See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/347902924

The Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun

Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria

Article · December 2019

CITATION READS

1 647

3 authors:

Joseph Coker Shamsideen Kunle Alausa

Olabisi Onabanjo University Olabisi Onabanjo University
38 PUBLICATIONS   89 CITATIONS    28 PUBLICATIONS   467 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

R. Kola Odunaike
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun state. Nigeria
45 PUBLICATIONS   136 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Natural radioactivity in farm soils and major food crops grown in Ayetoro, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria View project

ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN THE SOILS View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Shamsideen Kunle Alausa on 30 December 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Coker et al. (2019).
J. Nig. Geophys. Soc., 2(1): 1 — 12.
https://www.journal.niggs.org/archive/2019001

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

The Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater

Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria
Joseph O. Coker1* , Shamusideen K. Alausa1 , Rasaki K. Odunaike1 ,
Aderemi A. Alabi2 and Adekemi E. Ogunpola1
1
Department of Physics, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria

Abstract
A combined geophysical and geochemical methods was carried out at Olusosun dumpsite The site of the
dumpsite is about 10 km South East of Ikeja Local Government Area (LGA) and it is between 6◦ 230 N; 2◦ 420
E and 6◦ 410 N; 3◦ 420 E in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria to determine the impact assessment of solid waste on
groundwater quality in the area. The geophysical method involved the integration of Vertical Electrical
Sounding (VES) and 2D resistivity imaging while the geochemical method involved physico-chemical (pH,
Total Dissolved Solids and Electrical Conductivity) analysis (in-situ) of water samples from boreholes around
the dumpsite. Ten VES and five 2D electrical traverses were deployed. The geophysical survey result shows a
thickness range of 2.5 to 18.9 m for porous clay, sandy clay and clayey sand; and a leachate depth impact
range of 26 to 70 m. The direction of leachate flow was also observed to be along the south-eastern direction
which poses a strong threat of contamination to the domestic boreholes of inhabitants living in the area, since
there was no sewage contamination and contamination from the geologic material of the surrounding. The
geochemical methods also showed result beyond maximum permissible limits recommended by World Health
Organisation (WHO).

Keywords: Dumpsite; Leachate; Geochemical; Geophysical; Groundwater

1 Introduction and wells (Kinuthia et al., 2009). Groundwater is the

Water resources are sources of water that are po-
tentially useful and can be categorised as surface or
groundwater. Uses of water include agricultural, indus-
trial, household, recreational and environmental activ-
ities. The majority of human uses, require fresh water
which is a naturally occuring water on earth’s sur-
face. The surface sources include rivers, dams, lakes,
ponds, wetlands, and water pans among others while
groundwater sources comprise the drilled boreholes
* into groundwater. Although there are various sources
Correspondence: coker.joseph@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng
Article History:
Received: June 06, 2019
Received in revised form: October 19, 2019
Accepted for publication: November 22, 2019
Published: December 30, 2019
largest available source of freshwater and it is found be-
neath the earth’s surface. The pathways through which
humans and other ecological entities are exposed to
environmental pollutants include water, air, soil and
plants. The mode of exposure is either by ingestion, in-
halation, through the skin (dermal exposure) or a com-
bination of two or all (Annenberg, 2012). Groundwa-
ter pollution or contamination occurs when pollutants
are released to the ground and make their way down
of groundwater pollution which include leaking under-
ground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge
and septic systems, excessive fertilizers and pesticides
used for agricultural purposes, groundwater pollution
most often results from improper disposal of wastes on
land. Inadequate solid waste management (SWM) is
a major environmental problem in Lagos metropolis.
The contributing factors range from technical prob-
Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria 2

