Dental braces are devices used to correct the misalignment of teeth. They are usually made of Nitinol, an alloy of the metals nickel and titanium. Nitinol is an example of @ shape Joy (SMA). This alloy has a unique property — after deformation, it returns to shape when heated above a certain temperature. While trying to return to its it exerts a continuous force on teeth and thus aligns or straightens them. f SMAs are alloys containing copper, zinc and aluminium. What other ‘ol a good material for braces? Let's Explore! (a) Are some metals more reacti than others? (b) How are metals extracted? (c) Why is it important to r metals?Bri Pee eet meee cd Spee ete oa ee + explain the differences in the pr Ceo IES an RU AU CRU Re ace ul ae a Se Re RUC iae cuca Can RL Bete RCA Une eee eur cu aCe eS aa AAU EU eta us ac a BICC ICED ac ise DO Ae carcino Sy cr Ree a a Ret cea enn Ce * They usually have high densities, melting points and boiling points. ‘4. What properties make titanium and Zirconium suitable for making aircraft ‘engine parts? Why are pure metals not widely used in industry? Pure metals have many useful properties but they are not widely used for Recall trom Chapter 7 that two reasons: the physical properties 1. Pure metals are soft. In a pure metal, the atoms are packed regularly ofmetals are related in layers. The layers of atoms can slide over one another easily when. to their structure. For example, metals are able a force is applied to conduct electticity due metal atoms of the to the ‘sea of electrons’ eee same size present in the metalic OHHOO fone. structure Mecrece —. c oO COOL CEO CER ececeece é 4 Figure 14.2(a) Atoms of 4 Figure 14. metas re poche relay atoms se oe one soter iniayes. easily when a force is applied. 2. Pure metals may react with air and water and wear away or corrode easily (see Section 14.6) » Therefore, we often use alloys instead of pure metals, ‘chapter a4 :14.2. The Reactivity Series Learning Outcome — You should be able to: Gre rations of metas with + dotormine the order of reeetivty of some metals from Water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid Why do coins made of zinc look dull after some time, while gold colt Wry ih bright and shiny for years? This ts because zinc reacts with a fRater than gold does. In other words, zino Is more reactive than gold. & motel that reacts faster or more violently is sald to be more reactive than the other metal. Determining the Order of Reactivity of Metals it is useful to arrange metals according to how reactive they scientists have worked out a list called the reactivity serles: are. As such, ‘ae ar aes ito Mcaaaead How Is the order of reactivity of metals determined? The order of reactivity of metals can be determined by the ‘* reaction of metals with cold water or steam; ‘* reaction of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid. Reaction of Metals with Water and Steam Which metals react with cold water? Some metals react with cold water to form m gas. The general equation for the reaction is: A amstaa eect reacts violently with cold water. etal hydroxide and hydrogen metal + water —» metal hydroxide + hydrogen more violently with cold water. Figures 14.4 ‘A more reactive metal reacts nen different metals are reacted with and 14,5 show what happens wt cold water. Which metals react with steam? Zine and iron do not react with cold water but they do react with steam. Some metals react with steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen gas. The general equation for the reaction is: metal + steam —» metal oxide + Hydrogen ‘A more reactive metal reacts more violently with steam.Man tion Metals with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Link i en. When Oo metals react with Metals react with dilute acids to produce a salt and hydrog nou et ee ee ‘@ metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, the products oe metal chlor Ee react “ ‘and hydrogen gas. The general equation for the reaction is: egret netal Recall what you have I + dilute hydrochloric acid —» metal chloride + hydrogen Rect ee ychloric acid also indicate The reactions of different metals with dilute hydro« 0 reacts more violently. how reactive the metals are. A more reactive metal Table 14.3 summarises the reactions of some metals with dilute hydrochloric acid. YY Table 14.3 Reactions of some metals with dilute hydrochloric acid ec Observation ieee 2K(s) + 2HCHaq) —> 2KCKaq) + (6) Potassium React explosively. These reactions should Sa nt be carried out in 1 Jaborator Sat be eared out nthe sehen abosten. cig) —e Nag) + He) “Gaim ~~ [Reass woiety to ve marogen eos | Cae)-+ 2HCtaa) —> Coton) +H) Magnesium Ree =z Mele) + 2HCtaq) —> MECL@0) + He) Reacts rapidly to give hydrogen gas "| Reacts moderately fast to give hydrogen gas | Zn(s) + 2HCMaq) —> ZnCl,(aq) + H,{8) | Fe(s) + 2HCK'aq) —> FeCl(aa) + H.