Te ATOMIC STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION Atom isa Greek word and its meaning fs Indvisfble ic. an ulate parle which cannot be futher ee John Dalton considered that " The salient features of this theory are :- (1) Every element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. (2) Atoms of a particular element are like but differ from atoms of other element. (3) Atom of each element is an ultimate particle and it has a characteristic mass but is structureless (4) Atoms are indestructible Le. they can neither be created nor be destroved, (5) Atoms of different elements take part in chemical reaction to form molecule. Cea Particles carrying negative charge were called negatrons by Thomson. The name negatron wes changed to ‘electron’ by Stoney. ATOMIC MODELS Thomson's Model of Atom [1904] ‘Thomson was the first to propose a detailed model of the atom. ‘Thomson proposed that an atom consists of a uniform sphere of positive charge in which the electrons are distributed more or less uniformly, This model of atom is known as "Plum-Pudding model” or "Raisin Pudding Model” or "Water Melon Model”. Drawbacks : © An important drawback of this model is that the mass of the atoms is considered to be evenly spread over that atom. © Itisa static model. It does not reflect the movement of electron. ___ Rutherford's Scattering Experiment a-scattering experiment thin gold foil (100 nm)Rutherford observed that - () Most of the a-particles passed through the gold fo (i) A small fraction of the a-particles was de Following conclusions were drawn from the above observations - (1) Since most of the a-patticle went straight through the metal foil undeflected, it means that there must be very large empty space within the atom. (2) Since few of the a-particies were deflected from their original paths through moderate angles; it was concluded that whole of the +ve charge is concentrated and the space occupied by this positive charge is very small in the atom. @ When a-particles come closer to this point, they suffer a force of repulsion and deviate from them pate @ = The positively charged heavy mass which occupies only a small volume in an atom is called nucleus | is supposed to be present at the centre of the atom, (3)_ A very few of the a-particles suffered strong deflections or even returned on their path indicating fz the nucleus is rigid and a-particles recoil due to direct collision with the heavy positively charged mass APPLICATIONS OF RUTHERFORD MODEL On the basis of scattering experiments, Rutherford proposed model of the atom. which is known 2 nuclear atomic model. According to this model - @ Anatom consists of a heavy positively charged nucleus where all the protons and neutrons are presex Protons & neutrons are collectively referred to as nucleons. Almost whole of the mass of the atom’ contributed by these nucleons. The magnitude of the +ve charge on the nucleus is different for differ atoms. (i) The volume of the nucleus is very small and is only a minute fraction of the total vohime of the ates Nucleus has 2 diameter of the order of 107 to 10” cm and the atom has a diameter of the order ¢ 10% an. Diameter oftheatom _ 107 Diameterofthenucleus 10 ‘Thus diameter (size) of the atom is 10° times the diameter of the nucleus. as © The radius of a nucleus is proportional to the cube root of the number of nucleons within it. R«zA® = R=RA® R, = 1.33 x 10” cm (a constant) and A = mass number (p + n) and R = radius of the nucleus R = 1.33 x10 A? cm Gi) “There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear part. In this part electrons are Pree number of electrons | number of protons present in the nucleus. As He ci oe ae of the aton nuclear part is responsible for =10°, D,=10°D, WhereDrawbacks of Rutherford model - (1) This theory could not explain the stability of ato, According to eae Maxwell electron looses its energy continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations. As a result of this, the e should loose energy at every tum and move closer and closer to the nucleus following a spiral path. The ultimate result will be that it will fall into é the nucleus, thereby making the atom unstable (2) Ifthe electrons loose energy continuously, the observed spectrum should be continuous but the actual observed spectrum consists of well defined lines of definite frequencies. Hence, the loss of energy by electron is not continuous in an atom. Cea © Thomson's