lems to financial and institutional constraints. There

is an absence of any properly designed solid waste dis-
posal facilities in the state therefore posing contam-
ination risk to both ground and surface waters. The
depressions into which solid wastes are often dumped
include valleys, (abandoned) sites of quarries, excava-
tions, or sometimes a selected portion within the res-
idential and commercial areas in many urban settle- Figure 1 Olusosun Dumpsite in Ojota
ments where the capacity to collect, process, dispose
of, or re-use solid waste in a cost-efficient, safe manner
is often limited by available technological and manage-
rial capacities (Longe and Balogun, 2009; Oyeku and small separation which is typically less than one fifth
Eludoyin, 2010). In Nigeria, open dump is almost the of the spacing between the current electrodes. While
verily available option for solid waste disposal. Dump- the potential electrodes remain in the same position
sites can be sources of groundwater contamination and till the voltage becomes too small to measure the cur-
humid areas more prone to this kind of contamina- rent electrodes are shifted to a greater separation dur-
tion. Lagos, being a tropical region and characterised ing the survey. In schlumberger array, only the cur-
by high rainfall, is expected to have such contamina- rent electrodes are moved for each reading. It has the
tion problems (Odukoya and Abimbola, 2010). It is advantage of better resolution, greater probing depth
therefore important to study the quality of water in and it is also less time consuming as only the current
dumpsite environment in order to assess the impact electrodes are shifted, but it has the disadvantage of
it has on groundwater. This study is aimed at assess- using long cables for the current electrodes, and also
ing groundwater contamination in Olusosun dumpsite that recording instrument needs to be very sensitive.
using both geophysical and geochemical methods. Schlumberger array is less sensitive to lateral varia-
tions (Coker, 2012; Sharma, 1997; Zohdy et al., 1980).
2 The Study Area
The city of Lagos sits on a flat and low-lying plain
with altitude of 15.9 meters on a sedimentary basin,
variously described as the Eastern portion of Dahomey
basin which occur 58km belt stretching 120 km from
the fringes of Lagos State, the Nigerian sector of Benin
Basin or Nigeria Southwestern basin (Ayolabi et al.,
2013). Olusosun dumpsite is located in Ojota, (a com-
mercial area in) Lagos State, Nigeria. Olusosun (Fig-
ure 1) is one of the three major dumpsites in Lagos.
It is the largest dumpsite in Lagos area and also said
to be the largest in Africa spanning over 42.7 hectares
of land and it receives average monthly dirt of about
160,277.55 m3 (MEPB, 2013; Olorunfemi, 2011). It has Figure 2 The Schlumberger Array (Coker, 2012)
been active since 1992 and as at the time the dumpsite
was created, Ojota was almost a vacant land (Bello,
Apparent resistivity is given as:
2002; Oyeku and Eludoyin, 2010). The dumpsite is lo-
cated in the northern part of Lagos within Ikeja local
government (Figure 1) and it is between 6◦ 230 N; 2◦ 420
π[(AB)2 − (M N )2 ] ∆V
E and 6◦ 410 N; 3◦ 420 E as measured by the GPS. Olu- ρα = · (1)
sosun dumpsite is sited on an excavated land, the site MN I
is well drained and the site soils are lateritic in nature
providing a natural attenuation for water percolation
(Adebisi, 2000; Olorunfemi, 2011). ∆V
ρα = K (2)
I
3 Theories
Schlumberger array (Figure 2) named after the pi- where ρα = apparent resistivity, AB = Current elec-
oneer Conrad Schlumberger (1920) also has 4 elec- trode spacing, M N = Potential electrode spacing, K
trodes in the array with two current and two poten- = Configuration factor, V = Voltage and I = Applied
tial electrodes. The potential electrode spacing has a current.
Coker et al. (2019) 3

Table 1 Water Quality Parameters and Standard Limits (NIS, 2007; WHO, 2004)
Parameter Unit NSDWQ WHO (Acceptable Values)
pH – 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5
Colour True Colour Unit 15 Below 15
Odour – Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
Taste – Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
Temperature ◦ Celsius Ambient Not Stated
Turbidity Nephelometric Turbidity Unit 5 Below 5
Conductivity µS/cm 1,000 1,000
Hardness mg/L 150 NS
Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/L 500 Below 600
Nitrate mg/L 50 50
Sulphate mg/L 100 Not Stated

Table 2 Resistivity of Common Earth’s Materials (Robinson and Coruh, 1988)