(8) Iron. Reacts slowly to give hydrogen gas Lead No reaction occurs. ; Copper Silver “Lead should react with dilute hydrochloric acid since it is more reactive than hydrogen. However, we have leamt in Chapter 11, page 185, that the initial reaction between lead and the acid forms an insoluble layer of lead(l) chloride. Hence, lead does not ‘appear to react with dilute hydrochloric aci. Based on the reactions of metals with cold water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid, we can place the metals in order of their reacti (Figure 14.7). most reactive / potassium (K) = sodium (Na) calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) Noes zine (Zn) included Noein 2 iron (Fe) vee ee lead (Pb) is not a metal. Metals hydrogen (H)+———_ that are more reactive copper (Cu) than hydrogen react with mnemonic to help you silver (Ag) ilute hyc 2 remember the order of r the reactivity series: least reactive fein ‘Monkeys and A Figure 14.7 Reactivity series peesPractical Book Link ‘Experiment 26: How can we carry out the reactions of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid? ( Explore! 3 From what you have learnt so far, have you found the answers to Let's Explore (a)? ive to the least reactive. lute hydrochloric 2. Metals are listed in the reactivity series from the most react 2. The reactivity series as determined by the reactions of metals with water and dil acid is shown below: fee Pree eo nnd Pern or i) Lest Oeics LC ecrcuadsedeanebed potassium (K) react violently with cold water; explode with dilute hydrochloric acid sodium (Na) _ explode with steam reacts violently with dilute calcium (Ca) —_reacts readily with cold water; explodes with steam hydrochloric acid magnesium (Mg) reacts slowly with cold water; react readily with dilute reacts violently with steam hydrochloric acid zine (Zn) no reaction with cold water; reacts readily with steam Iron (Fe) no reaction with cold water; _reacts slowly with dilute reacts slowly with steam hydrochloric acid lead (Pb) no reaction with cold water or _no reaction with dilute copper (Cu) steam hydrochloric acid silver (Ag) etween magnesium and ron in the reactivity series. It reacts with steam to 4. Manganese (Mn) je. Write the equation for the reaction. form manganese(l) oxid 2. Whyare hot water tanks made of copper and not stee!? 3. (a) X's a metal which does not react with cold water but reacts with steam to form a white oxide, Which metal could X be? (b) The reaction between X and dilute hydrochloric acid is moderately fast at room nn From this observation, deduce the identity of X. 414. 3 Using the Reactivity Series 7 You should be able to: >f metals to their tendency to form positive fons by tof metals from their salt solutions: tal with the oxide of another metal Of reactivity of metals from the reduction of metal oxides with Outcomes Telate the reactivity o = the displacement ~ the reaction of a determine the order Gabon and hydrogen scribe the action of stant ge 2ctON Of heat on metal carbonates and explain how ther thermal Sabi is relates tothe react sores +_ deduce the order of reactivity of metals when given a set of experimental results In Chi ‘apter 6, we learnt that metals tend to lose electrons to form Positive ions. The re: activity of an it to form positive ions, y of a metal is related to its tendency a greater tendency to form positive ions cel For example, when potassium reacts with water, it loses electrons to form positive potassium ions. K(s) —» K*(aq) + € Magnesium loses electrons less readily compared to potassium. Mg(s) —> Mg*(aq) + 2e This is why magnesium does not react as violently with water compared to potassium. The reactivity series may be used to explain the following reactions: Displacement reactions of metals * Reaction between a metal and the oxide of another metal «Reduction of metal oxides with carbon Reduction of metal oxides with hydrogen ‘Action of heat on metal carbonates iron flings Displacement Reactions of Metals For example, when iron filings are added to a solution of copperitl) sulfate (Figure 14.8), * copper metal is precipitated out of the solution as a pink solid (when freshly formed) or a reddish-brown solid; « the solution turns green. » Figure 14.8 tron displaces co from copper(Il) sulfate solution. meTable 14.4 shows s ‘Ome Of the observations for investigation 14.1 ¥ Table 14.4 Observations for Investigation 14,4 Salt Cte are Pee prey Magnesium Fa ety Ce) Pee ad ae femains | Blue solution turns | Solution remains anatase: | colourless, Reddish. | colourless. rey deposit of | brown deposit of Grey deposit of ANC Tormed on Copper formed on Yad formed on een | magnesium. magnesium. gis) + Pb(NO,),(@a) — Pb(s) + Mg(NO,),(aq) | Mé(s) + ZnSO, (aq) | Mg(s) + CuSO,(aq) — Zn(s) + MgSO,(aq) | Cu(s) + MgSO,(aq) io ee Blue solution turns Solution remains adh colourless. Reddish- colourless. Grey | brown deposit of | deposit of lead & ‘copper formed on formed on zinc. zinc. Zn(s) + PO(NO,),(29) Zn(s) + CuSO,(aq) | —> — | Pb(s) + Zn(NO,),(aq) Se rns Culs) + 2nSO,(aq) | No No change is No change is change is | observed. observed, observed. | = peal Blue solution turns No lo change is change is | observed. colourless. Reddish- observed. brown deposit of copper formed on lead. Pb(s) + CuSO,(aq) _ | Cus) + PbSO,(aa) No change is ‘pale green. Reddish-| turns pale green. observed. observed. brown deposit of | Grey deposit of lead — ~~ FNo change is Blue solution turns Colouriess solution | copper formed on | formed on iron. | ron. | { Fe(s) + Pb«NO,),(aa) | Fe(s) + CuSO(aq) | —> — Pb(s) + Fe(NO,),(a) | Cuts) + FeSO,(aq) that