Properties of a homologous gap

Some general formula

similar chemical properties
some functional grey
differ by CHz
physical properties mp bp density increase dog
the series
Functional groups

f dy atte
pic or ester

ICICI alkene

O H alcohol

É H
carboxyl
O

H
N amine
ly
 Sources of hydrocarbons
is methane
1 Natural gas main constituent

2 Crude oil

which'styddiocarbers in
Cracking is the process by fractional distillation
fractions produced by
the heavier into lower molecular
of crude oil are broken down
short chain hydrocarbons
alkene An is usually
weight
one of the products
Two methods of cracking
Thermal cracking the leg chained hydrocarbon is
broken into smaller ones by heating
ad using a
catalyst
2 Catalytic cracking

eg of
cracking

it
iii iii H
C
H
pentane ethene
prepare
GHI zHy
Catty
Crude oil is separated into different fraction by
fractional distillation
the fractionating
Crude oil is pumped into the bottom of
column and heated
the fractionating column decreases up
The temperature of
the column
out at the
Lighter fractions Cs 42 come
top les gas
bottom
Heavier fractions Czo are left at the leg bitumen

Alkoes
Cattant2
Saturated

Reactions of alkenes

1 Combustion
Clean blue flare

City g t 202 g
7 02 6 2420cg
ethane

2 Hologenetier
of UV light
presence
makes chlorinated alkanes
substitution reaction H is replaced by a
es
City s
t 42cg Challis
chloro
methane
Holes
citjacs Az s 7 Chaz
dichloromethane
t Haas
Aacs 7 CHA 3cg t HA cg
Chaz g

CHCH s Claes 7 City

IIIchloride
t Ha s

Uses of alkanes
1 Fuel exothermic rn when burnt in 02
butane and propane used in cooking
for cars
alkenes also used as petrol

2 Manufacturing other conponds

Methane atty is used to make ammonia
es
Alkenes
Catton
addition reactions
undergo

Reactions

Combustion

Burns in oxygen with smoky yellow flame

molecule
Flame is smoky due to higher properties of carbon in the
Catty G 302cg 7 2024 2420cg
ethene
2 Hydrogenation

ice
it
t Hscs H ÉÉ H
s
H is
I I
Catty
ethene Catto
ethane
3 Halogenction
Addition reaction

Hi c ch s t Bra as
H ÉÉ H
la
H B B
ethene
1,2 dibronoethere
brown 7 colourless
Bromineis decolorized red
used as a test for alkenes
4 Hydration
Alkene J Alcohol

ed t 420g
a
H É y CD
H it is 3009,60cm it a
ethene
ethanol

t H2O 7 CattyOH
Catty
masorete Uil
S Reaction with acidified potassium
decolorizes
purple solution rapidly
test for alkene

Y's c't H2Ocut Io 7 H ÉÉ H e

ly's dit dit
ethene p ethane 1,2 did
oxidizing
agent
Comparison of recetiers
Alkane Alkene
Type of reaction Substitution Addition
Reaction with bromine Rapid decolonization of bromine
in water more Reddish brown to colourless

Reaction with acidified Rapiddecolonization of Hykmnoy

potassium manganate Vil Nene Purple to colourless
Alcohols
Cattant OH
Functional group OH hydroxyl group
is polar ad hence allows bands to be formed
tycroxyl group
with water molecules
Method is soluble in water
Moving down the series the molecule gets much bigger and
he out group becomes insufficient to form strong bonds with water
and is less soluble

Volatility property of readily chasing from solid liquid to a

vapour
decreases when there are strong bonds between
molecules
alcohols are less volatile than alkenes because of
the OH group
Reactions of alcohols

1 Combustion
clear blue flame
exothermic

Cattsolt i t 302 g 7 202 s 3420cg

ethanol

2 Reaction with sodium

2Czits OH I 2Nacs 7 2Caltsonais Has
ethanol Effixide

3 Dehydration
Cattsolt i Catty s 4204
ethanol there
4 Oxidation
Ethanol reacts with acidified potassium magnate Vil to produce
etheric acid The Ht KMnoy acts as a oxidizing agent

CaltsOH 210 7 CH COOHcag t H2Ous

ethard etheric acid
colourless
purple 7
This reaction is used in the Breathalyzer test
Potassium dichromate v1 IkzCr20 crystals are moistened with
concentrated Hason When a drunk person breathes into the device
the alcohol vapour in the breath is oxidized by the Kzerzo
into etheric acid The crystals orange 7 green
CrGt Crist reduction

5 Esterification
heated under reflux in the presence
ethanol t etheric acid is
of concentrated sulfuric acid a ester ethyl ethanate is
formed
HzCOOCalts
CaltsOH
CH COOH

Ii o ÉÉ
Hit
H

etheric acid ethanol

ethyl etheroate
Condensation reaction

ester group É o
Heating under reflux

I water out

f
condenser

water in
y

ethan t etheric acid

p
heat
Fermentation

method of preparing ethanol

environment
yeast is added to a glucose solution in a warm

breaks down the glucose

aenzyme called zymase in yeast
anaerobically to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
concentration is 14
the enzymes die when ethanol
Fractional distillation is used
to produce ethanol of higher
NB volume
concentration by
262150Haag t 262cg
Colt 20 Cag Eh
in the yeast and stop
40 C will denature the enzymes
fermentation

to The enzymes react

Wire making yeast added is grapes
to produce ethanol
with grape juice
is added to molasses An enzyme in the
Zun making yeast
called invertase digests the sucrose
yeastmolasses
in
the into glucose and fructose The yeast
ad fructose into ethanol
then ferments the glucose
mixture is ther distilled to produce run
The
Carboxylic Acid
CnHart COOH
Ethnic acid is a week acid because it is partially
form the etherate ien
ionized in aqueous solution to

CHzCoot Cag HzCoo cog t Ht Cag

ethagnate

Reactions

Reactions with metals

salt t hydrogen gas
acid t metal

2CH Gott cage t Ms s

CH 0072Mgcast t Ha s
magnesium ethanate

oxides
2 Reaction with oxides and metal
ethnic acid t oxide salt t water

29 3 GOH ag t Crocs 7 Hz60726cgthree

topper il ethorate

carbonates
3 Reaction with water
produces a salt carbondioxide and

ZeitzCook ag t Naz 03 Cag 7 2643COONacag Hzontozes

sodium etherate

U Esterification
tydrolysis of a ester
Opposite of esterification
broker
Ester linkage is by using an
An ester can be hydrolysed
acid or a aqueous alkali
aqueous
Ita
An aqueous acid es dit Hasan dil

Hz COOColts I 4204 Ets HzCOOHrag t ColtsOHcase

ethard
ethyl ethanate ethnic acid

I it it i t
a it c t

NaOH
2 Aqueous alkali es

Clt COOLzits I t 4204 CHzcooitcag t ColtsOHcase

produced
ethanic acid is initially
the excess NaOH reacts with the ca'd
NaOHcag
7 CH3CO0Nacag t 4204
HzCOOH cant
so the overall reaction is
NaOHzag CH Coonacag Caltsolteag
CHzCOOCalts l