Earth Material Resistivity, Average or Range (Ωm) Earth Material Resistivity, Average or Range (Ωm)
Granite 102 − 106 Sandstone 1 − 108
Diorite 104 − 105 Limestone 50 − 107
Gabbro 103 − 106 Dolomite 102 − 104
Andesite 102 − 104 Sand 1 − 103
Basalt 10 − 107 Clay 1 − 102
Peridotite 102 − 103 Brackish water 0.3 − 1
Air ∞ Seawater 0.2

The World Health Organization (WHO) standard for
ground water quality is presented in Table 1. Table 2
presents the reference resistivity of rocks.
4 Materials and Methods
Geophysical and geochemical methods were integrated
in this study. For the geophysical method, a total of ten
vertical electrical sounding (VES) and five 2D electri-
cal resistivity imaging (Wenner) methods were used as
shown in Figure 3. Eight vertical electrical soundings
and four Wenner profilings were done on the dumpsite
while two vertical electrical soundings and one Wen-
ner profiling were done outside the dumpsite and this
serves as a control for the survey as shown in Fig-
ure 3. The ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000 was used for
both electrical resistivity methods. Vertical electrical
sounding concept is based on increasing electrode spac-
ing in order to measure further into the subsurface. A
Schlumberger array was used with an average of 200
m length for each VES with 10 m spacing. Field co-
ordinates were also taken and recorded. The apparent
resistivity was then plotted against the electrode spac-
ing midpoint (AB/2) on a logarithmic graph sheet with
the aid of master and auxiliary curves. The partially
curve matched data were then electronically iterated
using the WINRESIST software. The final results were
used for the preparation of the geoelectric sections and
maps. The Wenner array for imaging was chosen be-
cause of its high signal strength (as dumpsites are noisy
areas) and also because it is good in resolving vertical
changes, that is, horizontal structures in subsurface re-
sistivity below the centre of the array. The minimum
spacing was 5 m with an average traverse length of 220
m. The first profile was acquired in the north-west di-
rection, the second profile towards the central part,
the third and fourth profiles toward the south-east
and the fifth profile outside the dumpsite towards the
Ojota mechanic village. The resistivity data obtained
were processed using the Earth imager 2D software.
For the geochemical method, eight water samples were
collected from boreholes both within and outside the
dumpsite as shown in Figure 3 and these water sam-
ples were subjected to in-situ measurement using the
Combo pH/Conductivity/TDS tester called the Hanna
meter. The water samples were distributed around the
study area so as to get the direction of pollution flow.
The data obtained were then compared with World
Health Organization (WHO), Nigerian Standard for
Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) standards for the
outcome of the geochemical survey and British Stan-
dard Institute (BIS, 1983).
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Geophysical Results
5.1.1 Vertical Electrical Soundings
The results of the vertical electrical sounding method
are presented as table, sounding curves, geoelectric
sections and maps and they show the different layers
with their resistivities and depths. Table 3 showed the
VES data interpretation summary. Five-layered and
six-layered types of VES curve types were obtained.
Typical curve types are shown in Figures 4 and 5
whereas Figures 6 – 8 show the geo-electric sections.
Geoelectric Sections
Two VES each were done along the same traverse for
all the VES. The first geoelectric layer in traverse 1
Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria 4