a metal higher up in the sults in Table 14.4, we can see that < i , ar series will displace a metal that is lower In the series from its salt solution. @Practicat Book tink ‘an we carry out metal displacement reactions and 27 and 28: How © eee Ta of reactivity of metals inthe laboratory? Pe ed Pale green solution turns colourless. Grey deposit of ifon formed on magnesium. Mg(s) + FeSO,(aq) — Fo(s) + MgSO,(2q) Pale green solution turns: colourless. Grey deposit of iron formed on zinc. Zn(s) + FeSO,(aq) Bue Fe(s) + ZnSO,(aq)_ No change is observed.Are metal displacement reactions redox reactions? In a metal displacement reaction, the more reactive metal is oxidised, while the less reactive metal is reduced. Thus, a displacement reaction is a redox reaction. For example, a redox reaction occurs when magnesium displaces copper from a copper(ll) salt solution. The more reactive metal, magnesium, reduces the copperill) ions to copper. Magnesium itself is oxidised to the magnesium ions. Copperill) ions are reduced to copper atoms Ce Mg{s) + Cu*(aq) —» Mg(aq) + Cuts) [nee al Magnesium atoms are oxidised to magnesium ions. 4. You have learnt in Chapter 13 that oxidation and reduction always take place together. 2. Displacement reactions also take place between non-metals, for ‘example, between the halogens in Group Vil of the Periodic Table. Find ‘out more in Chapter 16. Reaction Between a Metal and the Oxide of Another Metal ) ‘An example Is the reaction between zinc and copper(I!) oxide. Figure 14.9 shows the apparatus used to study the reaction. magnesium ribbon : Caution: The magnesium, crucible ribbon acts as a fuse. the magnesium ribbon ignited, it provides energy to start the between zine and ‘oxide to form zinc. ‘copper. mixture of zinc powder ‘and copperitt) oxide ‘4 Figure 14.9 Reaction between zinc and copper(ll) oxideWhat is the importance of this reaction in industry? Metals need to be extracted from their ores, which are naturally-occurring Compounds. These ores are mainly made up of metal oxides. In the industry, * metals that are below magnesium in the reactivity series are often extracted from their ores by reduction with carbon; * the oxides of metals that are above zinc in the reactivity series are often Not reduced by carbon. These oxides are very stable and are usually only reduced by passing electricity through them. You will learn more about the methods for extracting metals from their ores in Section 14.4, Reduction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Hydrogen can also be used for reducing the oxides of some metals to their metals. The general equation for the reaction is: metal oxide + hydrogen —» metal + steam Figure 14.11 shows the apparatus used for the reduction of lead!) oxide to lead using hydrogen. Hydrogen gas is passed over the metal oxide. It acts as a reducing agent. leaditt) oxide hydrogen gas hydrogen ite Utube —| fused calcium: chloride ‘A Figure 14.14. Reduction of leadil) oxide with a stream of dry hydrogen gas The equation for the reaction is: Jead(I!) oxide + hydrogen —» lead + steam PbO(s) + Hg) — POIs) + H,0(8) The oxides of reactive metals, such as potassium, magnesium and zinc, are often not reduced by hydrogen.Using the Reactivity Series to Deduce the Order of Reactivity of Metals 4 ‘The reactivity series can be used to 3 * predict the behaviour of a metal from its position in the reactivity series. 7 * predict the position of an unfamiliar metal in the reactivity series son a4 given set of experimental results. Example | j Tin is below iron but above lead in the reactivity series. Predict the reaction between tin(!l) oxide, SnO, and (a) carbon; (b)_ magnesium Solution (a) Order of reactivity: iron > tin > lead. Since the oxides of both iron and lead can be reduced by carbon, tin(|!) oxide will undergo the same reaction. Tin(Il) oxide will be reduced by carbon on heating to form tin and carbon monoxide. (b) Magnesium is more reactive than tin. It has a higher tendency to form its positive ions (and compounds). Thus, it will reduce tin(II) oxide to tin and form magnesium oxide at the same time. €xample 2 When a piece of chromium is placed in zinc sulfate solution, no reaction occurs. When a mixture of chromium powder and iron(Ill) oxide is heated strongly, a reaction takes place. Deduce the position of chromium in the reactivity series. Solution Since chromium does not react with zinc sulfate solution, it must be less reactive than zinc, below zinc in the reactivity series. Since it reacts with iron(II!) oxide, it must be more reactive than iron. Thus, chromium is below zinc but above iron in the reactivity series. tas Knowing the reactivity series also helps us to choose suitable for extracting metals (Section 14.4) and to prevent iron from (Section 14.6).more reactive) has a greater tendency to fore Aametal that a Nghe up in the reactivity wore Wve fons than a metal lower in the series, pecmsse 1 1016 Amore reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from Its salt solution, This Ie : a, _eaetive metal will form its positive fons more readily than a loss reactive meta sean + Amore reactive metal can reduce the oxide of a less reactive metal, This is because a more