International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering Volume 3, Issue 2 (March-April 2

ISSN No: 2582-8746

General Discussion (Overview) On Properties of

Biodiesel Produced From Locally Sourced Restaurant
Work Cooking Oils
Sachin Kadam
Lecturer, Department of Science ,Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Technology ,Navi Mumbai ,Maharashtra, India.

Abstract: The approach of this theoretical work is to discuss the characteristics of

How to cite this paper:
Sachin Kadam, “General Discussion (Overview) On
Properties of Biodiesel Produced From Locally Sourced
Restaurant Work Cooking Oils”,
IJIRE-V3I02-120-123.
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and 5th
Dimension Research Publication.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
biodiesel produced from Locally Sourced Restaurant Oils. Increased energy consumption
and the depletion of petroleum reserves have pushed up oil prices globally. One
alternative energy source that has the potential to be developed is biodiesel. Used
cooking oil is a potential raw material for making biodiesel. As biodiesel production and
use increase, new feed stocks are being developed and may soon be introduced into the
market. Biodiesel is proved to be the best replacement for diesel because of its unique
properties like significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, non-sulphur emissions,
non-particulate matter pollutants, low toxicity and biodegradability.The biodiesel
manufacturing process converts oils and fats into chemicals called long-chain mono alkyl
esters, or biodiesel. These chemicals are also referred to as fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME), and the process is referred to as esterification. To minimize the biofuel cost,
these days, waste cooking oil is used as feedstock.
Key Words : energy, biodiesel, waste cooking oil, transesterification, free fatty acid (FFA)

I. INTRODUCTION
Fuels, generated from biological feed stocks, are termed as “biofuels.” In general, biofuels can be broadly
classified into first-generation fuels and second-generation fuels. First generation fuels or conventional biofuels are
generally derived from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil source. Whereas, second-generation biofuels are generated from
sustainable feedstocks.The biodiesel manufacturing process converts oils and fats into chemicals called long-chain mono
alkyl esters, or biodiesel. These chemicals are also referred to as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and the process is
referred to as esterification. Figure 2 provides a simplified diagram of the esterification process. Instead of using virgin
vegetable oil, waste cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production.In most of hotels, restaurants, and in
other food industries, the waste cooking oil is either simply discharged into the river or dumped into the land. In spite of
this, the waste cooking oil can be used effectively for the biodiesel synthesis. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
is found to be economically feasible method.Biodiesel can also be blended with mineral oil.Even the wastes (by-products)
generated from biodiesel production can be used for power production.

Figure 1

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 General Discussion (Overview) On Properties of Biodiesel Produced From Locally Sourced Restaurant Work Cooking Oils

Figure 2: simplified diagram of the esterification process.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Transesterification of waste cooking oil :
In transesterification reaction, the triglyceride component of oil reacts with the alcohol in the presence of NaOH or
any other catalyst to give ester and glycerol as shown in the reaction-1.Used vegetable oil is reacted with alcohol. In most
of the cases methanol is used because of better efficiency.

Trans Esterification Reaction

Side Reaction (Hydrolysis)

Basic Reaction Mechanism Involved in the Production of Bio diesel :
1. Transesterification. The major component of vegetable oil is triglycerides. When the triglycerides react with alcohol in
the presence of base catalyst, this is called “transesterification.” In this reaction, triglycerides are converted to diglyceride,
monoglyceride, and finally converted to glycerol. The reaction mechanism is shown in Scheme 1.

2. Side Reaction 1 (Saponification Reaction). If vegetable oil contains free fatty acid, it will react with homogenous base
catalyst to form soap and water. The saponification reaction is represented as shown in Scheme 2.

3. Side Reaction 2 (Hydrolysis Reaction). Water generated either from vegetable oil or formed during saponification reaction

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 General Discussion (Overview) On Properties of Biodiesel Produced From Locally Sourced Restaurant Work Cooking Oils
will hydrolyse triglyceride to form more free fatty acid. The hydrolysis reaction is given as shown in Scheme 3.

Characterisation –
1. Density -
Density is an important biodiesel parameter, with impact on fuel quality. Predicting density is of high relevance
for a correct formulation of an adequate blend of raw materials that optimize the cost of biodiesel fuel production while
allowing the produced fuel to meet the required quality standards. A comparison between biodiesel densities produced from
similar vegetable oils, by different authors, highlights the importance of knowing the detailed composition of the samples.
Table No.1:Records the Density Parameters for Different Biodiesel Samples.
Biodiesel Density Range (kg.m-3)
Palm 809-853
Soyabean 828-893
Castor 885-880
Nut 814-880

2. Viscosity –
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger droplets of
injection which can cause poor combustion, increased exhaust smoke and emissions.Biodiesel has higher viscosity
compared to Petroleum diesel due to high fatty acid composition.The higher viscosity of biodiesel is due to the presence of
stronger interparticle forces, namely dipole-dipole interactions, as the molecule is polar. This pulls biodiesel chains closer
to each other, making the liquid thicker or more viscous. For biodiesel, the dynamic viscosity at 40 0C should be between
1.5 – 1.8 mPa.s.
Table No.2:Records the Viscosity Parameters for Different Biodiesel Samples.
Biodiesel Dynamic Viscosity (mPa.s)
Palm ~1.534
Soyabean ~1.751
Castor ~1.881
Nut ~1.643

3. Cloud Point and Pour Point –

Cloud point is defined to be the temperature at which the first crystal is formed while pour point is defined as the
temperature at which the liquid ceases to flow. The pour point refers to the lowest temperature at which there is movement
of the fuel when the container is tipped. It would be expected that the cloud point would always be higher than the pour
point. However, because the cloud point and pour point of biodiesel can be very close, and because of the way the cloud
point and pour point are reported, it is possible that the pour point could be higher than the cloud point.
Table No.3:Records the Cloud Point and Pour Point Parameters for Different Biodiesel Samples.
Biodiesel Cloud Point (0 C) Pour Point (0 C)
Palm 17 15
Soyabean 1 0
Castor 12 17
Nut 8 6
4. Flash Point –
Flash point is the lowest temperature of a flammable liquid at which it gives off sufficient vapor to form an
ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used.FP is the safety measure of fuel for
storage. It is the point at which fuels are flammable Among all the biodiesels, JBD has the maximum FP (184.5°C), and
BBD has the minimum FP temperature (141.5°C). The flash point average for biodiesel is 150°C.
Table No.4:Records the Flash Point Parameters for Different Biodiesel Samples.
Biodiesel Flash Point (00C)
Palm >120
Soyabean 139
Castor 141
Nut 183

III. CONCLUSION
Biodiesel has attracted extensive attention in the world as it is a renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic and
environmentally friendly new alternative transportation fuel. It can be made from different feedstock containing fatty acids
such as animal fats, nonedible oils, waste cooking oils, by products of the refining vegetables oils and algae etc.Characteristics
of the physical properties of biodiesel in general have met the standards of SNI 7182-2015 based on parameters of quality
density, viscosity, acid numbers and FFA.

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 General Discussion (Overview) On Properties of Biodiesel Produced From Locally Sourced Restaurant Work Cooking Oils
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