model of atom explained electrical neutrality of atom. © Density of nucleus remains same irrespective of nature of element 2.2 ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER (a) Atomic Number Itis represented by Z. The number of protons present in the nucleus is called atomic number.of an element. For neutral atom : Number of protons = Number of electrons For an ion : Number of electrons = Z - (charge on ion) Z = number of protons only Nuclear charge = Ze (b) Mass Number (A) It is represented by capital A. The sum of number of neutrons and protons is called the mass number of the element. It is also known as number of nucleons. Formula A = number of protons + number of neutrons , Number of neutrons = A-Z Note : A is always a whole number. Atom Inside the nucleus Outside the nucleus {n, Pl fd ‘An atom of the element is represented by 2X Where, _X = Symbol of element Z.= Atomic number = number of protons = number of electron (If atom is neutral) ‘A = Mass number = number of neutron + Atomic nmber Ex. Nat a vc 0 (p> 11) a (p> 8) (e+» 10) Bis (> 8) Ex, Hes 3 p+6 n> 12-6=6 e>6———————x&x&x«— ... « —_ Mass no. [A] anc! atomic weight (amu= atomic mass unit) Mass of Proton (m,) Mass of Neutron (m, ) Mass of Electron (mm, 1.672 x10" ka 1.675 x10" kg 9.1 x10 kg 1.672 x10"'g 1.675 x10%"g 9.1 x10 kg 1,00727 amu 1,00866 amu 0,000549 amu =m] [m,>m] Method for Analysis of atomic weight -> © ei p>6 Weight of Proton = 6 x 1.00727 n>6 Weight of Neutron = 6 x 1.00866. e>6 Weight of electron = 6 x 0.000549 Weight of "°C atom = 12.099 a.m.u. Mass no. of ‘ZC atom = 12 [p andn] Note : Mass no. of atom is always a whole no. but atomic weight may be in decimal. 2.3 SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS fa) peeees + They are atoms of a given element which have the same atomic number but differ in their mas number. eee CARCI * $0, fo. $0 °1H 3H, 3H Explanation 1: Chat? Gagaic p>6 6 6 26 6 6 n>6 7 8 [Note : Isotopes have the same number of protons but diffe in the number of neutrons in the nucleus) Explanation 2: jH iH {H_ Radioactive element Protium (H) ee Tritium (T) pol 1 esl 1 1 n>0 2 dion wipeececbe reer No, of Nucleons = No, of Neutrons + No. of Protons of mass of all the isotopes of that element. weights are, wh wy and the_ tb) (©) @ ) (} Isobars a Isobars are the atoms of different element which have the same mass number but different. Atomic number ‘Le they have different number of electron, protons & neutrons but sum of number of neutrons & protons remains same. 3 Ex.1 7H 2He Ex.2 1K Ca pel p-2 p=19 p=20 e-l e=2 e=19 e=20 n=2 n=l n=21 n=20 pen ptn=3 nap = 40 n+ p=40) Isodiaphers They are the atoms of different element which have the same difference of the number of neutrons & protons, Exl }'B ec Ex.2 15N BE \f=p} come on Bae p=7 p=9 e=5 e=6 a7 q23 n=6 n=7 n=8 n=10 n-pe=l n-pe-l n n-p=l Isotones/Isoneutronic Species/Isotonic “They are the atoms of different element which have the same number of neutrons. Ex.1 }H 2He Ex. 2 33K 20Ca pel p=2 p=19 p=20 e=1 e=2 e=19 e=20 n=2 n=2 n=20 n= 20 Isosters They are the molecules which have the same number of atoms & electrons. Ex1 CO, NO Ex.2 co KF Atoms =1+2 Atoms = 241 Atoms = 2 Atoms = 2 =3 3 Electrons = 20+8 Electrons = 19+9 Electrons = 6 + 8x 2Electrons= 7x 2+8 Be Be =2e 2e Isoelectronic Species They are the atoms, molecules or ions which have the same number of electrons. Ex. ct Ar 18e 18e x2 HO NH, (2+ 8)}=10 e(7 +3)=10e Ex.3 BF, (5 +9 x3)=32¢ SO, (16 +8 x2)=32e eae anes © Isotopes do not have the same value of e/m. ® _Isobars do not have the same chemical and physical property.Pre-Medical MARINI is 0s SCSI i eS ei e Illustrations Mlustration 1. If the mass of neutron is doubled & mass of electron is halved then find out the new atom mass of }?C and the percent by which it is increased. Solution Step-1 Pos e=6 pees Gara) pam n=6=6amu If the mass of neutron is doubled and mass of electron is halved then. n=12 =18: eos Note : mass of electron is negligible, so it is not considered in atomic mass. Step-2 mass 100 = 18-22 5100 = 50% Mlustration 2. If mass of neutron is doubled, mass of proton is halved and mass of electron is doubled then find out the new atomic weight of 17C Solution Step PC > re | =12amu n= If mass of neutron is doubled, mass of proton is halved and mass of electron is doubled, then ) new atomic mass will be : rt? ]-15am Finalmass — Initial mass 15-12 Step-2 Esa eae cL 100 100 = p-2 _% Increment a 100 = x10 = 25% Mlustration 3. If no. of protons in X*is 16. then no. of electron in X* will be- aia (2)16 (3)18 (4) None Solution +1 No. of protons in X is = 16 «. No. of electrons in X* is = 14 Ilustration 4. In “C atom if mass of electrons is doubled and mass of proton is halved, then calculate the = percentage change in mass of C”. Solution Be e P n 6 6 6 As 12 12 3 6 A359 Mlustration 5. Assuming tha of "C from atomic table, then according to thi : orate. i= 7, Anelement have three isotopes and their sotopic weights are 11, 12 . 