a,_Metal wil form compounds more readily than a less reactive meta srr re Teaetve a metal is, the more dificult I to reduce ts oxide to the metal by Caton hydrogen theretore, 5 The more reactive metal is, the more dificult It Is to decompose its carbonate by heat a nates of metals higher up in the reactivity Series are thermally more stable then carbonates ‘metals lower in the reactivity series, ‘The order of reactivity of metals can be deduced from a given set of experimental results. Worked Example Metal Mis above zi ‘metal M and dilute hydrochloric acid but below magnesium in the reactivity series. Predict the reaction between Thought Process Order of reactivity: magnesium > metal M > zinc, Since magnesium and zinc react rapidly with dilute hydrochloric acid to form their metal chiorides and hydrogen, metal M vill undergo the same reaction. Answer Metal M will react rapidly with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a metal chloride and hydrogen. Questions ae Four metals are reacted separately with salt solutions of the four metals. The results are shown ier the table below. A tick (¥) indicates that the metal has reacted with the salt solution. & cross (7) indicates that no reaction has occurred, Magnesium | iron(i) sulfate | Zinc nitrate sulfate _ nitrate Magnesium | / | Copper _| tron ae Zinc v Place the metals in order of the most reactive to the least reactive. The following experiments were carried out on metals W, X, Y and Z. '* Z displaces W from the salt solution of metal W. * W displaces X from the salt solution of metal X. * X displaces ¥ from the salt solution of metal Y. What is the order of reactivity of these metals, placing the most reactive metal first? A WeX>VoZ Bo X>W>YoZ C Y>W>X>Z D Z>W>XxX>Y Describe the colour change when copper(II) carbonate is heated strongly. What happens when sulfuric acid is added to the solid product? Write balanced equations for the reactions |‘4 Azurite, a copper ore, is a mixture of copper'li) carbonate and copper!) hydroxide, It has to undergo a long extraction process before pure copper can be obtained, is extracted from the ore. This results in a metal ore that contains little waste @ Concentrating the | @extracting crude metal | Refining crude metal metal ore | from the ore Metals that are Earth and rock are | Depending on the | from their ores may removed before the metal | position of the metal in| material. Ore mixed with earth, rocks, etc. 14.4 Extracting Metals Learning Outcomes — You should be able to: * relate the method of obtaining the metal from its ore to reactivity series; * describe and explain the reactions involved in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace, Its position inthe. Metals are very useful in our lives. However, only a few metals (the unreactive ones), such as gold and platinum, occur freely in nature ag uncombined metals. Most metals exist in the form of ores. An ore is a ‘compound of the metal (usually the oxides, sulfides, chlorides or carbonates) mixed with large amounts of earth and rock, 4 Figure 14.13 shows the three main stages involved in obtaining metals from their ores. still contain impurities. the reactivity series, the | metal is extracted by | reduction with carbon or | using electricity. Ore with little waste material ‘A Figure 44.13 The stages involved in obtaining metals from their ores metal Methods of Extracting Metals from Their Ores ; There are two main methods for extracting metals from their fae 1. Reducing the metal compound (ore) to the metal using carbon a 2. Electrolysis — using electricity to decompose the molten * compound (ore) to the metal down or decompose a is the process of using electricity to break Etocwoyl eam more sont eles in Chapt 35.@ carbon monoxide is produced e > What chemical reactions take Place in the blast furnace? 'm the blast furnace, a series of chemical reactions takes place, haematite, coke and limestone As the carbon dioxide rises up the furnace, it reacts with more coke to form carbon monoxide. waste gases. containing CO, carbon . CO, and N, carbon + —> carbon monoxide “ arbon + dioxide C(s) + CO,(g) —> 2c0(g) Carbon dioxide is produced. The carbon in coke burns in a blast of hot air to produce carbon dioxide. This reaction produces a lot of heat. carbon + oxygen —» carbon dioxide C(s) + 0,(2) —> CO,(8) Figure 14.15 Extracting iron in a blast furnace molten . iron,© Haematite is reduced to iron. * The carbon monoxide reduces the iron(II!) oxide in haematite to iron. OD molten _ carbon oxide * monoxide iron * dioxide Fe,0,(s) + 3CO(g) —> 2Fe(/) + 3C0,(g) ‘= The iron formed is molten and runs to the bottom of the furnace. Impurities are removed. * Limestone (calcium carbonate) is decomposed by heat to produce carbon dioxide and calcium oxide (quicklime). calcium __, calcium | carbon carbonate oxide * dioxide CaCO,(s) —» Ca0(s) + CO, (8) Calcium oxide is a basic oxide. It reacts with silicon dioxide, which is acidic, and with other impurities in haematite, to form molten slag (calcium silicate). silicon calcium silicate , dioxide (slag) + Si0,(s) —> Casi0,() * Hot waste gases containing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen escape through the top of the furnace. * The molten slag runs to the bottom of the furnace. It floats on top of the molten iron. The slag and iron are tapped off separately. > Molten iron runs to the bottom of the furnace. 