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Final Draft International Standard IEC 61400-27-1

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 Final Draft International Standard IEC 61400-27-1
Electrical simulation models of wind turbines
Poul Sørensen
Technical University of Denmark
Department of Wind Energy
Roskilde, Denmark
posq@dtu.dk
Abstract— The new IEC 61400-27-1 standard for electrical
simulation models of wind turbines is expected to be published
by the end of 2014. The purpose of the IEC 61400-27 series is
to provide dynamic wind power plant models for power
system stability studies. This paper presents the latest and
expectedly final changes in the Final Draft International
Standard (FDIS). Those changes include the modelling of grid
protection system, aerodynamics, reactive power capability,
generator reference frame rotation, frequency measurement
and power plant controller. The paper will also describe the
alignment of the IEC models with the similar Western
Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) models, and the
inclusion of the IEC models in a future IEC standard for
Common Information Model (CIM) for Dynamics
Specification
Electrical simulation model; IEC standard; grid protection
system; aerodynamics; reactive power capability; generator
reference frame rotation; frequency measurement; Common
Information Model.
I. INTRODUCTION
The new IEC 61400-27-1 standard for electrical
simulation models of wind turbines [1] is expected to be
published by the end of 2014. The purpose of the IEC
61400-27 series is to provide dynamic wind power plant
models for power system stability studies. So far, the
progress in the work has already been presented in previous
Wind Integration Workshop (WIW) 2011 and 2012.
This paper presents the Final Draft International
Standard (FDIS) of IEC 61400-27-1, which is currently
circulated among the national standard organisations. The
paper focuses on the major changes which have been
included in the FDIS compared to the Committee Draft for
Voting (CDV) circulated in November 2013.
Chapter II describes the major changes in the wind
turbine models:
A. Detailed specification of a model for grid
protection system.
B. Update of the aerodynamic model to become
more end-user friendly.
Jens Fortmann1, Francisco Jimenez Buendia2,
John Bech3, Ana Morales4, Chavdar Ivanov5
1
Senvion, Osterrönfeld, Germany
2
Gamesa, Pamplona, Spain
3
SIEMENS Wind Power, Brande, Denmark
4
DIgSILENT Ibérica, Madrid, Spain
5
ENTSO-E, Brussels, Belgium
C. Inclusion of more details limiting the reactive
power capability.
D. Detailed specification of the model for
reference frame rotation between generator and
grid coordinates.
E. Inclusion of a method to simulate the frequency
measurement at the wind turbine terminals.
F. Revision of type 1 and type 2 models to ensure
compatibility with WECC models [3].
Chapter III describes the changes in the plant controller
models, which are included in an informative annex of IEC
61400-27-1.
Chapter IV describes the use of the models in future
standards for Common Information Model (CIM) for
Dynamics Specification.
Finally, the conclusions are provided in Chapter V.
II. WIND TURBINE MODELS
A. Grid protection system
Conventional grid protection systems are characterized
by a set of protection levels and a corresponding set of
disconnection times, e.g. as defined and tested in IEC
61400-21 [4]. Such definite time protection is usually
available as build-in models in power system simulation
software.
For wind turbines, the protection system is often derived
from the fault-ride-through characteristics, which are given
as piecewise linear characteristics as shown in Figure 1.
Definite time protection models are not feasible to represent
such protection system characteristics.
Therefore, IEC 61400-27-1 includes a new model for
grid protection, where user-definable curves can be entered
to define piecewise linear relations between voltage dip
level and disconnection time. This model is used for under-
voltage, over-voltage, under-frequency and over-frequency
protection.
 a dee-rated mode.
In
I order to enssure compatibbility with the WECC modeels,
the one-dimension
o nal aerodynam
mic model [6] is also includded
as an
a option for type
t 1 and typ
ype 2 wind turrbines, althouugh
the default
d in the IEC models iss to use constaant aerodynam
mic
torq
que for type 1 and type 2 wind turbines. Thus, the t
moddular structuree of the IEC mmodels [7] alllows the user to
select between diffferent aerodyn
ynamic modelss.
