kpf;fdthf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.

vl;fh; Myd; Ngh:-

fUtpd; rpwg;ghy; mikAk; rpWfij xUthpd; gz;gpd; rpwg;ghy; mikAk; rpWfij

cs;sj;jpy; gjpAk; czh;tpd; rpwg;ghy; mikAk; rpWfij vdg;ghFghL nra;ayhk;.
,tw;Ws; czh;tpd; rpwg;ig xl;bNa rpWfijNa rpwe;jJ vd;fpwhh;.

fijapd; caph; ehb:-

cyfpy; epfOk; Nghh;, g+ry;fs;, jpUkzq;fs;, nfhiyfs,; jpUtpohf;fs;,

Nkhrbfs;, Cly;fs;, $ly;fs;, Vkhw;wq;fs;, nfhLikfs;, jpahfq;fs;, ghrczh;Tfs;
gf;jp epiyfs; Kjypad gy;NtW #oy;fspy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. ,jd; gpd;dzpapy;
kf;fspd; czh;r;rpfs; jhd; fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;rr
; pfisr; rpj;jhpj;J xU
fijahf tbtikf;Fk; nghOJ czh;r;rp jhd; fijapd; caph; ehbahf mikAk;.

Fwpf;Nfhs;:-

rpWfijapd; Nehf;fKk;, Fwpf;Nfhs;, nray; czh;T Mfpait rpjwhky;

xd;Wgl;L mika Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ xU Nehf;fk;, mjw;F ,ila+whf Ntnwhd;W
Gfhky; mikj;jy; xU Fwpf;Nfhs;, mij xNu Nghf;fpy; Gyg;gl czh;j;jy; xNu nray;
mijj; njspTwf; fhl;ly; xNu czh;T, mij cs;sj;Nj gjpAkhW czh;j;jy; vd
,t;thW Nehpa Kiwapy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwr; rpijf;Fk; NtW gpwtw;iwg;
GFj;jyhfhJ.

fUg;nghUs;:-

rpy rpWfijfspy; fU kpfr; rpwg;ghf mikAk;. Rpy rpWfijfspy; fij

khe;jhpd; gz;G rpwe;J epw;Fk;. NtW rpy rpWfijfspy; czh;r;rp rpwg;Gw;wpUf;Fk;.
me;je;jr; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpr; rpWfij Nghw;wg;gLtJKz;L. fUtpd; rpwg;G, gz;gpd; rpwg;G,
czh;r;rpapd; rpwg;G vd mr;r;pwg;Gfs; gw;wp czh;e;J $wg;gLk; rpWfijfspy;, fU kpfr;
rpwg;ghf mike;j rpWfijfs; gbg;gthpd; neQ;rpy; ePq;fhky; epw;gdthFk;.
 159

ciuahly;:-

fij khe;jhpd; gz;ig tpsf;Ftjw;Nfh, fij epfo;rr

; piag; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh
Vw;w mstpw;F ciuahly; mikayhk;. mJ vOJNthhpd; jpwidg; nghWj;jjhFk;.

nkhopeil:-

rpWfijfspy; Mrphpah;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhop eil vspik cilajhf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rKjhaj;jpYs;s gy;NtW epiyapdUk; gbj;Jg; gad; nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; vspa nkhopapy; rpWfij mikAkhdhy; vOj;jhshpd; gilg;gpyf;fpak; ntw;wp
ngWk;.

tUziz:-

rpWfijfspy; ePz;l tUzidfSf;F ,lkpy;iy. rpWfijapd; fUtpw;Nfh,

czh;r;rpf;Nfh Ntz;lhj xd;W ve;j tUzidapYk; ,lk; ngwf; $lhJ. xU tPl;bd;
$lj;jpd; Rtw;wpy; glk; xd;W khl;b itf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wpdhy; me;jg; glk; ve;j
tifapNyDk; fijapd; fUtpw;Nfh, czh;r;rpf;Nfh gad;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay;
mijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G me;j tUzidapy; $lhJ vd;gh;.

kd epiwT:-

rpWfij, mstpy; rpwpa fijahf mikapDk;, mjpy; xU KOik mikjy;

Ntz;Lk;. $wj;jf;fd vy;yhk; tplhky; $wg;gl;ld vd;Wk;, jpwDld; $wg;gl;ld vd;Wk;,
gbg;gth;f;F kd epiwT Vw;gLk; tifapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; tphpthf
vOjpapUg;gpd;, xU FiwTk; Neh;e;jpUf;fhJ vdpDk;, xU gaDk; kpFe;jpUf;fHJ vd;W
vz;zj;jf;f tifapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rpWfijf;fsk;:-

rpWfijapy; $wg;gLtJ xU kzpNeu epfo;rr

; pahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; xU ehs;
nra;jpahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; xU thuj;J epfo;r;rpfshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; Xh; Mz;L my;yJ
gy Mz;Lfspd; tho;f;ifahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; xUthpd; tho;f;ifapy; xU rpW gFjpAk;
rpWfijahf mikayhk; my;yJ mtUila KO tho;f;ifAk; mjpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.

Xh; ,lNk fskhf mikapDk; mikayhk; gy;NtW ,lq;fSk; thpDk; tuyhk;

xUth; ,UtNu fij khe;juhfTk; mikayhk; gyUk; te;J mikayhk;.
 160

fl;Lg;ghL:-

rpWfij mstpy; rpwpajhf mikAk; fhuzj;jhy; fl;Lg;ghLfs; cilajhfpd;wJ.

xNu Kiwapy; gbj;J Kbf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; xNu xU gad; my;yJ
tpisT cilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mjdhy; fijapy; tUk; rpy epfo;rr
; pfSk; fij
khe;jh;fSk; me;j xd;wDf;Fg; gad;glf; $ba tiuaiwNahL mika Ntz;Lk;
njhlf;fk; Kjy; KbT tiuapy; xNu Nehf;fk; cilajhf tpsq;fy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mifahy;, Fwpj;j Xh; Misj; Njbr; nry;gthpd; Ch;g; gazk; Nghy; NtW
vJTk; FWf;fplhky; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. rpWfijapy; fij rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;, fij
khe;jh; xU rpyuhf ,Ue;jhYk; fij epfo;rr
; p xd;W ,uz;lhf ,Ue;jhYk; xU
KOj;jd;ik kl;Lk; fl;lhak; Ntz;Lk;.

fw;gid Mw;wy;:-

rpWfijapy; fw;gidapd; Njitiaf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLjy; $lhJ. fij

vOJtjw;Ff; fw;gidahw;wy; kpfTk; NjitahFk;. tplh Kaw;rpahy; xt;nthUtUk;
ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;L fw;gid Mw;wiy tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

vjph;ghh;gG
; epiy:-

rpWfijfspy; vjph;ghh;g;G epiy kpfr; rpwg;ghd $Wfspy; xd;whFk;. fijiag;

gbg;gth; cs;sj;jpy; mLj;j epfo;rr
; pfs; njhlh;Gld; tpsf;fg;gLNkh vd;w Mh;tj;Jld;
vjph;ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; fijaikg;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

rpWfij VjhtnjhU gaidAk; KbtpidAk; toq;fty;yjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fij epfo;rr
; pfSk; fij khe;jh;fSk; me;jxU gaDf;Nfw;g gad;gLk;

tifapy; mika Ntz;Lk;.

ehlfj;jkpo;
Kj;jkpopy; xU gphpT ehlfk;. ,irAk;> $j;Jk; ,ize;J nry;td. cyfpy;
kdpjd; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,irAk;> ehlfKk; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gh;.
kdk; kfpOk; ,irf; Nfl;lhy; iffSk;> fhy;fSk; jhkhfNt jhsk; NghLtij ehk;
fz;$lhff; fhz ,aYk; ehlfk; Kjypy; ghl;L cUtpy; gpwe;J tsh;e;jJ. gy;NtW
khWjy;fis mit ngw;w gpd; ,d;W gbf;Fk; ehlfq;fshfTk;> ebf;Fk; ehlfq;fsh
fTk;>gz;Lnjhl;Nl jkpOf;F ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. jkpo;nkhopNa ,ay;> ,ir>
ehlfk; vd;w Kg;gFg;ghy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fypj;njhifg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; ehlff;
 161

$Wfs; mike;Js;sd. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlf ,yf;fzk; ehlf Nkil mikg;Gg;

Nghd;wit $wg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; ciuapy; mfj;jpak;> ,e;jpufhtpak;> FzE}y;> rae;jk;>
nrapw;wpak;> gQ;rkuG> gujNrdhgjpak; kjpthzh; ehlfj;jkpo;> KWty; Nghd;w ehlf
,yf;fpaq;fs; ,Ue;jdthff; Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. ,d;W gioa ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fs;
xd;Wk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; jkpopy; ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,y;yhf; Fiwia
mz;ikf;fhy ehlf tsh;r;rp ,y;yhky; nra;Js;sJ.
ehlfj;jkpo;g; Gutyh;fs;:

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fs; gytw;iw vOjpAk; ebj;Jk; Gfo;

Ftpj;jth; rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; Mthh;. mth; ehw;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. mtUila ehlfq;fspy; ,ir kpFjpahff; fye;jpUe;jJ. ePjpgjpahf
,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ehlfq;fs; vOjpAk; ebj;Jk; te;jth; gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;.
kNdhfuh> rghgjp> yPyhtjp>mkyhjpj;jd; Nghd;w vz;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlf E}y;fis
Mf;fp mspj;jhh;. ehlff; fiy tsh;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhapUe;j ,tiu jkpo; ehlfj;je;ij
vd miof;fpd;wdh;. #hpaehuhaz rh];jphpahh; vd;w ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; jkpOf;Fj;
njhz;lhw;wpa mUq;FzQ;nry;th;. mth; ehlftpay; fyhtjp> &ghtjp> khdtprak;
Kjyhd ehlf ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wp mUspdhh;. NfhghyfpU~;z ghujpahhpd;
ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuKk;> mUzhryf;ftpuhahpd; uhkehlff; fPh;j;jidAk; ehlf tbtk;
ngw;wit. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Guhzf;fhtpaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehlf E}y;fs;
Njhd;wyhapd. my;ypmurhzp khiy> ey;yj;jq;fhs; rhpj;jpuk;> mhpr;re;jpud;> gtsf;nfhb
khiy> rFe;jiy tpyhrk;> jhUf tpyhrk;> ghuj tpyhrk;> rpWj;njhz;lh; tpyhrk;>
khh;f;fz;Nlah;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk; Nghd;w ehlfq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Lg; gbf;fTk;> ebf;fTk;
ngw;wd.

Vl;bNy vOjhg; ghly;fs;

ehl;Lg;ghly;> ehl;lhh; ghly;> ehNlhbg; ghly;> fpuhkpag; ghly;> nrtptopg;ghly;>

tha;nkhopg;ghly;> fhl;Lg;G+f;fs;> kiyaUtp vd;Wgy;NtW ngah;fshy;ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit fhw;wpNy kpje;j ftpijfs;;Vl;bNy vOjhg; ghly;fs;. fhyk;
fhykhf kuGtopg;gl;L> ciof;fpd;w kf;fshy; ghlg;gl;L te;jit. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
kj;jpa fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;jhd;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; kyh;fspd; eWkzk; fz;lwpag;gl;L>
,yf;fpa cyfpy; Nrh;f;fg;glyhapd.

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyf; fhl;Lfpd;w fz;zhbfNs ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;.

rKjha tsh;r;rpiaAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; ,g;ghly;fspy; njspthff; fhzyhk;. Nkiyehl;L
mwpQh;fNs ,g;ghliyj; njhFg;gjpy; Kjypy; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. gpd;dh;
,yf;fpathjpfSk;>fiyapd;gk; fhz;NghUk; ,g;ghly;fisj; njhFg;gjpYk;> mtw;iwj;
 162

jpwdha;T nra;J ntspapLtjpYk; ,d;gq;fz;ldh;. gbj;jth;fspilNa ,g;ghly;fs;

nry;thf;Fg;ngw Muk;gpj;jJk;> ,j;Jiwiag; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; ghlg;nghUshf;fp
tsh;f;fyhapd.

jkpopy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fisj; jpul;b> „fhw;wpNy te;j ftpij‟ vd;w E}y;%yk;

Kjd;Kjyhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; Nguhrphpah; K.mUzhryk;. mtiuj; njhlh;e;J
Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQh; eh.thdkhkiy> fiykfs; Mrphpah; fp.th.[fe;ehjd;> mwpQh;
md;dfhK Nghd;Nwhh; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fisj; njhFj;J ntspapLtjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;.

kdpj tho;T nrOikg;gl;l fhye;njhlq;fp> fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fs;>

jq;fs; tho;it ikakhff; nfhz;L> ,ay;ghfg; ghLfpd;w ghly;fshf ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fs; gpwe;jd. mtw;wpy; ,d;g Jd;g czh;Tfs; cz;L; czh;r;rp miyfs;
Mh;g;ghpj;jd;fw;gidAk;> fUj;Jk; ,lk; ngw;wd; fhtpankUFk;> ,yf;fpa eaKk;
jhdhfNt te;J gbe;jd. ,ir nfhQ;rpaJ mjdhy; Nfl;NghUf;F ,d;gk; tpise;jJ.
fpuhkg; Gwkf;fspd; ,iwtopghLfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs;> tpohf;fs;> fhjy;>
tho;f;if Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jOtpg; ngUtof;fhf ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
kyuyhapd.

Foe;ijiaj; jha; jhyhl;Ltjpy; njhlq;fp> fhjypy; fko;e;J> jpUkzj;jpy;

nghypTngw;W> fs;skpy;yh ciog;gpy; ghlg; ngw;W> kfpo;Tf; fhyq;fspy; eilngw;w
Mly;ghly;fspy; tsk; ngw;W> ,iwtopghl;by; jto;e;J> fyfk;> gQ;rk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
fijg;ghly;fshfg; gh;zkpj;J> tho;tpd; ,Wjpapy; xg;ghhpg;ghly;fshf kyh;e;J kzk;
gug;gpa ftpijnkhl;Lf;fNs ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; MFk;. fpuhkkf;fs; jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;
njhopyhd tptrha Ntiyfshd Vw;wk; ,iwj;jy;> fodpfisg; gz;gLj;jy;>
ehw;WeLjy;> mWtil Nghd;wtw;wpYk;> jhq;fs; nghOJ Nghf;fhff; nfhz;l
tPutpisahl;Lf;fs;> nghq;fy;jpdk; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis ,ay;ghfg;
ghlNtz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhaj;Jf;F cs;shfp> mth;fs; tho;NthL ,uz;lwf; fye;Jtpl;ld.

,g;gbg; gpwe;J tsh;e;j ehl;Lg;Gwf; ftpijfspy;> fUj;Jk; nghUSk;> ehl;Lg;Gw

,irNahL fye;J> fhynky;yhk; kzf;fpw fhtpa kyh;fshapd. vspa gjq;fNshL> vspa
nkl;LfNshLk; ,ioNahba ,g;ghly;fspy; ,yf;fz tbtk; vJTk; ,y;iy. fpuhkg;Gw
,irnkhl;Lfshf VNyNyh> jpy;yhyq;fb> Fk;kp> rpe;J> jhyhl;L Nghd;w ,irg;gz;fis
Vw;W> fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; nrhy;yhl;rpf;Nfw;g ,g;ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;ld. vJif> Nkhid>
mLf;Fj;njhlh;> ,ul;ilf; fpstp> cUtfk;> ctik> gonkhop> tof;fhWfs; Nghd;wit
,ay;ghfNt mtw;wpy; kpd;dpg; gpwf;fyhapd. xUKiwg; ghlg;gl;l nrhy;Nyh> mbNah>
njhlNuh kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,f;ftpijapy; ,lk; ngwyhapd. ,t;thW ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
 163

,lk;ngw;W> ,d;dpirAk; fye;J gpwe;jhy;> mg;ghly;fs; Nfl;Nghiuf; fpW fpWf;f

itj;J> mth;fspd; neQ;irj; njhLtdthf mike;jd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU ghly;! Nrhoehl;L tay;ntspfspy; gpwe;jJ! kz;zpd; kzk;

fkOk; mg;ghlypy; ,ir nfhQ;RtijAk;> ,yf;fpa mikjp xOq;F ngw;Ws;sijAk;
fhl;Lk; Vw;wg;ghl;L!