's Explore! From what you have learnt so far, have you found the answers to Let's Explore (b)?14.5 Uses of Steel Learning Outcomes — You should be able to: © describe steel as an alloy: * describe how the properties of steel vary with the amount of carbon or other metals added to iron; '= state the uses of steel The iron that is extracted from the blast furnace is known as cast iron (or ost of it goes pig iron). It is not useful as it contains impurities. Hence, m into producing steel. ‘Search the Internet, using keywords like ‘extraction of metals’ ‘and ‘video’, for a video ‘on the extraction of iron and other metals. Steel ) How is steel made from cast iron? Steelmaking involves two main stages: oxidation and alloying (Figure 14.16). oie ee oem means nem © Alloying with carbon and other | é purities by oxidation * To remove impurities in cast iron, it is first elements to make the various melted and poured into a furnace. Pure oxygen types of steel at high pressure is then blown through the Carbon and other metals are | molten cast iron. now stirred into the molten iron * The oxygen oxidises the impurities into oxides. in the correct amounts to make different types of steel. Depending © These oxides are either blown out of the furnace or react further with calcium oxide to ‘on the amount of carbon and form slag. other metals added, and the type * The slag is poured off. The molten metal left of metals added to iron, each behind is pure iron, also known as wrought | type of steel has its own special iron. | properties and uses. } oxygen is blown in gaseous oxides impurities inf blown out 2. Alloying to cast iron \ make steel » » molten iron 41. Removing blast furnace a as ‘A Figure 14.16 Making steel from ironDifferent Types of Steel and Their Uses There are many types of steel. The properties and uses Of the Steel vary wey * the metal(s) added; * the amounts of carbon and metal(s) added. Figure 14.17 shows some different types of steel and their uses. Types of steel Alloy steels (contain iron and carbon, alloyed with one of more metals) Carbon steels (contain mainly iron and carbon) Co 99.5% iron, | 0.45-1.5% carbon | iron, carbon and_| iron, carbon, 0.25% carton manganese chromium and nickel hard, strong and | strong but brittle | increased durable and highly malleable strength and _| resistant to corrosion hardness, car bodies and _| knives, hammers, | springs and drills | cutlery, surgical machinery chisels, saws and instruments and other cutting and ‘equipment in chemical boring tools plants: ‘A Figure 14.17 Types of steel and their uses. (cr 4. Most of the iron extracted from the blast furnace is made into steel. 2. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon and/or other metals. 3. Adding different amounts of carbon or metals, and adding different metals to iron produce different types of steel, 4, The special properties and uses of steel are given in the table below: Po mild steel car bodies and machinery hard, strong and malleable high-carbon steel | knives, hammers, chisels, saws and other strong but brittle cutting and boring tools manganese stee!_| springs and drills hard and strong stainless steel | cutlery, surgical instruments and equipment in | resistant to corrosi chemical plants a~-¥ Iron gates are usually covered with a layer of paint to prevent rusting. Tho results of the experiment are summarised in Table 14.6, ¥ Fable 14.0 Rowults of Invostigation 14,2 Conditions (mre Tost tube | (remem 10 susting, A yoo 8 0 ae cuatog c }_—._. nelle. uted D or nails rusted healy From the results of Investigation 14.2, we can conclude that * both air and water are needed for rusting to occur; * the presence of sodium chloride increases the speed of rusting. Besides sodium chloride, acidic substances such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide also speed up the rusting process. Thus, iron objects Near the sea and in industrial areas corrode more rapidly because of the Presence of salt and other pollutants in the air. Rust Prevention Rust is very brittle and flaky. Thus, when iron corrodes, the rusted surface of the metal flakes away. This produces a new metal surface to corrode, Eventually, all of the metal will rust and flake away. A lot of money has been Spent on replacing corroded structures. Thus, it is important to prevent rusting. There are three general types of rust prevention: 1. Using a protective layer In order to prevent iron or steel from rusting, it has to be kept away from water and oxygen. Thus, we can coat the iron or steel surface with a protective layer of substance. Some methods include * coating with paint or grease; * covering with plastic; * electroplating. Electroplating involves coating iron or steel with a layer of another metal such as chromium, copper, tin or silver by electrolysis (see Chapter 15). The protective layer prevents water and air from coming into contact with the iron or steel surface. R ‘You will learn more about electroplating in Chapter 15.Using a sacrificial metal This is the protection of iron or steel against rusting by using a more reactive metal. The metal will react more readily with oxygen and corrode instead of iron or steel. The methods include + galvanising or zine-plating (coating, with zinc). Zine also acts as @ protective layer that prevents exposure to air; * attaching zinc or magnesium to the iron or steel (Figures 14.19 and 14.20). ’ Bars of zinc can be fixed to. | Heavy blocks of magnesium attached to a ship's hull to prevent the underground pipes made of iron protect ship’s steel body from rusting. the pipes from rusting. 