C. Reactive
R poweer capability
Figure 1. Typiical example of loow-voltage-ride-tthrough requirem
ment
Voltage
V depenndent limits oof reactive poower have beeen
As an exam mple, the impplementation of the modeel for incluuded in the cuurrent limitatioon model block. These lim
mits
unnder-voltage pprotection is shown in Figure 2. The iddea is are necessary beccause the injeection of reacttive current will
w
hat as long as uWT > uunder thhen this protecction is not acctive,
th raisee the voltage at the wind tuurbine terminals, so althouugh
annd the timer ooutput will be reset to 0. But when the vooltage the current capaccity is availabble, this may cause the wind
geets lower, i.e.. uWT ≤ uunder, then the timer output starrts to turbine voltage to o exceed the mmaximum valu ue. The originnal
ncrease. Then the timer outtput is compaared at any tim
in me to t limits due to
currrent limitation block was onnly including the
th
he tripping tim
me provided byy interpolation n at a user deffined currrent capacity.
lo
ookup table Tuu(uWT). This lookup table contains as m many The
T calculatio on of the voltaage dependen nt limit is show
wn
paairs of co-ordiinates as requuired to definee the disconneection in Figure 4. Here, upqumax is the voltage in thee operation poiint
tim
me versus undder-voltage. An A under-voltaage protectionn flag wheere zero reacttive current ccan be deliveered. Thus, the t
Fuu
u is raised whhen the timer output
o passes Tuu(uWT). summmation calcu ulates the rem maining voltage before the t
voltage limit is reeached. Finallyy, the voltage dependent lim mit
iqmaxxvd is calculateed as the rem
maining voltag ge multiplied by
Kpquu , which is thee partial derivvative of reactive current lim
mit
vs. voltage.
v
1
Figuure 2. Model forr undervoltage prrotection
1+ sTufiltcl

B. Aerodynam mic model

IEC 614000-27-1 inccludes the two-dimenssional
Figure 4. Model for the voltage deependent limit off reactive current
aeerodynamic mmodel shown in Figure 3. This aerodynnamic
model
m is descriibed in more detail
d mann [5] and in an
in Fortm
The
T model forr voltage depeendent limits has
h been verifiied
in
nformative annnex in the stanndard.
on a type 4 SIEM
MENS Wind Poower turbine [8].
[ The real anda
simuulated PQ cappability curvees are shown for the voltagges
0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1 pu oon LV side of o wind turbiine
transformer in Fig
gure 5.

0.5d pv1
Θv2

Fig
gure 5. Real (lefft) and simulated ((right) reactive power capability of
o
SIEM
MENS Wind Pow wer turbine shownn for voltage 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1
1
pu on LV
L side of wind tuurbine transformeer [8].

The
T figure ind dicates that thee reactive pow
wer capability at
1.0, 1.05, 1.1 pu voltages
v is strrongly affected
d by the voltaage
limit, and also shows thatt the model captures thhis
depeendency quite well.
Figuree 3. Two-dimennsional aerodynam
mic model The
T introductiion of the volltage dependency to calculaate
the maximum reactive
r curre
rent implied that in som me
The updateed aerodynam mic model is more
m user-frieendly simu
ulation cases, the maximuum current limmit can be leess
beecause a singgle set of parrameters supp plied by the wind than
n the minimum
m current limitt.
tu
urbine manufaacturer is used to represen nt all wind turrbine
Usually,
U such cases will noot happen in real
r life becauuse
sttates includingg states wheree the wind turb
bine is operatted in
the overvoltage
o prrotection will trip the wind turbine beforee it
occuurs. Still, in order
o to ensuree a more robuust performannce
The
T contribution ffrom the Techniccal University of Denmark
D is of th he model, alsso if the userr specifies unu usual protection
partiaally funded by thee Danish Energy Technology Deveelopment and settiings, such casses are handleed using the logic shown in
Demo onstration Prograamme (EUDP)
Figure 6. The comparator simply sets iqmax = iqmin if the
calculated maximum is less than iqmin.
Figure 6. Logic ensuring that maximum reactive current is never less
than minimum reactive current
Some manufactures in the working group were still not
content with the model for reactive power limitation, mainly
because it did not include the limits on the power factor for
type 3 wind turbines. In order to be on the safe side, the
working group introduced a reactive power limitation block,
which could either contain constant reactive power limits as
in the original models, or include a lookup table for the
voltage and power dependency of the reactive power limits.