13 unit = percentage of occurence in nature is 85, 10, 5 respectively then calculate the average atomic weight of element. 11x85+12x10+13x5 _ 935+120+65 \ ie i Average Atomic welt 85+10+5 100 Solution 1120 AN “ight = —— = 11.2 verage weight = 4°20 — 11 ‘Average atomic weight of an element M is 51.7. If two isotopes of M are “M and “M then calculate the percentage of occurence of M® in nature. Me M* lustration 8. Solution x,+x,= 100 x, = (100-x) WiX, + WX, _ 5Oxx, +52xx, X, +X, 2, xX, +X _ 50x, +52(100~x,) x, +(100-x,) average weight = 517 5170 = 50 x, + 5200 - 52x, 5170 =~ 2x, + 5200 2x, = 30 x,=15 2M = 15% °M = 85% Mlustration 9. Calculate the precentage of Deuterium in heavy water? Solution DO (i),"0 4 + 16 = 20 (Moleculer weight) 4 x10 ‘Ans = 20% BEGINNER'S BOX-1 1 Select isoelectronic set :- (a) Na’, H,0°, NH,” (8) CO,*, NO,, H,CO, (c) P*, HCI, C,H,, PH, (4) F, Ne, Na” (abd Q)b.ed Babe (abcd 2. Ifthe table of atomic masses were established with the oxygen atom and assigned value of 100, then the ‘mass of carbon atom would be, approximately:- (y24 (275 (3)50 ay 112 3. — Rutherford’s a ~ particle scattering experiments led to the conclusion that (1) mass and energy are related (2) the mass and the positive charge of an atom are concentrated in the nucleus (3) neutrons are present in the nucleus (4) atoms are electrically neutral. 4. The radius of nucleus of 7Al will be () 1.2%10%m (2) 2.710% m- DEVELOPMENTS: LEADING TO THE BU oe ‘Two developments played a major role in the formulation of Bohr's model of atom. These were (a) Dual nature of electromagnetic radiation {b) Atomic spectra which can be explained by assuming quantized electronic energy levels in atorns, Electromagnetic waves (EM waves) theory or Radiant Energy According to this theory, the energy is transmitted from one body to another in the form of waves 2d the waves travel in the space with the same speed as light ( 3 x 10° m/s) and these waves are known ; Electromagnetic waves or radiant energy. The radiant Energy do not need any medium for propogation, Ex: Radio waves, micro waves, Infra red rays, Misible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays ‘The radiant energy have electric and magnetic fields and travel at right angle to these fields. Brest <—,* pe Trough Trough The upper most point of the wave is called crest and the lower most portion is called trough. Some of the terms employed in dealing with the waves are described below. {a) Wavelength (4) (Lambda) : It is defined as the distance between two nearest crest or trough. Itis measured in terms of A (Angstrom), pm (picometre), nm (nanometer), cm(centimetre), m (metre 1A=10"m, 1 Pm=10"m, Inm=10%m, — 1cm= 10°m (b) Time period (T) : Time taken by a wave to pass through one point. T=. second v (c)_ Wave number (¥) ( nu bar): It is the reciprocal of the wavelength that is number of waves prese in unit length, a tis measured in terms of cm", m' etc, (4) Frequency (v) (nu) : Frequen ayes throug t icy of a wave is defined as the number of Point in 1 s. It is measured in t ; me | it in terms of Hertz (Hz), s', or cycle/s(eps) (1 Hertz= 1 s') Velocity (c) : Velocity of a wave is defined as distance covered by a wave in 1 second cm aT =a (m) i a vor =v(s') xa =vaA(ms")LLEN Pre Medical Atomic Structure Illustrations flustration 10. The vividh Bharti station of All India Radio broadcast on a frequency of 1368 Kilo Hertz Soluiton Calculate the wave length of the Electromagnetic waves emitted by the transmitter, ‘As we know velocity of light (c) = 3 x 10" m/s Given v (frequency) = 1368 KHz = 1368 x 10’ Hz = 1368 x 10’ s" c j= 3210's Ye 1368%10°s* = 219.3m Mlustration 11. Calculate V in cm and v of yellow radiations have wavelength of 5800 A. Soluiton 1 1 ‘a 1 z a cm = 17241.44 em Asweknown V=t=—1_ .__. 