4 Figure 14.20 Socrificial protection of gure 14.19 Sacrificial ection of ship's steel body underground pipes and magnesium are more reactive than iron and will corrode stead of iron. As long as magnesium or zinc is present, iron will not rust. This is called sacrificial protection because a more reactive metal such as magnesium or zinc is ‘sacrificed’ to protect the iron or steel. Using alloys The best known rustresistant alloy of iron is A My secret to staying stainless steel. Stainless steel contains nickel Sa and chromium. When exposed to air and moisture, a very hard coating of chromiumi(lil) oxide, Cr,0, 20s forms on the surface of stainless steel, protecting it from further corrosion.Tabi © 14.7 summarises the common methods of rust prevention vr Sole 14.7 Various methods of rust prevention i , wie a | vantage or disadvant: Bide: | cnr ree rere Usinga | pai anting Large objects tke cars, | if the paint on the metal surface is — ships and brioges Scratched, rusting wil tke place Under the painted surface. Bese The protective film of oil or grease gathers tools and machine parts dust and must be renewed. | Toots and machine parts Plastic coating Kitchenware such asf the plastic layer is torn, the iron starts to I draining racks rust. Tinplating | Food cans IF the tin layer is seratched, the iron beneath rusts, Chrome-plating | Taps, kettles, bicycle This gives a bright shiny finish, as well as eo handle bars rust protection, pacer) | Galvanising (zinc-plating) | Water buckets, dustbins, | The metal does not rust even if the zinc sacrificial | | ‘zinc’ roofs, kitchen sinks | layer is scratched. (Zinc is more reactive ete than iron, so zinc corrodes instead of iron.) Attaching metal blocks | Underground pipes, | Magnesium and zinc corrode in place of iron. |efzine or magnesium | ships, columns of steel _| because they are more reactive metals. Using _| Stainless stee! Stainless steel contains chromium, which altoys | instruments, equipment _ | forms a protective oxide coating, in chemical plants 2. _Rusting is the oxidation of iron to form hydrated ironil!) oxide. 2. _Rusting occurs in the presence of both oxygen and water. 3. _ Rusting can be prevented in three ways: (a) Using a protective layer: This includes coating with paint and grease, covering with plastic, electroplating and tin plating. Placing a protective layer over iron prevents. rusting because the protective layer stops oxygen and water from coming into contact with the metal. {b) Using a sacrificial metal: This includes galvanising and attaching a more reactive metal to the iron or steel object. Rusting is prevented because oxygen reacts with the more reactive metal. (6) Using alloys: Alloys like stainless steel are rust-resistant. When exposed to air and moisture, a layer of chromium(II!) oxide forms on the surface and protects iron from further corrosion. (EROS 1. Describe how rusting is prevented on (a) the moving parts of a machine; (b) food cans; (e) kitchen sink taps; (a) the parts of a ste! pier submerged in water. ‘The diagrams show a simple experiment on rusting. At the beginning of ‘What information can be obtained from the experiment? the experiment 2 @ rn heme14.7 Recycling Metals Leaming Outcomes — You should be able te: The Need for Recycling Metals Metals are Anite resources. This mon ais in the Earth are limited, Over the oe ave ¢ Earth's metal resources. With th easing dema ximately how long it will take for the re me 100 100 300 400 1 of some metals to run out 4 Figure 14.21. Approximate time for the res rder to ma metals. We ¢ «find substitutes to replace metals so that we can use the existing metals more sparingly. A good example is the replacement of some metal parts 5 with plastic or ceramic parts. Optical fibres made of special glass tal wires used in communications equipment, fe readily recycled — old metal objects can be ake the supply of metals last longer, we need to conserve are replacing the met * recycle metals. Metals ar crushed and melted for reuse. How are some metals commonly recycled? Lead, iron and aluminium are mainly recovered by scrap metal recycling (see Figure 14,22 on the next page) ar batteries, When a car battery no longer works, large fraction of the iron and steel produced 1p metal. Aluminium is recycled mainly from Lead is recovered from ci the Jead inside it is reused. A I today is also recycled from sera food and drink cans,Pure metal Metal object Scrap metal A Figure 14.22 Recycling metals for reuse Advantages of Recycling Metals 1. Recycling helps to conserve natural resources. The extraction of metals from their ores requires a continuous supply of energy. This is usually generated : po ae from