Business Mathematics

Community Colleges of the Philippines
301 Mabini St. Quezon District, Cabanatuan City

Tel. no. (044) 600-1487 E-mail: ccpcabanatuan@gmail.com
LEARNING MODULE
BUSINESS MATH
2nd Semester
QUARTER 1
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 1
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 – FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTS ..........................................................................3
FRACTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................4
EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................................................7
DECIMALS ..........................................................................................................................................................9
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................11
PERCENT ..........................................................................................................................................................13
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 2 – RATIO AND PROPORTION ....................................................................................................15

RATIO, RATE AND PROPORTIONS............................................................................................................16
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................19
DIRECT, INVERSE, AND PARTITIVE PROPORTIONS ..........................................................................21
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 3 – BUYING AND SELLING ...........................................................................................................25

TRADE DISCOUNT AND DISCOUNT SERIES ...........................................................................................26
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................30
PROFIT AND LOSS ..........................................................................................................................................32
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................34
MARKUP AND MARKDOWN, INTERSET .................................................................................................35
EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................38
GRADE 11
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OVERVIEW:
This course will provide an understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics as applied in
business. It includes a review of the fundamental mathematics operations using decimals, fractions,
percent, ratio and proportion; mathematics concepts and skills in buying and selling, computing gross and
net earnings, overtime and business data presentation, analysis and interpretation. The use of computer
and software applications for computation and data presentation is encouraged.
CHAPTER 1: FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTS
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lessons, the learner should be able to:
a. Perform fundamental operations on fractions and decimals
b. Express fractions to decimals and percent forms and vice versa
c. Illustrate how decimals and fractions can be written in terms of percent
d. Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent
e. Solve problems involving fractions, decimals, and percent
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of:
a. fractions
b. decimals and percentage
Performance Standard:
The learners shall be able to:
a. Perform operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division accurately
b. Solve problems involving fractions, decimals and percent related to business
GRADE 11
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LESSON 1: FRACTIONS
Lesson Motivation:
We all like pizza, right?

Supposed we have a pizza and I sliced it into 4 parts.
I give you one slice. Now, how many slices are left?
1 4 1 3
1− = − =
4 4 4 4
3 out of 4 slices of pizza are left.
Enjoy your pizza!
Lesson Discussion:
When a whole quantity is divided into parts, these parts are called fractions. A fraction is written in the form 𝑎,
𝑏
where a and b are whole numbers but b cannot be zero. The number on top, a, is called numerator, and the number
below, b, is called denominator.
The fraction 2 means the unit is divided into five parts and that two of the five parts are taken.
5
2
Moreover, also means 2 ÷ 5. 2 is the numerator and 5 is the denominator.
5
There are two categories of fraction:

1. If the numerator is less than the denominator, it is called a proper fraction. It means that the fraction names a
number less than 1 unit.
2. If the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator, it is called an improper fraction. It means that
the fraction names a number greater than or equal to 1 unit.
But an improper fraction can be transformed to a mixed number. A mixed number is the sum of a whole number
and a proper fraction. Simply divide the numerator by the denominator. If there is a nonzero remainder, write the
remainder over the denominator.
Change 42 3
to a mixed Change 53 4
to a mixed Dexter saved ninety five 25-centavo coins for Pondo ng
Pinoy. How much in pesos did he save?
number or whole number or whole
number. number.
Solution:
42 ÷ 3 = 14 53 ÷ 4 = 13 with
Since four 25-centavo coins is 1 peso, then 95 ÷ 4 = 23 with
42 =14 remainder 1
3 53 1 the remainder 3, and so 95 = 233= Php. 23.75.
=13 4 4
4 4
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2 3
Change 4
3
to an Change 2
8
to an A cake was served at the table. Danica ate 1 slice of cake,
while Luigi ate 2 slices. If there were initially 4 equal slices
improper fraction. improper fraction.
of cake, What fraction of the cake remained?
4 x 3 + 2 = 14 2 x 8 + 3 = 19
2 14 3 19
4 = 2 = Solution:
3 3 8 8
Since the total number of slices is 4, it would be the
denominator. Subtract the slices of cake eaten by Danica and
Luigi from the total number of slices, thus, 4 – (2 + 1) = 4 –
3=1
Therefore, the remaining part of the cake is ¼.
Addition of Fractions
Add fractions only when they are like fractions. Like fractions have the same denominator.
7 4 11
+ =
15 15 15
But if fractions are unlike, determine first the least common denominator (LCD). The LCD is the least common
denominators of the fractions.
Change each unlike fraction to an equivalent fraction with the LCD as a common denominator. Add the resulting
fractions as before.
6 2 30 14 44 9
+ = + = =1
7 5 35 35 35 35
Example
Dave carries 51 kilograms of rice and 31 kilograms of fish. How many kilograms of items did Dave carry in all?
4 2
Solution
1 1 1 2 3
5 +3 = 5 +3 = 8
3
4 2 4 4 4
Therefore, Robert carried 8 kilograms of items in all.
4
Subtraction of Fractions
In a similar manner subtract fractions only when they are like fractions.
4 1 3
− =
5 5 5
To subtract unlike fractions, find the LCD. Change each unlike fraction to an equivalent fraction with the LCD
as a common denominator. Subtract the resulting fractions as before.
3 1 6 1 6−1 5
− = − = =
4 8 8 8 8 8
Example:
Kyla bought a ribbon that is 31 meters long. She needs to cut from it a piece measuring 5 meters. How long is the
4 4
other part?
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Solution:
1 5 13 5 8
3 − = − = =2
4 4 4 4 4
Therefore, the remaining part of the ribbon measures 2 meters.
Multiplication of Fractions
In multiplying fractions, multiply the numerators to find the numerator of the product. Multiply the denominators
too to find the denominator of the product. Then simplify the product if possible.
3 5 15 15 ÷ 15 1
• = = =
10 6 60 60 ÷ 15 4
Example:
3 1
A cookie sheet is 12 inches long and 8 inches wide. What is the area of the cookie sheet?
4 4
Solution:
The area is length times width, that is,
3 1 51 33 51 • 33 1683 3
12 • 8 = • = = = 105 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
4 4 4 4 4•4 16 16
Division of Fractions
In dividing fraction, get the reciprocal (interchange the numerator and the denominator of the divisor) and
proceed to multiplication.
7 3 7 4 7 1
÷ = • = = 1
8 4 8 3 6 6
Example:
1 1
Ailyn has 6 meters of cable wire. She needs 2 meters for the extension of her cable TV for each room of her
2 3
house. Is her wire enough for three rooms?
1 1 1
Since Ailyn needs 2 meters for each room, let us divide 6 by 2 .
3 2 3
1 1 13 7 13 3 39 11
6 ÷2 = ÷ = • = =2
2 3 2 3 2 7 14 14
Therefore, his cable wire is not enough for three rooms and can only cover for 2.
Note:
After you read and understand Lesson 1: Fractions, you may now proceed to Activity No. 1 .
Reference:
Lundag, Leah M., Lopez, Brian Roy C., and Dagal, Keneth Adrian P. (2016). Business Math. Vibal Group Inc.
1253 G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City. Pp 2 – 21
GRADE 11
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Activity #1 in Business Math

