CLASS 12ᵗʰ -

Bio Molecules -

HANDWRITTEN NOTES

with **#¥¥
Panchal Sir
By -
Bharat

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Mr.

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

Introduction :

Biomolecules are the organic compound

which form the basis of life i. e
they build up
the
living system and responsible for their growth
and main fence
The sequence that relates bio molecule to living organism is

Biomolecules cells living

→
Organ ells → → Tissues →
Organs →

organism
living
→
systems are made up of various complex
biomolecules like carbohydrate proteins nucleic acids,
, ,

lipids ek
Proteins
.

and carbohydrates are essential

constituents of our food .

→ In addition , some simple molecules

like vitamins and mineral salts also play an
important role in the
function of organism .

Amino Acids & Proteins

The compounds containing amino group c- NII ) and
carboxylic group c- Coote ) are called amino acids .

where R=H ,

alkyl or

aryl grouts

F
→ except glycine (H -

G
-

Coote) ,
others are optically
"
active in nature .
* Classification of amino acids

xp ,q - amino acids depending upon the position of

-

Mtg with respect to -

COOH group .

→ Neutral , having one -

NH
,
and one -
COOH group .

EG NH
,
E- COOH
- C glycine )
in

→ Acidic ,
having one -
NH, and two -
COOH
group .

" ,NH,
8h00 C- CH Coote ( Aspartic Acid
)
g-
-

→ Basic ,
having two or more -
NH
,
and one -
COOH
group .

,NH2
% ( lysine )
HAN CHI, f- Coote
-
-

he

* Essential and Non -

Essential Amino Acids :

Those amino acids which can be synthesized by

our body are known as non -
essential amino acids
while which cant be synthesized
by our
body so must be supplied through our

diet are called essential amino acids .

 <

configuration of ✗ amino acids

•
-

cool,
COOH

11N H H MH
,

R CL amino acid )
-

R [ D- amino acid )
( NH on LHS ) CNH on Ritts )
, ,

amino acids amino acids

→ Naturally
amino acids
occurringoccur ✗ -

in
are 1-

antibiotics and
D- some
bacterial cell walls .

twitter ion : when a proton is migrated from carboxyl

to amino group dual ion is formed
group , a

and this dual ion is called zwi Her ion .

a-

-1
µ

Isoelectric Point ( pI )
ion which is 2. witter
,

electrically neutral can only exist at a specific

pH , that pH is called isoelectric point
which is for all amino acids
different .

pI of leucine pH -6.0
e.g
-

pt of Arginine pH = to -8 .
 Structure of amino acids :

R
'
nite
{
COO
-

-
CH -

higher pH )
2
HIN
-1
-

H -
Coo
-

as anion c

twitter ion R
ite
( isoelectric point ) HIN -
-
COOH

as cation c low pH )

Pe . peptides condensation products of

•
are

two or more ✗ amino acids

-
.

:-.
. . . . . -

HAN -
% -
COOH +
Han -
CIF -
COOH
# YN
- c%÷ .

- T -
-

l - \ 1
NH
, I / / \
/
H -
COOH

dipeptide
%
.

-
-
NH - is known as peptide linkage or peptide bond .

→ 2 molecules of 4- amino acid form dipeptide .

3 Molecules ✗ amino acid form bipebtide

of -
.

→ Dipeptide has only bektide bond

one .

fripeptide has only two peptide bond .

Polypeptide :
Condensation products of many amino acid
C- 10000 ) is known as polypeptide and those
polypeptide which have molecular mass above

than 10000 u are called boot eins .

•
Proteins they are linear polymers of ✗ -
amino
acid .

GoB@0G-oBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
 Str .

of Proteins :

1.) Primary Structure :

It simply reveals the sequence
of amino acids .

2.) Secondary structure :

✗ -
helix Sir maintained
.

by H Bond
-

or p -

pleated sheet Str .

when R is small
gsoub .

3.) Tertiary Structure :

The folding and superimposition
of polypeptide chains shake
forms a compact globular .

termed as tertiary Str .

It is stabilised by covalent, ionic , H Bond -

and disulphide bonds .

4.) Quaternary Structure : The precise arrangement of

constituents
,qgg@@@ Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

the Basis
Classification on of Hydrolysis
•

simple Protein :

which
give only ✗ amino
- acid ubon
hydrolysis e.
g albumin
conjugated Protein :
These proteins give ✗ amino acid -
and

non protein part ,

called prosthetic
group
Protein Prosthetic Group
Derived Proteins
These are obtained by partial hydrolysis
of simple or conjugated Proteins .

[ Proteins → Proteose → Pets tones → Polypeptides ]

On the Basis of Molecular shape

1

Fibrous Protein Globular Protein

Primary Str of Proteins

. :

proteins may have one or

more bolybebtide chains
→ each polypeptide in a protein has amino acids
linked with each other in a
specific sequence and
it is this amino acids is
sequence of that said
to be Slr that protein
the si of 0 1 ^

G@BGG-oBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
 Any change in this 1° Str .

i. e the sequence
of amino acid creates a different broken

secondary structure of Proteins :

The secondary Str .

of proteins refers to the shake in which a

long
polypeptide chain can exist .

They are found to exist in two different

types of Str .

✗ -

helix stir .

B- bleated sheet str .

most common ways In this Str .

all peptide
in which a bombe chains are stretched
btide chain form out to
nearly
-

all possible H Bond

-
maximum extension
into and then laid side
by twisting held
handed by side are
a
right
screw ( helix )
together by intermolecular
with the NH H Bond
group
- -
-
.

of each amino acid residue

Tertiary Str Proteins

of :
.

the tertiary sto .

of proteins
represents overall folding of boy bebtide chains i. e

further folding of secondary structure

the
It gives rise to 2 major molecular

shapes i. e fibrous and Globular

The main forces which stabilize

the 2° and 3° Sto .

of proteins are H -
Bonds ,

disulphide linkage , van . der Waal and electrostatic

forces of attraction
Panchal
.µggqqg Bharat -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

 Quaternary stir of Proteins
.

some
of the proteins are

composed of two or more

polypeptide chains referred

to as sub .
units

spatial
arrangement
The

of these subunits
with respect to each

other is known as
quaternary structure
Denaturation of Proteins
The process that changes the

native proteins is
3- D Sto .

of
called denaturation of proteins .

It can be caused
by change in pH , change in tents .

addition of electrolyte addition

,
solvent like water
of ,
alcohol , acetone .

Nucleic Acids : These are the polymers which are

prepared by Nucleotide also known as boy nucleotide

a nucleotide contain .
. . .

Pentose *) Nitrogenous *) Phosphate

*7
sugar
Base group .

Pentose Sugar :
either ribose
sugar
•
or
g carbon
ribose
deoxy
( not contain

oxygen at →

2nd position )
Nitrogenous Base
1

Purine Pyrimidine
→ Adenine →
Thymine
Uracil
Guanine
→

→
→
Cytosine
Two H Bonds
-
present between A&T
are CA =D
while three hydrogen bonds are present between
C & 9 C CIG)

structure of D. N.tt
consist
It of two
poly nucleotide
each chain
chains , form a
right handed helical spiral
with ten bases in one turn of
the spiral
The two chains coil
to double helix and run in
opposite direction These . are

held together by H -

bonding .

G@BG-GoBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
 Types of RNA
1.) Mess anger RNA (
M -
RNA )
is produced in the
It
nucleus and carries information for the synthesis
of protein .

2.) Transfer RNA

is found in cytoplasm
It .
Its function
is to collect amino acids from cytoplasm for
protein synthesis .

3.) Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA )

This provide site for
protein synthesis
'

functions of Nucleic Acid

Direct the synthesis of protein

•

•
transfer the genetic informations .

→
Replication :-[ in which
+ is a process a molecule can

duplicate .

→
Templates It means pattern ,
in the process of replication
of DNA , the parent strand serves as timbale .

Gene The portion of DNA carrying information about

specific protein is
a called gene .

Genetic code : The relation between the amino acid

and the the nucleotide triplet is called
genetic code .

Codons The nucleotide bases in RNA function

amino
in
group of three Cbiblet ) in coding
acid .

These bases triplets are called codons .

 Vitamins
The organiccompounds other than carbohydrates ,

proteins and fats which are required in the diet in

small amount to perform specific biological functions,
maintain normal health , growth and nutiritition are
called vitamins
basis of
classification on the
Solubility
Fat Soluble Vitamins
vitamins A , D, E , K are soluble In fat
and oils but insoluble in water .
They are stored in
liver and adipose ( fat
storing ) tissues .

Water Soluble Vitamins

group vitamins
-

B and C are
soluble in water . water soluble vitamins must be
subblied regularly in diet because they are readily
excreted in urine and can not be stored in
our body ( except vitamin B12 )
bun vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood .
ENZYMES
Enzymes are biocatalyst almost all the enzymes
,
are
globular proteins They are generally named after the
.

compound or class of compound upon which they work

e.
g the enzyme that catalyse hydrolysis of maltose
into
glucose is named as maltase
421122011 + H2O É 2614206
Maltose Glucose
Some Common Example
Substrate Name Product
Urea Urease coat NH]

Maltose Maltase Glucose

Sucrose Invertase Glucose + Fructose

Starch Amylase Maltose

Proteins Amino Acids
Trypsin
Mechanism Of Enzyme Action -

Characteristic feature of Enzyme :

•
Rate of Reaction :
They increase the rate of reaction
upto 106 to 107 times .

GeB@0GoBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
•
Specific Nature -

urease catalyse the hydrolysis of Urea

and not methyl urea , so these are specific in nature .

•
Optimum Temperature -

It is active at 20 -30%
•

pH of medium -

it is about 7
,
for bebsin 18-2-21
for trypsin 7.5-8.3
•
Concentration -
Dilute solutions are more effective
•
Amount of enzyme -

Very small amount can accelerate

the reaction
•

Enzyme Inhibitors -
These compound inhibit the enzyme
action , with the help such
of
compounds , the reaction can be controlled .

HARMONIES
These the chemical substance which are
are
produced by endocrine C.ductless ) in the
glands body .

Harmonies acts as chemical messengers .

Some examples of ductless ( endocrine ] glands are

thyroid , pitutary ,
adrenal , pancreas , testes and ovaries .

Hormones are divided into three types :

is steroids &; proteins Ciii, Amines

GaB@0GBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
 Carbohydrates These are
optically active bowl hydro -

✗y aldehydes / Ketones or the substance which

give these on hydrolysis are called carbohydrates .

General formula cx(Hao )y

Classification on the basis
of Hydrolysis
•
Monosaccharides -
can not be hydrolysed further eg
Glucose '

fructose
Oligosaccharides 2- Lo molecules
•
-

give of monosaccharides
g
e. Glucose ,
fructose
•

Polysaccharides give monosaccharides

large of
-

no .

e.
g starch ,
cellulose .

•
Preparation of Glucose :

fromsucros.ec121122011 + H2O ¥ 6111206 + ( 6111206

glucose fructose
from starch
↳ Hid 06 glucose
( ↳ HMOs )n -1 NHAO n

structure
( Ho ← one aldehyde 900Mt

( ( HOH )
2° alcohol
&
← four

ÉH ,
OH ← one 1° alcohol

Sir
Glyceraldehyde
.

D- Glyceraldehyde 1-

CHO CHO

H -1011 HO -1 H

CH OH CHIH
,

2 means OH in 1. His
D means OH in R.MS
Str .

of Glucose

is known
{
carbon
}
The G as anomeric
Str of fructose :
compounds called
.

and these are another

six membered cyclic

ring
fire membered cyclic ring
ce. µ

Reducing Sugar Non Reducing Sugar

free Do not have any free
Aldehyde'C or
•
•

ke tonic aldehyde or ketone grouts

group
.

so in
Do not reduce to liens
fencing
-

Reduce
Reagent and f- ehling Solh
or Totten 's Reagent
Maltose & Fructose sucrose
e.
g
e.
g
•
 Chemical Properties of Glucose
CHO
CHO
•
7 ◦

( { Hotel,
Acetic
>
( { H -

O
-
É -
CH
] )
,
1 Anhydride I °

CH -0 É CH]
CHIH
- -

,
Glucose Penta acetate

CHO COOH

(ÉHOHL
•
)
( OHH + [ 0] Glyconic
↳° '
acid
CHIH agon

CHO ( OOH

•
) ( { HOH )q
"
N°37 ( { HOH] , saccharic
1 ' acid
CH OH
CHIH
,

N OH
-

{ GHO
"°
•
)
µ, GH] •
)
"A- ° "
( CHOH )q ( HOH )q ( CHOHI
I
> ( Clg )
1
, { >
1
,

CHI Chao
CHIH CHIH
n -
Hexane Ghlcoxine

HO
•
) CHO
'
_ (N
CH
' HCN Glucose
,
(C
,H0H↳ 7 (C
,HoH↳ Cyanohydrin
CHIH CHIH
Mutarotation when either the two forms
of of glucose
is dissolved in water there is . a spontaneous
change in specific rotation till the equilibrium
value of +52.5° .
This is known as mutarotation .