5800A 5800x10%cm 5800 3x10"cm s"x 1.7 x 10'em™ x1.7x 10"=5.1x 10"s! Ilustration 12. A particular radiostation broadcast at a frequency of 1120 Kilo Hertz another radio station Soluiton broadcast at a frequency of 98.7 mega Hertz. What are the wave length of radiations from each station? 3x10'ms* vy 1120x10"s* Station 1, 267.86 m. c_ 3x10*ms? Station 2% ——— oa v 98.7x10°s* 3.0395 m. 2.5 PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORY According to Planck's quantum theory : a) Q) 3) 4) ‘The radiant energy emitted or absorbed by a body not continuously but discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets of energy and these packets are called quantum. In case of light, the smallest packet of energy is called as ‘photon’ but in general case the smallest packet of energy is called as quantum, ‘The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to frequency of the radiation i.e. Eay = Exhv or eRe -{ » his proportionality constant or Planck's constant h= 6.626 x 10" kJ s or 6.626 x10"Js or 6.626 x10” ergs aR Total amount of energy transmitted from one body to another will be some integral multiple of energy of a quantum. Where n = Positive integer = Number of quanta——______— [illustrations —————_—______ aa Collate the energy of a photon of sodium light of wave length 5.862 x 10 *m in jou x10" ms! n= 5802 10"m, Benhy or (vn=1]} he | 14667105 sx3x10'ms 6.6x3, 199) 3.38 x10"J d 5862410 5.862 Caleulate the frequency & energy of a photon of wave length 4000 A. Soluiton (0) Calculation of frequency 3.= 4000 A = 4000 x10 m © _ 310'm/s5 = LS 2 0.75 x10" i 407m "= 7.5 x10" s* (b) Caleulation of energy : E = hv = 6.626 x 10™ joule second x7.5 x10" s'= 4.96 x10" jou c Mustration 1 aleulate the 3. and frequency of a photon having an energy of 2 electron volt Soluiton “1eV= 1.602410") 4. 2eV = 3.204 x10” he _ 6.626x10Jsx310'ms* mo 3.204107 (6) Calculation of wavelength (2) : E. = 6.204 x10 m (b) Calculation of frequency (v) : v= = 0.48 x10" s? = 4.8 x10" s* Mlustration 16. Which has a higher energy ? (4) A photon of violet light with wave length 4000 A (b) A photon of red light with wave length 7000 A = 6:626x10Jsx3x10"ms? Soluite ) Violet light :E,. = nae i ot Ea 400010" m = 4.97 x10” joule (0) Red tight : , = In = 6.626 %10™Jsx3x10%ms™ 7000x110" m ceca $0, Epa > Eng Mlustration 17, How many photons of lights having a wave length of 5000 A are Necessary to provide 1 jou of energy. he Exh 1J5000x10-m + Ba ME, ye behy si mn Solution, 1 Ne” B6Gx10™ Sex 3x1O met ~ 25 x10 lL1 ESSER Se Electromagnetic radiation travels through vacuum at a speed of (1) 186000 ms" (2)125 ms* (3)3.00 x10" ms" (4) It depends upon wavelength The energy of a photon of light is _ wavelength. (1) directly, directly proportional to its frequency and proportional to its (2) inversely, inversely (3) inversely, directly -M/Airectly, inversely ‘What is the wavelength (A) of a photon that has an energy of 4.38 x 10" J (a) 454A (2)2.3x10°A (3) 6.89 x10"A (4) 1.45 x10°A 2.6 BOHR'S ATOMIC MODEL Some Important formulae : + _ This model was based on quantum theory of radiation and classical laws of physics. + Bohr model is applicable only for single electron species like H, He’, Li” ete = Bohr model is based on particle nature of electron, Coulombic force = Mie r Centrifugal force = = r ‘Angular momentum = mvr The important postulates on which Bohr's Model is based are the following : 1* Postulate : + Atom has a nucleus where all protons and neutrons are present. + The size of nucleus is very small and it is present at the centre of the atom. 2™Postulate : ~ Negatively charged electron revolve around the nucleus in the same way as the planets revolve around the sun + The path of electron is circular. = The attraction force (Coulombic or electrostatic force) between nucleus and electron is equal to the Centrifugal force on electron, le. Attraction force towards nucleus = centrifugal force away from nucleus. 