Lesson 1: Fractions
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Use the table below. It shows the height of five students. Write all answers in simplest form. Write your
solution on the space provided.
STUDENT HEIGHT (ft)
1
KYLA 5
6
KRISMEL 6
11
TANIA 4
12
3
MARK 5
4
1
SHANE 5
4
1. How tall is Mark than Tania?
2. How short is Kyla than Krismel?
5
3. If Shane stood on a box that is 1 feet high, how far would the top of her head be from the floor?
6
4. What is the sum of Tania’s and Shane’s heights?
1
5. The distance from the floor to Kyla’s knee is 1 feet. What is the distance from her knee to the top of her
4
head?
6. Max grew 1 foot this year. How tall was he last year?
3
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Lesson 1: Fractions
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
B. Solve each of the following problems. Write your solution and answer on the space provided.
1. Jelyn receives Php800 per hour for tutoring Math subjects. Last week, she work for 6 hours each day for 5
days. What was her gross pay?
3
2. Chocolate crinkles calls for 2 cups of confectioner sugar for serving. How many cups of sugar is needed for
4
8 servings?
1
3. A custom order requires 15 liters of certain chemicals that costs Php20.50 per liter. Find the total cost of the
4
chemical.
5 11
4. Kristine has 102 meters of string. He wants to cut it into pieces that are 4 meters long each. How many
7 21
pieces of string will he have?
5. In squeezing 10 calamansi, it can produce 1 cup of its juice.

4
a. How much juice would you expect to obtain from a bag containing 85 calamansi?
b. If you need 4 cups of calamansi juice, how many calamansi should you buy?
GRADE 11
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LESSON 2: DECIMALS
Lesson Motivation:
Decimals are not used commonly nowadays. Most of the time
decimals are often used extensively and almost exclusively on
Mathematics and Science. But we still use decimals in our daily life.
The example of that is counting cents when buying groceries on
supermarket. Cents are the decimal form of Peso.
Lesson Discussion:
Convert 25 into a decimal number.
100
Solution
Interpret the fraction bar to mean “divided by.” This means that 25
is the same as 25 divided by 100.
100
25 ÷ 100 = 0.25 See the 100 has two zeros and the quotient has two decimal places.
Therefore, 25
is 0.25 in decimal number.
100
3
Write 2 in decimal form.
4
Solution
3 ÷ 4 = 0.75
3 3
Therefore, 2 + = 2 or 2 + 0.75 = 2.75
4 4
Write 0.175 in fraction form.

175 175÷25 7 Since the place value of the last digit is thousandths. The denominator will be 1000.
0.175= = =
1000 1000÷25 40
0.175 has three decimal places and 1000 has three zeros.
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals
In adding and subtracting decimals the decimal points must in line.
1.50
10.000
213.45
- 9.651
+ 0.73
0.349
215.68
Multiplication of Decimals
Perform the usual multiplication. Temporary disregard the decimal points. When the product is obtained, count
the total decimal places of both factors. Then, move the decimal point to the left by the number of the total decimal
places of the factors.
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Example:
Jomar and his four classmates are Architecture students. Their team won the Architecture design contest for the
housing unit for the Rolly victims. Each person on the team received Php55,025.75.
How much money did the team win altogether?
55,025.75
x 4
Php220,103.00
Division of Decimals
The procedure for division of decimals is similar to the division of whole numbers. Move the decimal point of the
divisor to the right end. Move the decimal point of the divisor to the right end. Move the decimal point of the
dividend with the same number of places. Proceed with usual division, and put the decimal point in the quotient
exactly above where it occurs in the dividend.
Note:
After you read and understand Lesson # 2: Decimals, you may now proceed to Activity No. 2 .
Reference:
GRADE 11
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Activity # 2 in Business Math

Lesson 2: Decimals
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Convert each fraction to decimal point notation.