%q;fpy; ,iyNkNy

J}q;Fk; gdpePNu!

J}q;Fk; gdpePiu

thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd!

fhjy; ghly;fs;

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; kpFjpahfg; gpwe;jit fhjy; ftpijfNs! fhjy; ghly;fspy;

fpuhkpa tho;T gspr;nrdj; njhpAk;> czh;rr ; p nts;sk; gha;e;J tUk;. fw;gid
jsh;eilapLk;> fUj;Jfs; kpd;dpg; gpwf;Fk;. ctik Kj;Jfs; xspUk;> vJif Nkhid
,ay;ghf mike;J moFfhl;Lk;.

fpuhkj;Jf; Fapy; xd;W kapy;Nghy; rhay;! mts; jz;zPh; Kfe;J nfhz;L

mofpa Flj;ij ,Lg;gpy; itj;J> vLg;ghf ele;J tUfpwhs;. mtspd; md;deilAk;>
mofpa Njhw;wKk; mts; fhjydpd; fz;fisf; fth;fpd;wd. mtd; ,g;gbg; ghLfpd;whd;:

jz;zpf; FlnkLj;Jj;

jdptopNa Nghw ngz;Nz!

jz;zpf; Flj;Jf; Fs;Ns

jJk;Gjb vd;kdR!

jhNd! jhdd;dh dd;dh jhNd!

fpuhkj;Jf; fhjnyy;yhk; ngUk;ghYk; cwtpNyjhd; kyUk;. fhjypd; fdpitf;

fhjyh;fspd; tpop tPr;rpYk; myl;rpag; Ngr;rpYk; fz;L kfpoyhk;. fhjyh;fspd; fhjy;
gw;wpg; gpwf;Fk; ehl;Lg; ghly;fspy; czh;r;rpj; Jbg;Gk;> fiyeaKk; nghq;fptopAk;.
vdNt ,ay;ghfNt mg;ghly;fspy; ,yf;fpar; Rit kpFe;jpUg;gijf; Nfl;Nghh;
czuyhk;.

fhdf; fhprypNy
 164

fisnaLf;Fk; ngz;kapNy!

ePyf; fUq;FapNy!

epw;fl;Lkh? Nghfl;Lkh?

jhAk; NrAk;

ngw;NwhUf;F gps;isfNs cz;ikahd nry;tq;fs;. Foe;ijg; NgW

,y;iynad;why; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy;> kw;wth;fspd; Vr;Rf;Fk; Vsdj;Jf;Fk; Mshth;.,jpy;
ngz;Nz ngUk; ghjpg;Gf;F Mshths;. xU Foe;ij ,y;yhjj; jhapd; Jd;gf;Fuy;
ehl;Lg; ghlyhf xypg;gijf; fhZq;fs;.

tl;bypNy Nghl;l Nrhw;iw

thhpj;jpd;dg; gps;is ,y;iy!

fpz;zpapNy Nghl;l Nrhw;iw

fPhpj;jpd;dg; gps;is ,y;iy!

rpq;fkfd; xUtidg; ngw;wjha;> jd; Foe;ij Vio tPl;by; te;J gpwe;Js;sij vz;zpf;
fyq;Ffpwhs;. mj;jhapd; cs;sj;ij eak;glf; fhl;Lk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; ,Njh:

Kj;Jr; rphpg;gofh!

Ky;iyg;G+ gy;yofh!

ntj;Jf; FbirapNy

tpisahl te;jhNah?

Viof; FbirapNy

<uj; jiuNkNy

jhok;gha; Nghl;Lj;

jto;e;jhl te;jhNah

jiunay;yhk; NkLgs;sk;

jto;e;jhy; cWj;jhNjh?

jhapd; Jd;gk; ghlypy; vjpnuhypf;fpd;wjy;yth!

 165

jhyhl;Lg; ghly;:

kw;nwhU jha; jd; nry;tf; Foe;ijiaj; njhl;bypl;L jhyhl;Lfpd;whs;. fuq;fs;

njhl;biy Ml;Lfpd;w nghOJ ,ay;ghfNt MuhNuhg; ghl;nlhd;Wk; jhapd; thapypUe;J
gpwf;fpwJ. ,d;gj;; jkpNohir me;jj; jhapd; jhyhl;by; ,ioNahLtij ePq;fSk;
,dpikNahL ghbg; ghUq;fs;:

MuhNuh MuhNuh –fz;Nz eP

MuhNuh MuhNuh!

Mubj;jhh; eP mOjha;? fz;Nz cid

Mbj;jhiur; nrhy;ypmO!

khkp mbj;jhNyh? –cd;id

ky;ypifg;G+r; nrz;lhNy!

khkd; mbj;jhNdh! –cd;id

khiyapLk; ifahNy!

ePz;L nry;Yk; ,g;ghlypd; Kbtpy;> J}q;fhj Fioe;ijnahd;W jha;f;Fg; gjpy;

,Wg;gjhf tUk; mb> fw;gidahfg; gpwe;J ek;ikf; fsp kfpo;T nfhs;sr; nra;fpwJ.

ahUk; mbf;f tpy;iy! – vd;id

ItpuYk; jPz;ltpy;iy!

grpf;fy;yNth ehd; mONjd;! – vd;wd;

ghrKs;s jhahNu?

rpWth; tpisahl;L:

rpd;dQ;rpWth;fs; Ch;g; ngah;fisr; nrhy;yp tpisahLk; ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;

te;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; xd;W:

vd;d Ch;?

kapyhg;G+h;!

vd;d kapy;?
 166

fhl;L kapy;!

vd;d fhL?

Mh;f;fhL!

vd;d MW?

ghyhW!

vd;d ghy;?

fs;spg;ghy;!

vd;d fs;sp?

,iyf; fs;sp!

vd;d ,iy?

kh ,iy!

vd;dk;kh?

mk;kh!

Vspa jkpo;! ,d;Ndhir! re;jk; ,ay;ghf mike;J ,jaj;ij njhLk; kw;WnkhU

fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lg; ghly;:

ehd; jhz;lh tPud;!

ey;y Kj;Jg; Ngud;!

nts;spg; gpuk;ngLj;J

tpisahl thNud;!

jq;fg; gpuk;ngLj;J

jhypfl;l thNud;!

tuyhw;Wg; ghly;fs;:

fpuhkpag; ghly;fspy; ehl;bd; tuyhWk;> gz;ghLk;> fhyj;jpd; jhf;fKk;

,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;> mit gbf;fhj kf;fspilNa rKjha tpopg;Gzh;rr ; p Cl;Lk;
 167

ghly;fshfTk; miktJz;L. ,e;jpah mbikehlhfj; jpfo;e;j fhyj;jpy;> ciof;fpd;w

kf;fisr; Ruz;b tho;e;j Mq;fpNyahpd; mjpfhu MSikiaf; fhl;Ltjhfg; gy
ghly;fs; gpwe;jd. mg;ghly;fspy; xd;iwf; fhZq;fs;.

Xuhd; Xuhd; Njhl;lj;jpNy

xUj;jd; Nghl;lhd; nts;shpf;fha;!

fhRf;F nuz;L tpw;fr; nrhy;ypf;

fbjk; Nghl;lhd; nts;sf;fhud;!

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis Muha;e;j Nghuhrphpah; R.rz;Kf Re;juk;> “,e;jj;

Njtijapd; nghd; rpwFfs; fpuhkj;jpd; nrhh;f;f tPjpfspNyNa cyh tUfpd;wd. ,e;jj;
,irj;Njtijapd; cWg;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xUghly;. ,tsJ neQ;rNk jhyhl;L>
fz;fNs xg;ghhp> iffNs Fk;kp> fhy;fNsh xapy;> jiyNa fufk;> Njhs;fNs fhtb>
%r;Nr njk;khq;F” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspd; gy;NtW Jiwfis
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;.

mhpaY}h; uapy; tpgj;J> fl;lnghk;kd; tpLjiyg; Nghh;> uh[h Njrpq;F tuyhW>

Mste;jhh; fij> my;yp murhzp fij> gstf;nfhb> ey;y jq;fhs; fij Nghd;w
fijg;ghly;fSk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nry;thf;fhd ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sd.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisAk;> fijj; njhlh;fisAk; ,d;W gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; Ma;Tg;
nghUshf;fpAs;sd. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiy gw;wp kpFjpahd Ma;T E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd.

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisj; njhFj;J> jpwdha;Tf; Fwpg;GfNshL ,yf;fpakhf

ntspte;Js;sitfspy;> Nghuhrphpah; eh.thdkhkiyapd;> „jkpo; ehl;Lg; ghkuh;
ghly;fs;‟>fp.th.[fehjdpd; „ehNlhb ,yf;fpak;‟> Nghuhrphpah; K. it. mutpe;jdpd;
„jkpof ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;‟> mwpQh; ma;ahrhkpapd; „ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;‟>
Nghuhrphpah; m. K. gukrpthee;jj;jpd; „tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;‟> mwpQh; md;dfhKtpd;
„Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs;‟> Nghuhrphpah; R.rz;KfRe;juj;jpd; „ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;‟
 168

ghlk; -8

xg;gpyf;fpak;

,yf;fpa cyfpy;> „xg;gpyf;fpak;‟ vd;Dk; GjpanjhU Jiw> tsh;e;J tUfpwJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu xg;gpay;> KiwahdJ ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzq;fSf;Fs;
gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd. jdpnahU Jiwahf rkPg fhye;njhl;L Ma;twpQh;fshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,j;Jiw Fwpj;J lhf;lh; jkpoz;zy; mth;fs; xg;gpyf;fpa
mwpKfk; vd;Dk; E}iyAk; lhf;lh;>f.ifyhrgjp mth;fs; xg;gpay; ,yf;fpak; vd;Dk;
E}iyAk; vOjpAs;shh;.

1. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; xg;gpyf;fpak;:

njhy;fhg;gpah; tlnkhop jkpo;nkhop ,uz;lidAk; gy ,lq;fspy; xg;gPL nra;J

$wpAs;shh;. vOj;JfSf;F khj;jpiu fzf;fpLk;nghOJ cs;nsOk; fhw;iwAk; Nrh;j;J
mstpLjy; tlnkhop kuG> Gwj;jpirf;Fk; xypasit kl;LNk fzf;fpLtJ jkpo; kuG
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; xg;gPL nra;fpd;whh;. (njhy; 102) ,ijg;Nghy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk;
$wpAs;shh;.

2. ghujpahh; $Wk; xg;Gtik:

gjpide;J nkhopfSf;F Nky; mwpe;jth; ghujpahh; ;mth;>

ahkhpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg;Nghy;

ts;Sth;Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg;Nghy;

g+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy

cz;ik ntWk; Gfo;rr

; papy;iy.

vd;W gpwnkhopfNshL jkpo;nkhopia xg;G Nehf;fp cah;T $Wfpd;whh;.

3. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fpak;:

jpuhtplnkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; cwT epiyfis xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l fhy;Lnty;

jkpOf;Ff; fpilj;jhh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; mbr;nrhy; mfuthpir xd;iwj; njhFf;f
nkhopawpQh;fs; vkNdhTk; gh;NuhTk; fpilj;jdh;. ,th;fspd; %yk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;
 169

xg;gpyf;fzk; tsh;e;jJ. ,t;thW jpuhtpl nkhopfs; cyf nkhopfNshL jkpo;

,yf;fpaq;fisAk; xg;G Nehf;fp „jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fpak;‟ vd;Dk;
tphpthdnjhU Jiwia Nehf;fpj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfk; efh;e;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.

4. xg;gpyf;fpaj; jkpo; mwpQh;fs;:

jdp ehaf mbfshh;:

jkpopy;; ,aw;ifg; ghl;Lg; gw;wpa ekJ Ma;T E}ypy; fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> Mq;fpy
,yf;fpaq;fSld; xg;gpl;Ls;shh;. „jpUts;Sth;‟ gw;wpa ekJ E}ypy; fpNuf;f cNuhk
xOf;f ,ay;fSld; Gj;j rkaj;JlDk; jpUf;Fwis xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bAs;shh;.

lhf;lh;. K. tujuhrdhh;:

K.t mth;fs; ,aw;ifg; GidT> Ky;iyj;jpizg;ghl;L> ifaW epiyg;ghl;L

Kjypatw;wpy; xg;gPl;L Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpAs;shh;.

lhf;lh;. t.Rg.khzpf;fk;:

,tUila jkpo;f;fhjy; fpNuf;f cNuhkg; ngz;ikg; gz;GfisAk;> fhjy;

cwitAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;wJ.

lhf;lh;. f. ifyhrgjp:

jkpo; tPuAfg; ghly; gw;wpa ,tuJ Ma;T E}y; jkpo; xg;gpyf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F
xUgb Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; jUtJ vdyhk;.

Nguhrphpah; nj. Ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;:

Nkhop tpsf;f ,ay; JiwapYk; xg;gpyf;fpa JiwapYk; ,th; nra;Js;s

gzpfSk; gpwiu <LgLj;jpa ghd;ikAk; ghuhl;lw;ghyJ.

5. xg;gpyf;fpa Nkiyehl;lwpQh;fs;:

elj;jg; ngw;w cyfj; jkpo; khehLfs; gy Nkiy ehl;Lj; jkpo; mwpQh;fis ekf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sd.

(1) 1966-y; kNyrpaj; jiyefh; Nfhyhyk;g+hpYk;

 170

(2) 1968-y; jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefh; nrd;idapYk;

(3) 1970-y; ghhPrpYk;

(4) 1974-y; ,yq;ifapYk;

(5) 1980-y; kJiuapYk;

cyfj; jkpo;khehLfs; Ie;Jk; elj;jg;ngw;wd. ,k;khehLfspd; %ykhf N[.Mh;

khh;> fkpy; Rtyp;y; [hh;[; vy;.`hh;j; Nguhrphpah;> ,.gpnryp n\t; Kjyhd Nkiy ehl;Lj;
jkpowpQh;fs xg;gpyf;fpa Jiwf;F fpilj;Js;sdh;.

6. xg;gpyf;fpa Ma;T newpKiwfs;:

(1) gpwg;GwT Ma;T: tuyhw;W mbg;gil %yq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J xg;gha;T

Nkw;nfhs;tJ.

; p Ma;T: „tpj;jpd;wp tpisatpy;iy‟ cs;sJ fhhpag;gLk;> vd;Dk;

(2) Njhw;w tsh;rr
nfhs;ifapd; topg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ma;T xg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Njhw;w
tsh;rr
; pfisAk; mjd; fhuzfhhpaq;fisAk; Muha;tJ.