3" Postulate : ' peviieh ‘+ _ Electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which angular momentum (mvt) of electron is integral multiple of a nh a ie, imvr = al =mh On where : n= +ve integer number or (n = 1,2,3,4, .. h = Planck's constant x = Constant i aieNie Meionl Chernbatry At = Anqular momantun en af aft git Hu Cantal fin on Gn! dn! an , 1 Wi Hadi vahow sidan Lo al gal on on wn 7 ‘The orbits in which electron can revolve are knewn ws stationary orbits because in thew on electron is always constant Honey ulintes | Hock static ¥ Orbit Is associated vith definite: nro nerdy levels and ore numbered as 1, 2,4, 4, f of eneruy therefore these orbits are alse cay or YL AM, O, : from the nucleus outward 6" Postulate ‘halt O- * The ernisston of absorption of energy in the form of photon can only occur when electron jumps fron one stationary state to another Heit Is AL, = Fost 7 a 1, | = Energy of # quantum = Energy ts absorbed when electron jumps from Inner to outer orbit pee ‘and ts ernitted yhen electron maves from outer to inner orbit = 1,2, whether emission oF absorption of eneray vill occur AP LICATION OF BOHR'S MODEL RADIUS OF VARIOUS ORBITS (SHELL) mera Anne! A) (ongertid elects) Columbic force = Btn ' _ Klee Kiet end O-: (Where K is Constant) K = 9% 10° Nm’ /eoulornb? { Ys) As we know that Coulombic force = Centrifugal force e Kiet sn? KZe* - Al) A2) KZe* tor AB) Putting the value of n, h, im, K, & ¢ (Constants) in the above eq’. (3) ¥ = 0.529 710% em (1A = 10m = 10*em)Mlustration 18. Solution Ilustration 19. Miustrations __—_— Calculate the radius of 1",2%,3*,4" Bohr's Orbit of hydrogen. Radius of Bohr's orbit r = 0.529 x g A (a) Radius of orbit: r= 0,529 x r A =0.529A () Radius of II" orbit: r= 0.529 x z = 0.529 x4 = 2.116A (c) Radius of III" orbit: r= 0.529 x £ = 0.529 x9 = 4.761A 2 (@) Radius of 1V* orbit : ¥= 0529 x = 0.529 x16 = 8.464A Calculate the radius ratio of 3° & 5" orbit of He". 2 1 =0.529 x 5 Aand ‘Atomic Number of He = 2 SF os20x 2 . 20529 x8) = 0.529% 2 and 1,= 0.529% SF - = or y= 9:25 25 ). Calculate the radius ratio of 2" orbit of hydrogen and 3" orbit of Li. Atomic number of H = 1, Atomic number of Li = 3, oa 2 orbit radius of Hydrogen (= 0.529 x=— 3 3° orbit radius of Lit? (13, = 0.529 x > (K&L Jee 5Pre-Medical Ilustration 22. Calculate the radius of 2"excited state of Li Solution 2" excited state, means e is present in 3° shell so, 10.529 x 343 ~ 0.529 x3A = 1.587A ustration 23. Calculate the radius ratio of 2"excited state of H & I"excited state of Li® 1 3) Solution 2° excited state, means "present in 3° shell of hydrogen r, = 0.529 x“ ~ = 0.529 x9 a oy 0.529 Oa = 0.529 x. 1" excited state, means e exist in 2 shell of Li” ere radius of 2" excited state of hydrogen radius of 1" excited state of Li? (B) VELOCITY OF AN ELECTRON or — KZe" = (murfiv) Since coulombic force = Centrifugal force or nh een now putting the value of Angular momentum m.v.r. => = Kae = 7) _ 2xKZe" nh now putting the value of x,k,e&h v= 2.188 x 10° 2s Illustrations Illustration 24. Ifthe total energy of an electron is ~1.51 eV in hydrogen atom then find out K.E, P-E, ort radius and Velocity of the electron in that orbit. Solution @) KE 2-E=151eV () PE=2x E=-2x151=-302eV 2 f -136x2 eV 9 or - 1.51 13,6 x4, n n (a) =13.6 _ 151 n=3 Le, S*orbit (wy =0.529 xe = 0.529 x 343 = 0.529x9 = 4.7614 fy v2 2.188% 10%2 = 2.188 x 10'x B cm/s = 0.729 x10" cm/sCalculate velocity of an electron placed in the ‘number of revolutions per second that this electron makes ar Velocity of electron in 3" orbit Solution 182 x10°x 2 ms" A V, = 2.182 x10 Ems! = 7.27 x10° ms" No. of revolution per second o 7.2710" } 2x3.14%9%0.529x10™ = 2.43:10" rps. Ilustration 26. How much time an e” will take for one complete revolution in 2 orbit of He"? aes distance _ 2mr_ 2x3.14x0.529%5 x10 %'m woe 2.1810" xs = 3,05 x10"s Solution time taken= (©)_ ENERGY OF AN ELECTRON Let the total energy of an electron be E. Itis the sum of kinetic and potential Energy. ie. E=KE+PE E- (5 )-(S24) elie Keeke) _ 1, Ean = 5m now putting the value of mv fromeq. (I) E= === now putting the value of r from eq. (3) KZe? x 4n?mKZe* 2n*mxK*Z'e* A ai ee EO wp now putting the value of x, K, e, m, h, we get 2.18x10 xZ? E, J/atom| or we 13.6 x fat eV /atom This formula is applicable for hydrogen atom & hydrogen like species i.e. single electron species. Since n can have only integral values, it follows that total energy of the eis quantised. The -ve sign indicates that the electron is bonded towards nucleus. 2 0 Kee Kea? (On increasing radius, KE. decreases. 5 ; 2 Pe = we ie. PE, «-t On increasing radius, P.E. increases. 