15
1. 7 2.
10 30
14 6
3. 4. 1
100 20
3
5. 4
100
B. Convert each decimal to fraction in lowest terms.
6. 0.3 7. 0.8
8. 3.17 9. 8.25
10. 0.48
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Name: Date:
Section: Score:
C. Perform the following operations.

1. 1.053 + 0.412 = 6. 164.5 x 11.2 =
2. 0.426 + 0.347 = 7. 4.28 x 3.56 =
3. 5.260 – 3.911 = 8. 12.8 ÷ 4.7 =
4. 0.825 – 0.746 = 9. 35.648 ÷ 3.2 =
5. 6.7 x 9.8 = 10. 42.9 ÷ 3.3 =
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LESSON 3: PERCENT
Lesson Motivation:
Percentages are a useful way of comparing fractions with different
denominators. Percentages give information which is often easier to
10
understand than fractions. For example a statement such as ‘ of a
17
popluation have brown hair’ is quite difficult to interpret, while the
statement ‘60% of a population have brown hair’ is easier to understand
10
( ≈ 59%).
17
Lesson Discussion:
To find the percent of a number, convert the percent into a decimal
number by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Then
multiply this decimal number to the given number.
Find 30% of 390. Find 25% of 200.

30% = 0.30 25% = 0.25
0.30 x 390 = 117 0.25 x 200 = 50
To find what percent a number is of another number, write a fraction where the numerator is part and the
denominator is whole. Simplify the fraction if possible. Then convert the decimal to percent.
What percent of 50 is 20? What percent of 55 is 11?

20= 2= 0.40 = 40% 11= 1= 0.20 = 20%
50 5 55 5
Note:
After you read and understand Lesson # 3: Percent, you may now proceed to Activity No. 3.
Reference:
GRADE 11
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Lesson 3: Percent
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
Compute for the missing equivalent elements in each item of the given table below.
FRACTIONS DECIMALS PERCENT

85
1.
2
2. 650%
3. 1.6
47
4.
5
5. 200%
93
6.
4
7. 0.25
8. 87%
90
9.
100
10. 0.72
11. 1280%
200
12.
500
GRADE 11
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OVERVIEW:
This course will provide an understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics as applied in business. It
includes a review of the fundamental mathematics operations using decimals, fractions, percent, ratio and
proportion; mathematics concepts and skills in buying and selling, computing gross and net earnings, overtime and
business data presentation, analysis and interpretation. The use of computer and software applications for
computation and data presentation is encouraged.
CHAPTER 2: RATIO AND PROPORTION
At the end of the lessons, the learner should be able to:
a. Compare and differentiate ratio and rate
b. Write proportions illustrating real-life situations
c. Identify the different kinds of proportion and give examples for each
d. Solve problems involving direct, inverse and partitive proportion
Content Standard:
a. key concepts of ratio and proportion
a. formulate and solve problems involving ratio and proportion
b. use the concept of proportion in making lifedecisions
GRADE 11
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LESSON 4: RATIO AND RATE, PROPORTIONS

Lesson Motivation:
If there are four boys and two girls in a class, then the ratio of boys to girls
can be expressed as 4 is to 2, or 7:12, or 4/2. A ratio compares the size, or
magnitude, of two numbers. Two other related concepts, rate and proportion,
together with ratio, are used for solving many real-world problems that
involve comparing different quantities.
Lesson Discussion:
Ratio and Rate
Both rates and ratios are a comparison of two numbers. A rate is simply a specific type of ratio.
The difference is that a rate is a comparison of two numbers with different units, whereas a ratio compares two
numbers with the same unit.
Consider the following problem:
To run a coffee shop, three businessmen, John Lloyd, Eubert, and Carlo decided to invest ₱1,800,000. If the
whole investment has 10 parts, how much is
a. John Lloyd’s investment if his share is 5 of the 10 parts?
b. Eubert’s investment if his share is 2 of the 10 parts?
c. Carlo’s investment if his share is 3 of the 10 parts?
In the problem, each investment part is worth ₱1,800,000 ÷ 10 = ₱180,000.
The following tables show the summary of the shares of investment:

BUSINESS PARTNER SHARE Amount of Investment
JOHN LLOYD 5 OF THE 10 PARTS 5(PHP180,000)= ₱900,000
EUBERT 2 OF THE 10 PARTS 2(PHP180,000)= ₱360,000
CARLO 3 OF THE 10 PARTS 3(PHP180,000)= ₱540,000
TOTAL INVESTMENT ₱1,800,000
Same problem can be solved by treating the amount of investments as a fraction of the whole.
BUSINESS PARTNER SHARE Amount of Investment
JOHN LLOYD 5 OF THE 10 PARTS = 5 or 1 1 (1,800,000)= ₱900,000

10 2 2
1
EUBERT 2 OF THE 10 PARTS = 2 𝑜𝑟 1 (1,800,000)= ₱360,000
10 5 5
CARLO 3 OF THE 10 PARTS = 3 3 (1,800,000)= ₱540,000

10 10
TOTAL INVESTMENT ₱1,800,000
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To compare the investments by each business partner, it is more convenient to use ratio.
Notice that all investment are expressed in peso. Thus, the investment shares can now be expressed in ratio
900,000:360,000:540,000 or 5:2:3.
Example:
Express the following in terms of ratio.
a. A store has three flavors of ice cream: 4 strawberry, 6 mango, and 11 chocolate ice creams.
b. A bookstore sells the following: pencil which costs ₱16, pad paper at ₱44, and eraser at ₱12.
c. In selling personalized cakes, the cost of packaging is ₱60 and the cost ingredients is ₱340.
Solutions:
a. The ratio of ice cream flavours is 4:6:11.
b. The ratio of school supply prices is 16:44:12 or 4:11:3.
c. The ratio of the costs is 60:340 or 3:17.
Proportion
Let’s take a look at a problem below:

Suppose a dozen of apples costs Php240. How much is 3 dozens of apple?
In the problem,
Dozen of apple: Cost of one dozen = 3 dozens of apple: Cost of 3 dozens
1 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 3 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

= = 1x = 3(240) = x = 720
𝑃ℎ𝑝240 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑥
Therefore, the cost of 3 dozens of apples is Php720.