Figure 3 Location Map of Olusosun Dumpsite in Ojota

Coker et al. (2019) 5

Table 3 Summary of Olusosun VES Data Interpretation

Station Layer Resistivity (Ωm) Thickness (m) Depth to bottom (m) Lithology Curve Type
VES1 1 29.6 2.9 2.9 Topsoil (Polluted) KHA
2 48.1 5.8 8.6 Porous Clay
3 17.7 19.6 28.3 Leachate
4 43.1 16.7 44.9 Sandy Clay
5 168 – – Sand
VES2 1 151.6 0.5 0.5 Topsoil HKQH
2 56.5 1.9 2.5 Sandy Clay
3 110.1 5.7 8.2 Sand
4 44.8 6.1 14.3 Porous Clay
5 9.7 48 63 Leachate
6 84 – – Clayey Sand
VES3 1 28.8 1.5 1.5 Topsoil (Polluted) HKH
2 10.5 2 3.5 Leachate
3 583.4 7.2 10.7 Lateritic Soil
4 49.5 32.7 43.4 Porous Clay
5 317.3 – – Dry Sand
VES4 1 5.5 0.4 0.4 Topsoil (Polluted) KQH
2 20.1 1.4 1.8 Porous Clay
3 8.9 0.9 2.7 Infiltrated Leachate
4 3 23.4 26.1 Leachate
5 76.6 – – Sandy Clay
VES5 1 10.3 0.7 0.7 Topsoil (Polluted) KQH
2 15.6 1.9 2.6 Porous Clay
3 6.6 4.1 6.7 Infiltrated Leachate
4 2.4 21.6 28.3 Leachate
5 150.1 – – Sand
VES6 1 19.2 1.4 1.4 Topsoil (Polluted) QHK
2 7.7 11 12.4 Infiltrated Leachate
3 2.3 6.9 19.3 Leachate
4 11.4 23.7 43 Porous Clay
5 1.2 – – Leachate Ionised Clay
VES7 1 5.6 0.2 0.2 Topsoil (Polluted) KHK
2 11.3 0.7 1 Infiltrated Leachate
3 4 17.9 18.9 Leachate
4 26.9 32.3 51.3 Porous Clay
5 1 – – Leachate Ionised Clay
VES8 1 28.2 0.4 0.4 Topsoil (Polluted) KQHK
2 63 0.8 1.2 Sandy Clay
3 13.7 13.9 15.1 Infiltrated Leachate
4 5.8 14.3 29.4 Leachate
5 38.3 40.9 70.3 Porous Clay
6 1.2 – – Leachate Ionised Clay
VES9 1 137.4 1.3 1.3 Topsoil QHK
2 58 4.3 5.5 Sandy Clay
3 18.8 4.1 9.6 Leachate
4 54.9 38.4 48 Porous Clay
5 15.7 – – Infiltrated Clay
VES10 1 40.7 0.6 0.6 Topsoil AKHK
2 43.6 0.5 1.1 Porous Clay
3 141.3 7.7 8.8 Lateritic Soil
4 120.8 10.9 19.7 Sand
5 130.7 11.9 31.6 Sandy Clay
6 121.4 – – Clayey Sand
Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria
Figure 4 Olusosun VES 1 Sounding Curve
Figure 5 Olusosun VES 2 Sounding Curve
Figure 6 Geo-electric Section along Traverse 1
(Figure 6) shows polluted topsoil with electrical resis-
tivity range of 29 to 151 Ωm and a thickness range of
0.5 to 2.9 m. The topsoil in VES 1 has a lower resis-
tivity and therefore shows more pollution than VES
6
Figure 7 Geo-electric Section along Traverse 2
Figure 8 Geo-electric Section along Traverse 5
2 topsoil. The second geo-electric layer is with resis-
tivity range of 48 to 56 Ωm associated to porous clay
and delineated to depth range of 2.5 to 8.6 m. The
third geo-electric layer is with low resistivity of 9 Ωm
to 48 Ωm indicative of leachate/leachate polluted re-
gion and delineated to a depth range of 44 to 63 m.
The low resistivity signature within the depth range of
30 m and above indicates that the aquifer within this
depth range have been polluted by the leachate (Ade-
wole, 2009). Thus, it can be deduced that the shal-
low aquifer from which most domestic boreholes are
sourced have been impacted by the leachate emanat-
ing from the dumpsite. The fourth geo-electric layer
is with resistivity range of 84 to 168 Ωm and unde-
termined thickness. The fourth geo-electric layer is de-
scriptive of fresh aquifer at the time of investigation.
Coker et al. (2019) 7