2 fi) -- ie. E«-1 On increasing radius, total energy increases.: [PE = ()2KE] [KE Energy diffrence between two energy levels E, -E, =-136.2'[5 oe Energy level for H atom can be represented as follows n=60rP 0.38 eV n=5orO E = -0.54 eV n=4orN 0.85 eV E,-E, 31eV al n=30rM 151eV E,-E, = 0.66 eV Shu 4 89 eV Shall 5 0.2eV n=2orL 3.4eV E,- n=lork 13.6 eV E-E, ie. (€,-E)>(E,-E)>(E,-E)>(E,-E). Important Definations @ (i) iil) Ionization energy : Minimum amount of energy required to liberate an electron from the ground state, an isolated atom is called the ionization energy. neal; nae Separation energy : Minimum energy required to remove an electron from its excited state is calle separation energy. n, =2,3,4,5,... m= 0 Excitation energy : Amount of energy required to shift an electron from ground state to any excited soe Note : All these kinds of energy are always positive. n=l n,=2,3,4,5, Illustrations Illustration 27. Calculate the energy of Li*atom for 2% excited state Zz Solution E=-136x ~ Z=3 and electron exist in 2" excited state, means electron present in shell i.e. n=3 E=-13.6x a 13.6 eV/atom Illustration 28. Calculate the ratio of energies of He’ for 1* & 2” excited state. Solution ey -13.6 x Energy of He") 1” Excited state _ Energy of (He")2” shell (2) Energy of(Fie" 2 Excited state” Energyof(He")3"shell 14 ¢ (2° GF es 4 Illustration 29. If the PE. of an electron is -6.8 eV in hydrogen atom then find out K.E., total energy & Solution 1 KE= orbit where electron exist & radius of orbit. 2 TE. =-KE =-34eV pie’ Z ie -13.6 3 ££ 19 Gir or 34=-13.6x = a ia je n=2 ie. 2%orbit 4 = 0509% A = 0529 2h A= 0.529 x 4A=2.116Achemistry pra Illustration 30. The ionization energy for the hydrogen atom is 13.6 excite it from the ground state to 1" excited state Solution Ionization energy = 13,6eV i.e. Energy inground state = =13. Energy of I" excited state ie. 2” orbit -3.4eV E,=-3.4+136=102eV $0, ESSN 1. Inwhich ofthe following is the radius of the first orbit minimum ? (1) A Hydrogen atom (2) tritium atom {3) Triply ionized berylium (4) Double ionized helium 2. The energy needed to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground state to its third excited state is (1) 12.1eV (2)10.2ev (3) 0.85 eV (4)1275 eV 3. The ionisation energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 ev. The energy of the ground level in doubly tonised lithium is (1)-28.7 eV (2)-54.4 eV (3) “122.4 ev (4)-13.6 eV 4. Bohr's theory is not applicable to (1) He (2) Li* (3)He"* (4) and 3 both 5. _ Bohr’s theory helped to explain why (1) Electron having negative charge (2) Most ofthe mass of the atom is in the nucleus (Ph xcted hydrogen gas gives off certain colour of light (4) Atoms combine to form molecules 6. What would be the radius of 2 excited state in Li"*ion ? Jir6.529 A (21.58 A (3)0.2645 A (40.5299 A 7. 2 separation energy of an electron in H atom (2720 (151eV (3)3.4eV (4) 13.6 ev 8. How much energy would be required by an electron ‘while moving from ground state to 3” excited state of He’ ion. (1/4080 (2)10.2ev (3)51ev (4) 48.35 eV 2.7 SPECTRUM Electromagnetic spectrum or EM spectrum : The arrangement obtained by arranging various types of EM waves in order of their increasing frequency or decreasing wave length is called as EM SPECTRUM.wavelength of varion lines are grouped i 0.28 eV —> 7— it Pea 0.16 eV os4ey. o.31ev 085 eV—» # 0.66 eV -151ev—+ 34 z 3 1.89 eV : -34ev —> 2+ 10.2ev Series Lyman WV. region Balmer Visible region Paschen Infra red (LR) Brackett LR. region Pfund LR. region Humphrey FarLR region ,=789../n=6 2-6 SIMILAR WORDS = First line / Starting line / Initial line (,,. and v,.) = Lastline / limiting line / marginal line (.,, and v_.) + First line of any series = a line Second line of any series = f line Third line of any series = y line kk»Calculation of number of spect (a) Total number of speetral ines = 1424... (yal) = (Me =Pi(My =n, +1) 2 Where : n, = higher energy level; n, = lower energy level ifn, #1 (round state) w= 1)ny _nin=1) 2 28 (b) Number of spectral lines which falls in a particular series « (n,-n) where n, = higher energy level, n, = Fixed lower energy level of each series. Total number of spectral Ii ET Illustration 31, In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 7 to 1 orbit by transition in multi steps then find out the total number of lines in the spectrum, Solution Lyma = (-1)=7-106 Balmer =~ (n,- 2) 7-205 Paschen = Bracket = Pfund - Humphrey = (n,-6)=7-6=1 Total = 21 Total number of lines can be calculated as follows (n, =n, )[(n, =n) +1] (A641) 42 2 2 wile Mlustration 32. In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 6" to 2 orbit by transition in multi steps then find out the number of lines in spectrum Total number of lines = =21 Solution Total number of line =4+3+2+1= 10 le - =n, )+1 - i x or "Tota Punter ef inert atest Pkeste) ew Oeee) A Ry 2 2 2 Illustration 33. In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 