burning fossil fuels. which are already in scarce supply. Thus, recycling metals instead of extracting them from ores helps to conserve our limited fossil fue! reserves, y 2. Recycling helps to reduce environmental problems related to extracting metals from their ores. s To obtain metal ores, huge amounts of land have to be da - mined. Mined land cannot support plant and animal life ¢ Z = (Figure 14.23). . - ‘An enormous amount of waste material is also generated from the extraction process (Figure 14.24) € a i 5 A Figure 14.23 A type oe ‘open-pit mining leaves Re 100 tonnes 10 tonnes, 90 tonnes ver large holes in the Be etal oe metal waste ground. ‘ trom mining) (from factory) (to lanai) © 4 Figure 14,24 About 90% of a metal ore ends up as waste after the extraction process. About 90% of the metal ore used for metal extraction turns out to be waste. If not disposed carefully, the waste May leach into soil and nearby water bodie: land and water. The smelting of ores also air pollution compared to any other indus' Thus, if metals are recycled and reus less need to dig for metal ores. This free for other uses such as agricult Recycling will also greatly red3. Recycling saves the cost of extracting metals from their ores. Huge landfill sites need to be dug to dispose of the waste from metal extraction. Therefore, if metals are recycled, fewer landfills will be required to dispose of both used metal objects and waste material from metal extraction. This will help save on the cost of building landfill sites. Issues Related to Recycling Metals 1. Economic issues of recycling One problem with recycling metals is that recycling can also be extremely costly. + There is the cost of transporting the scrap metal to the processing plant. * The different types of metals must be separated before they can be recycled. Additional costs are incurred to sort and clean the scrap metal * Recycling is sometimes more expensive than extracting metals from the Earth. Thus, some metalproducing businesses may decide that he costs are too high and that recycling is not worthwhile. This is especially the case if the metal to be recycled is not an expensive or ery valuable one. ‘oclal issues of recycling takes time and effort for communities to adopt recycling as a lifestyle, so it might not be immediately effective. 3. Environmental issues of recycling Recycling can sometimes cause pollution problems: For example, lead can be recycled from car batteries that no longer work. In the recycling process, the batteries are melted and harmful gases are produced. These gases can cause air pollution when released into the environment. How can we help to recycle metals? Eventually, resources of metals would still be used up. Thus, it would be wise to start developing metal recycling programs and processes that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly now. We can do our part by making a conscious effort to dispose of recyclable materials in recycling bins (Figure 14.25), where they can be remade into new products, rather than just throwing them away. 4 Figure 14.28 Recycling bins — a common Sight along the streets in Singapore ~via nanan gle Ee Blass andcan be conserved by ‘are mixed with other elementis) to form 00 0b ‘ore arrenged from 28 follows most revctive 10 least reactive the position the greater | oS; L eee ies Meese oc iron requires both oxygen ‘and water for can be prevented by most metals reactState whether each of the following statements is true or false. Then, correct the false statement(s). Re\ relevant section(s) if you got the answer wrong or are unsure of the concepts. . (a) |_An alloy is a mixture. Sou Le tosoeis pees (b)] The structures of pure iron and steel are shown below: EEE o 144 ce feeceeeee EES, Iron Stee! (c)] Alloys are harder and stronger than their constituent metals. 14.1 (@)| Potassium is placed higher up in the reactivity series than calcium because it is less me reactive than calcium. (e)| Zinc can displace magnesium from its salt solution. 14.3 () | Metals have a great tendency to decompose to form the metal oxide and fae carbon dioxide. i Metals high up in the reactivity series can be extracted by electrolysis and reaction we with carbon because they are very reactive. 3 (h)| In the extraction of iron from haematite in the blast furnace, iron(Ill) oxide reacts aan with carbon dioxide to form iron. ° (i) | Stainless steel is used to make surgical instruments, 14.5 () | Zinc is used as a sacrificial metal in rust prevention as it is less reactive than iron. 146 (k)] Recycling metals can sometimes cause environmental problems. 