Figure 9 Interpreted 2D Inverted Resistivity Section along Traverse 1

Figure 10 Interpreted 2D Inverted Resistivity Section along Traverse 2

Figure 11 Interpreted 2D Inverted Resistivity Section along Traverse 5

Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria
Figure 7 shows traverse 2. The first geo-electric layer
is topsoil (which has been polluted for both VES 3
and VES 4) with electrical resistivity range of 5 to 28
Ωm and thickness range of 0.4 to 1.5 m. The second
region (second and third geo-electric layer) is with re-
sistivity range of 8.9 to 583 Ωm associated to porous
clay and delineated to depth range of 2.7 to 10.2 m.
The third region (fourth geo-electric layer) is with low
resistivity of 3 Ωm to 49 Ωm indicative of leachate pol-
luted region and delineated to a depth range of 26 to
43 m. The third region falls within depth that domes-
tic boreholes source for groundwater and implies that
the boreholes have been impacted by the leachate em-
anating from the dumpsite. The fourth region (fifth
geo-electric layer) is with resistivity range of 76 to 317
Ωm characteristic of sand with fresh aquifer but delin-
eated with undetermined thickness.
The geo-electric section along traverse 5 is shown in
Figure 8. This traverse was acquired outside the dump-
site premises and interestingly, there is significant lat-
eral variation in correlation of the VES 9 and VES 10.
The first geo-electric layer is topsoil with electrical re-
sistivity range of 40 to 147 Ωm and thickness range of
0.6 to 1.3 m. The second geo-electric layer is with resis-
tivity range of 43 to 58 Ωm associated to lateritic soil
and delineated with depth range of 1.1 to 5.5 m. On
VES 9 the third to fifth geo-electric layer is with low
resistivity range of 15 to 54 Ωm indicative of leachate
impacted subsurface layers within a depth of over 48
m. Meanwhile, VES 10 is represented with electrical
resistivity range of 120 to 141 Ωm, having delineated
lateritic soil within the depth of 8m and fresh aquifer
at a depth of about 19 m. The lateral variation along
this traverse can be associated to direction of ground-
water flow which will transport the leachate from the
dumpsite to other regions along its course.
5.1.2 2D Resistivity Traverses
Figures 9 to 11 show the interpreted 2D inverted resis-
tivity sections. Traverse 1 (Figure 6) was delineated to
average depth of about 55 m. The second region shows
a high level of pollution with resistivity range of 1 – 52
Ωm and a depth range of 21 to 48 Ωm. Underground
water in this region is within the depth of about 28 m
to 30m which implies that the groundwater has been
impacted by leachate.
Figure 10 shows the interpreted 2D inverted section
along traverse 2. The first region is the Topsoil with
electrical resistivity range of 316 to 5623 Ωm and depth
range 3 to 7.5 m. This region comprises of fresh dump
and sand fill. Traverse 2 was acquired at the central
part of the dumpsite. The second region is mainly com-
posed of low electrical resistivity value range of 1 to 74
8
Ωm characteristic of leachate polluted region. This re-
gion is delineated to an average depth of 63 m. This
region has been impacted by leachate emanating from
the decomposed/decomposing dumps which have low-
ered its electrical resistivity value. Pockets of high elec-
trical resistivity (316 to 5623 Ωm) within this region
and very pronounced at a lateral distance between 110-
155m at the left side of the profile can be associated
to non-biodegradable waste such as polymers.
Traverse 5 shows that the inverted resistivity section
(Figure 11) is with electrical resistivity range of 2.6
to 703 Ωm and a depth of about 45 m is delineated.
Traverse 5 was used as the control profile as it was
done outside the dumpsite. The subsurface delineated
can be characterised into three regions. The first re-
gion is the topsoil characterised by varying electrical
resistivity range of 10 to 700 Ωm and depth range of 5
to 6 m. The second geo-electric layer is characterised
by electrical resistivity value range of 42 to 700 Ωm
descriptive of lateritic soil to a depth range of 24 to
34 m. Similarly, the third region is with electrical re-
sistivity range of 85 to 173 Ωm and is indicative of
Sand. Apparently, it can be deduced that the aquifer
along this traverse (taken outside the premises of the
dumpsite) have not been seriously impacted by the
leachate. However, there is a low resistivity (2 to 42
Ωm) structure along the lateral distance of 130 to 150
m which can be associated to subsurface structure that
may act as conduit for further percolation of leachate
inland away from the dumpsite the leachate source.
Along lateral distance of 190 – 240 m has high re-
sistivity which indicates lateritic soil with little or no
contamination.
Isoresistivity and Isopach Maps
The isoresistivity maps (Figures 12 – 15) at various
depths show that the resistivity is generally low and
this indicates immense impact by the leachate. The
possible direction of leachate flow is also observed.
The Isopach Maps
The Isopach (thickness) maps generated for the thick-
ness of landfill and delineated depths of pollution
across both dumpsites are presented in Figures 15 and
16 respectively. The fresh aquifer lies below the pol-
luted region except at stations where the total depth
of polluted region is undetermined.
Isopach Map of Landfill
The isopach map (Figure 16) shows the variation of
delineated landfill across the study area. The thick-
ness of landfill ranges from about 1 to 15 m at the
time of investigation (in the region occupied by the
Coker et al. (2019) 9