6" to 3" orbit by transition in multi steps then find out the following steps : (a) Total number of lines in spectrum (b) Total number of lines in U.V. region (c) Total number of lines in visible region (d) Total number of lines in IR region Solution {a) Calculation of total number of lines : (=n )f(re=m)+1] _ (6-3)[(6-3)+1] _ 3x4 2 2 2 (b) Calculation of number of lines present in U.V. region. electron moves from 6" to 3" orbit in multisteps. For U,V. region, electron should come to 1" shell, So there is number of lines in U.V. region is zero. (c) Calculation of total number of lines in visible region. For Visible region, electron should come to 2” shell, so there is number lines in visible region zero. (d) Calculation of total number of lines in LR. region. In LR. region, Paschen, Bracket and Pfund series are present. Number of lines in Paschen serles= n,-3=6-3=3 Number of lines in Bracket series= n,-4=6-4=2 Number of lines in Pfund series = nn, -5=6-5=1 So total number of lines = 3424126eMedia et den in terete fin Mlustration 34. In Balmer series of H atom/spectrum which electronic transitions represents 3" line ? a Solution In Balmer series. 3" to 2° > line 4" to 2" > 2iine 5" to 2" > 3line Infinite to 2"—> Last line or limiting line So, Ans, is 5® to 2"line—> 3” line Tiageration 86) iy Hi stom iw rmeve) orn ort tol" arbi by anelion In MU 2, HE there ar iy number of ines in spectrum are 10 then find out the value of n (ro-n)[(m-1) +1) 2 Solution Total number of lines = So, 10 = eng RTI or 20 n’-n-20 =0 n’-5n+ 4n-20=0 n(n-5) + 4 (n= 5) 2.8 RYDBERG FORMULA In 1890, Rydberg gave a very simplest theoretical Equation for the calculation of the wavelength of va Wid Z| - = [eal where R= Rydberg constant = 109678 cm = 109700 cm*= 10970000 m* = 1.1 x10" m'! lines of hydrogen like spectrum and the equation is Roo x10 cm = 912A n, and n, are orbits and for a particular series n, is constant and n, varies. for Lyman. n,=1,n,=2,3, for Balmer n, = 2,n, = 3,4, 5, for Paschen n, =3,n, =4, 5, 6,.... for Bracket n,=4,n,=5, 6, 7, for Pfund n,=5,n, = 6,7, 8,. for Humphery n, = 6,n, = 7, 8, 9... Derivations of Rydberg formula : AE gee Eae ry oe oa x’mK*Z"e" nih’ nigh? Bs 2n?mK*Z7e* _2i?mK*Z7e* he a ae le AE =hv = ®) he 2emee td or La 2etmKiet2"| 4 % ch?Mustration 36. Solution Mlustration 37, Solution Illustration 38. Solution Illustration 39. Solution ay aaee Ultstrattons Calculate the wavelenath of 1* line of Balmer seri in Hydrogen For first line of Balmer series n= 2 a = 2, n= 1 ‘eel sa ig Cc ‘alculate the frequency of the last For last line of Lyman Series n= 1. +N =a 1 exy=cxR=3 x10"cms" x 109678 cm" = 3.29 x 10" 5? Calculate Wavelength of 3° line of Bracket series in hydrogen spectrum. For 3” line of Bracket series A= 4)n,=7 4 pt|_2 od =A[t ws yeas 33 a (a (7F 16 49 16x49 |" "784 784 _784 o155 Therefore, 2 = 284 784, gi, _. herefore, Ban” 3g ~212A=21667A The wave number of 1° line of Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum is 15200 cm" The wave number of 1" line of Balmer series of Li spectrum will be ? ny Wave number of I ine of Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum. = dane ( » Z=3forLi"} be ¥ = 3’ x 15200 = 9 x 15200 = 136800 cm* Calculate the ratio of maximum of Lyman & Balmer series ? 1 Eaves Maximum 2. of Lyman series _ 1* line of Lyman series Movimum of Lyman series. 1 Hoe of en ses Mecano aa mea?Mlustration 41. A certain electronic transition from an excited state to Ground state of the Hydrogen ator a one or more steps gives rise of 5 lines in the ultra violet region of the spectrum. How ma lines does this transition produce in the Infra red region of the spectrum? ™ Solution (Lyman Series) ultra violet region : 5 Lines i. electron is coming from 6" to 1" Orbit n-1 =5 or n= 6 Infrared region line () Paschen series = (6-3) = 3 (i) Bracket = (6-4) = 2 (il) Pfund = (6-5) = 1 Total Number of lines are = 6 Limitation of the Bohr's model : (1) Bohr's theory does not explain the spectrum of multi electron atom. (2) Why the Angular momentum of the revolving electron is equal to we . has not been explained by Bohr, z theory, (3) Bohr inter related quantum theory of radiation and classical laws of physics without any theoritical explanation, (4) Bohr’s theory does not explain the fine structure of the spectral lines. Fine structure of the spectral line is obtained when spectrum is viewed by spectroscope of more resolution power. (5) Bohr theory does not explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or electric field (Stark effect) BEGINNER'S BOX-4 iF, >. 