(3) msit Kiw Ma;T: Gs;sp tptuk;> tpsf;f ml;ltiz> tiuglk; Kjyhdtw;iwAk;
;Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

(4) caphpay; nfhs;if Kiw Ma;T: caphpay; nfhs;iffis ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhh;j;jp

mjd; Njhw;wk; tsh;rr
; p> khw;wk;> cUtk; Kjyhdtw;iwAk; xg;gpl;L Muha;tJ> lhh;tpd;
n`h;gh;l; KjyhNdhhpd; $h;jywf; Nfhl;ghL ,jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

jpwdha;tpay;

jpwdha;T= jpwd;+Ma;T.jpwd;=$WghL. „Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G rpwe;jjh my;yJ

rpwg;gw;wjh vd;gijr; rPuha;T nra;tNj jpwdha;tpd; nraw;fsk;‟ vd;W gpuhd;R ehl;L
mwpQh; tpf;lh; a+Nfh njspTWj;Jfpwhh;. lhf;lh; K.t mth;fs; Gyth; xUth; ,aw;wpa
,yf;fpaj;jpDs; GFe;J kw;nwhUth; fZk; fhl;rpahFk;‟ vd;W jpwdha;tpw;F tpsf;fk;
jUfpd;whh;. „ts;Sth; top epd;W jpwdha;tpidr; rkd; nra;J rPh;J}f;Fk; Nfhy; vdyhk;‟
vd;W Nguhrphpah; f. gpughfhp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
 171

jpwdha;thsUf;fhd gz;Gfs;:

jpwdha;thsUf;Fj; Njitahd gz;Gfis>

mbepiy mwpe;jpl eLepiy epw;wy;

Mok; mfo;e;jpl Mo;e;J fw;wy;

,fo;jy; Gfo;jy; ,y;yhJ ,irj;jy;

<Lvdf; fz;lnjhU <LghL nfhs;sy;

cs;sij czh;e;J cz;ikiaj; njspjy;

Cd;wpa fUj;ij Njhd;wplf; fhl;ly;

vJNehf;F vd;dNghf;F vd;gij vz;zy;

Vw;gd Vw;W Vyhjd tpLj;jy;

Xd;wp czh;e;J xOq;Fw ciuj;jy;

vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; f.gpughfhp mth;fs; njspTgLj;Jfpwhh;.

jpwdha;T tiffs;:

(1) tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nghjpe;Js;s nghJj;jd;ikiaAk;>

cl;nghjptpidAk; fz;lwpjy;.

(2) KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T: gioik ghuhl;LtJ. ,yf;fzj;ij xl;bNa ,yf;fpak;

gilf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdf; $WtJ.

(3) xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpag; gilg;ig kw;nwhU ,yf;fpag; gilg;NghL

xg;gpl;Lf; fhz;gJ.

(4) tuyhw;WKiwj; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpak; gilf;fg;gl;l fhyj;ij xl;ba tuyhw;W

mbg;gilapy; Ma;tJ.

(5) tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T: jdpnahU gilg;ghsdpd;> jdpnahU gilg;gpid kl;Lk;

vLj;Jf;nfhz;L tphpthf Ma;tJ.
 172

(6) KUfpay;Kiwj; jpwdha;T: KUfpay; vd;gJ mofpay;. xU ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd;fz;

tpsq;Fk; moFzh;rr
; piaf; fz;L Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

(7) kjpg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; juj;ijAk;> jFjpiaAk; kjpg;gPL

nra;tJ.

(8) tho;f;if tuyhw;Wtopj; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsh;fspd; tho;f;if

tuyhWfis mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sy;.

(9) cstpay;Kiwj; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; topg; GydhFk; ,yf;fpag;

gilg;ghshpd; csg;ghq;fpid Ma;jy;.

(10) eyk; ghuhl;Lk; jpwdha;T: ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Fiwfisf; fhzhJ> Fzq;fis

kl;Lk; fz;L ghuhl;LtJ.

ciuahrphpah;fSk; jpwdha;thsh;fNs:

,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;fs; ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpah;fs; vd ciuahrphpah;fs;

,Utifg;gLth;. ,th;fs; gioa E}y;fspy; ,Ue;J Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;sikia
tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T vdyhk;. nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; nghUs; $whJ gilg;gpd; juj;ij
czh;e;J nghUs; $wpdhh;. %yE}yhrphpah; fUj;ijg; ghuhl;ba ,lq;fs; ghuhl;L Kiwj;
jpwdha;thf mikfpwJ. gpwE}y; fUj;JfSld; xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lk; ,lq;fspy;
xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T iff;nfhs;sg;gl;L cs;sij mwpayhk;.

jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs;:

,yf;fpatif vJthapDk; mjd;fz; nghjpe;Js;s nghUs;fspd;

jd;ik>jFjp>juk;>kjpg;G gw;wpa Ma;T topNa ,yf;fpaf; fiyiaj; jpwdha;T Jyq;fplr;
nra;fpd;wJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs;:

m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;> K.t.e.Rg;Gnul;bah;> jh.V. Qhd%h;;j;jp> ,.kiwkiy> e.rQ;rPtp>

f.ifyhrgjp e.thdkhkiy Kjyhd mwpQh;fs; jiyrpwe;j jpwdha;thsh;fshfj;
jpfo;fpd;wdh;.
 173

„ Internet‟ vd;gijf; Fwpf;f „,izak;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; ,g;NghJ

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. „,izkk;‟ vd khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk; vdr; nrhy;yhf;fk; vd;Dk;
E}ypy; Kidth; ,.kiwkiy mth;fs; jpwdha;e;J $Wfpwhh;.

rpw;gp jkpod;gd; mg;Jy;uFkhd;> kPuh> eh.fhkuhrd;> ,d;Fyhg;> K.Nkj;jh>

nghd;.nry;t fzgjp> ituKj;J> mwpT ,th;fspd; ftpijfNshL ghujpapd;
ftpijfisAk; xg;gPl;L Kiwapy; jpwdha;T nra;fpd;wJ. „ghujpAk; ,th;fSk;‟ vd;Dk;
E}y;. ,jd; Mrphpah; Nguhrphpah; r. me;Njhzp Nltpl;ehjd; mth;fs; „GJf;ftpijapy;
kdpjk;‟ vd;Dk;; ,tuJ E}Yk; jukhd ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T E}yhf xsph;fpd;wJ.

ngz;zpak;

Kw;Nghf;fhd mZFKiwfisf; iff;nfhz;bUf;Fk; fw;wwpe;j Mz;fspy; gyUk;

ngz;fs; rhh;e;j rpf;fy;fspy; gpw;Nghf;fhd goikthjg; Nghf;ifNa iff;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wdh;. my;yJ jkpoh; kuG> jkpoh; gz;ghL vd;gd Kjyhd nrhy;yhly;fshy;
kPl;Gthjg; Nghf;if Kd;dpWj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. ,f;fUj;jpid fUj;jpak;-kjk;> rhjp ngz;
vd;Dk; E}ypy; vOj;jhsh; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; (m];tNfh];) vLj;Jiuf;fpd;;whh;.

ngz; jd; tho;tpd; xt;nthU epiyapYk; Mizr; rhh;e;Nj tho Ntz;bats;.

MNz Kd; epWj;jg;gl Ntz;batd; vd;Dk; fUj;jpaYf;Fs; Mzhjpf;f th;f;fk;
ngz;izr; rpiwitj;J tUfpd;wJ. vdNt rKjhaj;jpd; filepiy caphpahfg; ngz;
gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gLfpwhs;.

ngz;zpd; kPjhd kuG rhh;e;j mlf;FKiw:

Mo;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mz;ikf;fhyk; tiuapYk; nghUshjhu tifapy; kl;LNk

ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhNdhh; Mz;fisr; rhh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;ba epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;.
nghUshjhuk; xd;iwj; jtpu ngz; jd; tho;tpd; midj;Jj; NjitfisAk; jhNd
epiwT nra;J te;jpUf;fpwhs;. mjdhy;jhd; fztid ,oe;j ngz;Zf;F kw;nwhU
Mz;Jiz ,Ue;jhy;jhd; jd;dhy; tho KbAk;> jd; FLk;gj;ij elj;jpr; nry;y ,aYk;
vd;Dk; ifaw;w #oy; ,y;iy. Mapd;> fztid ,oe;jpUe;jhNy NghJk; mtisf;
ifk;ngz; vd Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhak; mts;kPJ Kj;jpiu Fj;jp tpLfpd;wJ.

jd; kidtpia ,oe;Jtpl;lhy; jd;Dila> jd; Foe;ijfspDila Njitfis

epiwT nra;a ,d;ndhU ngz;izr; rhh;e;jhyd;wp thoj; njhpahj ifaw;w epiyapy;
,Uf;Fk; Mz;fisf; „ifahz;‟ vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy;tof;F$l cUthfhky;
 174

ftdkhff; fhj;Jf; nfhz;L tUk; Mzhjpf;f epiyapidf; fhz;fpNwhk;. kidtpia

,oe;j fztDf;F vd;Dk; nrhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; cs;sJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
,ijg;NghyNtjhd; ghypay; tifapy; „Ntrp‟ vd;Dk; ngz;ghw;nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd
„Ntrd;‟ vd;Dk;; Mz;ghw;nrhy;Yk; jkpopy; ,y;iy.

,ijg; Nghd;w kuGrhh;e;j ngz;zpd; kjhd mlf;FKiw> td;Kiw>

Gwf;fzpg;GfSf;F khw;whfg; „ngz; ePjp‟ NjLk; epiyapy;; vOe;jJjhd; ngz;zpak;.

gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G Kba ngz;fs; vjph;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fs;. ngz;zpaj;jpy;

$h;e;J ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngz; kfTf; nfhiy kWg;G> ngz;fy;tp> kz chpik>
Kjyhdit ngz;zpaj;jpy; Ngrg;gLk; fUj;jpay;fshFk;.

ngz;kfTf;nfhiy kWg;G: kJiu> Nryk;> jh;kGhp khtl;lq;fspy; ngz;kfTf;nfhiy

kpFjpahf epfo;e;J tUfpd;wJ. ngz; kfTf; nfhiyf;F kzr;rPh; (tujl;riz) Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf cs;sJ. ngz;kfTf;nfhiy> nfhiyf;Fw;wj;jpw;F epfuhdJ. ,e;epiy
Kw;wpYk; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ngz;fy;tpAhpik:

ML khLfis Nka;j;jy;> iff;Foe;ijfisg; guhkhpj;jy;> ngw;Nwhh;f;F cjTjy;

vdg; gy fhuzq;fs; ngz; fy;tpf;Fj; jilfshf cs;sd. mjpfkhfg; gbf;f itj;jhy;
mjpfk; gbj;j khg;gps;is NjlNtz;Lk;. mjw;Nfw;g mjpf kzr;rPh; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJk; ngz;fy;tpf;Fj; jilf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ngz;zbik jPUk; kl;Lk;
kz;zbik jPuhJ. ngz; Kd;Ndw;wk; kz;zpd; (ehl;bd;) Kd;Ndw;wk;. vdNt 10-k; tFg;G
tiuapy; fpuhkg;gs;spfspy; ngz;fSf;Ff; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tpia murhq;fNk toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

kzchpik:

jhd; tpUk;Gk; kzkfidj; jhNd Njh;e;njLf;fTk;> KbT nra;aTk; ngz;Zf;F

chpik cz;L. ,jd; %yk; rhjp> rkaf; fl;Lf;fs; ePq;Fk; epiy Vw;gLk;.

kztpyf;F chpik:

fztd; kw;Wk; mtd; FLk;gj;jhh; %yk; xU ngz; kdjhYk; clyhYk;

NtjidfisAk; mtkhdq;fisAk; mDgtpj;jhtJ fztDld;jhd; tho;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; eph;f;fjpapy; ngz;zpd; epiy ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. „fy;yhdhYk; fztd;>
 175

„Gy;yhdhYk; GU\d;‟ vd;Dk; kuGtopr; rpiwapypUe;J kztpyf;F chpik kf;fshy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kWkz chpik:

fztid ,oe;j #oypNyh> kztpyf;Fg; ngw;w epiyapNyh ngz;zpd; ,irtpd;

Nghpy; kWkz chpik ,ay;ghf r%fj;jhuhy; mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

jhyp:

jhyp vd;gJ khl;Lf;Fg; gpzpf;fg;gLk; %f;fzhq;fapWf;F ,izahfj;jhd;

Ngrg;gl;Lk; fUjg;gl;Lk; tUfpwJ. ngz;zbikj;jd mZFKiwapy; FwpaPLfs;
midj;jpw;Fkhd Kj;jha;g;ghfj; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy; jhyp tpsq;FfpwJ. „jhyp mzpjy;‟
vd;Dk; epiyNa fztd; ,we;j gpwF „jhypaWj;jy;‟ vd;Dk; nfhLikf;Fk;
„jhypapoe;jts;‟ vd;Dk; tpjitf; nfhLikf;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. jhypf;Fk; fztdpd;
MASf;Fk; njhlh;GgLj;jp gy cstpay; rpf;fy;fSf;Fk; jhyp fhuzkhfpd;wd. Mdhy;>
jpUkzk; Mfhj MZf;Fk; jpUkzkhd MZf;Fk; kidtpia ,oe;j MZf;Fk; „jhyp‟
gw;wpnahU RikNah rpf;fNyh ,y;iy vd;gJk; fUjj;jf;fJ.

fw;Gf;Nfhl;ghL:

fw;G vd;gJ ngz;fspd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l ,d;DnkhU Rik „fw;G‟ vd;gjidg;

ngz;fSld; kl;Lk; ,izj;J Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. ghypay; td;Kiwf;F cs;shd
ngz;iz> mr;ruP optpw;F mg;ngz;iz cl;gLj;jpatNd „fw;gpoe;jts;‟ vdg; gopf;Fk;
mtyepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gzk;> nghUs; jpUbatidj; jpUld; vd mtd; ngaiuAk;
Gifg;glj;ijAk; Clfq;fs; ntspapLfpd;wd. Mdhy;> ghypay; td;Kiwahsid mtd;;
ngaiu> Gifg;glj;ij ve;j ClfKk; ntspg;gLj;jhky; ftdkhfg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd.
mNj Ntisapy;> Vw;nfdNt ghypay; td;Kiwf;Fk; Mshfp kdr;rpijTf;F Ml;gl;L
,Uf;Fk; ngz;zpd; ngah;> Ch;> Gifg;glk; vd midj;J tptuq;fisAk; Clfq;fs;
jtwhky; ntspapl;L mtis Ntrp epiyf;Fj;; js;Sk; mtyepiyiaAk; Vw;gLj;;jp
tpLfpd;wd.

gzCjpak;:

fl;ll Ntiy> Kjyhd gy Ntiyfspy;> GhpAk; gzpapd; tifapy; ve;jg;

ghFghL ,y;iyahapDk; ngz;Zf;Ff; Fiwthd Cjpak; toq;fg;gl;L tUtij
eilKiwapy; fhzyhk;. ,JTk; xUtpj ngz; ciog;Gr; Ruz;lNy.
 176

gz rkj;Jtk;:

fUj;jhpj;jy;> gps;isg;NgW> ghY}l;ly; vd;gd ,aw;ifapd; epajp. Mdhy;

tPL$l;Ljy;> Jzp Jitj;jy;> ghj;jpuk; fOTjy;> czT rikj;jy; Kjyhd gzpfs;
ngz;fSf;F kl;LNk chpad vd tFj;jpUg;gJ ,aw;if ,y;iy. njUf;$l;Lgtd;>
tz;zhd;> rikaw;fhud;> gzpahs; $lg; gzpGhpAk; ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk jd; Ntiyiag;
ghh;f;fpwhd;. ,e;j Ntiyfisj; jdJ tPl;by; jd; kidtpjhd; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vd
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;whd;. gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz;fshdhYk; tPl;bd; midj;Jg; gzpfisAk;
jhNd Rke;J nfhs;sNtz;ba eph;g;ge;jj;jpy; ngz;fs; cs;shh;fs;. ,J rKjhaj;jpd;
rkr;rPuw;w epiyiaAk;> kdpjtsr; rPuw;w jd;ikiaANk ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ngz;fis mbikg;gLj;Jk; ,j;jifa fUj;jpay;fis khw;wp mikj;Jg;

ngz;Zhpikia cah;j;jp kdpjidr; rkg;gLj;j Kay;tNj ngz;zpak;.

mkue;jh> Mopahs;> Mde;jp> c\hRg;ukzpad;> xsit> f;U\hq;fpdp>

fdpnkhop>Fl;bNutjp> ry;kh> rptukzp> Rfe;jp Rg;ukzpad;> jhkiu Kjyhd gy
ngz;ftpQh;fs; ngz;;zpaf; ftpQh;fshf ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; midtUk;
Nrh;e;J „gwj;jy; mjd; Rje;jpuk;‟ vd;Dk; ftpij E}iy ntspapl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.
„GJf;ftpijapy; kdpjk;‟ vd;Dk; E}ypy; ngz;zpak; gw;wpg; Nguhrphpah; r.me;Njhzp
Nltpl; ehjd; tpthpj;Js;shh;.

jypj;jpak;

rhjpaikg;G:

cyfj;jpy; NtW vq;Fk; elf;fhj nfhLikahf rhjpg; gphpTfs; ,e;jpahtpy;

Nt&d;wp cs;sd. rhjpNtWghl;il „th;zhr;rpuk jh;kk;‟ vd;W $wp te;jdh;.

th;zhr;rpukk; vd;Dk; nrhy; „th;zk;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

th;zk; epwk;. epwj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l NtWghNl rhjpg;gphptpid>

goe;jkpofj;jpy; njhopyhy; kl;LNk kf;fs; NtWgLj;jg;gl;ldh;. th;zk; vd;Dk;

nrhy;Ny jkpo;r; nrhy;yd;W. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Mhpah;fs; GFj;jpanrhy;.

jypj; nfhLikfs;:

jypj;Jfs; njhl;lhy; jPl;L vd;Dk; jPz;lhikf; nfhLik rKjhaj;jpy; epytp

tUfpwJ. NjePh;f; filfspy; ,ul;ilf; FtisKiw> Njq;fha;r; rpul;il Kiw>
 177

jdpf;FbapUg;G> nghJ ePh;epiyfs; gad;gLj;jj;jil> nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fspd; tUthapy;

gq;Fju kWg;G> ehfhpf tsh;rr
; p eyd;fis Efuj; jil> fy;tp kWg;G> kUj;Jt trjp
kWg;G> nrj;jkhL J}f;f> gpzj;ij vhpf;f> rtf;Fop Njhz;l> giw mbf;f cs;spl;l
epiyfSf;F tw;GWj;JtJ „jyp;j;jpaf; nfhLikfs;‟ vdg;gLfpd;wd.

jypj;jpag; Nghuhspfs;:

tpopg;Gzh;T nfhz;l jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSk;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; my;yhNjhhpy;

rdehaf rf;jpfSk; th;f;fg; NghuhspfSkhf midtUk; Nrh;e;J „jypj;‟ epiy ePq;fg;
ghLgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; jypj; Nghuhspfs; vdg;gLfpd;wdh;. jypj;jpaj;
jpwdha;thsuhfj; jp.R.eluhrd; kpsph;fpd;whh;.

jypj;Jfspd; tho;f;ifg;Nghiu Kjd;Kjy; gjpT nra;j ftpijfspy; xd;W rpw;gpapd;

rpfuq;fs; nghbahFk;.kuhl;baj;jpYk; fUehlfj;jpYk; jypj; ,yf;fpa tPr;Rfs;
gutpaNghJ jkpofj;jpYk; mjd; vjpnuhypfs; Nfl;fyhapd.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jd;ikfs;:

jypj;JfNs jypj; ,yf;fpak; gilf;fyhapdh;. vjph;g;Gf;Fzk;> fyff;Fzk;>

kWg;Gj;jd;ik> Gul;bg;NghLjy;> ntspg;gilahfg;NgRjy;> gfb> Ngr;Rnkhop ,g;gbahd
$Wfis cs;slf;fpa jypj; ,yf;fpak; vd;fpw GJ ,yf;fpa tif vd;W mofpa
nghpatd; tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.

„jypj; vd;w nrhy; xU tho;f;if Kiwiaj;jhd; Kd;dpWj;JfpwJ. me;jr; nrhy;

xU rf;jp> vOr;rp cj;Ntfk; ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; mJ xU fdT. neUg;G
vd;fpd;whh; ,ikak;. ,jw;F

tyf;if cz;gjw;F
Fz;b fOt ,lf;if ,ay;ngd;Wk;
epWtg;gl;l ngUq;fijahly;fs;
Rw;wp epiwa fl;likf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij
cilj;J ghh;j;jhy;
cikatSf;Fk; GhpAk;
<rDf;Fk; ,lg;ghfk; ,Ug;gJ
vd;Dk; vd;.b.uh[;Fkhhpd; ftpij rhd;whf mikfpwJ.
 178

kw;Wk; tpop.gh.,jaNte;jd;> md;ghjtd; KjyhNdhUk; jypj;jpak; ghLk;

ftpQh;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

nkhopngah;gg
; pay;

nkhop ngah;g;G> cyf ehLfis xUq;fpizf;Fk; ghykhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

„%yj;Jf;F ,izahd epfupid fz;lwpAk; nray;KiwNa nkhopngah;g;G vd;ghh;
IrNlhh; gpQ;rf;.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; nkhopngah;g;G:

kugpaiyg; gw;wpf; $w te;j njhy;fhg;gpah;

njhFj;jy; tFj;jy; njhiftphp nkhopngah;j;J

mjh;g;gl ahj;jnyhL mid kugpdNt

vd;W $wpAs;shh;. nkhopngah;j;J mjh;gg

; l ahj;jy; vd;Dk; ngauhy; nkhop
ngah;g;gpidj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Rl;Lfpd;whh;.

nkhopngah;g;ghshpd; gz;G:

nrhw;fspd; xyp> xypapd;> cUgd; Kjyhdtw;iwg; ghh;g;gNjhL fUj;J epiyapy;

epfud; fz;lwpe;J nkhop ngah;g;gJ kl;LNk ey;y nkhopngah;g;ghf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
vd;gJ Mq;fpyg; gonkhop „#hpa xsp‟ tPRk; Ntdpw; fhyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
itf;Nfhiy gjg;gLj;jpg; gj;jpug;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; epiyapid ,g;gonkhop $WfpwJ.
,g;gonkhopf;F ,izahf ek; gFjpf;F Vw;w tifapy; nkhop ngah;f;f Ntz;Lkhapd;
fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs; vd;Wjhd; ftdkhf nkhop ngah;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

nkhopngah;g;gpd; tiffs;:

(1) xU nkhopf;Fs;Ns nra;ag;gLk; nkhopngah;g;G: xU nkhopapy; cs;s nrhw;fis

mk;nkhopf;Fs;NsNa khw;wpaikj;J ,l;L epug;gpf; nfhs;tJ. vdf;F mJ Ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; njhliu vdf;F mJ Njit vd;Nwh mJ vdf;Fj; Njit vd;Nwh
khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjid ,jw;Ff; $wyhk;.

(2) ,U nkhopfSf;F ,ilNa nra;ag;gLk; nkhopngah;g;G: xU nkhopapy; cs;s

fUj;Jf;fisg; gpwpnjhU nkhopapy; khw;wp mikf;Fk; Kiw. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil>
xsitahhp;d; ey;top %Jiu-Mj;jp#b – nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;>
 179

ePjpntz;gh> mgpuhkp me;jhjp> ru];tjp me;jhjp> NfhsWgjpfk; Kjyhd ,yf;fpag;

gFjpfisj; jkpopypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; Kidth;. rP.g+ FUgud; mth;fs; nkhop
ngah;j;Js;shh;.

(3) xypngah;g;G: xU nkhopapy; cs;s xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;Yf;F Vw;w nkhop ngah;g;Gf;

fpilf;Fk; vdf; $w ,ayhJ. ,r;#oypy; xypf; Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;iy mg;gbNa ngah;j;J
vOJtJ xyp ngah;g;G vdg;gLk;.

(c-k;) fph; fph; -

kpaht; kpaht; -

(4) re;j nkhopngah;g;G: ftpijapy; cs;s mb>rPh;>jis Kjyhdtw;wpw;F

,izahdtw;iwf; Fwpf;Nfhs; nkhopapYk; mNj epiyapy; khw;wpaikf;Fk; Kiwf;Fr;
re;j nkhopngah;g;G vd;W ngah;.

(5) vJif Nkhid nkhop ngah;g;G: %ynkhopapy; cs;s ftpijapd; vJif Nkhid
mikg;gpw;F Vw;w tifapy; Fwpf;Nfhs; nkhopapYk; cUthf;Fk; Kiw.

(6) ftpijia ciueilahf nkhop ngah;j;jy;: %ynkhopapy; cs;s fUj;Jf;fis

rpijahky; ftpijia nkhopngah;ff
; g;gLk; nkhopapd; ciueilapy; khw;wp mikf;Fk;
Kiw ,J.

(7) nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; nkhop ngah;j;jy;: nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; nkhop ngah;g;gJ nkhop
ngah;g;ghfhJ. vd;gjidr; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; nkhop ngah;j;jhy; mtd; thspia vl;b
cijj;jhd; vd;Wjhd; nkhopngah;ff
; Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. Mdhy; mg;gonkhopapd; cz;ikg;
nghUs; mjd;W mtd; ,we;JNghdhd; vd;gJ. vdNt %ynkhopapd; fl;likg;gpid
czh;e;Jnfhz;L Fwpf;Nfhs; nkhopapYk; Vw;wthW nkhopngah;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

(8) tphpthd nkhopngah;g;G: %ynkhopapd; fUj;Jf;fis nkhopngah;g;gNjhL mjd;

njhlh;ghd NtW rpy nra;jpfisAk; Nrh;j;Jf; $WtJ.

(9) RUf;fkhd nkhopngah;g;G: %ynkhopf;F Vw;g ngUk;ghYk; xj;jpUf;ff; $ba mstpy;

Mdhy; thh;j;ijfisf; Fiwj;J nkhopngah;g;gJ. ,J Xusstpw;F kl;LNk Rl;bf;
fhl;Ltjhf mikAk;.
 180

(10) jOty;: nkhopngah;g;igg; nghWj;j mstpy; njhlf;fj;jpy; jOty; Kiwjhd;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. (c-k;) fk;guhkhazk;. ,j;jifa jOtypy; %ynkhop Mrphpaidf;
fhl;bYk; nkhopngah;g;Gg; Gytdpd; Gyik kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLk;.

(11) nkhopahf;fk;:

ghurPff; ftpQh; ckh;fa;ahkpd; Mq;fpy nkhopngah;g;G vd;gJ ,jidf; ftpkzp

Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is mth;fs

ntapw;Nfw;w epoYz;L

tPRe;njd;wy; fhw;Wz;L

ifapy; fk;gd; ftpAz;L

fyrk; epiwa kJTz;L

nja;tfPjk; gyTz;L

njhpe;J ghl ePAz;L

itak; jUkpt; tdkpd;wp

thOk; nrhh;f;fk; NtWz;Nlh?

vd;gjpy; gpwnkhopf; ftpij vd;Dk; czh;itNa khw;wptpLfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa

gilg;ghf;fj;Jld; $ba nkhopngah;g;G nkhopahf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

nkhopngah;g;gpd; gad;fs;:

nkhopgad;ghL> Njrpa xUikg;ghL> mwpT tsh;rr

; p> rKjhag; gz;ghL Kjyhd
gy gad;ghLfs; nkhopngah;g;gpd; %yk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 181

ghlk; -9

tho;f;if tuyhw;W

kz;zfj;jpy; gazk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Md;khtpd; moNfhtpak; vd vl;kz;l; vd;Dk;

Nkdhl;lwpQh; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mofhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;. tho;f;if tuyhW
,yf;fpaj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,dq;fhzg; gl;l gpwF 1.jd; tuyhW 2. gpwh; tuyhW vd
,UgphpTfshf tphpthf;fk; fz;Ls;sJ.

1. jd;tuyhw;W ,yf;fpaq;fs;

xUth; jd;idg; gw;wpa epiw FiwfNshL eLTepiyapy; ,Ue;J gjpT nra;Ak;

MtzNk jd;tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;.

(1) ghujpahhpd; Rarhpij:

Ghujpahh; Rarhpij vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghbAs;s ftpijg;gFjp mtuJ

tho;f;ifapd; epiwNtwhj Mirfspd; Vf;fq;fisf; $Wk; njhFg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

(2) jpU.tp.f.tpd; tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;:

jdJ tkprhtsp> jha;g;ghy; Ntl;if> ghk;ig kpjpj;jJ> murpay; tho;f;if>

njhopyhsh; ,af;fj;jpw;Fg; ghLgl;lJ. fpwpj;Jtg;ngz; jd; kz tpUg;gj;ijj;
njhptpj;jJ> kidtpapd; cly;epiy rPh;FiyT> kWkz kWg;gpy; cWjpahf epd;wJ vdj;
jd; tho;tpd; epfo;Tfis cs;sJ cs;sgb $Wfpd;whh;. ,t;tifapy; Nehf;Fk;nghOJ>
„Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hd;]d; tuyhw;iw vOjpa gh];nty; E}Yf;F vt;tsT ngUik
cz;Nlh mt;tsT ngUik ,e;E}Yf;Fk; cz;L> vd k.ghyRg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;
GfOfpd;whh;.

(3) lhf;lh;.c.Nt. rhkpehjhpd; „vd; rhpj;jpuk;‟: c.Nt.rh kha+uk; Ntjehafk;

gps;isiar; re;jpj;jij epidT $h;fpd;whh;. rpe;jhkzp Muha;r;rp> gjpg;Gg;gzp> gj;Jg;
ghl;L Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gjpg;G> rpyg;gjpfhu Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhz;likiag; gjpT
nra;Js;shh;. nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hapy; Mrphpah; gzp fpilj;j ,uz;lhk; ehs; md;W
Nfhghyuht; te;J c.Nt.rh ed;D}y; ghlk; elj;jpaij te;J ftdpj;jij tphpthff;
$wpAs;shh;.
 182

(4) ftpQh; tpNtfhde;jhpd; „vd; tho;tpd; gzp‟:

ekJ Jd;gq;fis mwNt xopf;f Md;kpf Qhdj;jhNyNa KbAk;. kw;w vy;yh

mwpTk; ekJ Njitfis xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;Nf ePf;f KbAk;. vdNt cjtpfs;
midj;jpYk; Md;kpfk; %ykhf mspf;fg;gLk; cjtpNa jiyrpwe;j cjtp. ,j;jifa
Md;kpf cjtpNa jd; tho;tpd; gzp vd tpNtfhde;jh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

(5) ftpQh; fz;zjhrdpd; „tdthrk;‟ vdJ Ra rhpjk;:

1943 Kjy; 1961 tiu fz;zjhrdpd; tho;f;ifapy; ele;j epfo;Tfisf; $WtJ

tdthrk;. „ehd;‟ vd;W $Wtjw;Fj; jdf;Fj; jFjp NghjhJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L „mtd;‟
vd;W jd;idf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhh;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;j
fhyfl;lj;ij „tdthrk;‟ vd Kjw; gjpg;gpd; Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. E}y;
neLfpYk; jdJ ghypay; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfis kiwf;fhky; $Wfpd;whh;. mj;NjhL
vg;gb tho Ntz;Lk;? vd;gjw;F ,J E}yy;y: vg;gb thof;$lhJ! vd;gjw;F ,JNt
topfhl;b vdj; jd; ehd;fhk; gjpg;gpd; Gjpa Kd;Diug; gFjpapy; Neh;i
; kAld; gjpT
nra;Js;shh;. tdthrj;jpy; tpl;Lg;Nghd jpiuj;Jiw njhlh;ghd nra;jpfis vdJ Ra
rhpjk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; njhlh;e;J epiwT nra;Js;shh;

;(.6) tyk;Ghp [hdpd; „ehd; fOij MdNghJ‟:

gj;jphpif tho;T njhlq;fpa fhyk; njhl;L „jha;‟ thu ,jo; njhlq;fg; ngw;W
Xbg;Nghd Xuhz;L Kba cs;s fhy vy;iyapd; epfo;Tfis ,e;E}ypy; tyk;Ghp [hd;
gjpT nra;Js;shh;. rKjhaj;jpw;Fj; jd;id mh;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;l xUtd; cz;ikiar;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. tLf;fis cUthf;Fk; thSk; MNdd;. rpyuJ kdkhtJ Gz;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw Nehf;fk; vdf;F ,Uf;fpwJ cz;ikjhd;. cij thq;Ffpw fOijfSk;
cz;L> cijf;fpw fOijfSk; cz;L. ,J czh;j;Jfpw fOij> vd tyGhp [hd;
tha;ik gfh;fpd;whh;.

2. gpw jd; tuyhWfs;:

ehkf;fy; ftpQhpd; „vd;fij‟ V.tp. nka;ag;g nrl;bahhpd; „vdJ tho;f;if

mDgtq;fs;‟ fiyQh; fUzhepjpapd; neQ;Rf;F ePjp vk;.[p.Mhpd; „ehd; Vd; gpwe;Njd;‟
ituKj;Jtpd; „,Jtiu ehd;‟ vd;Dk; jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fSk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf;
fsj;ij mzp nra;fpd;wd.
 183

3. gpwh; tuyhw;W ,yf;fpaq;fs;:

xUth; jhd; md;G nra;Ak;> kjpf;Fk; NtnwhUtiug; gw;wpa tho;f;if

tuyhWfisf; $WtJ gpwh; tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;.

(1) = kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isath;fs; rhp;j;jpuk;:

kfhtpj;Jthd; ,aw;wpa gy E}y;fisAk; mth; fhyj;Jg; Gyth;fisg; gw;wpa KO

tptuq;fisAk; c.Nt.rh njspthfj; je;Js;shh;. kfhtpj;Jthd;> c.Nt.rhit
khzhf;fdhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ Kjy; cs;s epfo;Tfis ,uz;lhk; ghfkhf;fp cs;shh;.

Kjy; ghfj;jpy;> kiyf;Nfhl;il jhAkhdth; Nfhapy; njhlh;ghd tof;nfhd;wpd;

nghUl;L jUkGu MjPdk; rhh;gpy; ePjpgjp kha+uk; Ntjehafiuf; fhz kfhtpj;Jthd;
nrd;wpUe;jhh;. Fw;wKila vjph;f;fl;rpahh; kpFe;j nghUs; nfhLj;J Ntjehafiuj;
jk;gf;fk; jpUg;gyhk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;. kfhtpj;Jthd;>

ikNaWk; fz;zp nahUghfd; fhhpak; kw;wpJjhd;

ngha;Na ayKfpw;F VJifk; khW nghiwapndhU

nka;Na cUf;nfhs; Gfo;Ntj ehaf tpj;jfd;jd;

ifNa cidg;Gfo; Ntd;Gfo; Ntwpiy fz;Lnfhs;

vd;Dk; ghliy vOjpf; nfhLj;jDg;gpdhh;.

,jidf; fz;l Ntjehafh; ePq;fs; ,t;tsT J}uk; rpukg;gl Ntz;Lkh? vd;W

nrhy;yp jUkGu MjPdk; rhh;gpy; $w Ntz;ba fUj;Jf;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopahf;fk;
nra;J tof;if epahag;gb jUkGu MjPdj; jiyth; rhh;ghf ntw;wpngwr;
nra;jhh;.kfhtpj;Jthd; tho;tpy; ele;j ,jid c.Nt.rh E}ypy; Fwpj;Js;shh;.

(2) je;ij nghpahh; tho;f;if tuyhW:

Mrphpah; ftpQh; fUzhRe;juk;. je;ij nghpahh; itf;fk; tPuh; vdg;

Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. jpUtpjhq;$h; rk];jhdj;jpy; ,Ue;j gFjp „itf;fk;‟ vd;gJ. Nfhtpy;
itf;fk; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j njUtpy; $lj; jho;j;jg; gl;Nlhh; EioaTk; $lhJ vd;Dk;
jPz;lhik epytp te;jJ. Nfusr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j [hh;[; N[hrg;> Nfrt Nkdd; Mfpa
jiyth;fs; <.Nt.uhTf;F mgaf; fbjk; xd;wid mDg;gpdhh;. cly;eyk; Fd;wpg;
 184

gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j <.nt.uh „Nfusj;jhhpd; khdk; jq;fs; ifapy;jhd; cs;sJ‟ vd;W

vOjg;gl;l fbjj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. itf;fk; nrd;W Nghuhb „midth;f;Fk; Myag;
gpuNtrk;‟ vd;Dk; nghJikia Vw;gLj;jpa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jp E}ypy; mofhff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(3) jtj;jpU Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; jkpofj;jpd; Md;kpf topfhl;b:

Mrphpah; nghd;dPyd;> 1982,y; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; jPath;fs; rpyhpd;

J}z;Ljypdhy; rka ntwp jiytphpj;jhbaJ. kf;fs; xUtiu xUth; gaq;fu
MAjq;fshy; jhf;fpf; nfhz;ldh; tPLfs; jPf;fpiu Mf;fg;gl;ld. Nfhapy;fs;
,bf;fg;gl;ld. njd;de; Njhg;GfSk; thioj; Njhl;lq;fSk; ntl;b mopf;fg;gl;ld.
thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfs; Kw;wpYk; epWj;jg;gl;ld.

,r;#oypy; rhjp kj NtWghL ghh;f;fhky; Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; midj;Jj; jug;G

kf;fisAk; re;jpj;jhh;. MWjy; gLj;jpdhh;. md;igg; Ngrpdhh;. ntwp nfhz;bUe;jth;fis
epjhdg;gLj;jpdhh;. mth; Nghd ghijnay;yhk; g+f;fSk; Gd;rphpg;GfSk; kyh;e;jd. gif
xope;jJ jtj;jpU Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; Xh; murhq;fk; Kd;dpd;W nra;a Ntz;ba
gzpia MjPdj; jiytuhf ,Ue;J nra;J Kbj;j ghd;ikiag; nghd;dPyd;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpd; ,e;epfo;itNa Nguhrphpah; Kfpiy ,uhr ghz;bad;

mth;fs; Njhpkzy; vd;Dk; Gjpdkhf;fpAs;shh;.

4. Vida gpwh; tuyhw;W E}y;fs;:

jkpopy; jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fis tplg; gpw tuyhw;W E}y;fs; epuk;g cs;sd.
F.mUzhryk; fTz;lh; vOjpa vy;.b.rhkpf;fz;Z gps;is tuyhW> k.ngh.rp apd;
fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;> rpjk;gu uFehjdpd; Gyikg;gpj;jd; tuyhW> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;isapd;
fhy;Lnty; Kjyhd E}y;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. „tho;f;if tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;‟ vd;Dk;
E}ypidr; rhiy ,se;jpiuad; vOjpAs;shh;.

gaz ,yf;fpaq;fs;

gaz E}y; Mrphpah;fs;:

gpuahzk; kdpjDf;F ,aw;ifahf mike;jJ. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; flTs; ekf;Ff;

fhy;fisNa gilj;jpUf;f khl;lhh; vd;ghh;. Nrhkny. cyfk; njhlq;fpa fhye;njhl;Nl
 185

gazKk; njhlh;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jidj; „jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjL‟ vd;Dk;

gonkhop cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

gj;Jg;ghl;by; ,lk;ngWk; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fSk; xUtifg; gaz ,yf;fpaq;fNs.

th];Nfhlfhkh> khh;fN
; fhNghNyh> nfhyk;g];> gh`pahd;> Athd; Rthq; Kjyhd
ntspehl;Lg; gazpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lit tuyhw;W Mtzg; gazq;fs; MFk; vd;gh; cyf
NguwpQh;fs;.

tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrphpah; Mh;dhy;L lhapd; gP vd;gth; jhd; Vw;nfdNt vOjpa

tuyhw;W E}y;fisj; jpUj;jpaikg;gjw;fhf 1960-y; jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;J nrd;whh;.

cz;lNj cz;L eP cLj;jNj cLj;Jk;

ciuj;jNj mLj;jLj;J ciuj;Jk;

fz;lNj fz;Lk; Nfl;lNj Nfl;Lk;

fope;jd flTehs; vy;yhk;

ntz;jh kiuNkNy tPw;wpUf;Fk;

tpsePh; ntz;flht ca;AkhW mUNs

vd;Dk; ghliy mbf;fb Xjpajd; gadhf cyfk; Rw;Wk; NgW jdf;Ff; fpl;bajhf
Nrhkny $Wfpwhh;.

jpU.tp.f tpd; vdJ ,yq;ifr; nryT gazr;nryTj; Jiwf;F Cw;W epiyahf

tpsq;FfpwJ.

cyfk; Rw;wpa jkpoh; vdg; ghuhl;lg; ngWgth; V.Nf.nrl;bahh;.

gaz ,yf;fpa Kd;Ndhb-V.Nf.nrl;bahh;

gaz ,yf;fpag; ngUNte;jh;-Nrhkny

gaz ,yf;fpag; ngUtpw;gd;dh;-kzpad;

gaz ,yf;fpak; vOJNthh; ftdpf;fj; jf;fd:

Gjpa nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; <LghL.

 186

Rpwg;ghd epfo;rr
; pfis mt;tg;nghOJ Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

$h;j;j kjpAk; fhz;gtw;wpd; eyk;> jPq;Ffisf; fz;lwpgth;jhk; gazpfs; Mth;

vd;Dk; tpopg;Gzh;it thrfh;fSf;F Cl;Ljy;.

mwpTk;> Mw;wYk;>cw;rhfKk; kpf;f ez;gh;fisr; nrd;W re;jpj;J ciuahl

Ntz;Lk;.

mwpthd Nfs;tpfs; %yk; ntspg;gLk; me;ehl;lhhpd; MNuhf;fpakhd EZf;fkhd

nra;jpfis ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;Lk;.

md;wd;iwf;Ff; fpilj;j juTfis md;iwa ,uNt gjpT nra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

jpUr;nre;J}uhd; fly; mwpahd;: jpUth&ud; Njh; mwpahd;

vd;gJ gonkhop. cs;ehl;ilg; gw;wpa mwpahikia ,g;gonkhop fl;LfpwJ. gaz

E}y;fis vOJNthh; Kjypy; jq;fs; ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tifapy; mwpTf; fsQ;rpakhfj;
jpfo Ntz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ mnkhpf;fhtpy; vd;Dk; ,af;fk; Njhd;wpAs;sij ,jw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. xt;nthUtUk; Kjypy; jq;fs; ehl;il Ciug; gw;wpj;
njhpe;J itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

vOjg;gLk; gaz E}y;fs; tho;f;ifNahL njhlh;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ntWk; Gs;sp tptuq;fshf kl;Lk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

VR fpwp];J nrd;w ,lq;fisg; gw;wp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; E}nyhd;W

cs;sJ. ,e;E}ypidg; gpd;gw;wp Nrh. rptghjRe;juk; mth;fs; khzpf;fthrfh;
mbr;Rtl;by; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shh;.

irrt rka ehad;khh;fs;> rpthyaq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;wJ jpUj;jyg; gazq;fNs.

khzpf;fthrfh; nrd;w ,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; me;j thpir Kiwg;gb 1937-y;

Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpaw;Wg; gho;;g;gl;L Nghd gy ,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; nrd;W vOjpa
khzpf;fthrfh; mbr;Rtl;by; vd;Dk; ,e;E}ypidf; fs Ma;Tg; gazE}y; vdyhk;.

,t;thW gazE}y; vOJNthh; gy Mjhuq;fs;> ,yf;f

; par; rhd;WfSld;>
eifr;RitAk; fye;J vOjpd; eyk; gaf;Fk;.

Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fisg; gw;wpa glq;fSk; E}ypy; Nrh;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

 187

glq;fis ,Wjpahf xNu ,lj;jpy; mr;rplhky;> nra;jpfSf;F chpa ,lj;jpy; Vw;w

glk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid Spreading out photographs throught the text vd;W Nkiy
ehl;lhh; xU nfhs;ifahfg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

glq;fSk; vOj;Jk; mr;rpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba cah;e;j tifj;jhs;fis

,jw;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk; ,jdhy; E}ypd; tpiy $LjyhFk; vd;gjidf;
ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jf;f ,lq;fspy; ek; ehl;NlhL gpw ehl;Lf; Fwpg;GfisAk; xg;gpl;Lf; $w Ntz;Lk;.

ek; ehl;Lg; gzj;jpy; 800 &gha; vd;why; 160 mnkhpf;f lhyh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
$wNtz;Lk;.

$wg;gLk; ,lj;ijg; gw;wpj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Glh>ng];l; vd;why; Glh>

ng];l; vd;Dk; ,U efuq;fSk; Nrh;e;jJ. ,U efuq;fSk; Xh; Mw;wpd; ,U fiufspYk;
cs;sd. ekJ jpUr;rpAk; =uq;fKk; Nghy vdj; njspT gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

gazk; nra;jth;fs; kl;LNk gazE}y; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy gpw

nkhopfspypUe;J jkpohf;fk; nra;Jk; gaz E}y;fis vOJtJ kf;fSf;Fg;
gaDs;sjhf mikAk;.

gaz E}ypy; Fwpf;fj; jfhjd:

gaz E}y;fs; nghpjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf „tsts‟ vd tsh;j;Jf;

nfhz;Nl Nghff; $lhJ.

jq;fSf;F tpUe;J nfhLj;jth;fisg; gw;wpNa vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;f $lhJ.

Mfha tpkhdj;jpy; Vwp mkh;e;jTld; jq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Kjy; czh;r;rpiag;

gw;wpAk;> fhjpy; gQ;R milj;Jf; nfhs;tijg; gw;wpnay;yhk; Fwpg;gpLtJ
Njitapy;yhjd.

Vida ehLfspd; FiwghLfis kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wf;$lhJ. ek; ehl;by; ,Uf;Fk;

me;ehl;bd; J}jufj;jpy; mth;fs; ehl;ilg; gw;wp ek; ehl;by; ntspahFk; nra;jpfis
Muha;tjw;nfd;Nw jdpg;gphpT cz;L. mg;gphptpy; cs;NshUf;F ,j;jifa E}y;fisg;
gbj;J nkhopngah;j;Jf; nfhLg;gJjhd; Ntiy.
 188

fbj ,yf;fpaq;fs;

nra;jp njhptpf;Fk; tpUg;gNk fbjkhf kyh;fpwJ. Ms; %yk; nrhy;yp

mDg;Gk;nghOJ J}J vdg;gLk;. nrhy;yp mDg;g ,ayhjdtw;iw Kw;fhyj;jpy;
gidNahiyapy; vOj;jhzpnfhz;L vOjpdhh;. mjid Xiy vd;wdh;. gidNahiyiar;
RUshfr; RUl;b Klf;fp (tisj;J) ajhy; Klq;fy; vdg;gl;lJ. gj;jpuk; vd;Dk;
tlnrhy;Yf;F ,iy vd;W nghUs;. Xiyapy; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; gj;jpuk;
vdg;gl;ld. fb vd;why; tpiuT vd;gJ nghUs;. mQ;ry; Kiw te;j gpwF tpiuthfr;
nrd;W Nrh;tjhy; fbjk; vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

rptngUkhd; mDg;gpa ghpe;Jiuf; fbjk;:

ghzgj;jpud; vd;Dk; GytDf;Fg; nghUs; nfhLj;J cjTkhW ghzgj;jpudplk;

nfhLj;Jr; Nruydplk; nfhLf;FkhW rptngUkhd; ghpe;Jiuf; fbjk; xd;W
nfhLj;jDg;gpdhh;.

kjpkyp Ghpir khlf; $ly;

gjpkpir epyT ghy;epw thpr;rpwF

md;dk; gapy;nghopy; My thapy;

kd;dpa rptd;ahd; nkhopjU khw;wk;

gUtf; nfhz;%bg; gbnadg; ghtyh;fF

;

chpikapd; chpikapd; cjtp xspjpfo;

FUkh kJGiu Fytpa Filf;fPo;r;

nrUkh ciff;Fk; Nruyd; fhz;f!

gz;ghy; aho;gapy; ghz gj;jpud;

jd;Nghy; vd;ghy; md;gd;: jd;ghy;

fhz;gJ fUjpg; Nghe;jdd;

khz;nghUs; nfhLj;J tutpLg; gJNt

 189

vd;Dk; ,f;fbjk; 11-k; jpUKiwapy; jpUKfg; ghRukhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

fhg;gpaf; fbjk;:

khjtp jd;id tpl;Lg; gphpe;J nrd;w NfhtyDf;F Kjph;e;j jhio klypy;

g+tUk;gpd; Kidahy; nrk;gUj;jpf; Fok;gpy; Njha;j;Jf; fbjk; xd;W vOjpdhs;.

mbfs; Kd;dh; ahdb tPo;e;Njd;

tbahf fpstp kdf;nfhsy; Ntz;Lk;

Futh;gzp md;wpAk; Fyg;gpwg; ghl;bNahL

,utpilf; fopjw;F vd;gpiog;G mwpahJ

ifaW neQ;rk; fbay; Ntz;Lk;

ngha;jPh; fhl;rpg; GiuNaha; Nghw;wp

vd;gJ mf;fhg;gpaf; fbjk;

Ntjehafh; tpLj;j fbjk;:

jpUthtLJiwapy; Rg;gpukzpa Njrpfiur; re;jpj;jgpd; kha+uk; Ntjehafk;gps;is

mth;fs; kapyhLJiwf;F ,ul;il khl;L tz;bapy; jpUk;gpdhh;. khLfs; tz;bia
Kd;Nd ,Of;f mth; kdk; mtiug; gp;d;Nd ,Oj;jJ. mJ>

#h;te;J tzq;Fk; Nkd;ikr; Rg;gpukzpa NjNt

Neh;te;J epd;idf; fz;L New;Wuhj;jphpNa kPz;Nld;

Ch;te;J Nrh;e;Njd; vd;wd; csk;te;J Nruf;fhNzd;

Mh;te;J nrhy;ypDk; NfNsd; mjid ,q;F mDg;GthNa

vd;Dk; fbjkhf kyh;e;J tuyhw;Wg; Gfo; ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

tuyhw;Wg; Gfo; ngw;w fbjq;fs;:

(1) NeU jd; kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F tiue;j kly;fs; cyf tuyhwhf cyTfpwJ.
 190

(2) jtj;jpU kiwkiy mbfshh; vOjpa Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs; Gidfijaha;

Gfo;ngw;W epw;fpd;wJ.

(3) md;idf;F> jk;gpf;F> jq;iff;F> ez;gh;f;F vd mwpQh; K.t vOjpa fbjq;fs; fbj
,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg; Nghw;wj;jf;fd. r%f tho;tpaypy; rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;Fk; rpe;jid
Nehf;fpy; tiuag; gl;lit.

(4) mwpQh; mz;zh jk;gpf;F tiue;j fbjq;fs; ,isQh; Fohj;ijj; jl;b vOg;g
ty;yd

(5) ts;syhh; fbjq;fis jpU.ghyfpUl;bz Kjypahh; Kad;W njhFj;Js;shh;.

(6) fhe;jpabfs; fbjq;fSk;> tpNtfhde;jh; fbjq;fSk; njhFj;J ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.

(7) nkhopQhapW Qh.NjtNeag; ghtzh; fbjq;fs; kiwkiyabfs; E}y; epiyaj;jpy;
xl;Lf; Nfhg;gpy; xl;b Mtzkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(jdpahf ,Ue;j kiwkiyabfs; E}y; epiyak; ,g;nghOJ fd;dpkuh E}y;

epiyaj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ)

fbjk; vOJk; Kiw:

NjtNeag; ghthzh; mth;fs; cah;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fzk; vd ,U njhFjpfs;

,aw;wpAs;shh;. mjpy; fbjj;jpd; cWg;GfisAk; fbjk; tiuAk; KiwapidAk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

(1) jiyg;G:

vOjg;gl;l ,lKk; ehSk; Fwpg;gJ. el;Gk; tzpfKk; gw;wp vOJk; fbjq;fspy;

Kjw;gf;f tyg;Gw Nky; Xiyapy; ,lj;jpd; ngah; NkYk;> ehs; fPOkhf vOjg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.

(2) nfhS:

jiyg;gpw;Fr; rw;Wf; fPohf ,d;dhUf;F ,d;dhh; vOJtJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ.

(3) tpsp:

nfhStpw;Ff; fPNo ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; jdpahff; fbjk; tpLf;fg;gLNthiu tpspg;gJ.

 191

(4) nra;jp:

tpspf;Ff; fPNo chp nra;jpia vOJk; ,lk; chpa ,lj;jpy; epWj;jw; Fwpfs;
mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(5) cwTj; njhlh;nkhop:

fbjk; tpLg;Nghh;f;Fk; ngWNthh;f;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwT epiyapidf; Fwpf;Fk;

nkhop ,J nra;jpf;Ff; fPNo tyg; Gwj;jpy; tiuag;ngWk;.

(6) ifnaOj;J:

cwTj; njhlh;nkhopf;Ff; fPNo rw;W tykhfj; je;;ijapd; Kjy; vOj;J njspthf

njhpAkhW tiuag;gLk; ngah;.

(7) Kfthp:

fbj ciuapd; gpd;gf;fj;jpy; my;yJ kbj;j fbjj;jpd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; fbjk;

tpLtpf;fg;gLNthhpd; KO KfthpAk; njspthf tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fbjj;jpd; ,d;iwa epiy:

fbjq;fSf;F cldbahfg; gjpy; mDg;Gjy; ey;y gz;G. Mapd; fbjk; vOJjy;

vd;Dk; tof;fNk ngUfp tUfpwJ ,jd; ,lj;ij jFjp> njhiyNgrp> njhiyefy;>
nlyf;]; Kjyhdit ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdyhk;.
 192

ghlk; -10

mwptpay; jkpo;:

(m) mwptpay; nrhy;yikjp

(M) mwptpay; fUj;Jfs;

vd mwptpay; jkpio ,uz;L tifahfg; gFf;fyhk;. jkpopy; mwptpay;

nrhy;yikjp tsh;rr
; p> tsik mile;J tUfpd;wJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; neLf mwptpay;
fUj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL> mwptpay; rpWfijfs;> Gjpdq;fs;> mwptpay;
,jo;fs; %yk; mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; jkpopy; tsh;e;J tUfpd;wd.

(m) mwptpay; nrhw;fspd; mikjp:

(1) ,yf;fpa eilf;Fk; mwptpay; eilf;Fk; NtWghLfs; cs;sd. mwptpay; nra;jpfs;

Nehpilahfr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fj; Jiz epw;gd njhlh;fs;> thf;fpa
mikg;Gfs; Mfpad.

njhlh; mikg;G> nghUs; epiwe;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUsikg;gpy; Iag;ghl;il

Vw;gLj;jf;$ba njhlh;fs; Mfh. mit mwptpay; Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. nrhw;fisg;
gphpj;J vOJtjhy;$l ,j;jifa epiy Nehplyhk;.

gy; NtWtif ahdmZ Fz;LNrhjid

%yk; ,e;jpah jdJ Mw;wiy

ep&gpj;jJ

vd;W vOjpdhy; nghUs; Kw;wpYk; khWgLfpd;wJ.

gy;NtW tifahd mZFz;L

Nrhjidfspd; %yk; ,e;jpah
jdJ Mw;wiy ep&gpj;jJ
vd vOJk; NghJ jhd; nghUs; rhpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

(2) n[h;kdpa tpQ;Qhdpfs; jkJ nkhopapy; kpff; Fiwe;j msT ePsKs;s

thf;fpaq;fisNa mikf;f Kay;fpd;wdh;. mwptpay; nra;jpfisf; $Wk; njhlh;fs;
 193

ePskhdjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. ,t;thNw mwptpay; jkpo;j; njhlh;fSk; RUq;fr; nrhy;yp

tpsq;f itf;f ty;yjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(3) MFk; vd;Dk; tpidr;nrhy; nra;jpapd; Kbthf mwptpay; jkpopy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

mZf;fs; Ntjptpidapy; gq;Nfw;f ty;yd MFk;.

(4) mwptpay; ciueil thf;fpaq;fspy; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy glh;f;if Mfpa

%tplq;fisf; Fwpf;fhj mikg;Ng rpwg;GilaJ.

(5) nra;Kiw Nrhjidfis tpsf;Fk;NghJ mj;njhlhpy; ghy;tpFjpNah khpahijg;

gd;ikNah ,lk;ngwf;$lhJ.

(6) nray;Kiwapy; nra;aNtz;ba tpidiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ> mwptpay;

jkpopy; fl;lis thf;fpa mikg;Ng nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

tpLFohiaf; fe;j mkpyj;jhy; fOT.

(7) mwptpay; jkpopy; ntw;Wr; nrhw;fNsh> tPz; th;zidfNsh ,y;yhky; miktNj

rpwg;GilaJ.

(8) fiyr;nrhw;fs; Fwpf;f te;j nghUis Neubahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

(9) nrhw; Fog;gk; $lhJ.

(10) xU nghUSf;F xU fiyr;nrhy; vd;Dk; epiyNa mwptpay; jkpOf;F Vw;wJ.

(M) mwptpay; fUj;Jfs;

(1) rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; mwptpay;:

neLehl;fshf ePhpNy Cwpf; fple;j kuj;jpy; nra;j tPizAk;> ePhpy;yhky; tw;wpa

kuj;jpy; nra;j tPizAk; ,d;dpir vOg;gg; gad;glhJ. Rpwe;j jl;g ntg;gj;jpy; ed;F
tsh;e;j kuj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; tPizNa ,d;dpir vOg;g Vw;wJ. kuj;jpd; <uj;jd;ikf;F
Vw;g mjpy; NkhJk; xyp miyfspd; mjph;ntz;Zk; khWgLfpwJ. ,e;j mjph;ntz;
ghlfhpd; Fuypy; rkr;ruP hf mikAkhdhy; Fuy;tsk; ed;whf mikfpwJ. rkr;rPuw;Wf;
fhzg;gLkhdhy; Fuy; ed;whf miktjpy;iy. ,jidNa
,d;iwmwptpayhsh;fs;mjph;ntz; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
 194

(2) mwptpay; ,jo;fs;:

 mwptpay; ,jo;fspy; thrfh;fs; jhNk Kd;te;J gq;F nfhs;Sk; tifapy;

mwptpay; tpdhtpilg; gFjpfs; mike;Js;sd.
 mwptpay; cyfpd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfis cz;ikfis RUq;fr; nrhy;y
mwptpay; JZf;Ffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 mwptpay; nra;jpfis thrfh;fSf;F mwptpf;fTk; mwpt+l;lTk; KiwNa
ml;ilg;glk;> ml;ilg;gltpsf;ff; fl;Liu gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mwptpay; gFjpapy; ,lk; ngWk; Gifg;glq;fs; thrfh;fspd; mwptpay; jpwid
tsh;f;Fk; Nehf;fpNyNa mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 mwptpay; gFjpapy; ,lk; ngWk; Gifg;glq;fs; nra;jp kjpg;GiladthfTk; mit
,lk;ngw;Ws;s $Wfis thrpf;fj;J}z;LtdthfTk; mike;Js;sd.

(3) mwptpay; jkpo; tsh;j;j mwpQh;fs;:

mz;zh gy;fiyf; fofj; Jiz Nte;juhf tpsq;fpa th.nr.Foe;ijrhkp

mw;Gjj;jkpo; vd;Dk; mhpa E}ypid ,aw;wpAs;shh;. nfhz;ly;.R.kfhNjtd; jkpod;;
mwptpay; Kd;Ndhb vd;Dk; fUj;ij Mjhug+h;tkhf epiyehl;Lfpd;wdh;. kiwe;j
vOj;jhsh; R[hjh „[pNdh‟ kPz;Lk; [pNdh Kjyhd mwptpay; Gjpdq;fis vOjpg; Gfo;
ngw;whh;. e.Rg;Gnul;bah; mwptpay; cz;ikfis mofpa ctikfspd; top tpsf;fp
vspikg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. NkYk; ng.eh.mg;GRthkp> Nt.khzpf;fk;> [p.Mh;. jhNkhjud;> [p.b
ehAL> jp.jz;lghzp (gz;zd;) KjyhNdhh; mwptpay; jkpOf;Fg; ghLgl;l rhd;Nwhuhth;.

mwptpay; jkpo;Nghy; „rl;lj;jkpo;‟ vd;Dk; gFjp jkpopy; tsh;j;njLf;fg;gl

Ntz;bajd; ,d;wpaikahikia khepyf; fy;Y}hpg; Nguhrphpah; Kidth;. K.Kj;JNtY
mth;fs; ciug;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wdh;. tof;fwpQUk; jkpowpQUkhd ,th; „rl;lj;jkpo;‟
„rq;fj;jkpo;‟ $Wk; rl;lj;jkpo; vd;Dk; E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.;
 195

Clftpay;

,jopay;

ekJ ehl;by; ehlhSkd;wk;> eph;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa %d;W JiwfNshL

gj;jphpifj;JiwiaAk; typikahd ehd;fhtJ gphpthff; fUjyhk;. ,g;gj;jphpifjJiw
Rje;jpuj;NjhL Neh;ikahfTk; nghWg;ghfTk; nray;gLk;nghOJ kf;fspd; eyd;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;. vdNtjhd;> ths;Kidia tplg; NgdhKid $h;ikahdJ
vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jo;fspd; gzpfs;:

(1) nra;jpfis kf;fSf;F mwptpj;jy;

(2) kf;fSf;F ey;yd $wp mwTWj;jy;

(3) kf;fis kfpo;tpj;jy;

(4) thzpgk; nra;jy;

(5) eLTepiy epw;wy;

(6) gz;ghL fhj;jy;

Kjyhd gy gzpfs; ,jo;fSf;F cs;sd.

,jo;fspd; gUt tiffs;:

ehspjo;fs;> gUt ,jo;fs; vd mbg;gilapy; ,Utifg;gLk;.

ehspjo;fs;:

 fhiy ,jo;
 khiy ,jo;

vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

gUt ,jo;fs;:

 thu ,jo;
 jpq;fs; ,UKiw ,jo;
 196

 jpq;fs; ,jo;
 fhyhz;L ,jo;
 miuahz;L ,jo;
 Mz;L ,jo;

vd MW tifg;gLk;.