D. Generator reference frame rotation
The generator models include a reference frame rotation
between the local generator pq-coordinates and the global
grid coordinates. The model to calculate the angle of
rotation is shown in Figure 7.
1
1 + sTPLL
Figure 7. Calculation of angle of rotation between generator pq
coordinates and global grid coordinates
Initially, the angle of rotation is simply calculated as the
angle of the voltage phasor uWT. In the event of a very low
voltage grid fault, the converter control may become
unstable because it is not possible to inject a current with the
desired power factor into the grid [9]. The model adds
possibilities to filter and freeze the phasor angle in order to
make it robust in such cases.
E. Frequency measurement
Usually, power system simulation tools can only provide
the frequency as the speed of a synchronous generator or the
frequency of an equivalent voltage source. Since wind
turbines are not connected with synchronous generators,
there is also a need to simulate the frequency as it is
calculated / measured by wind turbine protection and control
systems.
If the wind turbine is connected close to a synchronous
generator then the speed of that generator may be used as an
approximation for the frequency, but in cases where the
wind turbines are connected far away from a synchronous
generator, this is not sufficient.
IEC 61400-27-1 specifies modelling of voltage and
frequency measurements according to Figure 8. The moving
average (MA) blocks represent that the instantaneous
voltage values are fitted to a fundamental frequency
waveform providing the amplitude and phase angle of the
previous line period. The difference between the frequency
at the wind turbine terminals and the global system
frequency fsys is calculated as the derivative of the phase
angle, and the ramp rates of the frequency are limited to
avoid that phase angle shifts are disturbing the frequency
measurement.
s
2π f n
Figure 8. Voltage and frequency measurement module
F. Type 1 and 2 allignment with WECC
The models for type 1 and type 2 wind turbines have
been revised in order to make them compatible with the
WECC models [3]. The updated models include under-
voltage ride-through (UVRT) capabilities using pitch angle
control in type 1 and type 2 wind turbines. This UVRT
capability is not generally implemented in type 1 and type 2
wind turbines with pitch angle control, but it has some
ground in existing wind turbines in the United States.
III. WIND POWER PLANT MODEL
Although the scope of IEC 61400-27-1 is limited to wind
turbine models, models for the wind power plant controller
are included in an informative annex. This is done because
the wind turbine models alone do not fulfil the overall
purpose to provide models for stability studies.
The active power control and frequency control at the
wind power plant level are merged into one model for power
and frequency control. Likewise, the reactive power control
and voltage control at the wind power plant level are merged
into one model for reactive power and voltage control.
These two merged controllers have only been changed a
little since the CDV version of IEC 61400-27-1 was issued.
The first change is that a ramp rate limitation has been
added to the power reference signal to the power and
frequency controller. This makes it possible to include ramp
rate limitations on the wind power plant power references
without slowing down the frequency control.
The second change is the inclusion of KWPqref to the
reactive power control and KWPpref to the active power
control, both which multiply the wind power plant active
and reactive power reference and adds the result to the
output of the PI controller. This control structure allows
transferring the wind power plant active and reactive power
reference to the wind turbine and employs the PI controllers
to compensate errors due to active power and reactive power
losses.
Finally, freezing of the PI controllers have been included
when an output reference to the wind turbine controller is
limited. These freezing’s were mistakenly not included in
the CDV version of the IEC standard.
 IV. MODEL EXCHANGE STANDARDS
IEC Technical Committee TC57 deals with the scope
Power systems management and associated information
exchange. As part of this scope, TC57 has issued a standard
IEC 61970-301, which defines the Common Information
Model (CIM) for exchange of the static data of elements of
the power systems.
The ENTSO-E Common Grid Model Exchange
Standard (CGMES) [10] which is a superset of IEC CIM
standards (including IEC 61970-301) is used as a baseline
data exchange standard among European transmission
system operators for continuous exchange of information
about the data for their interconnected power systems.
Currently, a new standard IEC 61970-302 (already part
of the ENTSO-E CGMES) is under development for
exchange of dynamic data. This CIM dynamics standard is
based on available standardized models by IEC or IEEE and
already used models in dedicated power system simulation
software packages. The CIM dynamics standard will use the
models specified in IEC 61400-27-1 to represent the wind
power plants and related control equipment of the wind
turbines.