2.9 (A) The line spectra of two elements are not identical because (1) The elements don’t have the same number of neutrons. (2) They have different mass numbers (3) Their outermost electrons are at different energy levels. (4) They have different valencies. In which of the following transition will the wavelength be minimum. (I)n=6ton=4 (2)n=4ton=2 (3)n=3ton=1 (4)n=2ton=1 The wavelength of third line of the Balmer series for a H atom is 21 100 21R 100R aoe ew. ou (4) ( Toor @ oir ) T00 eI ‘When the electron of a hydrogen atom jumps from n = 4 ton = 1 state, the number of spectral lines emitted is (1) 15 (2)6 (3)3 (4 WAVE MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM This model consists of following (a) de-Broglie concept (Dual nature of Matter) (bo) Heisenberg’s Uncertainity principle. THE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (THE WAVE NATURE OF ELECTRON) In 1924, a French physicist, Louis de-Broglie suggested that if the nature of light is both that of a parti and of a wave, then this dual behavior should be true also for the matter. () According to de-Broglie, the wavelength 2. of an electron is inversely proportional to its momentum Pp rok or ret (Here h = Planck's constant, p = momentum of electron) h P Momentum (p) = Mass (m) x Velocity (v) ohe an, Planck's quantum theory ané “The above relation can be proved as follows by using Einstein's equatios wave theory of light. Einstein’ equation, E = me! where E is energy, m is mass of a body and Gi) cis its velocity. E=hv-hx a (According to Planck's quantum theory) ...() 2. (According to wave theory of light) and © But according to Einstein's equation E = mc* From equation () & (i): me? = hx & or me = p or p= & or (i) tis clear from the above equation that the value of 2 decreases on increasing either m or v or both. The wavelength of many fast-moving objects like an aeroplane or a cricket bal, is very low because of their high mass. BOHR'S THEORY AND de-BROGLIE CONCEPT : (1) According to de-Broglie, the nature of an electron movin in circular orbits around the nucleus. (2) 2B SS252510" 6.6252 x10" gem/s Illustration 45. What should be the mass of the photon of sodium if its wavelength is 5894A, the velocity light is 3 x 10" metre second ' and the value of h is 6.6252 x 10™kg m* s*? (1) 3.746 x10™kg (2) 3.746 x10™kg (3) 3.746 x10™kg (4) 3.746 x10" kg, aes get h a, Solution ie Tae (2 2 = 5894A = 5894 x 10"m) _ 6.65210 6.652 ig ™= F798 sedacTO™ 7 179B7720™ = 90003746 x10" ~ 3.746 x10™kgee Illustration 46. A ball weight 25 g moves with a velocity of 6.6 x 10' cm/s then find out the de-Broglie associated with it x10" 19? Solution pa tL. 66x10 «107 ergs wv” B5x6.6nTO¥ane T 7 0:04 x10" ema 4 x10 em tration 47. Which of the following has least de Broglie 2 ? (je (2)p (3) CO, (4) SO, Solution ha — “mass of SO, is greater than the mass of e, p, CO, and h = constant, v=same shes ~ least 2 will be SO, ' HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE Bohr's theory considers an electron as a material particle. Its position and momentum can be determined with accuracy. But, when an electron is considered in the form of wave as suggested by de-Broglie, it is not possible to ascertain simultaneously the exact position and velocity of the electron more precisely at a given instant since the wave extends throughout a region of space. In 1927, Wemer Heisenberg presented a principle known as Heisenberg uncertainty principle which states that :"Itis impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a body as small asan electron.” The uncertainty in measurement of position, (Ax), and the uncertainty in momentum (Ap) are related by Heisenberg's relationship as : (p= mv, Ap = mv) h h h Ax .mAv> — or |Ax.Av2 | ax.ap 2 3° or 2 Gy Ot [axe {) When ax =0,Av=0 {i) When v= 0, Ax = co So, if the position is known quite accurately, Le., Ax is very small, Av becomes large and vice-versa. Illustrations tration 48. If the uncertainity in position of a moving particle is O then find out Ap ~ h h Solution axap2® or dp2z%. or ape R 4x 2 4nax A bh Fao "PRS tration 49. If uncertainty in possition of an e” is same as the Ax of He atom. If Ap of eis 32 x 10° then find Ap in He atom. Solution Ax x Ap> an 4n Since Ax is same for both therefore Ap will be same by tn, xAP, Yan _ hpeig been Ki X4PHe IY ‘Ap, = 32 x 10°