,jo;fspd; jug; gphpTfs;:

juj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;>

 jukhd ,jo;fs;
 kf;fs; ,jo;fs;
 er;R ,jo;fs;

vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

,jo;fspd; cs;slf;fg; gFg;G:

,jo;fspd; cs;slf;fk; gy tifg;gLk;. FKjk;>uhzp>fy;fp Kjyhdit

nghOJNghf;F ,jo;fs;> [drf;jp>jpuhtplehL Kjyhdit murpay; ,jo;fs;.
nre;jkpo;rn
; ry;tp> vOj;J> Qhdujk; Kjyhdit ,yf;fpa ,jo;fs;. Ky;iyr;ruk;>Fapy;
Kjyhdit ftpij ,jo;fs;. NfhFyk;> mk;Gypkhkh Mfpait rpWth; ,jo;fs;.
,itNghf mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk;> fy;tp> kfsph;> njhopy;> nfhs;if> tzpfk;>
tpisahl;L> Nrhjplk;> rkak;> jpiug;glk;> nkhop rhh;ghd gytif cs;slf;fq;fs;
nfhz;l ,jo;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

gj;jphpif Rje;jpuk;:

tpLjiy ngw;w ,e;jpahtpy; gj;jphpiffs; Rje;jpukhf nray;gl Kbe;jJ. vdNt

mit Ntfkhf tsh;e;jd. fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj KOikahd Rje;jpuj;NjhL nghWg;G>
flik vd;gdTk; ,ize;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;W [tfh;yhy; NeUtpd; $w;Wk; ,j;Jld;
cld; vz;zj; jf;fJ.

gj;jphpifr; rl;lq;fs;:

gj;jphpifapy; ntspahFk;> nra;jp chpatUf;F mtkjpg;ghf ,Uf;Fkhapd; mth;

gj;jphpif kPJ mtkjpg;G tof;F ,ltha;g;G cs;sJ. ,j;jifa mtkjpg;gpw;Ff;
 197

fhuzkhdth;fs; kPJ ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; 500-k; gphptpd;gb ,uz;lhz;Lfs; tiu

rpiwj;jz;lidNah> mguhjNkh my;yJ ,uz;LNkh nfhLf;fyhk;. nghJr;rl;lj;jpd;gb
khd ,og;G tof;Fj; njhlh;e;jth; ,og;gPL ngw KbAk;.

,ijg;Nghy; ehlhSkd;w eltbf;iffs; rl;lk;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;Gr; rl;lk;>

mYtyf ,ufrpaq;fs; rl;lk;> gj;jphpif> Gj;jfq;fs; gjpTr;rl;lk;> Mghr
ntspaPl;Lj;jilr; rl;lk;> gjpg;Ghpikr; rl;lk;> ,isQh; (jPik gaf;Fk; ntspaPLfs;)
jilr;rl;lk;> mQ;ry; je;jpr; rl;lq;fs;> gzpnra; ,jopayhsh; rl;lk; vdg; gj;jphpif
njhlh;ghfg; gy rl;;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd; epiw> Fiwfisf; fz;Lzh;e;J
fhj;Jf; nfhs;tJ gj;jphpifahsh;fspd; flik.

nra;jpj;jhs; eph;thf mikg;G:

gj;jphpifia ntw;wpfukhf elj;JtJ vd;gJ kpfg; nghpa fiy. jdpkuk; Njhg;ghf

KbahJ. ,ize;j fuq;fshy; ,izaw;w tsh;rr
; p vd;gjid gj;jphpiffs;
nfhs;ifahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU rpyh; kl;Lk; Nrh;e;J gj;jphpifia elj;jptpl
,ayhJ. gj;jphpifj; Jiwapy;>

Mrphpah; gphpT
thzpgg; gphpT
,ae;jpug; gphpT
tsh;rr
; pg; gphpT
Gs;sptptug; gphpT
eph;thfg; gphpT

vdg; gy gphpTfs; Nrh;e;J nray;gLk;.

nra;jp tiffs;:

kf;fs; nra;jpfs;> fy;tpr; nra;jpfs;> muRr; nra;jpfs;> ePjpkd;wr; nra;jpfs;>

rl;lg;Nguit> ehlhSkd;w epfo;Tfs;> nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> mwptpay;> nghUshjhu>
tpisahl;Lr; nra;jpfs; Kjyhd tho;tpaypd; xt;nthU epfo;TfSk; gj;jphpiffSf;Fr;
nra;jpfshfpd;wd.

,r;nra;jpfis Kjypy; juTfshfj; jpul;Lthh;. mjd; gpd;dh; tifg;gLj;Jthh;>

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyj;Jld; juNtz;ba nra;jpfis mjw;Nfw;w gpd;Gyj;NjhL jahhpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. cs;ehl;Lr; nra;jp> ntspehl;Lnra;jp> cyfr; nra;jpfSf;F Vw;w
 198

gfph;TfisAk; Moj;ijAk; nra;jpfSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. chpa ,lq;fspy;

„Neh;fhzy;‟ epfo;j;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. „Gydha;T‟ Ghpa Ntz;ba ,lq;fspy; mjw;Fhpa
Ml;fs;> nghUs;fs;> ghJfhg;Gld; Gydha;T Nkw;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jUk; nra;jpfisg; Gifg;glk; %yk; ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;Lk;. eifr;Ritj;

JZf;Ffs;> Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fs;> fUj;Jg;glq;fs;> glf;fijfs; vdg; gy Nfhzq;fspYk;
gj;jphpifg; ghpkhzk; nra;J chpa rPh;ikapy; nra;jpfis ntspf;nfhzh;e;J ntw;wpeil
NghlNtz;Lk;.

nra;jpf; fl;likg;G:

nra;jpf;F (1) jiyg;G (2)Kfg;G (3) cly;gFjp vd Kg;ngUk; gphpTfs; cz;L.

gj;jphpif MrphpaUs;Sk; Mrphpah;> nra;jp Mrphpah;> Jizahrphpah; vdg; gyh; ,Ug;gh;.

,jopay; jkpowpQh;fs;:

ghujpahh;> jpU.tp.f> rp.gh>Mjpj;jdhh;> fy;fp> v];.v];.thrd;> ty;ypfz;zd;

KjyhNdhh; gj;jphpifj; Jiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhuhth;. Nguhrphpah;
Kidth;. N[.Mh;.,yl;Rkp mth;fs; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; Rkq;fyp ,jo;fspd; gq;F>
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; E}y; vOjpAs;shh;.

thndhyp

khh;f;Nfhdp fz;Lgpbj;j thndhyp fhjhy; Nfl;Fk; tifapy; kl;Lk;

mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ. Thndhyp nra;jpfs;> taYk; tho;Tk;> xypr;rpj;jpuq;fs;>
jpiuapirg;ghly;fs;> rhd;Nwhh; rpe;jidfs;> thndhyp ehlfq;fs;> Neh;fhzy;fs;
Kjyhd epfo;rr
; pfs; thndhypapy; xspgug;ggLfpd;wd.

njhiyf;fhl;rpfs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp njhlh;Gfs;> fzpdpg; gad;ghL Mfpatw;why;

thndhyp XusT kf;fshy; kwf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ghh;itaw;NwhUf;F thndhyp
tug;gpurhjkhfNt ,d;Wk; ,aq;FfpwJ vdyhk;.

jpiug;glk;

19-k; E}w;whz;bd; typikahd Clfkhf jpiug;glk; jpfo;e;jJ. njhlf;f

fhyj;jpy; fUg;G nts;is glq;fSk;> jpf;fw;w ghh;tjp Nghd;w Ngrhj Cikg; glq;fSk;
te;jd. tsh;e;J tUk; njhopy;; El;gq;fspdhy; tz;zg;glq;fSk;; nts;spj;jpiuahf
tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ. Muk;g ehl;fspy; tPughz;ba fl;l nghk;kd; Kjyhd tuyhw;Wg;
 199

glq;fs; Rje;jpu vOr;rpia Cl;Lk; Clfkhf jpiug;glq;fs; vOe;jd. ghujpahh;>

ghujpjhrd;> ghly;fisg; ghkuh;fSk; mwptjw;fhd fsdhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. gs;spapy;
J}q;fpatd; fy;tp ,oe;jhd; vdg; gs;sp khzhf;fUf;F ghlk; Gfl;Lk; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il
fy;ahzRe;juj;jpd; ghly;fs; thapyhf fy;tpg;Gyj;jpw;F cjtTk; cWJizahfTk;
jpiug;glk; ,Ue;jJ. nky;y nky;y fhjy; glq;fs;> krhyh glq;fs;> rz;ilg; glq;fs;
me;j ,lj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ld.

njhiyf;fhl;rp

fz;izAk; fUj;ijAk; ftUk; jpiug;glj;jpw;F vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpaijg;Nghy;

Njhw;wk; fhl;b> jpiug;glj;jpiuapdiuf; fpsu;rr
; p nra;aitj;j Clfk; njhiyf;fhl;rp.
,d;W jpiug;glj;Jiwapdhpd; CLUty; ClfkhfTk; njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsq;FfpwJ.
njhlf;fj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpduhy; kl;Lk; b.b kw;Wk; nghjpifr; Nritfs; xspgug;ggl;ld.
,d;W fiyQh;> rd;>n[ah>uh[;>tp[a;>];lhh; tp[a;> kf;fs; njhiyf;fhl;rp vdg; gyg;gy
jdpahh; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; gilnaLg;Gfs; kpFe;Js;sd. rhpj;jpuj; njhlh;fs;>
eifr;Ritj; njhlh;fs;> rpWth; njhlh;fs;> kh;kj; njhlh;fs;> khah[hyj; njhlh;fs;>
mwpTiu kw;Wk; mwptpay; njhlh;fs;> FLk;gj; njhlh;fs;> fy;tpj; njhlh;fs;> rikay;
njhlh;fs; vd tho;tpaypd; midj;Jj; jsq;fisAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp njhLfpd;wJ.

fzpg;nghwp

(1) kpd;dZ mQ;ry;:

Electronic mail vd;gjd; RUf;fNk E-mail vd;gJ. ,jd; jkpo; tbtNk kpd;dZ
mQ;ry;> njhiyNgrpj; njhlh;G fl;likg;gpd; topahf fzpg;nghwpfs; jfty; ghpkhw;wk;
nra;Jnfhs;tJ kpd;dZ mQ;ry; vdg;gLk;. vOj;Jf;fshy; Md ciu tbtpy; kpd;dZ
mQ;ry; mikAk;.

xNu mYtyfj;jpy; cs;s fpisf; fzpg;nghwpfs; Nehl; vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

jfty;fisj; jUk; jiyikf; fzpg;nghwpiar; rh;th; vd;gh;.

(1) fzpg;nghwp (2) njhiyNgrp (3) b[pl;ly; rpf;dyhfr; nra;jpia mDg;g

cjTk; Nkhlk; ,k;%d;Wk; ,Ue;jhy; ntspa+h;fSf;F kpd;dZ mQ;ry; nra;a KbAk;.

kpd;dZ mQ;ry; nra;jpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s ehk; fhj;jpUf;fj; Njitapy;iy.

Ms; ,y;yhj nghOJk; fzpg;nghwp topahf kpd;dZ mQ;ry; ekf;fhfg; gjpT
 200

nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;. Neuk; tha;f;Fk; nghOJ fzpg;nghwpapy; kpd;dZ mQ;ry;fs; VNjDk;

gjpthfp cs;sdth vdg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

(2) gy;Nehf;F Clfk;:

xU rhjhuz fzpg;nghwpapy; rp.b Nuhk; biut;> rTz;L fhh;L> xypngUf;fpfs;>

tpz;Nlh]; Kjyhd nray;ghl;Lj; jpwd;fis ,izj;Jtpl;lhy; NghJk;> mJ gy;Nehf;F
Clfkhf khwptpLk; ,g;nghOJ>

 .capNuhl;l tiuglq;fs;
 xspf;fhl;rpg; glq;fs;
 tiufiy
 vOj;J
 xyp

Mfpa Ie;J tbtq;fspy; jfty;fisg; ngw KbAk;.

,g;nghOJ cyfj; jfty; fsQ;rpaq;fisj; jpiuapy; fhzyhk;. NeUTk;>

fhe;jpAk; Nkilapy; Kf;fpaijf; fzpg;nghwpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l xypngUf;fp %yk;
Nfl;Lg; Gj;Japh;g;G ngwyhk;.

Clfq;fshy; tpisAk; gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;G:

Clfq;fspy; typik tha;e;J gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gf; fUtpfshf tpsq;Ftd

jpiug;glk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpg;nghwp> nry;yplg;Ngrp Mfpad.

jpiug;glj;jpy; fhjyd; fhjypiaj; Juj;jpf; nfhz;L XLtijAk;> fl;bg;gpbj;Jg;

Gus;tijAk; neUf;fkhd fhl;rpfisAk; ghh;f;Fk; thypg cs;sq;fs; jLkhWfpd;wd.
fhgNu eldf; fhl;rpfs;> Mil Fiwg;G> Mil mtpo;g;G> fw;gopg;Gf; fhl;rpfshy; ghypay;
czh;Tfs; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd. nfhLq;Nfhyh; Ml;rpapYk; eLr;re;jpapy; nfhz;Ltu
mQ;rg;gl;l> kjpf;fg;gl;l me;juq;fq;fs; fsTr;rhl;rpfs; vd;Dk; ngahpy;
filtphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mfhaj;jpNyNa gyKiw Fl;bf;fuzk; mbj;J> NghLk; rz;ilf;
fhl;rpfshy; epoy;Aj;jk; GhpAk; epiyf;F Mshf;Ffpd;wd. tzpfka jpiug;glq;fspdhy;
tpisAk; NfLfs; gw;wpj; jhdha; vy;yhk; khWk; vd;gJ gioa ngha;alh vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Kidth;.K.Rje;jpuKj;J tpthpj;Js;shh;.
 201

Fwpg;gpl;l fjhehafd;> fjhehafpah;fis kdj;jpy; thpj;Jf;nfhz;L mth;fisg;

Nghyr; nra;jy; %yk; Nghyp tho;T thoj; jpiug;glq;fs; J}z;Lfpd;wd. Kd;dzp
ebfh;fSf;F tpz;zshtpa fl;-mTl; itj;Jg;ghy;KOf;fhl;b g+ir nra;fpd;wdh;.
jpiug;gl ebfh;fNs nja;tq;fshfp tpl;ljhy; jpiuauq;FfNs Nfhtpy;fshfp tpLfpd;wd.

ebfh;fSf;F ,urpfh; kd;wq;fs; elj;jp Copak; Ghpe;J mth;fSf;Fr; nry;thf;F

ngUf;fp murpay; jiyth;fshfTk; Kjyikr;rh;fshfTk; Mf;Fk; mbikj;;
njhz;lh;fshf ,isQh;fs; jq;fis Mf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

njhiyf;fhl;r
; piag; nghWj;jtiuapy; kf;fisg; ngUk;ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;FtJ
neLe;njhlh;fNs. jpiug;glj;ijg; ghh;j;jhy; %d;W kzp Neuk; kl;LNk nrythFk;. xU
neLe;njhlh; 250 ehs;. ePsj;jpw;F xspgug;ghfpwJ. vdf; nfhz;lhy; Fiwe;jJ xU Mz;L
KOtJk; XLfpwJ vd;W nghUs;. fhiy 10.00 kzpKjy; ,uT 11.00 kzpKba xU
ehSf;F Fiwe;jJ 10 neLe;njhlh;fshtJ xspgug;ghfpd;wd. xU Kiw fs;isf;
Fbj;jhy; Fbf;Fk;nghOJ kl;Lk;jhd; NghijNaWk; xU neLe;njhliug; ghh;f;f
Muk;gpj;jhy; Mz;Lf;fzf;fhd mstpy; Nghijf;F cs;shf NehpLfpwJ.

fQ;rh mgpid tplf; nfhba eQ;rhf neLe;njhlh;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd. tPl;bw;F

cwtpdh;fs; te;jhYk; njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;biag; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl Ngr itf;fpwJ.
tPl;bw;Fj; jpUld; te;J Mw mku jpUbr; nrd;whYk; njhptjpy;iy. Fwpg;gpl;l
njhlh;fspd;nghOJ Chpd; njUf;fnsy;yhk; Culq;Fr; rl;lk; Nghl;lJ Nghy;
ntwp;rN
; rhbf; fplf;fpd;wd. jpUlh;fs; jf;f njhlh;fs;> jpiug;glq;fisf; fzf;fpl;Lj;
njUtpy; topg;gwp> nfhiy> nfhs;is Ghpe;jhYk;Rl Vndd;W Nfl;fj; njUtpy;
ehjpapy;yhky; Ngha; tpLfpd;wJ.

kpjkpQ;rpa gfl;Lfisnay;yhk;> xg;gidfisAk;> ngha;ahd tpsk;guq;fisAk;

ghh;f;Fk; kf;fs; ghiytdj;jpy; fhdy;ePiuj; Juj;jpr; nry;Yk; khDf;F xg;ghf
,lh;g
; ;gLfpd;wdh;.