Two equal ratios form a proportion. That is, 𝑎=𝑐 or a:b = c:d when ad = bc. In a proportion, the product of
𝑏 𝑑
the means, bc must be equal to the product of the extremes, ad. In the solution to the above problem, notice
that we set 1:240 = 3:x since we know that the ratio of cost per dozen of apples form a proportion.
Example:
A newly-hired secretary can type 100 words per 120 seconds. At that rate, how many words can she type in 450
seconds?
Solution: Let w be the number of words.

100 w
=
120 450
100 • 450 = 120 • w
45,000 = 120w
45,000 120𝑤
=
120 120
375 = w
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Therefore, the secretary can type 375 words in 450 seconds.
Note: After you read and understand Lesson # 4, you may now proceed to Activity No. 4 .
Reference:
Lundag, Leah M., Lopez, Brian Roy C., and Dagal, Keneth Adrian P. (2016). Business Math. Vibal Group
Inc.1253 G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City. Pp 42 – 47
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 18

Lesson 4: Ratio and Rate, Proportion
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Simplify each of the following ratios.

1. 4 is to 25 2. 72:64
3. 3 is to 12 is to 24 4. 81:27:45
5. 9 is to 12 is to 36
B. Solve each of the following problems.

1. A couple went out for a date and spent ₱1,500 on dinner and ₱400 at the movie theatre. What is the ratio of
peso spent on dinner and the total amount spent for the date?
2. A small merchandise has 12 female and 20 male employees. What is the ratio of female employees to male
employees?
3. Erika participated in a marathon. She 3 km in 2 hours. What would be the ratio of the distance to the he spent
in running?
4. A truck delivered 18 boxes of grapes with seed and 22 boxes of seedless grapes. What is the ratio of the box
of seedless grapes to the box of grapes with seed?
5. Marie decided to make a loomband. There are 4 pink strings and 29 purple strings on her loomband. What
would be the ratio of the number of pink strings to the number of purple strings?
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Name: Date:
Section: Score:
C. Determine if the quantities in each pair of ratios or rates are proportional. Explain your reasoning.
1. 98 words typed in 3 minutes; 162 words typed in 5 minutes
2. 16 points scored in 4 games; 48 points scored in 8 games
3. 288 miles driven within 10 gallons of fuel; 240 miles driven with 8 gallons of fuel
4. 15 computers for 45 students; 45 computers for 135 students
5. 3 T-shirts for ₱840; 5 T-shirts for ₱1,400
D. Solve for the value of the variables in the given proportions.

𝑎 𝑛
1. 3 = 2. 2 =
8 40 3 9
45 𝑏 30 8
3. = 4. =
5 7 𝑑 20
30 𝑐
5. =
54 9
GRADE 11
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LESSON 5: DIRECT, INVERSE, AND PARTITIVE PROPORTIONS

Lesson Motivation:
Consider the problem:
If laptops cost ₱20,000, then how much do 8 laptops cost?
We see that the greater the number of laptops, the higher is
the cost. Setting up the ratio, we obtain
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠 10 8
= = = 10𝑥 = 8(20,000)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 200,000 𝑥
𝑥 = ₱160,000
Lesson Discussion:
In the problem, the number of laptops and cost are directly
proportional since the more laptops you buy , the higher the cost will be.
Direct proportions has two values that may vary but the ratio between them remains the same. In this proportion,
a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other. If one variable increases, the other will also
increase and a decrease in one will also decrease the other.
Example:
In a T-shirt design factory, 5 employees can finish designing 20 T-shirts in one hour. How long will it take 10
people to make 20 designs?
Solution:
We think of this problem this way. If 5 employees can finish 20 designs in one hour, then 10 employees will take
less than an hour to do the disigns.
5 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 5 1

= = 𝑥= (1) =
10 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 10 2
We see in the problem that the more employees on a job, the less time taken for the job to complete.
When an increase in one quantity results toa decrease in another, it shows an inverse proportion.
Example:
Karen wants to donate her collection of figurines to four friends in the ratio 1:3:3:5. She has a total of 96 figurines.
If her best friend wants the most number of figurines, how many figurines will she get?
Solution:
In this problem, the 96 figurines is divided in such a way that it is in ratio 1:3:3:5.
Getting the sum, of the ratios, we obtain 1 + 3 + 3 +5 = 12. Dividing 96 by 12, we get 8. Thus one of her friends
will receive 8, the other two friends will get 8(3) = 24 figurines each and her best friend will get 8(5) = 40 figurines.
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In the problem, the total number of figurines is partitioned into ratio 1:3:3:5, thus making use of partitive
proportions.
When a whole partitioned into equal or unequal ratios, such concept involves partitive proportions.
Note:
After you read and understand Lesson # 5, you may now proceed to Activity No. 5.
Reference:
GRADE 11
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Lesson 5: Direct, Inverse and Partitive Proportions
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Write the correct proportion statement for each.