Figure 14 Isoresistivity Map at 30 m

Figure 12 Isoresistivity Map at 10 m

Figure 15 Isoresistivity Map at 40 m

Figure 13 Isoresistivity Map at 20 m landfill). It can be deduced that the landfill is thickest
at the central to north eastern side of the dumpsite.
It can be deduced that landfill is thickest around VES
8. Similarly, VES 3 and VES 6 have shown signifi-
Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria 10

it can be deduced that the polluted region is thick-

est at the central to Northern part of the dumpsite.
This implies that boreholes within this region should
be installed at depth beyond 70 m.

5.2 Geochemical Result

The plot of pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Elec-
trical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples analysed
in Olusosun is presented in figures 18, 19 and 20 re-
spectively.

Figure 16 Olusosun Dumpsite Isopach Map of Landfill

cant thickness of landfill. However, VES 7 is with the

thinnest landfill. This map has shown the distribution
of dumping across the landfill.

Isopach Map of Polluted Region

The isopach map (Figure 17) shows the variation of
delineated polluted region across the study area. The
depth of region impacted by the leachate at the time of
investigation ranges from about 26 to 70 m. Similarly, Figure 17 Olusosun Dumpsite Isopach Map of Polluted Depth

Figure 18 Bar Chart of pH levels of Water Samples around Olusosun Dumpsite

Coker et al. (2019) 11

Figure 19 Bar Chart of TDS Levels of Water Samples around Olusosun Dumpsite

Figure 20 Bar Chart of EC Levels of Water Samples around Olusosun Dumpsite

 Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria
pH: The pH of the water samples (8.7 to 9.46) is gener-
ally above the standard (or neutral) pH (7.0) of water.
The pH of the water samples indicate that it is not
acidic, but alkaline, nevertheless, very high pH values
may be due to dissolved constituents in water. Gen-
erally, pH values below 7 are regarded as being acidic
while pH values above 7 are regarded as alkaline.
TDS: The total dissolved solids ranges from 16 mg/l
to 2000 mg/l meanwhile maximum permissible level of
TDS in water by WHO is 500 mg/l. Thus, it can be
deduced that water from boreholes 6, 7 and 8 are pol-
luted and are therefore not fit for human consumption.
EC: Similarly, the electrical conductivity ranges from
32 to 3999 µS/m meanwhile maximum permissible
level of EC in water by WHO is 1000 µS/m. Thus,
it correlates with earlier deduction that water from
boreholes 6, 7 and 8 (which are around Traverses 3
and 4, that is, VES 5, 6, 7 and 8) are polluted and are
therefore not fit human consumption. It should also be
noted that these are all towards the eastern direction.
6 Conclusion
Geophysical and geochemical investigations have been
carried out in Olusosun dumpsite for impact assess-
ment of solid waste on groundwater quality. The
geophysical methods utilized are Vertical Electrical
Sounding and 2D Resistivity of which Schlumberger
and Wenner array were deployed respectively. The
geochemical method involved physico-chemical anal-
ysis (in-situ) of water samples from boreholes around
the dumpsite. From the geophysical method results, it
is observed that Olusosun dumpsite is with thickness
range of 2.5 to 18.9 m. Similarly, the depth of leachate
impact ranges from 26 to 70 m. The direction of
leachate flow in Olusosun dumpsite is along the South-
eastern direction which poses a strong threat of con-
tamination to the domestic boreholes of inhabitants
living in the area. The geochemical method have shown
that the pH, TDS and EC of some water samples col-
lected in Olusosun are beyond the maximum permissi-
ble limits recommended by WHO and such boreholes
should therefore be abandoned. Both geophysical and
