LABORATORY REPORT CHM420

EXPERIMENT: STOICHIOMETRY AND THEORETICAL YIELD

STUDENT NAME: NORHIDAYU BT ADNAN

STUDENT ID: 2021898286

LECTURER’S NAME: DR MOHD AZIZI NAWAWI

GROUP: AS2531A
 DATA/RESULTS

Reactions
1 2
Mass of the product, g 0.888 g 0.562 g
(1st heat)
Mass of the product, g 0.887 g 0.560 g
(after reheating)
Mass of the product, g 0.887 g 0.558 g
(after reheating)
Mass of the product, g 0.887 g 0.558 g

CALCULATIONS

Balance equation: 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞)

Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Mol 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 0.5 × 0.02 Mol 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 0.5 × 0.02
= 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
Mol 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 1.5 × 0.01 Mol 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 1.5 × 0.005
= 0.015 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 0.0075 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Limiting reactant: Limiting reactant:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 > 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 < 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
∴ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is limiting reactant and 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 is ∴ 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 is limiting reactant and 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is
excess reactant. excess reactant.
Theoretical yield: Theoretical yield:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 0.01 × 100.08 = 0.0075 × 100.08
= 1.0008 𝑔 = 0.7506 𝑔
Percent yield: Percent yield:
0.887 0.558
% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = × 100% % 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = × 100%
1.0008 0.7506
= 88.63 % = 74.34 %

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this experiment was to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to
determine the percent of yield. This experiment was conducted using several apparatus. Firstly,
the white solid is sucked out using the Buchner funnel or gravity filtration. The solution is then
poured into the centre of the filter paper, and being careful not to allow the solution to rising
over the filter paper's level. The product 𝐶𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 was scraped onto the watch glass from the
filter paper. Finally, the filter paper is removed and the watch glass is placed back into the oven
for another 10 minutes. We found that 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is the limiting reactant in reaction 1, while
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 is the limiting reactant in reaction 2. From the calculations based on the limiting
reactants, we obtained that the percent yield for reaction 1 is 88.63% and 74.34% for reaction
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
2. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚) × 100% . This formula was used to determine the

percent yield. From this experiment, we identified that the percent yield was greater than the
theoretical yield. Next, we were able to determine the limiting reagent, excess reagent, and
percent yield at the end of the experiment. There are two reactions in this experiment, for
reaction 1 the limiting reactant is 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2, whereas the excess reactant is 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3, and the
percent yield is 88.63 percent. Meanwhile, reaction 2 has 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 as the limiting reactant,
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 as the excess reactant, and a percent yield of 74.34 percent.
 QUESTION AND ANSWER

1. For each of the 2 reactions:

a) Write a balanced chemical equation.
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞)

b) Determine the limiting reactant.

Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Mol 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 0.5 × 0.02 Mol 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 0.5 × 0.02
= 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
Mol 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 1.5 × 0.01 Mol 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 1.5 × 0.005
= 0.015 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 0.0075 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Limiting reactant: Limiting reactant:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ≡ 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 > 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 < 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
∴ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is limiting reactant and 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 is ∴ 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 is limiting reactant and 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is
excess reactant. excess reactant.

c) Determine the theoretical yield.

Theoretical yield experiment 1 Theoretical yield experiment 2

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 0.01 × 100.08 = 0.0075 × 100.08
= 1.0008 𝑔 = 0.7506 𝑔

d) Determine the percent yield of the product.

Percent yield experiment 1 Percent yield experiment 2

0.887 0.558
% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = × 100% % 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = × 100%
1.0008 0.7506
= 88.63 % = 74.34 %