1. Three pieces of black ballpen costs ₱32.00. How much does 10 pieces of black ballpen cost?
2. The ratio of pen to paper is 4:8. If there are 40 sheets of paper, how many pens are there?
3. Anna can type 140 words in 3 minutes. How many words can she type in 10 minutes?
4. The ratio of boys to girls in a badminton game is 4:3. Mariel counted that there are 12 more boys than girls.
How many boys and girls are there in the tournament?
5. Three men can finish doing the interior designing of a house in three weeks. How many men will be needed
more to finish the interior designing which needs to be completed in a week?
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Lesson 5: Direct, Inverse and Partitive Proportions

Name: Date:
Section: Score:
B. Solves each of the following problems.

1. A box of pencil costs ₱30. How much is the cost of 4 boxes?
2. One US dollar is equivalent to ₱49. How much is 50 dollars if converted to peso?
3. If the tutorial fee is ₱600 per hour, how much should you pay for 5 hours?
4. One candy costs ₱10. Id the cost of a candy is proportional to the candies sold, how much is the cost of 10
candies?
5. Three kittens can finish 8 boxes if fish cereals. How many boxes of fish cereals are needed to feed additional
5 kittens?
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 24
OVERVIEW:
This course will provide an understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics as applied in business. It
includes a review of the fundamental mathematics operations using decimals, fractions, percent, ratio and
proportion; mathematics concepts and skills in buying and selling, computing gross and net earnings, overtime and
business data presentation, analysis and interpretation. The use of computer and software applications for
computation and data presentation is encouraged.
CHAPTER 3: BUYING AND SELLING
The learners:
a. Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up
b. Illustrate how Mark-on, Mark-down, and Mark-up are obtained
c. Differentiate mark-up from margins
d. Describe how gross margins is used in sales
e. Illustrate how to compute single trade discounts and discount series
f. Differentiate profit from loss
g. Illustrate how profit is obtained and how to avoid loss in a given transaction
h. Define break-even; illustrate how to determine break-even point
i. Solve problems involving buying and selling products
j. Illustrate how interest is computed specifically as applied to mortgage, amortization, and on
services/utilities and on deposits and loans
Content Standard:
a. key concepts in buying and selling
a. Analyze and solve problems on important factors in managing a business: buying products and selling
products
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 25
LESSON 6: TRADE DISCOUNT AND DISCOUNT SERIES

Lesson Motivation:
Garage sales are a great way to make profit. You plan for your sale, decide
what items you are going to sell, then price them and give each item a
discount.
Most boutique or shop in malls offer more than one discount in their items.
In addition to the basic trade discount offered to all customers, the seller
might also offer small discounts for large volume of purchase and early
orders for seasonal items.
Lesson Discussion:
Trade Discount
A trade discount is the amount by which the retail price of a product is reduced by the manufacturer when
it is sold to the reseller or customer. Trade discount problems are percentage-related problems. The
formula used to solve for the trade discount is given by
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = (𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
Consider the following problem:
Kenneth purchases 8 pairs of denim jeans at a discount of 25%, which are listed at a price of ₱1,200 per piece.
How much does each denim jeans cost? How much will he save from buying 8 pairs of jeans?
It is ordinary to discounts on prices of goods or commodities so that business owners will increase their sales
by encouraging customers to purchase in large quantities. It is one way to attract more people and keep updated
with price changes after list of goods have been printed.
Trade discount problems are percentage-related problems.
We recall the formula, P = B x R where percentage P is the trade discount, the base B is the original price of
goods or commodity, and R is the discount rate.
Going back to the problem,
Original price: ₱1,200

Rate of discount: 25%
Trade discount: unknown
Trade discount = (Original price)(Rate)

= (1200)(0.25)
= ₱300
GRADE 11
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Example:
Mary saved a total of ₱1,200 after a 15% discount was given to all her purchases, how much was her total
purchases?
Solution:
Trade Discount: ₱1,200
Discount Rate: 15%
Total Purchases: unknown
Total Purchase = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
1200
=
0.15
= ₱8,000
Example:
In a video store, a DVD that sells for ₱375 is marked 10% off. What is the trade discount? What is the sale price
of the DVD?
Solution:
Original Price: ₱375
Discount Rate: 10%
Total Discount: unknown
Trade Discount = Original Price x Discount Rate
= 375 x 10%
= 375 x 0.10
Trade discount = ₱37.50
Sale price of the DVD = Original Price – Trade Discount

= 375 – 37.50
= ₱337.50
Discount Series
A type of discount in which several discounts are given to a customer at different times and different
conditions is called discount series. Discount series are given to customers in order to encourage them to
purchase in volume. It is also effective in promoting seasonal items and to entice new set of customers.
Suppose two or more discounts are offered on the same product, how do we solve its net price? Let us consider the
problem below.
An appliance store offers a refrigerator at ₱14,000 with discount of 25% and 15%. How much does a
refrigerator cost?
To further attract buyers, two or more trade discounts are offered on the same item.
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 27
Original Price of Refrigerator: ₱14,000

Discount Rates: 25% and 15%
Cost of the Refrigerator: unknown
Solution:
Applying Discount Rates
We first apply the first discount rate to the original price and subtract the discount obtained from the list price.
14,000 – 0.25(14,000) = ₱10,500
Then, we apply the second discount rate on the first discounted price and subtract the discount obtained.
10,500 – 0.15(10,500) = ₱8,925
Therefore, the cost of the refrigerator given in a series of discounts 25% and 15% is ₱8,925.
Solution:
Using the Single Discount Rate (Equivalent of the Discount Rates)
We obtain first the complements of the percent rates and obtain their respective decimal equivalents.
DECIMAL EQUIVALENT OF
PERCENT GIVEN COMPLEMENT OF PERCENT
CEMPLEMENT OF PERCENT
25% 75% 0.75
15% 85% 0.85
Then multiply the decimals obtained and subtract the result from 1. The result obtained is the single discount rate
equivalent (in decimal) of the given discount series.
(0.75)(0.85) = 0.6375
1 – 0.6375 = 0.3625
Lastly, multiply the original price by the single discount rate equivalent and subtract the result from the price.
0.3625(14,000) = ₱5,075
14,000 – 5,075 = ₱8,925
Example:
At first, a 20% discount was given during the time of sale. Another 10% discount is given to the customer,
if he or she will buy a target number of units. If payment is made in advance, the customer will also receive 5%
discount.
a. Will it be the same as adding the discounts together, and apply a 35% single trade discount?
Answer:
No, because each time we apply an additional discount, our base becomes smaller. Applying a 35% discount
directly to the original price would result in a different net price.
For example, the selling price of a split-type airconditioner listed is ₱20,000. After giving a 35% discount, the
new selling price will be
20,000 – 0.35(20,000) = ₱13,000
However, giving a discount series of 20%, 10%, and 5%, we compute the selling price as follows,
20,000 – 0.20(20,000) = ₱16,000
GRADE 11
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16,000 – 0.10(20,000) = ₱14,400

14,400 – 0.05(14,400) = ₱13,680
b. How can we obtain an equivalent one-time discount rate for the series of discounts of 20%, 10%, and
5%?
We compute first the complement of percent.
The complement of percent is the difference between 100% and the given percent.
DECIMAL EQUIVALENT OF
PERCENT GIVEN COMPLEMENT OF PERCENT
COMPLEMENT OF PERCENT
20% 80% 0.80
10% 90% 0.90
5% 95% 0.95
We multiply the decimal equivalent of the complement of percent, 0.80(0.90)(0.95) = 0.684 = 68.4%
Since 100% - 68.4% = 31.6%, the series of discount 20%, 10%, and 5% is equivalent to 31.6%
Note:
Reference:
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 29

Lesson 6: Trade Discount and Discount Series
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Solve each of the following problems. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Complete the module.
ORIGINAL PRICE TRADE DISCOUNT DISCOUNT RATE DISCOUNTED PRICE

₱6,500 ₱1,200
₱500 10%
₱2,100 ₱5,600
₱27,800 35%
Given: discount rate – discount price
Original price – discounted price
2. How much is the selling price of a double-burner gas stove listed at ₱2,650 if a discount of 15% was given to
the customer?
3. A house and lot with original amount of ₱2,300,000 was sold at a discounted price of ₱2,150,000. What was
the discount rate given to the buyer?
4. A rice cooker after a 20% discount was sold to a customer at a price of ₱790. What is the original price of the
rice cooker?
5. During a clearance sale, a polo shirt originally at ₱1,700 is reduced to ₱800. What percent of the original price
is the discount?
6. The price of music player originally sold at ₱3,500 is reduced to ₱2,800. What is the discount rate?
7. A discount of ₱400 is given to a customer after a 20% discount for every item he will buy. If he bought 10
units, how much was the total original price of the 10 units he bought?
8. Cindy wants to buy a volleyball. Its original price is ₱965.00 and is on sale at 25% discount. How much will
Cindy save with the discount?
9. On closeout sale, a sweatshirt costs ₱795.00 after a 75% discount. How much is sweatshirt’s original price?
10. A beauty salon is celebrating its first anniversary. They are offering hair rebonding service for only ₱699 for
the first 10 customers. After the offer, the cost of service will be back to ₱1,699. What is the estimated discount
rate of the offer?
GRADE 11
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Lesson 6: Trade Discount and Discount Series

Name: Date:
Section: Score:
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 31
LESSON 7: PROFIT AND LOSS

Lesson Motivation:
Stock profit is the profit incurred when selling commodities more
than the purchased price and broker’s commission and stock loss
is the lost amount and stock lost is the lost amount incurred when
selling the commodities less than the purchased price and the
broker’s commission.
Lesson Discussion:
The difference between what a merchant invest into business and
what he receives in return is called profit. To compute for profit,
we use
Profit = Net Sales – Cost
where Net Sales is the amount of money received from selling goods, and Cost is the amount paid for the goods.
However, there are cases in which the Net Sales of goods is less than its cost; such difference is called lost. We
can express loss mathematically as,
Loss = Cost – Net Sales
In the case when Net Sales is equal to Cost, we call such situation as break-even.