geochemical methods have shown strong correlation
and also efficacy in the assessment of leachate impact
(emanating from solid waste) has been demonstrated.
To cite this article:
Coker, J. O., Alausa, S. K., Odunaike, R. K., Alabi, A. A. and Ogunpola, A. E. (2019). The Impact Assessment of Solid Waste on Groundwater
Quality in Olusosun Dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria. J. Nig. Geophys. Soc., 2(1), 1 — 12.
View publication stats
12
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
Adebisi, O. G. (2000). Position Paper on Olusosun Landfill Site. Technical
report, Paper presented to the Nigerian Institute of Policy and Strategic
Studies, Kuru, Senior Executive Course No 22, local study tour of Lagos
State, Nigeria.
Adewole, A. T. (2009). Waste Management Towards Sustainable
Development in Nigeria: A Case Study of Lagos State. Int. NGO J.,
4(4):173–179.
Annenberg, L. (2012). The habitat planet unit 8: Water resources.
Retrieved on January 1, 2017.
Ayolabi, E. A., Folorunso, A. F., and Kayode, O. T. (2013). Integrated
Geophysical and Geochemical Methods for Environmental Assessment of
Municipal Dumpsite System. International Journal of Geosciences,
4:850–862.
Bello, M. H. (2002). Geoelectric and Geochemical Evaluation of
Groundwater Quality at Olusosun Refuse Dumpsite, Ojota, Lagos.
Master’s thesis, African Regional Center for Space Science and
Technology Education in English, Ile–Ife, Nigeria.
BIS (1983). Water Quality-Part 2, Physical, Chemical and Biochemical
Methods. Technical Report BS 6068, British Standard Institute,
London, UK.
Coker, J. O. (2012). Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) Methods to
Delineate Potential Groundwater Aquifers in Akobo Area, Ibadan,
South-western, Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Mining Research,
4(2):35–42.
Kinuthia, Z., Warui, D., and Karanja, F. (2009). Mapping and
Characterising Water points in Mbeti south location, Mbeere district.
Technical report, Institute of Economic Affairs, Nairobi, Kenya.
Longe, E. O. and Balogun, M. R. (2009). Groundwater Quality Assessment
near a Municipal Landfill, Lagos, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied
Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2(1):39–44.
MEPB (2013). Lagos State Development Plan 2012-2025. Technical
report, Lagos State Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget, Ikeja,
Nigeria.
NIS (2007). Nigeria Standard for Drinking water Quality in Nigeria
Industrial Standards (NIS). Technical Report NIS 554, ICS 30.060.20.,
Standard Organisation of Nigeria.
Odukoya, A. M. and Abimbola, A. F. (2010). Contamination Assessment of
Surface and Groundwater Within and Around Two Dumpsites.
International Journal of Environmental Sci. and Tech., 7(2):367–376.
Olorunfemi, F. B. (2011). Landfill Development and Current Practices in
Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning,
4(12):656–663.
Oyeku, O. T. and Eludoyin, A. O. (2010). Heavy Metal Contamination of
Groundwater Resources in a Nigerian Urban Settlement. African Journal
of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(4), 201-214.
Robinson, E. S. and Coruh, C. (1988). Basic Exploration Geophysics.
John-Wiley and sons: New York, USA.
Sharma, P. V. (1997). Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, volume
13th. Cambridge University Edition press: Cambridge, United Kingdom.
WHO (2004). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Technical report,
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zohdy, A. A. R., Eaton, G. P., and Mabey, D. R. (1980). Application of
surface Geophysics to Ground water Investigations: Techniques of Water
Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey.
Technical report, United states Government Printing office, Washington,
USA.