V. CONCLUSIONS
IEC 61400-27-1 was submitted as a final draft
international standard to the national standardisation
committees in July 2009. The national committees are
expected to vote in favor of the FDIS, meaning that IEC
61400-27-1 will be published as a standard in late 2014.
Related IEC CIM standard are still drafts and will be
published in 2015 or later on. ENTSO-E CGMES is already
using approaches standardized on IEC 61400-27-1.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge IEC Technical Committee 88
– Working Group 27 (IEC TC88 WG27). The following
members of WG27 have contributed actively to the
development of IEC 61400-27-1 through participation in
WG27 meetings and other work (the stated affiliations are
the ones which the members had during their participation):
• Michael Ebnicher, Bachmann electronic GmbH (AT)
• Yongning Chi, CEPRI (CN)
• Tobias Gehlhaar, DNV-GL (DE)
• Jeferson Marques, Enercon (DE)
• Angelo Mendonca, Enercon (DE)
• Martin Brennecke, FGH (DE)
• Frank Martin, Germanischer Lloyd I.S. GmbH (DE)
• Frank Fischer, PowerWind GmbH (DE)
• Jens Fortmann, Senvion (DE)
• Poul Sørensen, DTU (DK)
• Knud Johansen, Energinet.dk (DK)
• Vladislav Akhmatov, Energinet.dk (DK)
• Björn Andresen, Siemens Wind Power (DK)
• John Bech, Siemens Wind Power (DK)
• Nikolaus Goldenbaum, Siemens Wind Power (DK)
• Bo Hesselbæk, Vestas (DK)
• Lars Højbjerg Nielsen, Vestas (DK)
• Babak Badrzadeh, Vestas (DK)
• Kouroush Nayebi, Vestas (DK)
• Ana Morales, DIgSILENT Spain (ES)
• Montserrat Mata, ECOTÈCNIA / ALSTOM (ES)
• Alberto Molina Martín, Energy to Quality S.L. (ES)
• Javier Pérez-Jacoiste, Gamesa (ES)
• Francisco Jiménez Buendia, Gamesa (ES)
• Emilio Gómez Lázaro, UCLM (ES)
• Slavomir Seman, ABB (FI)
• Jouko Niiranen, ABB (FI)
• Jerome Duval, EDF R&D (FR)
• Herman Bayem, EDF R&D (FR)
• Graeme Bathurst, TNEI Services Ltd (GB)
• Salim Temtem, Eirgrid (IE)
• Seung-Ho Song, Kwangwoon Univercity (KR)
• Ralph Hendriks, SIEMENS AG (NL)
• Edwin Wiggelinkhuizen, ECN Wind Energy (NL)
• Jarle Eek, SINTEF / STATKRAFT (NO)
• Åke Larsson, Vattenfall (SE)
• Pouyan Pourbeik, EPRI (US)
• Nicholas Miller, GE Energy (US)
• Eduard Muljadi, NREL (US) Abraham Ellis, Sandia
National Laboratories (US)
• Yuriy Kazachkov, Siemens PTI (US)
The authors also acknowledge the CIM dynamics team,
which has checked the consistency of IEC 61400-27-1. This
work has mainly been done by
• Chavdar Ivanov, ENTSO-E (BE)
• Pat Brown, EPRI (US)
The CIM team has involved commercial power system
software companies in development of an “implementation
guideline” comparing simulations implemented in different
tools. The following companies are acknowledged for
participating in this work:
• Siemens PTI (PSS/E)
• Siemens (Netomac)
• Tractebel/RTE (Eurostag)
• DIgSILENT (PowerFactory)
• CESI (SICRE)
• Neplan AG (Neplan)
Finally, it is acknowledged that the models have been
continuously maintained and verified in
• Matlab Simulink (SENVION and Gamesa)
• Modelica (DTU)
REFERENCES
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Draft International Standard (FDIS). Submitted July 2014.
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61400-27 - Electrical simulation models for wind power generation.
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Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on
Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants, 2012,
Lisbon (PT), 13-15 Nov.
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for WT Generators. EPRI Sept 2013.
[4] IEC 61400-21. Measurement and assessment of power quality of grid
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View publication stats
and PLL Frequency Based Stability Solution. IEEE Transaction on
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[11] ENTSO-E Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (CGMES) v2.4:
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