Justine is engaged in a buy-and-sell business of perfumes. He bought 10 boxes of perfumes. Each box costs
₱12,000 and contains a dozen of perfume bottles. He is planning to sell one perfume bottle at ₱1,500. What is his
expected profit on the 10 boxes of perfumes?
The ultimate goal of any business whether a retail or wholesale is to earn a profit. Getting the difference between
the amount of money earned from selling 10 boxes containing a dozen of perfume bottles and the cost of those 10
boxes gives the profit.
Given: 10 boxes of perfumes containing a dozen of bottles
120 bottles bought by Justine
Cost of each box = ₱12,000
Selling Price of each perfume = ₱1,500
Required Profit
To solve the problem, we compute first the cost of 10x12 = 120 bottles.
Since each box costs ₱12,000 and Justine bought 10 boxes,
Cost = 12,000(10) = ₱120,000
Justine can expect that the net sales he will get upon selling 10 boxes consisting of 120 bottles is,
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 32
Net Sales = 1,500(120) = ₱180,000.
Thus, he has
Profit = Net Sales - Cost
= 180,000 – 120,000
= ₱60,000
Example:
A watch store owner decided to offer a 20% discount for a particular brand of watch which sells at ₱35,000.
By doing so, his average sales increased from 5 watches to 12 watches a day. If he bought one watch a price of
₱22,000 from the supplier, by how much was the daily profit increased or decreased by offering such discount on
the watch?
Solution:
We compute for the daily profit before and after the discount was offered
Without the discount,

Profit per Watch = 35,000 – 22,000
= ₱13,000
Profit for selling 5 watches = 13,000(5) = ₱65,000
With the discount,

New Selling Price = 35,000 – 0.2(35,000) = ₱28,000
Profit per Watch = 28,000 – 22,000 = ₱6,000
Profit per 12 Watches = 6,000(12) = ₱72,000
Increase in daily profit = 72,000 – 65,000 = ₱7,000
Sometimes a businessman experiences loss because of mismanagement, unfavourable market conditions, change
in trends for fashionable goods, poor economic situation, unsold perishable goods, release of new and advanced
models for appliance and electronic gadgets, and a lot more. The examples below describes such conditions.
Note:
Reference:
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 33

Lesson 7: Profit and Loss
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Determine whether the following statement shows a profit or loss situation. Write P for profit and L
for loss.
1. Dexter bought a pen at ₱10 each and sold it for ₱12.
2. Angelica bought a scientific calculator at ₱2,000. When a new and upgraded model was released
after two months, she sells her scientific calculator for ₱1,200 to buy the new one.
3. A banana cue vendor gains ₱100 for selling it at ₱10 per stick.
4. The cost of 10 pieces personalized calendar is ₱850 and it was sold for ₱150 each.
5. Joyce bought a 16gb memory card at ₱600 and decide to sell it to her sister for ₱650.

1. Denniel bought a laptop for ₱28,000 and spent ₱2,500 on its spares. He later sold it for ₱25,000. How much
is Denniel’s profit or loss?
2. Arman sold a watch to his friend at a loss of 5%. If his friend paid ₱650 for it, find the cost price of the
watch.
3. A mobile phone was sold for ₱4,800. Find the cost price of the mobile phone if the profit is 20%.
4. Find the profit or loss as percent; when a car is bought for ₱925,000 is sold for ₱850,000.
5. A dealer losses ₱5,000 when he sells a meat at a loss of 10%. How much is the selling price of the meat?
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 34
LESSON 8: MARKUP AND MARKDOWN, INTEREST

Lesson Motivation:
Businesses engaged in merchandising generate profits through their
buying and selling activities. The amount of profit depends on many
factors, one of which is the pricing of goods or items.
Interest rates channel the flow of funds form the savers to borrowers.
Usually, the funds flow through financial intermediaries such as banks,
mutual funds, and insurance companies.
Lesson Discussion:
Markup and Markdown
To cover the expenses or overhead of running the business, a markup (M) is put on products.
The sum of the cost (C) and markup determines the selling price (S).
Selling Price = Cost + Markup

S=C+M
Markup can also be defined as the sum of the expenses (E) and profits (P).
Markup = Expenses + Profits

M=E+P
Given all the formulas above, we can solve for the selling price as:
Selling Price = Cost + Expenses + Profit

S=C+E+P

A clothing line company purchases cotton at a cost of Php60 per meter. Thirty percent of the cost goes to their
operating expenses, and the goal of the business is to earn a profit that is 25% of the cost. How much is the
company’s markup on the cotton? How much is the selling price of the cotton?
In the problem, we have
Cost per meter of cotton: ₱60
Operating expenses: 30% of the cost
Profit: 25% of the cost
Adding the expenses and profits from a business result in a markup.

So, the markup may be computed as follows,
Markup = Expenses + Profits
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 35
= (0.30)(60) + (0.25)(60)
= ₱33
The company may sell the product by adding the cost and the markup.
Example:
The cost of a new pair of sunglasses is ₱4,500. The selling price is ₱8,000. What is the rate of markup based on
cost?
Solution:
Since S = C + M, then
M=S–C
= 8,000 – 4,500
=₱3,500
Computing for the rate of markup based on cost,
𝑀 3,500
𝑀𝑐(%) = (100) = (100) = 0.7778(100) = 77.78%
𝐶 4,500
Interest
Interest is the percent of the amount of credit extended. In loans, it may be treated as an expense on the part of the
borrower or debtor and may be viewed as an income on the part of the lender or the creditor. Short-term and long-
term credits or transactions are commonly offered by banks or any credit companies. Short-credits are credits good
for one day or up to one year, while long term credits are those for longer than one year.
To compute the simple interest, we use I = PRT.
Consider the problem.