147 R-lacM aCe\ TN Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions Which metal does not react with dilute hydrochh acid? 4. Pure copper is soft. It can be hardened by ‘making it into an alloy. Which alloy contains A Iron B Sodium ‘copper as the main constituent? © Zinc D Copper A Brass ‘3. What reaction takes place when clean iron. B Pewter are placed in copper(ll) sulfate solution? © Solder D Stainless steel Copper(ll) ions are oxidised. Iron is oxidised. Ironiitl) sulfate is formed. There is no reaction. com>Which process is involved in the e nt from Foti) ox nthe Bast ace? ‘A Oxidation of iron( ttt) oxide with i B Oxidation of onl) oxde wth onygen © Reduction of ironi ttl) oxide Sees with carbon. D Reduction of iron(Ill) oxide with limestone Which substance is used to remove i remove impuri iron ore in the blast furnace? eee A Carbon B Carbon monoxide © Limestone D_ Silica Which pair of metals will si low down rusti they are in contact with steel? ee A Magnesium and copper 8 Magnesium and zinc Zinc and copper Zine and lead ich metal is the easiest to extract from its ore? B Lead D Tin Iron c Silver Metal X reacts with water to give solution Y. Solution ¥ gives a white precipitate when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it. What is metal X? Lead Potassium A Calcium B © Nickel D Which statement about the rusting of iron is incorrect? A Rusting is a redox process. The presence of carbon dioxide speeds up B rusting, © Rusting requires the presence of both oxygen and water. D__ The composition of rust is Fe,0,-tH.0. ction B: Structured Questions (a) Place the metals calcium, potassium and zinc in order of chemical reactivity towards water, from the most reactive to the least reactive. (b) Write the chemical equation tor tne reaction petween the most reactive metal in (a) and water. {a) ‘Steel is an alloy of iron.’ Explain what you understand by this statement. ss (b) Draw diagrams of the structure of iron at differences. steel to show their 3. “4. fe diagram which The folowing isan income is sium with steam to shows the reaction of magne: form magnesium oxide and 2 £25: heat resistant wool soaked in water t____ magnesium ribbon —— Nl Name the gas formed during, Complete the above diagram gas can be collected. Describe a test for the gas and state the result you would expect to obtain. This experiment should not be carried out using potassium. Why? (a) the reaction. to show how the () (e) (a) Metals can be recycled from many objects. For example, copper is recycled from old copper wires ‘and lead is recycled from used car batteries. (a) Explain ‘recycling of metals’. {b) Why are copper and lead easy to recycle? (c) Name the resources that are saved by recycling. Four metals, P, Q, R and S, are tested with water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid. The table below shows the results of the experiment. P x v Q x x va R v v v s xK x x (a) Place metals P, Q, R and § in order of reactivity, from the most reactive fan e.to the least {b) In which position should hydrogen be placed in the series in (a)? (c) Predict the method used for the extraction of metal R.“8 Nickel Is below iron but above lead In the reactivity Molten Iron and siag settle to the bottom of the ‘Series. Aqueous solutions of nickel) compounds furnace. waren, (a) Identity substances A-, {8} Predict the observations and write the (b) Write the equation for the reaction between chemical equation for the reaction that takes G and silica to form molten calcium place when silicate (0 nickel is added to ditute hydrochloric (©) Name one redox reaction that occurs in the seat blast furnace. Write the equation for this (Wt) nickel is heated with steam. reaction and identity the reducing agent in (b) Predict what happens when nickel Is this reaction. (1) heated with magnesium oxide; (4) Ifthe haematite Is wet, the waste gases (W added to copperit) nitrate solution. also contain hydrogen. (©) (0) From the reactions in (bx!) and (by(i), (1) Explain, with an equation, how state which of these metals, nickel, hhydrogen is formed. ‘magnesium and copper, has the highest (i) Why is the formation of hydrogen in tendency to form its positive ions. the furnace dangerous? {W) Based on their tendency to form (0) Iron is often alloyed to prevent rusting. positive ions, deduce the positions of Name one element used for this purpose. magnesium and copper with respect to nickel in the reactivity series. 2. You are asked to use simple apparatus to investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the Corrosion of copper, magnesium and zinc. Section C: Free-Response Questions (a) Why must a control be set up for the ‘experiment? 1. The diagram below shows the extraction of iron {b) How do you know if corrosion has from ore A in a blast furnace. ere (ce) Predict the metal that will corrode most oer aeee easily. Explain your answer. (including gas E and gas F) 3. _ Iron rivets are used in the construction of bridges and vehicles to hold sheets of metal together. (a) Explain, in each case, which rivets would ore A, substances B Ree ra (l) Rivets in a bridge over a river, of rivets in a bridge near the sea (W)_ Rivets used to hold two sheets of copper together, or rivets used to hold two sheets of zinc together (b) One theory explaining the sinking of the Titanic was that its iron rivets were of poor De aa quality. These iron rivets contained calcium silicate, which made them very bite. oe Hence, when the ship hit the iceberg, the molten Iron: rivets broke. Suggest how the calcium silicate got into the rivets. ‘Substance B burns in the furnace to produce gas E, which is reduced by more B to give gas F. Gas F reduces the iron ore to iron. ‘Substance € decomposes to form carbon dioxide and a white solid, G. Solid @ reacts with silica to form a molten slag containing calcium silicate. 2 —: