The first “Latin American” case of COVID-19 was registered in Brazil on February 26 and the first death

from the infection in the region was announced in Argentina on March 7. Although the first confirmed
cases were people arriving from trips abroad, in recent weeks local transmission infections have
multiplied. Until 4/6/2020, Latin America had more than 27,000 confirmed cases and around 900
deaths, with Brazil being the most affected country with 10,278 cases, followed by Chile (4,161),
Ecuador (3,465), Peru, Panama, Argentina and Mexico 7. The WHO has described four possible
transmission scenarios and has suggested concrete plans of action, classifying the countries into four
categories: Countries without registered cases, with “first registered cases”, with “first identified foci”
and countries with “community transmission. proven and in the dissemination phase ”8. To date, most
of the Latin American countries belong to the latter group, with a high rate of cases caused by local
transmission and a rapid growth of infections at the regional level, particularly in areas such as the
Guayas region in Ecuador and Sao Paulo, in Brazil (two of the most affected countries)

OTROThe “late” arrival of the virus in Latin America compared to Asia and Europe, has opened a
window of opportunity that has allowed most countries to take early energetic measures trying to stop
the advance of the pandemic (declaration of “state health emergency ”or“ state of exception due to
catastrophe ”, promotion of more rigorous hygiene measures, search and contact of suspicious cases,
restriction of mobility and crowds in the streets, closure of schools and universities, food outlets, bars,
restaurants, stores and shopping centers, voluntary or mandatory quarantine, night curfews, border
closures, suspension of international flights, mandatory use of protective masks for the general
population, suspension of public transport and others). If effective, these measures could contain the
spread of the virus, “flatten the curve” of infections and favor a rational use of available resources in
public health. However, the challenges to consider are multiple: 1) Keeping a largely poor population in
prolonged quarantine that depends on daily work to survive will be difficult, even knowing that without
quarantine or social isolation, transmission rates will be very high and duration of the pandemic could
be prolonged in time; 2) Antici for the arrival of the annual seasonal outbreak of influenza and dengue
that could complicate the logical epidemic outlook in the region; 3) To foresee the effects on the
contagion rates of the drop in temperatures with the arrival of winter in the countries of the south of
the continent; 4) Facing a public health problem of such magnitude in a scenario of limited economic
resources could compromise the application of adequate prevention strategies, the necessary large-
scale performance of rapid diagnostic tests, which is considered of vital importance for track the virus,
understand local epidemiology, and suppress transmission; and, adequate compliance with outpatient
and in-hospital treatment protocols; 5) It assumed the medium and long-term consequences of the
aforementioned measures on vulnerable economies and in many cases already compromised.OTRO

In the midst of this complicated situation, some questions arise related, firstly, to the response over
time of the Latin American population exposed to SARS-CoV-2. In general terms, it is a younger
population and with demographic, ethnic and bio-socio-cultural characteristics different from the
populations of Europe and the United States (for example, less than 9% of the Latin American
population is older than 65 years , compared to 20% of the European population and 16% of the North
American population). Could we expect a similar behavior of the pandemic in our continent to what is
happening in European countries and North America? Second, it is difficult to predict the real
consequences of this pandemic for the future of the region. Will Latin America be able to bear the
burden that a public health problem like this will represent for its health systems and the economic
consequences in the medium and long term if the situation is prolonged over time? Although the
answers to these questions are far from clear, something on which we all agree is that we must prepare
to fight a battle for which we will need financial support and international cooperation, advice on public
health from expert groups, scientific societies and competent national and international organizations,
an intense work of education and financial assistance for the general population and perhaps most
importantly, the competition and adequate protection of our most precious resource: talent, training,
experience, work mystique. and knowledge of our academics, scientists, researchers and all health
personnel (doctors, nurses, paramedics, etc.) that, as has already been demonstrated in other countries,
constitute the best resource and the most valuable tool in the fight to limit the scope of the COVID-19
pandemic.
COORDINACIÓN QUÍMICA EN LOS ANIMALES

Las primeras hormonas animales fueron quizá neurohormonas y por lo tanto liberadas por verdaderas
neuronas. Los axones de estas neuronas se relacionan en muchos casos con órganos neurohemales que
son estructuras del sistema circulatorio del animal donde vierte su neurohormonas.

La neurosecreción es mucho más frecuente en los invertebrados que en los vertebrados.

En los anélidos existen hormonas que controlan los procesos de reegeneración y los de crecimiento y
son producidas por loa ganglios cerebroides del animal.

Los insectos poseen tanto órganos neurohemales como endocrino propiamente dichos. En los cuerpos
cardiacos se vierte la hormona de activación segregada por neuronas del protocerebro del animal y que
controla a la glándula protorácica para que segregue la ecdisona, hormona que determina la muda del
exoesqueleto. Los cuerpos alares segregan la hormona juvenil que mantiene al animal en estado
larvario.

En los crustáceos la muda está regida por la hormona de la muda que segrega el órgano Y, situado en el
interior de la antena o de la segunda maxila.