October of last year, Carlo borrowed an amount of ₱200,000 from PQR Cooperative at an interest rate of 2%
to finance his house renovation. How much is the interest if his due date is October of next year?
Most businesses and people acquire assets without paying its full cost at the time of purchase. The seller may
then charge the buyer for this privilege. The amount of charge for such a privilege is called interest.
In the loan made by Carlo, we compute for loan interest as follows:

Given:
P = ₱200,000
R = 2% = 0.02
T = 1 year
Solution:
I = PRT
= 200,000(0.02)(1)
= ₱4,000
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 36
The amount of money ₱200,000 which was borrowed from the cooperative is called the principal, P, and the
interest charged, I = ₱4,000, is a percent of principal. The period of time where the lender or creditor will charge
the interest starting from loan date up to the loan repayment date is called loan term or interest period , T, which is
1 year in the problem and the quoted percent is the rate 2%, which is R.
Suppose the term of the loan is stated as a certain number of days, we may divide the number of days by 365
or 360. When the divisor is 360 , we are applying ordinary interest, which is still used by many businesses. The
banks and other credit unions use the exact interest, in which 365 is used as a divisor.
Example:
Compute for the interest on a credit purchase of Php30,000 at 8% for 10 and 15 months.
Solution
Interest for 10 months: Interest for 15 months:
I = PRT I = PRT
= 30,000(10) = 2,000 = 30,000(0.08)(15) = 3,000
12 12
Note:
Reference:
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 37

Lesson 8: Markup and Markdown, Interest
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
A. Complete the table below.

MARKUP/MARKDOWN RATE OF
COST SELLING PRICE
PRICE MARKUP/MARKDOWN
1. ₱25 ₱30
2. ₱48 ₱52
3. ₱350 ₱500
4. ₱280 ₱220
5. ₱390 ₱375
6. ₱450 ₱250
7. ₱600 ₱650
8. ₱2,300 ₱2,800
9. ₱15,000 ₱9,000
10. ₱500,000 ₱650,000

1. Find the missing variable from the basic interest formula.
A. Original Interest Method
PRINCIPAL RATE TIME INTEREST
1 ₱6,000 6% 60 DAYS
2 ₱1,500 90 DAYS ₱30
3 ₱8,620 15% 1 MONTH
4 ₱1,600 135 DAYS ₱42
5 ₱7,200 10% ₱540
B. Exact Interest Method

PRINCIPAL RATE TIME INTEREST
1 ₱810 7.5% ₱14.98
2 6% 105 DAYS ₱25.30
3 ₱11,400 5% 1 MONTH
4 ₱875 120 DAYS ₱17.26
5 ₱2,400 7% ₱23.01
GRADE 11
S.Y. 2021-2022 Page | 38

Business Mathematics

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Community Colleges of the Philippines

301 Mabini St. Quezon District, Cabanatuan City

CHAPTER 2 – RATIO AND PROPORTION ....................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 3 – BUYING AND SELLING ...........................................................................................................25

CHAPTER 1: FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTS

We all like pizza, right?

3 out of 4 slices of pizza are left.

Enjoy your pizza!

There are two categories of fraction:

Activity #1 in Business Math

2. How short is Kyla than Krismel?

4. What is the sum of Tania’s and Shane’s heights?

5. In squeezing 10 calamansi, it can produce 1 cup of its juice.

Write 0.175 in fraction form.

Activity # 2 in Business Math

A. Convert each fraction to decimal point notation.

B. Convert each decimal to fraction in lowest terms.

C. Perform the following operations.

2. 0.426 + 0.347 = 7. 4.28 x 3.56 =

3. 5.260 – 3.911 = 8. 12.8 ÷ 4.7 =

4. 0.825 – 0.746 = 9. 35.648 ÷ 3.2 =

5. 6.7 x 9.8 = 10. 42.9 ÷ 3.3 =

Find 30% of 390. Find 25% of 200.

What percent of 50 is 20? What percent of 55 is 11?

Activity # 3 in Business Math

FRACTIONS DECIMALS PERCENT

CHAPTER 2: RATIO AND PROPORTION

LESSON 4: RATIO AND RATE, PROPORTIONS

The following tables show the summary of the shares of investment:

JOHN LLOYD 5 OF THE 10 PARTS = 5 or 1 1 (1,800,000)= ₱900,000

CARLO 3 OF THE 10 PARTS = 3 3 (1,800,000)= ₱540,000

Let’s take a look at a problem below:

Dozen of apple: Cost of one dozen = 3 dozens of apple: Cost of 3 dozens

1 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 3 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

Therefore, the cost of 3 dozens of apples is Php720.

Solution: Let w be the number of words.

Therefore, the secretary can type 375 words in 450 seconds.

Activity # 4 in Business Math

A. Simplify each of the following ratios.

B. Solve each of the following problems.

2. 16 points scored in 4 games; 48 points scored in 8 games

4. 15 computers for 45 students; 45 computers for 135 students

5. 3 T-shirts for ₱840; 5 T-shirts for ₱1,400

D. Solve for the value of the variables in the given proportions.

LESSON 5: DIRECT, INVERSE, AND PARTITIVE PROPORTIONS

5 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 5 1

Activity # 5 in Business Math

A. Write the correct proportion statement for each.

Lesson 5: Direct, Inverse and Partitive Proportions

B. Solves each of the following problems.

2. One US dollar is equivalent to ₱49. How much is 50 dollars if converted to peso?

CHAPTER 3: BUYING AND SELLING

LESSON 6: TRADE DISCOUNT AND DISCOUNT SERIES

Consider the following problem:

Going back to the problem,

Original price: ₱1,200

Trade discount = (Original price)(Rate)

Sale price of the DVD = Original Price – Trade Discount

Original Price of Refrigerator: ₱14,000

16,000 – 0.10(20,000) = ₱14,400

We compute first the complement of percent.

Activity # 6 in Business Math

1. Complete the module.