268 1 Reinforced concrete design 9.43. Simplified design method As an alternative to the previous rigorous method of design an approximate method may be used when the eccentricity of loading, ¢ is not less than (/t/2~ dh). N Figure 9.15 { Mea Menthe =e) Simplified design method M, * Fino by fo po = | - ay ak aw ‘The moment Mpj and the axial force Ney are replaced by an increased moment My where My = Meg + Na (9.9) plus a compressive forve Neg acting through the tensile steel A, as shown in figure 9.15. Hence the design of the reinforcement is carried out in two parts, 1. ‘The member is designed as a doubly reinforced section to resist My acting by itself. ‘The equations for calculating the areas of reinforcement to resist M, for grades C50 concrete (or below) are given in section 4.5 as: My = O.167fybd? + O.87f,,Al(d — a’) (9.10) OT hiAs = 0.204fbd + O8ThAA, (9.11) 2. The area of A, calculated in the first part is reduced by the amount Neg/0.87}: ‘This preliminary design method is probably most useful for non-rectangular colurmn sections as shown in example 9.5, but the procedure is first demonstrated with a rectangular cross-section in the following example. EXAMPLE 9. Column design by the simplified method Caleulate the atea of steel required in the 300x400 column of figure 9.13. Neg = LIQOKN, Meg = 230kN m, fx = 25 N/mm? and fy, = 500.N/mm?, x 10° Eccentricity ¢ = 1100 x 10° ai may tM, (0.9) Column design | 26 = 230 + 1100(200 ~ 60)109 = 384 kN m ‘The area of steel to resist this moment can be calculated using formulae 9.10 and 9.11 for the design of a beam with compressive reinforcement, that is My = O.167faxbd? + 0.87fA,(d ~ a) and 8a, = 0.204fabd + 0.87.4, therefore 384 x 10° = 0.167 x 25 x 300 x 340° + 0.87 x S004! (340 — 80) so that Ay =2115mm* and 0.87 % 500 A, = 0.204 x 25 x 300 x 340-+0.87 x 500 x 2115 Ay = 3311 mm? 2. Reducing this area by Neu/O.87f. 1100 x 108 0.87 x 500 = 782mm? A= 3311 ‘This compares with A{ = 1837mm? and A, = 891mm with the design method of example 9.3, (To give a ter comparison the stress in the compressive reinforcement should have been modified to allow for the area of concrete displaced, as was done in ae 93) 95! Non-rectangular sections Design charts are not usually available for columns of other than a rectangular or a circular cross-section. Therefore the design of a non-rectangular section entails either (1) an iterative solution of design equations, (2) a simplified form of design, or (3) construction of M-N interaction diagrams, 9.5.1 Design equations For a non-rectangular section it is much simpler to consider the equivalent rectangular siress block. Determination of the reinforcement areas follows the same procedure as described for a rectangular column in section 9.4.2, namely 1. Select a depth of neutral axis 2, Determine the corresponding steel strains. 3. Determine the steel stresses.