,uT 11.00 kzp tiu jpdKk; njhlh;fisg; ghh;j;j gpd;Gjhd; rikf;fj;

njhlq;Fk; mstpw;Fg; ngz;fisj; „njhlh;gpj;Jfs;‟ Mf;fpAs;sd njhiyf;fhl;rpfs;.

njhiyf;fhl;rp epidtpNyNa rikj;J> njhiyf;fhl;rpiag; ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;Nl

rhg;gpLk; gof;fj;jpdhy; ey;y FLk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;Jf; Foe;ijfsplk;$lf; FLk;g
ew;gz;Gfs; gba topapy;yhky; Ngha;tpLfpd;wJ.
 202

njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;biag; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl gs;spapy; nfhLj;j tPl;L

Ntiyfs; nra;tJk;> gbg;gJk; vdf; Foe;ijfs; ftdk; rpjwbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fUtpy;
cUthFk; Foe;ij$lj; njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; njhy;iyfspypUe;J jg;gpf;f ,ayhj mty
epiyapy; rKjhak; rpiwahfpAs;sJ.

fzpg;nghwpAk; ,iza tiyAld; Nrh;e;J xU ghypay; Gul;rpiaNa elj;jg;

ghh;f;fpd;wd. clYk; capUk; xd;wpaNj fhkk; vd;fpw tpjpia khw;wp tUfpd;wd. NtW
vijAk; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;Sk; Kd; cs;sf; fpsh;rr
; piag; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;s miof;fpwJ.
,e;j „,z;lh;nel;‟ mul;ilj; njhopy;El;gk;.

jd; ngw;Nwhh;> cld;gpwe;Njhh;> jd; tho;f;ifj;Jiz mUfpy; mNj miwapy;

cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ$l ,e;j tiyf; fhjypy; ,isa rKjhak; jd; ghypay;
tf;fpuq;fisr; rh;t Rje;jpukhf ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

fhjy;> el;G vd;Dk; Nghh;itapy; rKjhaj;jpy; epfOk; rPuopTfs; cstpay;

mbg;gilapy; jiyKiwfisAk; rPuopf;f Clfq;fs; mbg;gilahf cs;sd.
,f;fUj;ij ,uz;liu Mz;Lfhyk; fsMa;T nra;J fhjyh? fhjyh? vd;Dk;
Gjpdj;ijg; ghf;ah mth;fs; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

Mghr Gj;jfq;fs; mUtUg;ghd ntg;irl;Lfs; NghyNt nry;yplg;NgrpfSk;

(nry;Nghd;fs;) khzth;fisg; gL ghjhsj;jpw;F ,Oj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.

Mghrf; fhl;rpfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epidtfr; rpy;Yfs; jdpNa tpw;fpd;wd.

,it gs;sp khzth;fsplk; $l ,ufrpakhf cyh tUfpd;wd. ,e;j fhl;rpfis NtW
ahUk; ghh;j;Jtplhjgb kiwf;f tPbNah Nr/g; vdg;gLk; nkd;nghUs; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jid ,jw;Fhpa ,ufrpa vz;izg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; kl;LNk ghh;f;f
KbAk;.

„GS ^j;‟ trjp cs;s nry;Nghd; itj;jpUg;gth;fs;> kw;wth;fsplk; cs;s Mghrf;

fhl;rpfisj; jq;fs; nry;yplg;Ngrpapy; ,wf;fp nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

Mghr epidtfr; rpy;Y trjpAs;s nry;Nghd;fs; 6>000 &ghapypUe;J

fpilf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa nry;yplg;Ngrpiaf; fzpg;nghwpAld; ,izj;J
tf;fpug;glq;fisAk; ghly;fisAk; lTd;Nyhl; nra;a cjTk; FWe;;jfLfs; Nll;lh
Nfgps; Mfpa cgfuzq;fSk; ifNgrpAld; Nrh;j;J toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk;
 203

ez;gh;fsplkpUe;J kpf vspjhfj; jq;fs; ifNgrpapy; khzth;fs; mtw;iw ,wf;fpf;

nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

ifNgrp gOJghh;f;Fk; filf;fhuh;fspy; rpyh; gzj;jpw;F Mirg;gl;L ,j;jifa

fhl;rpfisf; ifNgrpapy; gjpT nra;J nfhLf;fpwhh;fs;. ,jw;F 100 &gha; Kjy; 1000
&gha; tiuapy; MSf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; fl;lzk; thq;fg;gLfpwJ.

ifNgrpapNyNa ,izatiy trjpAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. „ePyr;Nrit‟ GhpAk;

,izajsj;jpw;Fs; Neubahfg; Ngha; ,j;jifa ifNgrpapy; glq;fis ,wf;fpf;;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy;> ,izajs Mghrf; fhl;rpfisj; jLf;f /gah; thy; vd;Dk;
nkd;nghUSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ rpwpJ MWjiyj; jUk; nra;jpahf cs;sJ.

„fhy;rPl;‟ vdg;gLk; nkd;nghUs; rpy;iy> ngw;Nwhh;fis Vkhw;w tpUk;Gk;

khzth;fs; ifNgrpapy; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jpypUe;J tFg;giwapy; ,iur;ry;>
njUtpd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rj;jq;fs;> njhlh;tz;bapy; Nghfpd;w xyp Kjyhd xypfs;
tUk;. tFg;ig tpl;L Ciur; Rw;Wk; khzth;fs; ngw;Nwhh; NgRk;NghJ ,j;jifa
xypfSs; nghUj;jkhdij cap&l;bg; ngw;Nwhiu ntF Rygj;jpy; ek;gitj;J Vkhw;wpf;
fhye;js;Sfpd;wdh;.

jq;fs; tsikapd; milahskhfg; ngw;Nwhh;fs; khzth;fSf;F thq;fpj; jUk;

tpiyAah;e;j ifNgrpfNs ,j;jid tpghPjq;fSf;Fk; tpj;jhf mikfpd;wd vdyhk;.

mfuhjpfs;

nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gl;l epfz;Lfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ciueil tbtpy;

vOjg;gl;ld. mit mfuhjpfs; vdg;gl;ld. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpo;j;Jiw
,izg; Nguhrphpah; t.n[aNjtd; mth;fs; mfuhjpfs; gw;wpj; “jkpo; mfuhjpapay;
tsh;r;rp tuyhW” vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. jpU. t.n[aNjtd; mth;fspd; jkpo;
mfuhjpapay; tsh;r;rp tuyhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$ba rpwg;G kpf;Fs;sJ.

1.tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa jkpo; mfuhjpfs;;

(m) rJumfuhjp

“jkpopd; Kjy; mfuhjp” vdr; rJu mfuhjp Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. “mfuhjp” vd;W ,d;W
ehk; toq;Fk; nghUspy; ,r;nrhy;iyr; rJumfuhjpapy; tPukhKdpth;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy;
gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ,J Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; tPukhKdpth;> “jkpo; mfuhjpapd; je;ij” vdg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.
 204

(M) ,yj;jPd;-jkpo; mfuhjp:

jhd; jkpo; fw;wijg; NghyNt jd; ,j;jhypa ehl;lhh; midtUk; jkpo; fw;Fk;
tifapy; tPukhKdpth; ,jidg; gilj;jspj;jhh;.

(,)jkpo;-gpnuQ;R mfuhjp:

gpnuQ;R nkhopapidAk; mwpe;jpUe;j tPukhKdpth; jkpoh;fs; vspjhf gpnuQ;R

nkhopapid mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,t;tfuhjpapid ,aw;wpdhh;.

2.rPfd; ghy;ff
; Pd; mfuhjpfs; :

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;ilg; nghWj;j mstpy; rPfd; ghy;f;F Ie;J mfuhjpfisj;

njhFj;Js;shh;. mit (1) rPfd; ghy;f;fdP ; mfuhjpfs; (2) bf;~Ndhpak; jKypfk; (3)
jkpo;-,yj;jpd; mfuhjp (4) jkpo; ciueil mfuhjp (5) mfuhjp Ngh; Rtb vd;gd.

3.fpwpj;Jtj; jkpo;r; rq;f mfuhjp :

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s mnkhpf;ff; fpwpj;Jtr; rq;fk; 1833-

,y; %d;W mfuhjpfisj; njhFf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lJ. (1) jkpo;- Mq;fpy mfuhjp
(2) Mq;fpyk;-jkpo; mfuhjp (3) jkpo;- jkpo; mfuhjp ,k;%d;W mfuhjpfisAk; fpwpj;Jtr;
rq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j “iel;” vd;gth; jpruh> ngh;rpty; Mfpa ,Uth; cjtpAld; njhFj;jhh;.
,ilapy; mth; fhykhdjhy; mt;tfuhjpfs; ntsptuhky; epd;W Nghapd.

4.uhl;yh; mfuhjp :

tPukhKdpthpd; rJu mfuhjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L “uhl;yh;” vd;gtuhy;

vOjg;gl;l mfuhjp ,J. Kjy; njhFjp 1834-,y; ntspte;jJ. ,uz;lhk; njhFjp mr;rpy;
,Uf;Fk; nghONj uhl;yh; fhykhdhh;. %d;whtJ> ehd;fhtJ njhFjpfs; ntq;flhry
Kjypahh;> nla;yh; MfpNahh; jpUj;jq;fSld; ntspte;jd.

5.aho;g;ghz mfuhjp :

“iel;” vd;gth; fhykhdjhy; ghjpapy; epd;WNghd mfuhjpg; gzpfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nrh;;e;j re;jpuNrfu gz;bjh; Xh; mfuhjpia
cUthf;fpdhh;. ,t;tfuhjp aho;g;ghz mfuhjp> khDty; jkpo; mfuhjp >khdpg;gha;
mfuhjp vdg; gy ngah;fspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 205

6.ngh;rpty; mfuhjpfs; :

nrd;id muR Ml;rpj;Jiwg; gzpapy; ,Ue;j INuhg;gpa mYtyhsh;fs; kw;Wk;

,uhZtj;jpdUf;F cjTk; tifapy; “ngh;rpty;” vd;gth; rpy mfuhjpfis
cUthf;fpdhh;. mtw;Ws; “ngh;rpty; Mq;fpyk; - jkpo; mfuhjp gy gjpg;Gfisf; fz;lJ.
,tNu gonkhop mfuhjp> jpUl;lhe;j rq;fpufk; Mfpa mfuhjpfisAk; njhFj;Js;shh;.

7.Nghg; jkpo;- Mq;fpy mfuhjp :

[p.A.Nghg; mth;fshy;> jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;F Mq;fpy Mf;fk; nra;J vOjg;gl;l mfuhjp.

fhyk; 1859. fpwpj;Jtk; gug;g ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jth; ,th;. fpwpj;Jtk;
gug;Gtjw;fhfj; jkpo; fw;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;. jkpo; tsj;jhy; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;. jhd; ,we;j
gpwF jdJ fy;yiwapd; Nky; “,td; xU jkpo; khzhf;fd;” vdg; nghwpj;J itf;Fk;gb
capNuhbUf;Fk;NghNj capy; vOjp itj;jhh;. jpUf;Fws;> jpUthrfk;> ehybahh; Mfpa
E}w;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;. ,j;jifa jkpo; Mh;tyuhd [p.A.Nghg;
mth;fs; jkpo; - Mq;fpyk; mfuhjp vOjpajpy; tpag;nghd;Wkpy;iy.

8.fpshrpfy; jkpo; - Mq;fpy mfuhjp :

1870-,y; nrd;id khepyf; fy;tpj; Jizj; jiythpd; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;

ntspahdJ.

9.gjhh;j;j gh];fuk; :

gj + mh;j;jk; = gjhh;j;jk;. nrhw;nghUs; vd ,jid tpsf;fyhk; gh];fuk; vd;why;

#hpad; vd;W nghUs;. ,J> fpue;jk;- jkpo; mfuhjp. rkw;fpUjj;ij vOJtjw;Fj; jkpo;
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa vOj;Jf;fNs fpue;jk; vdg;gLk;. ]> [> ~> ` vd;gd fpue;j
vOj;Jf;fs;. ,e;jf; fpue;j vOj;J tbtpYs;s tlnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;Fj; jkpohy; nghUs;
$Wk; mfuhjp ,J.

10. mgpjhdrpe;jhkzp :

mgpjhdk; vd;why; ngah; vd;W nghUs;. Nfl;l nghUs;fisf; Nfl;Fk; tifapy;

toq;f ty;yJ “rpe;jhkzp” vd;Dk; khzpf;ff;fy;. Njitahd ngah;fisg; gw;wpa
tptuq;fis tphpthf toq;Ffpd;w E}y; ,J> vdNt mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp vdg;gLfpwJ.
nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hpj; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf ,Ue;j M.rpq;fhuNtY Kjypahh;
,jd; Mrphpauhthh;. jkpo; nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; ,J vdyhk;.
 206

11.iggps; mfuhjp :

fpNyw;wd; V.rp. vd;gth; iggps; nra;jpfis mfu thpirapy; cUthf;fpAs;shh;.

nrd;id rp.vy;.v];. mr;rfj;jpy; 1923-,y; ntspahdJ.

12. jkpo; nyf;rpfd; :

“nrd;idg; gy;fiy fofj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp” vd;gJ ,jd; jkpo;g; ngah;. nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fof MSifapd; fPo; ,t;tfuhjp ntspahdJ. Mq;fpyk; njhpe;j may;
nkhopahsh;fSk; jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhs;s ,t;tfuhjp ngUe;Jiz GhpfpwJ.

13.jkpo; ,yf;fzg; Ngufuhjp (fp.gp.2005)

jp.Nt.Nfhghiyah; vd;gtuhy; 17 njhFjpfshf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s mfuhjp ,J.

24.10.2005-,y; nrd;idapy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. 25 Mz;Lfs; Nfhghiyah; mth;fs;
,jw;fhfg; ghLgl;bUf;fpwhh;. ,yf;fzf; $Wfis mfu thpirg; gLj;jpa jkpo;
,yf;fzf; fiyf; fsQ;rpak; ,e;E}y; vdyhk;.

JizE}y;fs;

1. tifik Nehf;fpy;… jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - Kidth; ghf;aNkhp

2. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - Kidth; R.Mde;jd;
3. Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - jkpoz;zy;