⑧s②⑥0G Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

✗ DC -11 Glucose f- Equilibrium B- DH Glucose
-

mixture +19.5°
+ 111.5°

Importance of carbohydrate
•

carbohydrates are essential for life in both plants and

animals
•
They are major portion of our food .

carbohydrates are used as storage molecule as starch

in plants and in animals
glycogen .

cell wall
of bacteria and blunts is made up of cellulose
•

Honey has been used for a

long time as an instant
source of energy .

Ebimers monosaccharides
°

differing in configuration at

a carbon other than anomeric carbon are called ebimers

g glucose and galactose differ in
e.
configuration at 14 ,

hence called epimers .

Non
Sugars and -

Sugars
monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides having sweet
•

taste , soluble in water are known as

sugars
•

Polysaccharides which are insoluble in water and not

sweet in taste are known as non -

sugars

•→*•¥⇐_É÷•⇐-¥a⑥z¥O•aE•¥Bz8ED¥O BE8÷É PBhharaattpaannehha.at Sir

Chemistry Guruji a. o
00088 Bharat Panchal
-
 DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES -

CARBOHYDRATES Hydrolysis Linkage Reducing

Product Probert
sucrose x-D Glucose & C- I @ lucose)& Non -

C Disaccharide ) B D fructose
-
C- 2 (fructose ] Reducing
Maltose
Cpi saccharide )
✗ D- Glucose
- C- 1 Glucose &
Reducing
C- 4 Glucose
lactose B- D- Galactose
( Disaccharide) & B- D- Glucose
c- 1 ( Galactose) &
c- 4 ( Glucose ]
Reducing
Cellulose C- 1 ( Glucose] & Non
B- D- Glucose
Polysaccharide)
-

C.
C- 4C Glucose
] Reducing
Glycogen ✗ D- Glucose c-I Clelucose ) &
mon
-

(Polysaccharide)
,

c-4 ccelulose] Reducing

BAGGA Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
MUTA ROTATION
when is dissolved in water
glucose
then its specific rotation changes into an equilibrium
,

value This spontaneous change in specific rotation of

.

an
optically active substance to an equilibrium value
is called mutarotation
The two
anomersq glucose i. e x-D glucose &

p D Glucose in changes their specific rotation

-
solution

to an equilibrium value which is the rotation of a

chain str
straight .

X-D Glucose 7-
Obenchain F- B- D- Glucose
Csp .
rotation Str .
Csbeaefic
= -1110 )
.
C. Sp rotation
. rotation
-152.5° ) -119.2 ]
.
= =

DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides are the carbohydrates
which on hydrolysis with dilute acids or with
enzyme give two molecules of either same or
different monosaccharides
The two monosaccharides are joined together by an
oxide linkage formed by loss
of a water molecule
This is is called
actually an ether
group and

glycosidic linkage .

& o-

& -
→ -

& -0 -

& -

+140

SUCROSE

✗ D- Glucose
-

+
P D
- -

Glucose

MALTOSE

B- D- Galactose
+

B- D Glucose

LACTOSE

B- D- Galactose
+

B- D- Glucose
INVERSION OF SUCROSE -

sucrose on dextro -

rotatory
but on hydrolysis either with dilute acid or with
enzyme invertase ,
the solution is changed into
laevo -

rotatory solution .

As dextro rotatory sucrose is changed

to lack rotatory solution after hydrolysis
The sucrose is called a invert sugar "

921122011 1- H2O ¥6 Co Hiroto + ↳ Hiroo

DC-1) Glucose
-
DG ) fructose
-

1- 66.5°
+52.5° -92.4°

since the laevo rotation of fructose C- 92.4° ) is

more than dextro rotation of glucose C -152.5° ) ,
the

mixture is laevis
rotatory .

Polysaccharides GaB@G-GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
starch it is a
polymer of ✗ glucose units and it consist
-

two components -

Amylose and Amylopectin

Amylose

Amylopectin
Cellulose
It is a
straight chain polysaccharide of B D
-
-

glucose units in which glucose unit

↳ of one and
Ca of the next unit is linked together by
glucose
glycosidic linkage

Ge@BG-GoBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o

Glycogen -

It is called animal in
starch as stored
animal body and its resemblance with the Str .

of amylopectin . It is highly branched and is

present in liver ,
muscles and brain .
is broken
It
down to to bro ride energy
glucose by the enzyme

of the body .

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